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Digitized by the Internet Archive 
in 2011 with funding from 
The Library of Congress 



http://www.archive.org/details/historyofcityofwOOwash 



A History 



iF THE 



CITY OF WASHINGTON 



Its Men and Institutions 



By THE WASHINGTON POST 



Edited by ALLAN B. SLAUSON 
Of the Library of Congress 



COPYB ICHT Bl HI « AS! r J • ON POS V CI 

WASH] '-• 

1903 



T»o Oowrf Rtcaveo 

29 1903 

CL4S3 aVVc'iJo. 



Washing 



CONTENTS 



INTRODUCTORY 1 

CHAPTER [—Selection of the Site 3 

CHAPTER [I— The Founding of the City 13 

CHAPTER III- Growth Under Obstacles .. 23 

CHAPTER IV- The Seat of Government 29 

CHAPTER V —Invasion by the British 37 

CHAPTER VI— From 1815 to 1860 45 

CHAPTER VII The Civil War 55 

CHAPTER VIII Local Government : 63 

CHAPTER IX -The White House 79 

CHAPTER X -The Capitol 85 

CHAPTER XI— Executive Departments and Government 

Pfinting Office 93 

CHAPTER XII— Libraries of Washington 99 

CI APTER XIII — Parks and Reservations 107 



CHAPTER XIV- Georgetown, Mt. Vernon, Alexandria, and 

Arlington 113 

CHAPTER XV Plans for the Future 119 

CHAPTER XVI Some Early Church History 125 

CHAPTER XVII— Educational Advantages 133 

CHAPTER XVIII— Financial Interests 161 

CHAPTER XIX -Real Estate Interests 207 

CHAPTER XX -Railroads 239 

CHAPTER XXI— Business Interests 253 

CHAPTER XXII-Buildinc Interests 303 

CHAPTER XXIII— The Press 333 

History of the Washington Post 337-340 

CHAPTER XXIV-Benevolent Institutions 345 

CHAPTER XXV— Bench and Bar 349 

CHAPTER XXVI-Representative Men 401 

CHAPTER XXVII— Prominent Federal Officials 453 



ADDENDA 



Hon. Edward II. Bingham I pages 355-356) retired from 
bench Vp'M 30, 1903. 

Rev. L'homas J. Conaty, D.I). 1 page 149), retired from 
irship, Catholic University of America, April jr. 1903: 



Noble I). Lamer (pages 408-409 ' died March 10. ^03. 
William W. Raplej I page 30] '. died November 17. rooz. 
Dr. A. B. Richardson page 13X died June 27, [9 , 



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1 ' ' \ l 

Engravings by J. Manz Engra ing gMnpany, Chicago and New York 



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THE WASHINGTON POST BU1LOIN3. 



I 



INTRODUCTORY. 



5 




SJS 



•^ 



HISTORY of the Capital City must be, to 
some extent, a history of the nation itself. 
Here are centered the three powerful, co- 
ordinate branches of republican govern- 
ment. Hence emanate the laws, their far- 
reaching interpretation, and the final judg- 
ments upon appeal which is the right of 
the humblest citizen. Not strange, there- 
fore, is it to find that many writers, at- 
tracted by the history of the men who have 
made the State and by the interest attached 
to great questions of national importance, in attempting 
to write a history of the City of Washington, have failed to 
bring out those details which are of the city only. Irre- 
sistible temptations have led them too far into the field 
of constitutional history on the one side, or, on the other, 
into the no less interesting and, indeed, more thrilling 
accounts of military operations, of victories and defeats, 
" of the times that tried men's souls," of the foreign and 
internecine strifes that have cemented in blood the latest 
and most glorious experiment of self-government by the 
people. The real history of the city itself is thus frequently 
lost sight of. 

Many books about Washington have been written ; yet 
its history remains in fragmentary shape. No claim is here 
made that this is a complete, comprehensive history of the 
City of Washington. Only a small part of what pertains 
thereto — the subject headings, as it were — could be in- 
cluded within the limits of the present 



fork. For this, 



however, the author claims some merit of arrangement — 
a setting up of guide posts to mark the periods when the 
more important events have occurred : an explanation of 
their causes and their results ; a chronological array of facts 
having a direct bearing upon the growth and development 
of the city from the period when its location was first 
mentioned in the halls of Congress to the present time: a 
topical arrangement of the most important architectural 
and landscape features, the historical monuments and mem- 
orials, the storehouses of learning, the great museums of 
art and archaeology; some account of the statesmen, jurists, 
financiers, architects, artists, sculptors and business men 
who have played their part in the making or the beautifying 
of the city ; an arrangement whereby one who may be 
interested in any particular features of its material or artistic 
progress may find such grouped together. 

Historical accuracy, above all, has been the aim in every 
line that has been written. Dates and facts have been 
carefully verified, and where conflicting testimony of con- 
temporary writers has seemed irreconcilable, the evidence 
of both has been given for the judgment of the reader. 

The biographical sketches of which this work is in large 
part composed, are the work of a corps of competent writers, 
and so far, at least, as they are of the present generation, 
may be considered autobiographical, since no fact or dale 
is given that has not been personally authenticated. The 
value of such a work, it will readily appear, must increase 
as time goes on. until it becomes a veritable treasure house 
of information for future historians and genealogists. 



tf 




MAP OF THE CITY OF WASHINGTON. DRAWN BY ANDREW ELLICOTT AND ENGRAVED IN PARIS IN 1815 



: ^ 



I 

L 



CHAPTER I. 



SELECTION OF THE SITE. 




unconscious prophet was Francis Pope, the 
Englishman, who in 1663 bought from the 
English Crown the peninsula formed by 
the junction of the Potomac and its East- 
ern branch, and in a spirit of eccentricity 
called the eminence upon which he built 
his dwelling " the Capitoline Hill," the 
stream that flowed along- its foot " The 
Tiber," and himself " Pope of Rome." The 
Tiber is gone, and as forgotten as the 
• man who named it, but upon that hill 

stands the Capitol of a greater republic than Rome, when, 
seated on her seven hills, from her throne of beauty she 
ruled the world. 

Francis Pope was not the first to discover that this was 
an ideal location. When Captain John Smith sailed up the 
■' Patowomeke River " in the summer of 1608, he was par- 
ticularly impressed with a section of the country which is 
easily recognized from his description as that upon which 
the City of Washington now stands. The Anacostia, or 
Eastern branch was then a more important stream than 
now, and upon the peninsula formed by the junction of 
the two rivers Indian tribes met year after ynr in council. 
Henry Fleet, a hardy, adventurous fur trader, has left 
to the world a brief account of his explorations along the 
Potomac in 1623-25, during which he had many perilous 
encounters with wild Indian tribes then inhabiting this 
region. Of the country where the Nation's Capital now 
stands he wrote: 

" The place is without question the most healthful and 
pleasant in all this country and most convenient for habita- 
tion • the air temperate in summer and not violent in winter. 
The river aboundeth in all manner of fish, and for deer. 
buffaloes, bears and turkeys, the woods _ do swarm with 
them, and the soil is exceedingly fertile." 

The publication in England of this enthusiastic descrip- 
tion, as it was intended to do, brought to these shores 
many immigrants, among them a number of Scotch and 
lrisli families. One section of the new American colony- 
was known as "New Scotland." and descendants ol tins- 
people owned the land which near the close of the eighteenth 
century became the territory of Columbia. 



Washington, in his youth, was familiar with the spot 
and its history and encamped where the old naval observa- 
torv buildings are now, with a regiment of British troops, 
when he held a colonel's commission under Braddock. 
Pie had long looked upon it as a natural location for the 
greatest commercial city of the New Nation. Had not 
the appkcation of steam revolutionized land transportation 
and greatly lessened the importance of navigable streams, 
his expectations would more than likely have been realized. 
These views were shared by his Virginia friends. Jefferson. 
Madison and Lee, and the four were ardent workers in 
endeavoring to secure the permanent location of the Federal 
Capital on the Potomac. It was far from being an easy task, 
and the contest, long drawn out, furnishes a most inter- 
esting opening chapter in this city's history. 

Congress had held its sessions at New York, Philadelphia, 
Baltimore, Trenton, Lancaster, York, Princeton and An- 
napolis, according to the fate of war or as the convenience 
of members dictated. Some anxious rivalry for the honor 
had grown up in the various cities and states of the North 
before 1783, and several offers of permanent locations had 
been tendered: Annapolis. Md., Newport, R. I., Kingston. 
N. Y., and Williamsburgh, Va. The first move was made 
by the State of New York, which some time in the earlj 
part of 1783 offered a tract of land in the township of 
Kingston. Ulster county, with privileges of jurisdiction 
in all civil matters. This being reported in Virginia, the 
delegates of that State proposed to their Governor, \pnl 
10, 1783, that Virginia and .Maryland should unite in offer- 
ing- a tract of land on the Potomac, near Georgetown, as 
a more central and more agreeable location. It was pro- 
posed, too, that Congress should be given fuller jurisdiction 
over this tract than New York had been willing to allow. 
In the meantime Maryland had taken action on her own 
part and had sent to Congress an offer to cede Annapolis 
for a National Capital. The offers of New York and 
Maryland were formally transmitted to the States b> Con- 
gress on June 4 with a notice that both propositions would 
he considered October 1. 

In June, 17S3. Congress, while in session in the old 
City Mall. Philadelphia, received news by carrier, that a 
large body of unpaid Continental soldiers, which had been 

13) 



THE CITY OF WASHINGTON. 



encamped at Lancaster, was marching toward Philadelphia, 
with the avowed purpose of making the Congressmen pris- 
oners and holding them until all arrears of pay were settled. 
As Congress had no treasury and no credit, it was not easy 
to figure out how the demands of the soldiery could be 
immediately met. Realizing the possible serious result of 
this attack by their own unpaid soldiers, Congress, in great 
fear, appealed to the Executive Council of Pennsylvania 
for protection. President Dickinson answered that he could 
do nothing; that the State militia would not array them- 
selves against brothers in arms and that he could not prevent 
the troops from entering the city. When this answer was 
received, several members declared that it was high time, 
if Congress could not be assured of protection in Philadel- 
phia, to remove to some other city. 

The next day the mutinous soldiers under the leadership 



Naturally a very strong feeling of resentment against 
Philadelphia, and an unwillingness to meet there again 
existed among Congressmen. In October a serious attempt 
was made to settle the vexed question in what State the 
permanent federal buildings should be erected. Beginning 
with New Hampshire, a vote was taken upon each State 
comprising the Union, but no State had a majority of the 
votes or anything like it. On October 7, Gerry, of Massa- 
chusetts, secured the adoption of a resolution thai " build- 
ings for the use of Congress shall be erected on or near the 
banks of the Delaware, or of the Potomac near Georgetown ; 
provided a suitable district can be procured on one of the 
rivers aforesaid for a Federal town ; that the right of the 
soil, and an exclusive or such other jurisdiction as Congress 
may direct, shall be vested in the United States." This 
resolution, however, underwent various modifications, one 




ill their non-commissioned officers, besieged the State House 
and kept those within in a state of fear. Muskets were 
pointed al the windows and motions made as if to fire 
whenever an\ member ventured to look out. Many threats 
were made of what would be done if they were not paid, 
hut no actual violence occurred. When Congress adjourned 
in the afternoon, ami members came out, a pretense was 
made at first of holding them prisoners, but better counsel 
prevailed, and they were permitted to pass. An evening 
session was held and a resolution offered to adjourn to 
Princeton. It met with much Opposition and was discussed 
for live days. In tin- meantime, the altitude of the soldiers 
became more threatening and the citizens upon whom the 
burden of feeding this little army fell, grew anxious for 
relief. The resolution was then adopted and the Congress 
adjourned somewhat ImniedK to Princeton, where it held 
its' sessions in the ball of the college. 



of which was to have buildings erected both on the Potomac 
and on the Delaware, to be occupied alternately: and, 
pending the erection of the buildings, Congress was to meet 
alternately in Trenton and Annapolis. The outcome was 
its repeal April 26, 1784. 

When Congress met in October of the same year, -nil 
at Trenton, the subject again came up prominently. After 
a long debate, a board of three commissioners was created, 
" with lull power to lav out a district not exceeding three 
nor less than two miles square, or. the banks of either side 
of the Delaware, not more than eight miles above or below 
the falls thereof, for a Federal town." They were author- 
ized " to purchase soil, and enter into contracts for erecting 
ami completing, in an elegant manner, a Federal House, 
President's 1 louse, and Houses for the Secretaries of For- 
eign Affairs, War, Marine and Treasury: that in choosing 
the situation for the buildings, due regard be had for the 



THE CITY OF WASHINGTON. 



accommodations of the States, with lots for houses for the 
use of their delegates respectively." 

No action had been taken under this resolution when 
the Congress met at New York January 13, 1785, and 
here °reat but fruitless efforts were made to substitute the 
word"" Potomac " for the word " Delaware." The friends 
of the Delaware site succeeded in having the three com- 
missioners appointed, but the friends of the Potomac con- 
tinud so vigorously their efforts to repeal or alter the law 
and brought so much outside influence to bear (notably that 
of Washington and Jefferson ) , that the commissioners never 
entered upon their duties. No explanation of the apparent 
acquiescence by the supporters of the Delaware location in 



money as they may respectively furnish toward the erection 
of said buildings." 

The delegates from Virginia. Georgia. New York and 
Masssachusetts supported this resolution, but those from 
Pennsylvania, New Jersey, and singularly enough. Mary- 
land and North Carolina opposed it, so that it failed of 
adoption. 

All these discussions, however, unquestionably bore 
fruit in the Constitutional Convention in 1787, for Section 
8, Article 1 of the Constitution declared that Congress 
should have power to '•' exercise exclusive legislation in all 
cases whatsoever over such district not exceeding ten miles 
square, as may, by cession of particular States and the 




Reproduced fro 



this inaction can be found, but it is a fair supposition that 
the lack of an appropriation had much to do with it. 

Lee of Virginia, again brought the question before 
Congress May 10, 1787. by the following resolution: 

" Resolved, That the Board of Treasury take measures 
for erecting the necessary public buildings for he— - 
dation of Congress, at Georgetown, on the P£T£j*"£e 
so soon as the soil and jurisdiction of the said town _ are 
obtained, and that on the completion of the sard ta ldmgs, 
Congress adjourn their sessions to the said Federal town. 

"■Resolved, That the States ot Mary and and V irgin a 
be allowed a credit in the requisition of 1787. or in the 
arrearages due on past requisitions, for such sums 



acceptance of Congress become the scat of government ol 
the United States." So far as contemporaneous writers 
have recorded, this article was assented to in the conventi m 
without debate. When it came before the Virginia con- 
vention fears were expressed that so large-a district under 
the exclusive control of the Federal Government mighl 
prove an asylum for political offenders or violators oi law 
in various slates, but there was little real opposition to ... 
The first Congress under the new Constitution met 
in the City of New York, April 6, 1789, the State having 
tendered its public buildings to the use of the new I toyern- 
ment Virginia, through her representatives, promptly 



THE CITY OF WASHINGTON. 



began a new campaign for the location of the Capital, by 
offering ten m'les square of her territory in any part of 
the State that Congress might select, for the Seat of the 
Federal Government. Seney, of Maryland, presented a 
similar offer from his State the next day. New Jersey 
followed with an offer of a site near Trenton, and Pennsyl- 
vania offered to deed to the Federal authorities a district 
ten miles square around or near either one of the towns 
of Lancaster, Wright's Ferry, Harrisburg, Carlisle, Reading 
or Germantown, Wright's Ferry, on the Susquehanna near 
Havre de Grace, being the popular favorite. 

New York made a strong plea for the Capital, and in 
fact Congress took some steps toward providing a perma- 
nent home for the President in the metropolis; but it was 
an expensive place to live and the State would consider no 



When this motion was carried in the House, the 
Southern members were all up in arms. How, they asked, 
did the House propose to locate the center of three things 
so totally unlike? Was it to be the center of the three 
centers ? This, they declared, it would be impossible to find. 

Lee, of Virginia, asked that some member well posted 
in geography would show how the 1 anks of the Susque- 
hanna conformed with the guiding principles laid down 
in the motion, how they communicated with the Atlantic 
and how they were connected with the great Western ter- 
ritory. He then offered as a substitute a resolution to the 
effect that " a place as nearly central as a convenient com- 
munication with the Atlantic ocean, and an easy access to 
the Western territory will permit, ought to be selected and 
established as the permanent Seat of Government of the 
United States." 




THE CAPITOL IN 1814. JUST BEFORE THE BRITISH 



/ASION 



plan that involved :t surrender of jurisdiction over the 
city. Having the seat of Government for the time being; 
however, she naturally opposed strenuously any agitation 
BE a permanent location: and in this she had the hearty 
support of the New England States, who were well satisfied 
with things as they were. But the Southern members had 
set their hearts on the Potomac and at last Maryland and 
Virginia were united. Pennsylvania secured the support 
of New Jerse) ami hoped to win the location on a com- 
promise between tin- North and the South. In the hope ol 
getting an expression of opinion favorable to Pennsylvania, 
on, -i her representatives, Thomas Scott, offered a resolu 

tion that it would lie expedient to select a site which should 
lie "as near a- possible the centre ,>i wealth, of population 
and of territon ." 



Debate began on the third of September. [789, a Thurs- 
day morning, and lasted until the following Monday. 
Hardly a member failed to speak, and the brief reports 
show that no other subject had aroused more interest and, 
more acrimony. The Eastern members opposed consid- 
eration on the ground of more important business pending 
and urged that the location of the Capital could wait. When 
they found themselves in a minority on this point they 
organized a caucus with some of the members from the 
Middle States and resolved in favor of the banks of the 
Susquehanna, as the nearest point to the center of wealth, 
population and territory. 

The feeling of bitterness between the North and South 
was intense. A gentleman from South Carolina declared 
that there could be no peaceful settlement of the question 



THE CITY OF WASHINGTON. 



until the Capital was taken far away from the vicinity of 
those Quakers who " were continually dogging Southern 
members with their schemes of emancipation." September 
5, 1789, the House passed a resolution establishing a per- 
manent Capital at Wright's Ferry, so soon as the necessary 
buildings could be erected, the government in the meantime 
to remain in New York. 

A bill to carry this resolution into effect aroused again 
the determined opposition of the South. Madison spoke 
of the location of the Capital as if it were a vested right 
of which Virginia was being deprived and declared that, 
in his opinion, if the proceedings of that day had been 
foreseen by Virginia, she might never have become a party 
to the Constitution. 

Scott, of Pennsylvania, though arrayed upon the other 
side, felt that " the future tranquility and well-being of the 



be the chief attractions of Philadelphia's beautiful suburb. 
But the Virginians were alert and by a shrewd political 
trick — then played for the first time in our Congressional 
history, but since oft repeated — sent the bill to the Senate 
a second time with a simple little amendment, quite unneces- 
sary, providing that the jurisdiction of Pennsylvania should 
continue over the new district until such time as Congress 
should otherwise specifically direct. The bill in the Senate 
failed of further consideration in the rush of business inci- 
dent to the close of the session. Probably some Southern Sen- 
ator assisted in keeping it out of sight. It was a narrow 
escape for the Potomac, for, if the bill had passed, Pennsyl- 
vania would undoubtedly have raised the required sum and 
Germantown would to-day have been the Capital of the 
Nation. 

Virginia took new heart after this victory which was 




raiiFni 




THE CAPITOL. 



United States depended as much upon this, as on any other 
question that had or could come before Congress." Fisher 
Ames declared that "every principle of pride, and honor, 
and even of patriotism, were engaged." 

The bill passed the House by a vote of 31 to 19, but 
the Senate did not like the Wright's Ferry location and 
changed it to Germantown, inserting a clause to the effect 
that the bill should not go into effect until the State of 
Pennsylvania, or individual citizens should agree to give 
$100,000 toward the construction of public buildings. The 
House agreed to these amendments, and if it had stopped 
there, the Capitol Dome, the .Monument, the Library and 
the Gothic towers of the Smithsonian Institution might now 



so near a Waterloo, and. realizing that not only offers of 
land but also of money were now needed, passed an act 
ceding to Congress the required district, and supplemented 
it by the following resolution: 

■'Resolved by the General Assembly of J'ir.ginia, That 
a copy of the foregoing act of the 3d December, 1789, be 
transmitted to the General Assembly of Maryland without 
delay; and that it be proposed to said Assembly to unite 
with this legislature in an application to Congress, that in 
case < ongress shall deem ii expedienl to establish the per- 
manent seat of the Government of the United Stales on the 
banks of the Potomac, so as to, include the cession of either 
State, or a part of tin cession of both Stales, this Assembl) 
will pass an act for advancing a sum of money, not ex- 



THE CITY OF WASHINGTON. 



ceeding one hundred and twenty thousand dollars, to the 
use of the General Government, to be applied in such man- 
ner as Congress shall direct, towards erecting public build- 
ings the said Assembly of Maryland, on their part, advanc- 
ing a sum not less than two-fifths of the sum advanced by 
this State for the like purpose." 

Maryland promptly took action as suggested, agreeing 
to cede the necessary territory and to furnish $72,000 toward 
the erection of the public buildings. 

When Congress met in the spring of 1790, the old fight 
came on again, with practically no change in the participants 
except that the citizens of Baltimore, through their repre- 
sentative, Mr. Smith, proposed to furnish $40,000 for the 
erection of the necessary buildings for the Federal Govern- 
ment if the Capital were located " in that town." New 
York and Pennsylvania had gratuitously furnished " elegant 
and convenient accommodations " for the use of the Gov- 
ernment, during the eleven years that it was located within 
their respective limits, as appears from the resolutions 
passed by Congress on its removal. Both offered to continue 
to do so. New Jersey also offered accommodations at 
Trenton. 

In the meantime Southern interests favoring the Potomac 
site had solidified and Northern members were hopelessly- 
divided. William Maclay, one of the Pennsylvania Sena- 
tors, kept a diary, for which posterity is greatly indebted, 
as it is to-day one of the best records extant of the pro- 
ceedings of the United States Senate at that period. In 
May, 1790, he writes that the Philadelphians are very indif- 
ferent about the question of permanent residence. May 20, 
the New England men made a proposition in favor of 
Trenton, which pleased Robert Morris, Maclay's colleague 
in the Senate, but Maclay objected to the position of Penn- 
- sylvania which forced her to bargain either with the South 
or the East. Morris, May 24th, offered a resolution that 
the next session of the Congress should be held in Phila- 
delphia, Maclay at the same time telling the Senate that 
" Philadelphia was a place they never could get as a per- 
manent residence. The government of Pennsylvania neither 
would nor could part with it. It was nearly equal to one- 
third ''I' the State in wealth and population. It was the 
only port belonging to the State." 

' The proposition for cession of territory for a Federal 
Capital, vitb exclusive jurisdiction over it vested in the 
United States, which met with favor on all hands, put the 
big cities out of the race complete'y. New York, realizing 
the hopelessness of becoming the permanent capital, was 
determined Lo retain the Congress as long as possible and 
would listen to no other proposition. Pennsylvania was 
equally desirous of reaping immediate benefits, and dickered 
with other sections as against New York. Those who were 
n0 | biased by self interest favored a central local on and 
an unpopulous neighborhood, the remembrance of the sol- 
diers' niutim in Philade'phia being still fresh. 

Railroads were unknown and wagon roads, where they 
existed at all. were impassable in had weather. Rivers were 
the 01ll\ counted upon highways of commerce and the re- 
spective advantages of the Delaware, the Susquehanna, the 



Potomac and the Patapsco were all carefully considered. 
No suggestion was offered of a site that should not depend 
upon commerce to build it up. and it was here that the 
friends of the Potomac brought to bear their heaviest argu- 
ments. Not only could vessels sail up the river as far as 
Georgetown, but work had already begun upon a canal from 
the Potomac to the Ohio, across the mountains, which 
would bring to the seaboard all the vast expected products 
of the great Northwest territory, and aid in its rapid 
development by affording all the necessities and some of 
the luxuries of life, to those who should settle therein, at 
a cheaper rate of transportation than could possibly be 
given from any other existing or possible future commercial 
center. 

Hours of debate were consumed and reams of foolscap 
covered in the presentation of these arguments, such men 
as Washington, Jefferson and Madison being firmly con- 
vinced of their truth. But merit alone did not serve to 
settle the vexed question of capital location. 

The rivalry between New York and Philadelphia was 
extremely bitter. May 30, the Pennsylvania representatives 
notified their New England allies that they would agree to 
any place wdiatsoever, rather than to stay in New York. 
The next day the House voted that Congress should hold 
its next session in Philadelphia. June 8. 1790, this question 
came up in the Senate. Maclay complains that Morris (his 
colleague) was negligent and absent at this crisis. Morris 
gave as an excuse that his accounts with the government 
required his attention. When the vote was taken in the 
Senate, two sick men were brought in. one on a bed and 
one in a sedan chair, but not a single proposition could get 
a majority vote. 

Baltimore had her innings June 11 when the House 
voted to locate the Capital at that city. A few days after 
began the bargaining among these eighteenth century states- 
men which resulted in favor of the South, so far as the 
Capital was concerned, and in favor of the North by en- 
dorsing the scheme of Alexander Hamilton. Secretary of 
the Treasury, to fund the Slate debts, incurred m the com- 
mon cause of the Revolution, into a National debt, secured 
by interest-bearing bonds. Abundant evidence of this bar- 
gaining is found in Maclay's Journal and in the writings 
of Thomas Jefferson. Indeed, there can he no doubt thai 
this was the most potent factor in the final settlement of 
the capital location. 

Tench Coke. Assistant Secretary of the Treasury, first 
proposed to Maclay. June 14. C - ""- ,,1;U in consideration 
of the support of Pennsylvania for the assumption of the 
State debts, all of Hamilton's influence with Northern Sena- 
tors and members would be used to secure the permanent 
seat of government on the Susquehanna. The same propo- 
sition was made to Robert Morris and he and Maclay talked 
it over. Morris wanted to deal with Hamilton direct and 
not through the Assistant Secretary. Accordingly he wrote 
p, Hamilton that he would walk in the morning on the 
[Jatterv, and if Hamilton had anything to propc.se to him 
,!,'.., ,r,i'..h, meet there as if bv accident and have a private 



THE CITY OF WASHINGTON. 



conference without attracting any attention. They met, as 
proposed, and Hamilton told Morris that he needed only 
one vote in the Senate and five in the House to carry 
through his scheme of assumption, and that if he could 
get these votes, he for his part would agree to place the 
Capital either at Germantown or at some place on the Dela- 
ware that might be agreed upon. Morris agreed to lav the 
proposition before the Pennsylvania delegation, but wanted 
to have Philadelphia named as the temporary residence 
until such time as the new Capital could be built. Hamilton 
agreed to think this over, but next day he sent word thai 
he could not negotiate about the temporary location. 

Just at this point, therefore, the two most important 
questions before Congress, assumption and the Capital loca- 
tion, appear not only to have blocked each other, but all 



together by the strong bands of mutual financial self-interest. 
The debts of the nation amounted to over $52,000,000. Out- 
side of this sum were State debts amounting to $21,500,000, 
which had been incurred for the common purpose of sup- 
porting the Revolution. Hamilton saw clearly that if the 
nation assumed these debts, the States thus relieved would 
be ardent supporters of the Union. On the other hand, 
those States, notably Virginia, which had reduced visibly 
their debts without expectation of aid from the general 
government, were bitter in their opposition to assumption. 
The day that the measure was lost in the House of Repre- 
sentatives, the excitement was so great that all business 
was suspended. Congress met a*nd adjourned from day to 
day without doing anything, the parties being too much out 
of temper to do business together. The Eastern members 




APPEARED FROM 



public business. Washington, Jefferson and Madison had 
used everv argument they knew to convince Northern mem- 
bers of Congress that the location upon the banks of the 
Potomac was the best from every point of view, not only 
present, but future, and all in vain. If the members from 
the Northern States had been able to continue united in 
support of either the Susquehanna or the Delaware, the 
friends of the Potomac would have, indeed, been in a most 
decided minority, and the Tiber might still have ebbed and 
flowed a mile below the village of Georgetown. 

The question of assumption, on the other hand, was 
giving much more concern to Alexander Hamilton, the 
financier of the new Nation. He had succeeded in raising 
a quite respectable little revenue by tariff and excise taxa- 
tion and he was now planning to weld the 1 nited States 



threatened secession and dissolution. Hamilton was in 
despair. Jefferson met him in the street, before the Presi- 
dent's house. The account of that interview, and the result 
of it, which settled not only the Stale debt question but 
the location of the permanent seal of government, is thus 
related by Jefferson in bis memoirs (vol, 4. pp. 448-449) : 

"He (Hamilton) walked me back and forth before the 
President's door fur half an hour, Me painted pathetically 
the temper into which the legislature had been wrought; 
the disgust of those who were called the creditor Stales: 
the danger of the secession of the members, and tin sepa 
ration of the Stales. Mr observed that the members of 
the administration ought to acl in concert; that though 
ibis question was not of m\ department, yel a common 
duty should make it .1 common concern; that the President 
was the centre on which all administrative questions ulti- 



THE CITY OF WASHINGTON. 



mately rested, and that all of us should rally around him 
and support, with joint efforts, measures approved by him ; 
and that the question having been lost by a small majority 
only.it was probable that an appeal from me to the judgment 
and discretion of some of my friends might affect a change 
in the vote, and the machine of government now suspended 
might be again set in motion. 

" I told him that I was really a stranger to the whole 
subject; that not having yet informed myself of the sys- 
tem of finance adopted. I knew not how far this was a neces- 
sary sequence ; that undoubtedly, if its rejection endangered 
a dissolution of our Union at this incipient stage, I should 
deem that the most unfortunate of all consequences, to avert 
which all partial and temporary evils should be yielded. I 
proposed to him. however, to dine with me the next day, 
and I would invite another friend or two, bring them into 
conference together, and I thought it impossible that rea- 
sonable men, consulting together coolly, could fail by some 
mutual sacrifices of opinion, to form a compromise which 
was to save the Union. The discussion took place. I could 
take no part in it but an exhortatory one, because I was 
a stranger to the circumstances which should govern it. 
But it was finally agreed to that whatever importance had 
been attached to the rejection of this proposition, the pres- 
ervation of the Union and of concord among the States was 
more important, and that therefore it would be better that 
the vote of rejection should be rescinded, to effect which 
some members should change their votes. 

" But it was observed that this pill would be peculiarly 
bitter to the Southern States, and that some concomitant 
measure should be adopted to sweeten it a little to them. 
There had before been a proposition to fix the Seat of 
Government cither at Philadelphia or at Georgetown, on 
the Potomac ; and it was thought that by giving it to Phila- 
delphia for ten years, and to Georgetown permanently after- 
wards, this might, as an anodyne, calm in some degree the 
ferment which might be excited by the other measure 
alone. So two of the Potomac members (White and Lee. 
but White with a revulsion of stomach almost convulsive) 
agreed to change their votes, and Hamilton undertook to 
carry the other point. In doing this, the influence he had 
established over the Eastern members, with the agency of 
Robert Morns, with those of the middle States, effected his 
side of the agreement, and so the assumption was passed.'' 

Hamilton, who proposed the plan, Jefferson, who ad- 
vised the conciliatory compromise, and White and Lee, the 
Virginia members of Congress who " swallowed the bittei 
pill," together with th'e unknown Eastern members who 
after an interview with Hamilton, suddenly experienced 
an entire change of feeling regarding the beauties and 
advantages of the Potomac, must, therefore, be given due 
credit for linking possible the Washington of to-day. 

Mow the bargain was carried out, for it was as neces- 
sary to conciliate Pennsylvania toward the Potomac location 
as it was to get Virginia to " swallow " the State debts, is 
related <i lint ' clearly h\ Maclay in his journal, although it 
must be remembered thai he knew only one side of what 
was going on, Hamilton being the real dens ex machina. 

Maclaj writes in his diary June 15. 1700: " Mr. Morris 
called me aside and to'd me thai he had a communication 
from Mr. Jefferson of a disposition of having the temporan 
residence fifteen years in Philadelphia, and the permanent 
residence at Georgetown on the Potomac, and that he, Mr. 
Morris, had caKed a meeting of the delegation at six o'clock 



this evening at our lodging on the business. . . . The 
delegation met at six. I was called out. However, when 

I came in what passed was repeated to me. Hamilton 
proposed to give the permanent residence to Pennsylvania 
at Germantown or the falls of the Delaware, on condition of 
their voting for assumption. In fact, it was the confidential 
story of yesterday all over again. Mr. Morris also repeated 
Mr. Jefferson's story; but I certainly had misunderstood 
Mr. Morris at the hall for Jefferson vouched for nothing." 
( Maclay 's Journal, p. 294.) 

Three days later he writes : " Never bad a man a 
greater propensity for bargaining than Mr. Morris. Ham- 
ilton knows this, and is labouring to make a tool of him." 
Maclay evidently was not a controlling spirit in his dele- 
gation for the bargain was struck without his knowledge, 
he being informed June 25 by Walker, a Pennsylvania 
representative, that the delegation had, at a general meeting, 
voted to place the permanent residence on the Potomac, 
with the agreement that the temporary residence should 
remain ten years at Philadelphia. Morris told Maclay that 
he was satisfied with ten years. 

McMaster, in his History of the United States, vol. 1, 
p. 581, quotes a letter from Ames to Minot, June 23, 1790. 
that a bargain was first made between the anti-assumption- 
ists and the Philadelphians in the House, that the Capital 
should be at Philadelphia for fifteen years and then on the 
Potomac : but when the bill came up, this bargain being 
known, Philadelphia was stricken out and Baltimore put 
in. By the rules of the House, Philadelphia could not be 
again inserted. Then assumption was defeated, whereupon 
the New England men threatened to secede. 

The bill " to determine the permanent seat of Congress 
and the Government of the United States " came up for 
consideration June 28. Memorials were read in the House 
from citizens of Baltimore and of Georgetown for the selec- 
tion of those places; and a motion being made to insert — 
" on the river Potomac, at some place between the mouths 
of the Eastern Branch (now better known as the Anacostia 
river) and the Conogocheague. (a little stream in Wash- 
ington county, Maryland,) he and the same is hereby ac- 
cepted for the permanent seal of tlie Government of the 
United States." — it passed in the affirmative. This amend- 
ment was also added: "That for defraying the expense 
of such purchases and buildings, the President of the United 
States be authorized and requested to accept grants of 
money, and cause to be borrowed a sum not exceeding 
$100,000 at an interest not exceeding six per cent." 

The debate at this time was one of the most animated 
that the subject had aroused and sectional jealousy was 
visible on ever) side. Almost all were agreed that New 
York was not .1 suitable place — as not sufficiently central. 
The Northern members ridiculed the idea of building pal 
aces in the woods, and Mr. Gerry, of Massachusetts, thought 

II highlj unreasonable to fix the seat of Government in 
such a position as to have nine States oul of the thirteen 
to the northward of the place, and thought the North ought 
not to be asked to make any greater sacrifice than to go 



THE CITY OF WASHINGTON. 



as far South as Baltimore. It was remarked by one of 
the members of Maryland that the people of that State 
were in the position of Tantalus, uncertain which to prefer, 
the Susquehanna or the Potomac. Mr. Carroll, who owned 
property here, strongly advocated the latter. Mr. Seney 
noticed sundry measures of the legislature of Maryland, 
which evinced, he said, their determination to support the 
pretensions of the Susquehanna. Mr. Smith again set forth 
the advantages of Baltimore and the fact that its citizens 
had subscribed $40,000 for public buildings. A motion 
to insert "Baltimore" instead of "on the Potomac" was 
lost, 2,7 to 23. 

In the Senate on the same day a vote was carried for 



to besmirch the fair fame of President Washington him- 
self. " I am fully convinced," he writes in his Journal 
(p. 305) Philadelphia could do no better. The matter could 
not be longer delayed. It is, in fact, the interest of the 
President of the United States that pushes the Potomac. 
He, Washington, by means of Jefferson, Madison, Carroll 
and others, urged the business; and if we had not closed 
with these terms, a bargain would have been made for the 
temporary residence in New York. They (the Xew York- 
members) have offered to support the Potomac for three 
years' temporary residence, and I am very apprehensive 
they would have succeeded if it had not been for the Penn- 
sylvania threats that were thrown out of stopping all busi- 




New York for the temporary residence for ten years, but 
the whole resolution as thus amended was defeated. This 
was evidently a show of strength to the Pennsylvanians 
and a scare as well. It secured their votes for the Potomac 
and for assumption and as a reward they were given the 
temporary residence for ten years, the resolution to that 
effect passing the Senate June 30. Pennsylvania's votes for 
the Potomac secured Virginia's votes for assumption and 
both measures went through with little more opposition. 
Maclav, who had been very little consulted, and knew 
little of the plans of Hamilton or of Jefferson's acquiescence 
therein, was convinced in his own mind that private gain 
was at the bottom of it all and left for history an efforl 



ness, if an attempt was made to rob them of both temporary 
and permanent residence." 

Again he writes at a later date (p. 328) : " The Presi 
dent of the United Stales has. in my opinion, had a great 
influence in this business. The game was played by him 
and his adherents of Virginia and Maryland, between New- 
York and Philadelphia, to give one of those places the 
temporary residence, bul tin- permanent residence on the 
Potomac." I found a demonstration thai ibis was the case, 
and that New York would have accepted of the tefnporarj 
residence if we did not; bul J did nol then see so clearl; 
that the abominations of the funding system and the as 
mm nt™ w,.,v so clearh connected with it. Alasl thai the 



THE CITY OF WASHINGTON. 



affection, nay, almost adoration, of the people, should meet 
so unworthy a return. Here are their best interests sacri- 
ficed to the vain whim of fixing Congress and a great com- 
mercial town, so opposite to the genius of the Southern 
planter, on the Potomac; and the President has become. 
in the hands of Hamilton, the dish clout of every dirty 
speculation, as his name goes to wipe away blame, and 
silence all murmuring." 

It is difficult to see now why this legislative bargain 
was so decried then, but it was evidently much talked of, 
for in the Canadian archives (1890 p. 151) Beckwith, an 
English agent, quotes some American as saying in 1790 
that " the session just closed had lowered Congress in public 
opinion, partly on account of the bargain connected with the 
residence and the assumption of the debt." 



That part of the Act relating to the new and perma- 
nent location of the Capital is as follows : 

" That a district of territory not exceeding ten miles 
square, to be located as hereafter directed on the river 
Potomac, at some place between the mouths of the Eastern 
Branch and the Conogocheague, be and the same is hereby 
accepted for the permanent seat of the Government of the 
United States, — provided, nevertheless, that the operation 
of the laws of the State within such district shall not be 
affected by this acceptance until the time fixed for the 
removal of the Government thereto, and until Congress 
shall otherwise by law direct. That the President of the 
United States be authorized to appoint, and by supplying 
vacancies happening from refusals to act, or other causes. 
to keep in appointment as long as may be necessary, three 
commissioners who, or any two of whom, shall, under 
direction of the President, survey and by proper metes and 



~< : T T 


■■Pp&fce!^' -^f*-^^ ^^^i^Bfes. 


IXLTI 3 





THE CAPITOL AS IT APPEARED 



James A. Garfield, afterwards President of the United 
States, in writing about the earliest Congress, said: 

" It dampens not a little our enthusiasm for the superior 
virtues of the fathers to learn that Hamilton's monument 
of statemanship, the funding bill, which gave life to the 
public credit and saved from dishonor the war debt of the 
States, was for a time hopelessly defeated by the votes of 
one section of the Union, and was carried at last by a legis- 
lative bargain which, in the mildest slang of our day, would 
be called a ' log-rolling job.' The bill fixing the permanent 
seat of the government cm the banks of the Potomac was 
the argument which turned the scale and carried the fund- 
ing bill. The bargain carried them both through." 



nally, 


1 the null 1 


f Ju 


y. 1790, the bill as amended 


Senate 


passed th 


■ t-L 


use by a vote of 32 to 29. 


lajoritj 


,,, favor 


if tl 


e Delaware | ( iermantov\ 11 1 



bounds define and limit a district of territory under the 
limitation above mentioned, and the district so defined, 
limited, and bounded shall be deemed the district accepted 
by this Act for the permanent seat of the Government of 
the United States. That the said commissioners, or any 
two of them, are to have power to purchase or accept such 
quantity of land on the Pastern shore oi said river, within 
the said district, as the President shall deem proper lor the 
use of the United States, and according to such plans as the 
President shall approve. The said commissioners, or any 
two of them, shall, prior to the first Monday of December 
in the year 1X00. provide suitable buildings for the accom- 
modation of Congress and the President, and for the public 
offices of the Government of the United States. That for 
defraying the expense of such purchases and buildings th.' 
President of the United States he authorized and requested 
to accept grants of land and money." 

Xo appropriations were made. Maryland and Virginia 
had secured the Capital location. Let them build the city. 



THE FOUNDING OF THE CITY. 




HE Territory of Columbia, embracing ten 
miles square on both sides the Potomac, 
was selected by President Washington, 
with much wisdom and ingenuity. Three 
principal objects he had in view: namely, 
first, to take as nearly as possible the same 
amount of land from both States; second, 
to include within it the two thriving towns 
of Alexandria, Virginia, and Georgetown, 
Maryland, and third, to have the line of 
J longitude the diagonal line of the district. 

Bladensburg was also then a thriving town and Washington 
regretted that it could not have been included, but the de- 
sire for symmetry forbade it. Washington's youthful train- 
ing as a surveyor enabled him readily to note the advantages 
of the location. At its widest part, between Alexandria 
and Georgetown, the Potomac ran due South; and just 
below Alexandria a narrow cape jutted sharply out into the 
river. A line from the extremity of this cape clue North 
would run for nearly seven miles almost exactly in the 
center of the river. This point, owned by a man named 
Jones, was fixed upon as the place of beginning in locating 
the district. Lines were run at angles of 45 degrees from 
north on either side for a distance of ten miles, then ten 
miles in directions perpendicular to the first lines, meeting 
exactly north of the starting point. 

It is clearly shown by letters preserved in the Depart- 
ment of State, that Washington sought and received the 
advice of both Jefferson and Madison in the locating of the 
Federal territory. Frequently, too, did these three sons 
of Virginia work together during the building period. Many 
promises had been made and work and money were needed 
for their performance. Each did what he could, and never 
for one moment did they lose faith in the city's future. 

The location chosen possessed many advantages. Sit- 
uate at the head of deep water navigation, the high, rolling 
ground near the river and the broad semi-circular sweep 
of hills from the Eastern Branch to Rock Creek formed 
a vast amphitheater of surpassing loveliness. Covered as 
these hills now are with the most fashionable residences 
of the city, one has no difficulty in recognizing and paying 
tribute to the greatness of mind that foresaw the Nation's 
needs and chose not for the present, but for the future. 



Jefferson and Madison met at Mount Vernon early in 
September, 1790. and there practically decided upon the 
location. It was necessary to know what representative 
men of Maryland would be willing to have done, and Jef- 
ferson and Madison mounted their horses, crossed the 
Potomac by the ferry at Alexandria to visit Charles Carroll, 
of Carrodton, one of the signers of the Declaration of Inde- 
pendence. Anent this visit Jefferson wrote to Washington : 

"He (Carroll) came into it (agreed to the location) 
with a shyness not usual in him. Whether this proceeded 
from his delicacy in having property adjoining Georgetown, 
or from what other motive I cannot say. He said enough 
to show his preference for Georgetown, as being at the 
junction of the upper and lower navigation." 

President Washington was given no small degree of 
latitude when Congress empowered him to locate the Fed- 
eral City on the Potomac at some point betw;en the Eastern 
Branch and the Conogocheague, that being a distance of 
nearly one hundred miles. " The Indian place with the 
long name," as Oliver Wolcott once wrote, in speaking of 
the removal of the Capital, was really seriously considered. 
Looking into the future these far-sighted statesmen saw 
that a great inland empire was certain to be built up beyond 
the Appalachians and the Blue Ridge and there were argu- 
ments in favor of locating the Capital as far up the Potomac 
as possible. Steamboats as well as railroads were then 
unknown, and the Potomac was the only visible highway 
of commerce between the Chesapeake and the great unde- 
veloped West. The Conogocheague. now rarely heard of, 
was then described as navigable for boats, five feet wide 
and drawing eighteen inches of water, for a distance of 
twenty-four miles from the point where it emptied its 
waters into the Potomac, at Williamsport, Washington 
County, Maryland, about seven miles from Hagerstown. 

Narrow, sordid minds there were who did not hesitate 
to assert (like Maclay in his journal, quoted in the previous 
chapter) that Washington in locating the city as far down 
the Potomac as possible, was influenced so to do by the 
thought that his own propert) at Mount Vernon might 
lie greatly enhanced. Such petty thoughts need no refuta- 
tation. \'<> one can view the cit} from the Capitol, the Mon- 
ument or ail) of the overlooking hills without realizing the 
wisdom of the choice. Even those who mocked, scoffed and 



THE CITY OF WASHINGTON. 



railed at the city in its earliest days, confessed always the 
wondrous beauty of the location. It was a Frenchman 
who said, after standing on the roof of the old Senate 
house : 

" Mon Dieu, what a magnificent city. It only needs 
streets and houses to be the most beautiful city in all the 
world." 

Washington and his advisers discussed long and anx- 
iously not only the selection of the site, but also the ap- 
pointment of the three commissioners authorized by Con- 
gress to carry out the provisions of the act relating to the 
Federal City. It was urged on the one hand that it would 
be advisable to " make the appointments with a view to 



though described as having a brusque and impetuous man- 
ner and swearing roundly upon all occasions. General John- 
son possessed marked executive ability and a kind heart, 
which won him many fast friends. 

Daniel Carroll was a cousin of Charles Carroll, of 
Carrollton, and a brother of the Right Rev. John Carroll, 
the first Catholic Bishop of Baltimore and the founder 
of the Jesuit College now known as Georgetown University. 
Daniel Carroll was one of the first gentlemen of Maryland 
of his time. Cultured and refined, he had represented his 
State in the Constitutional Convention at Philadelphia and 
although not thirty years of age, had been elected a member 
of the first Congress of the United States. 




1EW FROM THE TOP OF THE MONUMENT. LOOKING NORTHEAST. 



attaching particular parts of the Union in the object — 
New England, and in particular Massachusetts, first, and 
next South Carolina and Georgia." On the other hand the 
desirability of having the Commissioners resident in or near 
tile district thai they might "attend readily and satisfac- 
torily " to its business was clearly evident. Acting with 
this in mind, Washington, on the 22nd of January, 1791, 
appointed Hon. Daniel Carroll and Gen. Thomas Johnson. 
of Maryland, and Dr. David Stuart, of Virginia. 

General Johnson was the representative from Mary- 
land in the Continental Congress in 1774 who nominated 
George Washington to be the commander-in-chief of the 
armies of the Thirteen Colonies and proudly served under 
him throueh the war. a valued friend and comrade. A.1- 



Dr. Stuart was a practicing physician, a resident of 
Alexandria, who for many years had been the family phy- 
sician of the Washingtons. He married the widow of John 
Parke Custis, the son of Martha Washington. He was an 
elderly man of a kind and benevolent disposition, and well- 
read in classic poetry, which he was very fond of quoting. 

Two days after the appointment of this commission 
Washington issued a proclamation announcing the selection 
of a site. He also addressed a message to Congress asking 
for an amendatorj act permitting the inclusion of Uexan 
dria, that town being located below the mouth of the Eastern 
branch. Congress promptly acted as the President sug- 
gested and on March 30, 1701. an amendatorj proclamation 
was issued fixing the bounds of the Federal territory as they 



THE CITY OF WASHINGTON. 



15 



stood until the retrocession to Virginia of all that portion 
south of the Potomac. 

Andrew Ellicott, of Pennsylvania, a young surveyor 
of marked ability, was employed to run the district lines, 
which he did in the early spring of 1791. The first corner 
stone of the district* was set at Jones Point by the Com- 
missioners with Masonic ceremonies April 15, 1791. The 
following address, delivered by the Rev. James Muir, is 
copied from a contemporary issue of The United States 
Gazette. 

" Of America it may be said as of Judea of old. 
that it is a good land and large — a land of brooks, of 
waters, of fountains, and depths that spring out of the 
valleys and hills — a land of wheat and barlev, of vines 



garment ; it is more refreshing than the dews on Hermon's 
Hill ! May this stone long commemorate the goodness of 
God in those uncommon events which have given America 
a name among nations. Under this stone may jea'ousy and 
selfishness be forever buried. From this stone may a super- 
structure arise, whose glory, whose magnificence, whose 
stability, unequaled hitherto, shad astonish the world, and 
invite even the savage of the wilderness to take shelter 
under its roof." 

Later in the summer a square mass of masonry to 
mark the exact center of the district, was set. nor far from 
the spot where now stands the magnificent obelisk that is 
at once a monument to Washington and to American 
Liberty. 

In the meantime the Commissioners were busy in se- 




FROM THE TOP OF THE MONUMEf 



LOOKING NORTHEAST. 



and fig-trees and pomegranates — a land of oil, o'ives and curing the most advantageous terms possible from the 

honey — a land wherein we eat bread without scarceness, owners of the lands within the district, upon which it was 

and have lack of nothing — a land whose stones are iron, desired to establish the Capital City itself. The principal 

and out of whose hills thou mayest dig brass — a land owners were Danicl Carroll, Davfcl Burns and Notlej 

which the Lord thy God careth for - the eyes of the T he Carroll estate embraced nearly all that portion 

Lord thv God are always upon it, from the beginning of loul V ^ ; n.iHHinrton 

now known as Capitol II ill and was then called Duddmgton 



Lord thy God are always upon it, from the begi 
the year even unto the end of the year. May Americans 
be grateful and virtuous, and they shall endure the indul- 
gence of Providence. May they be unanimous and just and 
they shall rise to greatness. May true patriotism actuate 
every heart. May it be the devout and universal wish: 
Peace be within thy wall, O America, and prosperity within 
thy palaces! Amiable it is for brethren to dwell together 
in unity; it is more fragrant than the perfumes on Aaron s 

*By the retrocession to Virginia in 1846 this stone is UQ longer 
within the limits of the District. 



Manor. Undoubtedly Washington counted upon Larrolls 
willingness to surrender a portion of his lands when he 
appointed him as one of the Commissioners. Carroll was 
enthusiastic about the proposed city and expected his prop- 
erty to make him a millionaire very quickly. Notlej Young 
held nearly all the land now in the center of the cit) between 
Seventh and Eleventh streets down to the river from. 
David Burns owned 600 acres from Eleventh street west- 



THE CITY OF WASHINGTON. 



ward. In all, there were nineteen land owners within the 
limits decided upon as the city's boundaries. The Com- 
missioners had little difficulty in reaching an agreement with 
all except " that obstinate Mr. Burns," as Washington 
called him in one of his letters. The Commissioners were 
in despair and Washington came up from Mount Vernon 
to make a personal appeal. The account of that interview 
rests upon tradition, but tradition so often repeated by early 
writers that it seems worthy of preservation. Seated upon 
a rustic bench under the trees that overhung the Burns 
cottage, Washington used all his powers of persuasion 
to get the stubborn Scotchman to agree to the disposal of 
his lands, as the other owners had agreed. When Wash- 
ington pictured the advantages which would accrue to all 
land owners from the founding of the city, Burns is reported 
to have said : 

" I suppose you think people here are going to take 
every grist that comes from you as pure grain ; but what 
would you have been if you hadn't married the Widow 
Custis ? " 

At this Washington lost some of his patience and said 
as he rose to go: 

" I have selected your farm as a part of the Federal 
City and the Government will take it. It will be better for 
you to enter into an amicable agreement. On what terms 
will you surrender your land ? " 

Burns understood thoroughly what confiscation meant. 
He changed about in a moment and replied: "On any 
terms that your excellency may choose to name." 

March 30, 1791, he united with the other proprietors in 
conveying to the President, or such persons as he should 
appoint, all their lands in trust. The following letter from 
•the President to the Secretary of State (Jefferson) gives 
a good understanding of the terms of the agreement: 

" Mount Vernon, March 31, 1791. 

" Di:ak Sir: — Having been so fortunate as to reconcile 
the contending interests of Georgetown and Carrollsburgh 
(a small hamlet on the Carroll estate), and to unite them 
in such an agreement as permits the public purposes to 
be carried into effect on an extensive and proper scale, 1 
have the pleasure to transmit to you the enclosed proclama- 
tion, which, after annexing the seal of the United States, 
and your counter-signature, you will cause to be published. 

" The terms entered into by me, on the part of the 
United States, with the landholders of Georgetown and 
Carrollsburgh are thai all the laud From Rock Creek, along 
the river to the Eastern Branch and so upwards to or above 
the ferry, including a breadth of aboul a mile and a half, 
the whole containing from three to five thousand acres, 
is ceded to the public on condition that when the whole 
shall be surveyed and laid off as a city (which Major L'En- 
fanl is now directed to do), the present proprietors shall 
retain even other lot ; and for such part of the land as may 
be taken for public use, for squares, walks, etc., the) shall 
be allowed at the rate of £25 per acre, the public having 
the right to reserve such parts of the wood on the laud as 
may be though! nccessar) to be preserved for ornament; 
the landholders to have the use and profits of the grounds 
until the cil\ is laid off into lots, and sale is made of those 
lots, which by this agreement become public property. 



Nothing is to be allowed for the ground which may be occu- 
pied for streets and alleys 

" It was found on running the lines, that the compre- 
hension of Bladensburg within them must have occasioned 
the exclusion of more important objects ; and of this I 
am convinced, as well by my own observation as by Mr. 
Ellicott's opinion." 

Jefferson, who was then at the seat of Government in 
Philadelphia, replied under date of April 10. 1791 : 

" The acquisition of ground at Georgetown is reall; 
noble, considering that only £25 an acre is to be paid for any 
grounds taken for the public, and the streets not to be 
counted, which will, in fact, reduce it to about £19 an 
acre. I think very liberal reserves should be made for the 
public." 

The agreement of the land owners gave to the Presi- 
dent full power " of directing the Federal City to be laid 
oft' in what manner he pleases" ; to retain " any number of 
squares he may think proper ;" and making the lots " joint 
property between the trustees on behalf of the public and 
each present proprietor." The ground to which this agree-^ 
ment related comprised over 7100 acres, with a circum- 
ference of fourteen miles. The bounds of the city, as de- 
termined upon by Washington, are thus given in a contem- 
porary act of the State of Maryland : " Concerning the 
Territory of Columbia and the City of Washington" : 

" The President of the United States directed a city 
to be laid out, comprehending all the lands beginning on 
the East side of Rock Creek, at a stone standing in the 
middle of the road leading from Georgetown to Bladens- 
burg; thence along the middle of the said road to a stone 
standing on the east side of the Reedy Branch of Goose 
Creek : thence southeasterly, making an angle of sixty-one 
degrees and twenty minutes with the meridian, to a stone 
standing in the road leading from Bladensburg to the 
Eastern Branch Ferry ; then south to a stone eighty pi iles 
north of the east and west line already drawn from the 
mouth of Goose Creek to the Eastern Branch ; then east, 
parallel to the said east and west line, to the Eastern Branch : 
then, with the waters of the Eastern Branch. Potomac 
River and Rock Creek, to the beginning." 

To-day the city has far outgrown these limits, then 
considered preposterous even for the future. Yet the old 
boundaries are easily traced. The "stone in the road from 
Georgetown to Bladensburg" was at the east end of the 
bridge over Rock Creek, on what is now M street, although 
known until within a few years on the Georgetown side as 
Bridge street. The Bladensburg road followed the hank of 
Rock Creek until near the point where Florida avenue joins 
Massachusetts avenue: then it skirted along the foot of 
the Northwestern hills until it came to the littl< stream 
known as "Reedy Branch of Goose Creek." This stream 
was crossed by the road at the present corner of Seventh 
and C streets. From this point the Georgetown-Bladens- 
burg road struck out into the open country while the city's 
boundary ran southeasterly till it met the road from Bladens- 
burg to the Eastern Branch fern . where now Maryland 
and Florida avenues join. The sudden turn to the south- 
ward at this poinl was in order to leave out the low. marshy 



THE CITY OF WASHINGTON. 



17 



ground surrounding a small stream that emptied into the 
Eastern Branch. The " East and West line from the 
mouth of Goose Creek to the Eastern Branch " would be 
a line drawn through the center of the Mall, through the 
Capitol and along the center of East Capitol street. For 
more than half a century the old Bladensburg road from 
Georgetown and its continuation toward the Eastern Branch 
was known as Boundary street and afterwards as Florida 
avenue. 

Pierre Charles L'Enfant, mentioned by Washington 
in his letter to Jefferson as being directed to lay out the 
city, was a resident of Philadelphia, then about forty or 
fortv-five years of age. He was one of those liberty-loving 



greatest nation the world had ever known; he realized, 
furthermore, that the opportunity to lay out the Capital 
City for such a nation was the greatest that could come to 
an engineer, and that if he succeeded in presenting a plan, 
not merely for the present, but one that should answer for 
the succeeding centuries, his name with that of the city 
would always be coupled. 

Abundant contemporary evidence exists that L'Enfant 
thought deeply and worked hard over his plan. Sum- 
moned to Mount Vernon by the President and entrusted 
with the task, he threw himself into the work with heart 
and soul. He walked from one end of the city to the other. 
In a boat on the Potomac he made mental surveys of the 



BHBg , jyp' B j^ 








.r"-': f~- 


. 






, ... 






■ \ - 






it$r "i 







IEW FROM THE TOP OF THE MONUMENT, LOOKING EAST. 



Frenchmen who, like Lafayette and Rochambeau, hastened 
to offer their swords to aid the American colonists to throw 
off the rule of England. L'Enfant had been educated in 
the best military schools of France and his services during 
the Revolution in planning and building fortifications having 
come to the notice of the commander-in-chief, he was made 
a major of engineers. His principal work after the con- 
clusion of peace had been in remodeling the New York 
City Hall for the use of the First Congress and later the 
State House in Philadelphia. L'Enfant was not a man 
of particularly broad mind, but he was thoroughly imbued, 
from the success of the American colonists in war and his 
association with tiie great men of the new republic, with the 
idea that the United States was destined to become the 



numerous elevations on the shore between Rock Creek and 
the Anacostia. From the northwestern hills he studied the 
contour of the plain that stretched away to the Potomac. 
He visited Arlington and the heights beyond the Eastern 
Branch. He wrote to Jefferson, who had been minister 
to France, and asked for any maps or plans of European 
cities he might possess. He disclaimed any intention of 
imitating these plans, saying: " I shall endeavor to deline 
ate in a new and original way the plan, the contrivance 
of which the President has left to me without any restric- 
tion whatever; but the contemplation of what exists of well 
improved situation, even the comparison of these with de- 
fective ones, will suggest a variety of new ideas, and is 
necessary to refine and strengthen the judgment." 



THE CITY OF WASHINGTON. 



Jefferson, writing to Washington, says : 

" I send him (L'Enfant) by this post, plans of Frank- 
fort - on - the - Mayne, Carlsrnhe. Amsterdam, Strasburgh, 
Paris, Orleans, Bordeaux, Lyons, Montpelier, [Marseilles, 
Turin and Milan, on large and accurate scales, which I 
preserved while in those towns, respectively. They are none 
of them comparable to the Old Babylon, revived in Phila- 
delphia, and exemplified. While in Europe, I selected about 
a dozen or two of the handsomest fronts of private buildings, 
of which I have the plates. Perhaps it might decide the 
taste of the new town, were these to be engraved and dis- 
tributed, gratis, among the inhabitants of Georgetown. The 
expense would be trifling." 

Frequent allusions to discussions with L'Enfant are 
found in the correspondence of Washington, but their gen- 
eral tendency is to show that L'Enfant, although brilliant, 
was obstinate to a high degree. Plow far he was influenced 
in the preparation of his plan by Washington, if at all, 
cannot be determined. The result is shown in the accom- 
panying folding map, which is a facsimile of the one 
first prepared by L'Enfant. Although more than a century- 
has elapsed, comparison of this map with a map of today 
affords a surprise that there is so little difference, the gen- 
eral plan of streets, avenues, public squares and reservations 
having been followed almost without variation. 

Credit for naming the District and the city undoubtedly 
belongs to Thomas Jefferson and James Madison. They 
were present at the meeting of the Commissioners in George- 
town on the 8th and 9th of September, 1791, when the 
names were decided upon, and it was immediately after this 
meeting that the Commissioners wrote to L'Enfant that the 
title of the map which he was preparing should be " The 
City of Washington, in the Territory of Columbia." 

A close examination of the map on page 2, "Territory 
of Columbia," drawn by Andrew Ellicott and engraved in 
Paris in 1815. will show some of the points L'Enfant had 
in mind when lie perfected his plan. The intersection of 
diagonal lines from the four corners of the territory marked 
(he spot where it was for many years intended to raise 
an equestrian statue to Washington, and very close to which 
the great obelisk was built. ( )n the high ground immedi- 
ately to the North the President's House was located, and 
northward from this extended a broad avenue (now Six- 
teenth street, sometimes called Executive Avenue). Along 
the east and west diagonal upon the crest of the great pla- 
teau, on which was located the little village of Carrolls- 
burgh, the site for the Capitol was selected. It was very 
near tin- center of the city, as planned, and the view from 
northeast to northwest was interrupted then, as now, only 
by tlie semicircle of hills miles away. From the Eastern 
Branch to the Capitol another wide avenue was laid out. 
I loin the fool of the Capitol llill westward was a marsh. 
through which ran the Tiber, or Goose Creek, bul L'Enfant 
knew that marshes could readily he drained and convened 
into beautiful parks, and what he had in mind was neither 
more nor less than the beautiful Mall of today. His plan 
contemplated also public buildings and residences of foreign 
ministers along each side of this park. 



Avenues, the great feature of the city today, were not 
laid out hap-hazard, nor were they marked by square and 
compass, but with careful'y considered design to connect 
every important outlying point with the Capitol or with the 
President's House, by a street which should be the shortest 
distance between the two points. 

As all roads lead to Rome, so L'Enfant determined 
that as many avenues as possible should lead to the Capitol. 
Broad streets were run to the city limits both north and 
south from the Capitol. Other avenues, the lines of which 
intersect in the center of the Rotunda underneath the Cap- 
itol Dome, are : 

Delaware Avenue — From Greenleaf's Point the s 1; th- 
ernmost extremity of the city, where a site for an arsenal 
had been selected, to the northern boundarv. 

Maryland Avenue — From the point where the eastern 
road from Bladensburgh entered the city, to the Potomac, 
where seemed to be the most likely spot for a bridge, and 
where, before long, the first " Long Bridge " was built. - 

New Jersey Avenue — From a point near the site se- 
lected on the Eastern Branch for a Navy Yard, to the north- 
ern boundary, near a point of intersection with the western 
Bladensburgh road. 

Pennsylvania Avenue — From the bridge over the East- 
ern Branch where the road to Upper Marlboro crossed, in 
a straight line through the Capitol, the President's House 
and on to Georgetown. 

A similar plan was pursued with regard to the Presi- 
dent's Pfouse. Connecticut, Xew York, Yermont and Penn- 
sylvania avenues intersect at this point. Xew York avenue 
is along a direct line from the President's House to Arling- 
ton. Massachusetts and Virginia avenues were planned to 
run the entire length of the city and nearly parallel to Penn 
sylvania avenue, to the north and south, respectively. Rhode 
Island avenue ran parallel to Xew York from the northern 
limit of Xew Jersey avenue to Connecticut. Other avenues 
were located with similar good reasons. Then, upon this 
boulevard plan, L'Enfant, following the advice of feffer- 
son, laid out squares and rectangles similar to the plan of 
Philadelphia. The result was unique and, of course, could 
not escape criticism. Time alone was necessary to prove its 
wisdom. 

This plan one early writer called. " Philadelphia grid- 
died across Versailles." The expression, although intended 
in derision, is not a had description. As late as 1854. Jo- 
seph 1'.. Varnuin, Jr., a grandson of a former Speaker of the 
House and a historical writer oi much repute, declared that 
L'Enfant's plan, "though attractive in the outline upon 
paper, was in many respects an exceedingly impracticable 
one. and led to the sacrifice of one or two of the most 
beautiful eminences in the city." These A^' not now. how- 
ever, appear to he greatly missed. Strict utilitarianism 
imbued Mr. Varnum's mind when he wrote: " In the first 
place there are twice as mam -Heel- as are required; and. 
in the second place, the avenues intersecting the rectangular 
streets cut up the squares into triangles a, id oblongs, spoil 
the most prominent corner lots, and leave everywhere awk- 
ward space-." 



THE CITY OF WASHINGTON. 



Of these same "awkward spaces," Charles Burr Todd, 
the historian, in his " Story of Washington," published in 
1889, writes: " Those squares, circles, triangles and paral- 
lelograms which eighty years later were used to such ad- 
vantage in the renaissance of the city, and which, with their 
beautiful growth of trees, render Washington the most pic- 
turesque city on the continent." 

The streets running north and south and east and west, 
being distinguished by numbers and letters, respectively, 
caused the French minister to jocosely remark that " L'En- 
fant was not only a child in name, but in education also ; 
as from the names he gave the streets he appeared to know 
little else than A, B, C and 1, 2. 3." This attempted witti- 



" line from the mouth of the Tiber to the Eastern Branch," 
now the center of the Mall and of East Capitol street. The 
bridge which carried this street across Rock Creek into 
Georgetown was spoken of by a contemporary writer in a 
London magazine as the most remarkable in America. It 
was built of stone, with three arches, having a total length 
of one hundred and thirty-five feet and breadth of thirty-six 
feet. The stone of which this bridge was constructed was 
the same as that used in the public buildings. Upon the 
stones forming the center arch were chiseled the names of 
the thirteen states then comprising the Union, the name 
of Pennsylvania being upon the keystone ; and ever since 
Pennsylvania has been known as the Keystone State. 




FROM THE TOP OF THE MONUMENT, LOOKING NORTH. 



cism is noteworthy only from the fact that the Commis- 
sioners, and not L'Enfant, decided to use letters r.nd nv.m- 
bers for the streets. 

With the map first submitted to Congress by President 
Washington, in January, 1792, were some explanatory state- 
ments which show clearly that the most desirable points 
throughout the city for the location of public squares and 
reservations were first selected and afterward the streets 
and avenues were so laid out as to intersect at those points. 
The avenues were made from 130 to 160 feet wide, and the 
other streets from 90 to no feet wide. One street is worthy 
of special notice, K street, which, broad as an avenue, runs 
almost without interruption from Georgetown to the Ana- 
costia. It parallels at a distance of about one mile the 



From northwest to southeast the city's extent was ali.au 
four and one-half miles, and from cast to southwest, two 
miles and a half. Its circumference was fourteen miles. 
The aggregate length of the avenues was sixty-five miles, 
and of the streets one hundred and ninety-nine miles. To- 
gether with the open spaces at the intersections, they con- 
tained thirty-six hundred and four acres, while the public. 
reservations, exclusive of three which were afterward soli 
for private uses, included five hundred and thirteen acres. 
The whole area of the squares of the city amounted to one 
hundred and thirty-one million six hundred and eighty-four 
thousand one hundred and seventy-six square feet, or three 
thousand and sixteen acres, half of whirl, was reserved for 
the U se of die United States. 'and the oilier halt a 
to the original proprietors. 



THE CITY OF WASHINGTON. 



A magnificent city, indeed, and L'Enfant, not satisfied 
with having created it on paper, set down as well what 
the future inhabitants, when they arrived, must do to make 
it beautiful and great. These, written on the original map 
and submitted to Congress by the President in January, 
1792, are generally referred to as " L'Enfant's Magnificent 
Intentions." They were: 

" 1. An equestrian figure of George Washington, a 
monument voted in 1783, by the late Continental Congress." 

Congress made no appropriation for this statue until 
1852, and in the meantime the site which L'Enfant had 
picked out — the center of the District — had been set aside 
for the Washington Monument. 

" 2. An historic column, also intended for a mile or 
itinerary column, from whose station, at a mile from the 
Federal House, all distances and places through the con- 
tinent are to be calculated." 

The emancipation statue, the greatest monument to 
Liberty that history has ever known, now stands upon this 
spot, in the center of Lincoln Square, just one mile due east 
of the center of the Capitol dome. Here intersect East 
Capitol street, Massachusetts, Kentucky, North Carolina 
and Tennessee avenues, and here once a year the colored 
population gather to celebrate the anniversary of the clay 
when the martyred Lincoln gave liberty to all their race 
within the United States. 

" 3. A naval itinerary column, proposed to be erected 
to celebrate the first rise of a navy, and to stand a ready 
monument to perpetuate its progress and achievements. 

" 4. Fifteen squares to be divided among the several 
states in the Union, for each of them to improve ; the 
centers of these squares designed for statues, columns, obe- 
lisks, etc., such as the different states may choose to erect. 

5. A church intended for national purposes, such as 
public prayer, thanksgivings, funeral orations, etc., and as- 
signed to the special use of no particular sect or denomina- 
tion, but equally open to all. It will likewise be a proper 
shelter for such monuments as were voted by the late 
Continental Congress for those -heroes who fell in the cause 
of liberty, and for such others as may hereafter be decreed 
by the voice of a grateful nation." 

The Interior Department now occupies the square where 
L'Enfant proposed to establish his non-sectarian church, 
which never materialized. 

"<>. Five grand fountains, intended with a constant 
spout of water." 

Locations proposed for these fountains were : On Res- 
ervation 17, where Virginia, New Jersey and South Caro- 
lina avenues would intersect; at the intersection of Mary- 
land avenue and F streets Northeast: at the intersection 
of II streel and New York avenue Northwest; at the in- 
tersection of II streel and Pennsylvania avenue Northwest 
and in the Markel Space. 

"7. A grand avenue, four hundred feet in breadth, 
and about a mile in length, bordered with gardens, ending 
in a slope from the houses on each side. Hiis avenue leads 
tn the monument of Washington, and connects the < on 
gress garden with the President's park." 



This " magnificent intention." at least, bids fair to be 
more than realized. The Mall of today, beautiful as it is. 
with the buildings of the Agricultural Department, the 
National Museum, the Smithsonian Institution, the Medical 
Museum, and the Fish Commission facing upon, will im- 
prove with each succeeding year. The marsh that bor- 
dered the Tiber's sluggish waters has gone forever, with 
the stream of classic name. The squares that have been 
sold to private parties will eventually be restored to the 
public domain ; and the railroad station, whose convenience 
to the traveling public has in a measure atoned for the blot 
upon the artistic landscape, will soon disappear. But for 
nearly sixty years nothing was done toward its improvement. 
In 1851-2 Congress made a small appropriation for this 
purpose, and President Fillmore engaged the services of 
A. J. Downing, one of the most noted American landscape 
gardeners. Downing planned what was considered to be 
a great improvement upon the original plan. He laid out 
serpentine walks and drives, and was the originator of 
the idea of teaching a great object-lesson to citizens and 
visitors by the planting of at least one specimen of every 
forest tree of America within these grounds. His plan, too, 
contemplated a botanical garden, which is now so attractive 
a feature as one leaves the Capitol grounds westward. The 
whole area of the Mall is about one hundred and fifty 
acres. 

" 8. The water of Tiber Creek to be conveyed to the 
high ground, where the Congress House stands, and after 
watering that part of the city its overplus will fall from un- 
der the base of the edifice, and in a cascade of twenty feet 
in height and fifty in breadth, into the reservoir below ; 
thence to run, in three falls, through the gardens in the 
grand canal." 

A picturesque effect, truly, this would have been if 
carried out; but for many >ears the Government had all 
it could do to raise money enough to complete the Capitol 
itself, without providing a small river to run through its 
cellars. The present fountain on the west front is the 
outgrowth of the idea, however. 

It is clear, from L'Enfant's plan, that the Commission- 
ers intended that some public buildings should be placed 
along the Mall, especially upon the south side, between 
Tenth and Twelfth streets. On the opposite side, along 
South B street, it was thought would be a fine place for 
residences of foreign ministers. A portion of the President's 
Square was at one time set apart for the Portuguese min- 
ister. A report of the Commissioners to Congress, March 
23. 1802, contains this statement: 

"The measure of granting sites for the residences of 
foreign ministers was warmly recommended by President 
Washington and approved by President Adams, before any 
steps were taken by the Commissioners to earn it into ef- 
fect. President Washington, himself, pointed out the spot 
granted to the Queen of Portugal as a proper site for the 
residence of a foreign minister, and Mr. Adams delivered 
letters from tin- Commissioners making the offer to all the 
ministers of friendly powers near the United States and 
endorsed bis approbation of the deed to the Queen of Por- 
tugal, after it was executed. But the ^.ttornej General 



THE CITY OF WASHINGTON. 



21 



was of opinion that Congress alone was competent to make 
the grant — an idea which never occurred to either of the 
Presidents or to any of the Commissioners." 

Publication of the plan of the city, as the best way to 
attract capital for its development, was determined upon 
by the Commissioners, but L'Enfant vigorously protested, 
on the ground that speculators would buy up all the choice 
locations " and raise huddles of shanties which would per- 
manently disfigure the city." Quick temper is an infirmity 
of genius, and the engineer had many quarrels with the 
Commissioners. That L'Enfant was right, however, is 
shown by the act of no less a person than one of the 
Commissioners, Daniel Carroll, who began building Dud- 
dington Manor in the very center of New Jersey avenue. 



Washington ordered the rebuilding of Duddington Manor 
at Government expense, but he supported L'Enfant so far 
as to see that its new site in no way interfered with the plan 
of the city for streets and avenues. When, however, L'En- 
fant's refusal to submit his plan to the Commissioners 
was reported to Washington he very promptly ordered the 
engineer's dismissal, and in a letter from Jefferson, as Sec- 
retary of State, dated March 6, 1792, it was thus announced : 

"It having been found impracticable to employ Major 
L'Enfant about the Federal City in that subordination which 
was lawful and proper, he is notified that his services arc 
at an end." 

Jefferson also wrote the Commissioners that L'Enfant 
ought to be fairly rewarded for his services ; that the Prcsi- 




THE BOTANIC GARDENS 



L'Enfant stormed and swore, but it did no good. So one 
night the engineer sent a gang of men to the place and 
razed the building to the ground. Carroll protested against 
this destruction of his property, and it was probably at this 
time that Washington's letter to the Commissioners, dated 
November 20, 1791, was written. In this he tried to quiet 
trouble, and said : 

" Men who possess talents which fit them for peculiar 
purposes are almost invariably under the influence of un- 
toward dispositions, or a sottish pride, or possessed of some 
other disqualification by which they plague all those with 
whom they are concerned ; but I did not expect to meet with 
such perverseness in Major L'Enfant as his late conduct 
exhibited." , 



dent had suggested $2,500 or $3,000, but left it entirely t<> 
them. Soon after L'Enfant was notified that the Commis- 
sioners had placed to bis credit ai iheir bankers the first 
named sum, or, In be exact, five hundred guineas, and that 
as additional compensation he would receive a deed to a lol 
near the President's House. Smarting under what he be- 
lieved to In- a gross injustice, and prom! of spirit, 1 'Enfant 
replied to the Commissioners in a curt note, begging "that 
you will call back your order for the money and not take 
any further trouble about the lot." He was taken at his 
word, and no further effort was ever made to pay him for 
the work that he had done, although his plan was mad. 
use of by Andrew Ellicott, his successor, with very slight 



THE CITY OF WASHINGTON. 



alterations, as anyone can see who will take the trouble to 
compare the Ellicott and L'Enfant maps. L'Enfant re- 
turned to Philadelphia. When Madison became President 
he was appointed as professor of engineering at the United 
States Military Academy, only to decline. In 1812, how- 
ever, he did accept an appointment to build Fort Washing- 
ton. He perfected the plan, but before the work of con- 
struction had been long under way he again quarreled with 
those who had the right to command, and his dismissal 
from the service again followed. The remainder of his life 
was spent under the hospitable roof of his friend Dudley 
Digges, whose residence near Bladensburgh was known as 
Cheilum Castle. With advancing age his haughty pride 



disappeared, and year after year he was a petitioner before 
Congress, asking the pay that he had refused at the hands 
of the Commissioners. A writer who saw him then describes 
" his tall, thin form, clad in a blue military coat, buttoned 
close to the chin, broadcloth breeches, military boots, a nap- 
less, bell-crowned hat upon his head, and swinging as he 
walked a hickory cane with a large silver head." Congress 
paid no attention to his claim, and when he died, June 4, 
1825, " unwept, unhonored and unsung," his body was laid 
in an unmarked grave in the garden of the friend who had 
given him shelter in his declining years. His sufficient mon- 
ument is the city he planned. 




w 



CHAPTER III 



GROWTH UNDER OBSTACLES. 




VRLY in 1792 the actual work of providing 
buildings for the legislative, executive and 
judicial branches of the Government was 
begun. Of no less importance was it to 
provide a city to surround these buildings. 
Fortunately there were many who had 
faith in the paper city as a good invest- 
ment, and the Commissioners spared no 
opportunity to interest others. The plan 
of the city was engraved and sent with 
some description of the " magnificent in- 
tentions' to the principal magazines in America and Eng- 
land. The first publication of the plan was in the " American 
Asylum and Columbian Magazine," of Philadelphia, for 
.March, 1792. About the same time advertisements appeared 
in the principal American papers offering prizes to architects 
for the best plans of buildings suitable for the Capitol and 
the President's House. In the issue of the Georgetown 
Weekly Ledger for March 31, 1792, appears the following 
editorial : 

" We are happy to inform our readers that the affairs 
of the City of Washington wear the appearance of progress- 
ing with increased vigor, after the long suspension of op- 
erations, occasioned by the seventy of the past winter. Be- 
sides other late arrangements, the Commissioners have this 
week contracted with Mr. Harbaugh, the celebrated me- 
chanic of Baltimore-Town, for the erection of an elegant 
Stone Bridge over Rock Creek, at the spot where its waters 
are discharged into the Potowmack, and at the west end 
of the street marked out in the plan of the city tor toe 
Post-Road (K street, today), and notwithstanding the mag- 
nitude of the work it is, we understand, to be finished by 
August before which time the Post-Road leading through 
the City, and according a delightful view ot every part of 
it, will be completed. 

" The Bridge, the plan of which we cannot attempt to 
describe, will connect George-Town to the City, and open 
to the latter a more easy land communication with the uppei 



part of the country, from whence are to 



be drawn those 



immense resources of trade which must at no very late 
period make this the most distinguished commercial City in 
this Western World. The residence of Congress will doubt- 
less accelerate this period ; but that the City would rise to 
this envied height without the aid of Government, and de- 
pending only on natural and, therefore, unerring causes 
must be admitted by all who know its situation -placed 
as it is, in the centre of the United States, at the head of 



navigation of one of the finest rivers in the world, affording, 
by means of its inland navigation, the shortest and easiest 
intercourse with the Western Territory — to say nothing 
about the rich and fertile country watered for several hun- 
dred miles by the Potowmack and the many rivers which 
empty into it. 

" Whether the proprietors of this inland navigation arc 
to see their hopes realized in the present year, or whether 
their patience is to be exposed to further trial, will depend 
entirelv upon the activity of those engaged in the work. 
It is not to be doubted that the President and Directors may 
command means fully equal to the completion of the object 
in the approaching season — nor should it be doubted that 
these means will be obtained and applied with a degree of 
vigor equal to the occasion." 

The last paragraph refers to the first of a series of 
canals which was then expected to connect the Ohio River, 
through the Potomac, with Chesapeake Bay. 

Washington, although he could not have foreseen the 
possibilities of rapid transit as it e.vsts today, yet had good 
and sufficient reasons for locating' the principal buildings 
more than a mile apart, with the executive departments near 
the President's residence, rather than near the legislative 
halls. The latter, it was feared, might offer a great tempta- 
tion to clerks to neglect their duties in order to hear the 
debates, while, on the other hand, constant intrusion of 
members of Congress would interrupt the business of the 
departments. In a letter written shortly before his death. 
Washington thus speaks of a suggestion made by President 
Adams to place the department buildings near the Capitol: 
"The principles which operated for fixing the site for 
the two principal buildings were understood and found 
necessarv, at the time, to obtain the primary object — /, c, 
the ground and means for either purpose; but it is always 
easy, from an ignorant or partial view of a measure, to 
distort and place" it in an unfavorable attitude. Where or 
how the houses for the President and the public offices may 
be fixed is to me, as an individual, a matter of moonshme. 
But the reverse of the President's (Adams') motive for 
placing the latter near the Capitol was my motive lor fix- 
ing them by the former. The daily intercourse which the 
Secretaries of the departments must have with the President 
would lender a distant situation extremely inconvenient to 
them, and not much less so would our he close to the ( ap 
itoP for it was the universal complaint of them all. that. 
while the legislature was in session, they could do little or 
' no business, "so much were the) Interrupted by the individual 
visits of members 1 in office hours), and by calls for papers. 



(23) 



THE CITY OF WASHINGTON. 



Many of them have disclosed to me that they have been 
obliged often to go home and deny themselves, in order to 
transact the current business." 

In a letter to the Commissioners, dated December 26, 
1796, Washington had written : " I have never yet met with 
a single instance where it has been proposed to depart from 
the published plan of the city that an inconvenience or dis- 
pute of some sort has not sooner or later occurred ; for 
which reason I am persuaded that there should be no de- 
parture from it. but in cases of necessity or very obvious 
utility." 

Efforts were made to interest European capital in the 
new city, and to this end an act was passed permitting 
aliens in hold kind there. Lots were sold at public auction, 



tracts, at a higher price per acre, although the pay was in 
notes. These high prices and the fact that when Congress 
first met in the city the majority of them found lodgings 
in Georgetown, both had their influence upon the growth of 
the city, which has been steadily to this day toward the 
north and west. Carroll's dream of great wealth was never 
realized, and he died leaving his estate much embarassed. 
The Commissioners were empowered to dispose of lots 
at public and private sale, as may be seen from the fol- 
lowing letter of Washington: 

Mount Vernon, Sep'r 29.T11, 1792. 
Gentlem ex : 

Your letter of the 1st instant from Georgetown came 
dulv to hand. 




and the bidding was high for the best ones. It was the 
expectation that the city would build rapidly between the 
Capitol and the Potomac, especially in the southeastern 
section, where broad avenues and public reservations were 
most frequent. Lots in the section between Greenleaf's 
Point and the Navy Yard were held at almost prohibitive 
prices, yet these the speculators wen- the mosl anxious to 
obtain. Daniel Carroll believed the city must grow around 
the Capitol, and upon his land he put an exorbitant price. 
Stephen Girard, the Pennsylvania millionaire, must have 
had the same belief, for he made Carroll the princely 
offer of $200,000 for a part of his plantation, Bui Carroll 
had cauglil the speculative fever and, instead of accepting 
what would have been cash, lie preferred to sell in smaller 



The delay in acknowledging the receipt of it has pro- 
ceeded from a belief that if the orders were transmitted 
before the sale of lots (appointed to be holden on the 8th 
of next month) they would get to your hands in time. 

Enclosed is an order from the President of the United 
States authorizing the above sale ■ — and another for dis- 
posing thereafter of lots by private sale, at such times and 
on such terms as you shall deem best calculated to promote 
the growth of the Federal City and the essential interests 
thereof. With esteem, 

1 am. Gentlemen, 

Your most ( ibed'l Serv't, 

G°. Washington. 
The Com'rs of the Federal District. 

Many architects responded to the advertisements for 
plans both for the Capitol and the President's I louse. Sic- 



THE CITY OF WASHINGTON. 



phen L. Hallet won the prize for the Capitol, and James 
Hoban. an Irish architect, that for the President's House. 
The cornerstone of the latter was laid October 13. 1792, 
and of the former September 18, 1793. 

Gouverneur Morris, minister of the United States to 
France, was not above aiding- in the advertising of the 
new city on the Potomac. To Leroy de Chaumont he wrote, 
July 4- 1794: 

" Let me offer congratulations on this anniversary of 
American Independence, our country's natal day. The new 
Federal City will be unquestionably one of the first cities 
on earth, and when I get back to America I mean to choose 
a good spot and build a house on it for myself. Five hun- 
dred dollars would buy a lot. Ships take building materials 
cheap from ports of Europe to Washington; and twenty- 



of June last, eleven thousand artificers, besides labourers, 
were employed in the different works." 

The following news paragraph appeared in the London 
Morning Chronicle of Thursday, January 28. [796: 

"The magnificent city of Washington, in America, has 
already seven thousand nouses, built in a very handsome 
style, and they continue building in a very rapid manner." 

Such paragraphs as this frequently appeared in the 
English press of the last decade of the eighteenth century, 
and were unquestionably inserted for the purpose of influ- 
encing artisans to immigrate to the New World, and espe- 
cially to the Federal City, where their services were in greal 
demand at that time. The reverend gentleman above quoted 
was but a compiler of history, and a contemporary says he 




OLD POST OFFICE DEPARTMENT BUILD 

five thousand dollars would build a very large house in the 
American way of building, without parquets, carving, gild- 
ing, and the l'ike costly ornamentations." 

In its early days Washington was a well-boomed town, 
of which there is abundant evidence in contemporaneous 
accounts published in the ( )ld World. Rev. W. Wmter- 
botham. in his "History of America," vol. 3, page 72, wrote : 

"At the close of the year 1792 most of the streets were 
run. and the squares divided into lots. The canal was part y 
dug, and the greatest part of the materials provided for the 
public buildings, which are entirely of freestone pohshe. 
and are now carrying on with all possible expedition Sev- 
eral private houses were erected, and a great many lots wc.e 
preparing to build. The city now makes a noble appearance 
many of the public buildings being in great fo™^^ 
finished, and a great number of houses built. In the month 



was never outside of England in his life. His account of 
the "eleven thousand artificers." therefore, probably came 
from the same source as the paragraphs in the newspapers. 

The facts were found in letters written home to their 
relatives and friends by the deceived artisans. \ budgel 
of these was printed in [796 in London as a warning to 
others nol to pul too much faith in the statements of Ameri- 
can immigration agents. Several of these letters were either 
written at or relate directly to the condition of affairs 111 the 
now federal City. This one is from a carpenter, and is 
dated at Alexandria. June 17, ' 7' »5 • 

"I have engaged to work for a Mr. Mills, at the rate 
of ten shillings per day, Maryland money. The place where 
the buildings are is called Greenleafs Point ,111 the federal 
Cit ] might have bad more \\ 1 bad engaged to 



26 



THE CITY OF WASHINGTON. 



have stopt until thirty eight houses were completed, but 
this I would by no means comply with, chusing first to ob- 
serve how the climate agrees with my health. At present 
the heat is almost intolerable, the market being obliged to 
be kept at four in the morning, the meat being killed at 
twelve at night, and all liquors are kept in water. As to 
what we have been told in England respecting the City of 
Washington, it is all a mere fabrication, and a story in- 
vented to induce young fellows to come to this part of the 
world. . . . What will you say when I inform you that 
there are not forty houses in this extensive metropolis, and 
it has more the appearance of Sutton Colefield (an extensive 
barren waste near Birmingham) than a city. In fact if it 
is a city, it is one in embrio, which will not come to perfection 
for these two centuries, if it ever does at all." 

A verv clear idea of the condition of things in 1795 
is given by a young stonemason working at the Capitol, who 
took advantage of the national holiday, July 4, to write 
to his parents, in London : 

"' My wages are eleven shillings per day, currency, 
which is six shillings and seven pence sterling. I pay. six- 
teen shillings English money per week for board and lodg- 
ing, but find my own drink, which makes it amount to up- 
wards of a guinea ; provisions are much dearer than in Lon- 
don, and the quality neither so nutritive nor palatable to an 
Englishman : for the greatest part of the animal food is 
salted, and the vegetables are so scarce that we seldom 
taste any ; by which numerous disorders attending the living 
on salt meat are produced, such as the scurvy, &c, &c. 

•' This country is far deficient from what we were 
taught to expect in England. . . . The City of Wash- 
ington, which is to be the seat of the American legislature 
in 1800, at present does not contain forty brick houses, and 
these are not half finished : the remainder are wooden huts, 
and the worst I ever beheld. The five streets so pompously 
lain out in the map which we examined in London, are 
avenues cut through the woods, with not a solitary house 
standing in either of them. At George Town, which is 
about a mile from this city, the buildings are at a stand for 
want of money, which is a very prevalent evil in this part 
among the builders, but where I am at work I am told 
the casli is sure. 

" The Federal City, as it is called, is situated upon an 
eminence; overlooking the Potomack river, and also sur- 
rounding hills and vales, but it is by no means so pleasant, 
fertile, or healthy as represented: The hills arc barren of 
everything but impenetrable woods; and the valleys are 
mere swamps, producing nothing except myriads of toads 
and frogs of an enormous size, with oilier nauseous reptiles. 
The ague and fever, and also the Ihix are dreadful scourges 
to newcomers; even the natives, and Ihose who have passed 
what is called the seasoning, frequently fall victims to their 
ravages. The extreme variability of the weather, together 
with the stagnate waters in the swamps, and the uncleared 
lands, air deemed the chief causes of the ague and fever: 
and the spirituous liquors, which is our usual beverage, that 
of the flux. 

'Tins place is the mere whim of the President of the 
United Stales, and lies contiguous to his own estate. \"l 
withstanding vvhal maj be averred 1.1 the contrary, 1 think 
he has manifested a greal portion of vanity in the ardent 
de-ire iie has expressed in -wishing to perpetuate his name. 
by building a metropohs under so many disadvantages, both 
in respeel ol climate and situation. I luring his life, it may 
out of COmplimenl to him be carried on in a slow manner. 



but I am apprehensive (and that not without reason) as soon 
as he is defunct, the city, which is to be the boasted monu- 
ment of his greatness, will also be the same. 

" The American Government do not enter into the busi- 
ness with spirit, for there is not above a hundred and fifty 
mechanics of all descriptions employed here at present, and 
what progress they will be able to make in building a me- 
tropolis upon the extensive p'an lain out, I leave you to 
judge. 

" Excepting the Capitol and President's House, all the 
other buildings are begun by a parcel of adventurers and 
speculators, who after having experienced the effects of 
their own folly, generally retire into some other state, dis- 
appo : nted in their expectations. There are ten stonemasons 
employed at the Capitol, and seventeen at the President's 
palace, with five more at different places, and that is the 
whole amount of our profession in Virginia and Maryland. 
as the people have no taste for stone work, it being so very 
expensive. 

" Mr. Bogue's family, and the greatest part of tin fel- 
low adventurers, are so much out of love with this place, 
that they have settled at Alexandria, and some are si 1 much 
disappo : nted and chagrined, that they are going to return 
by the vessel which brings this letter.' . . . .' " 

This same writer urges his parents and sister to write 
often, and says if the letters " are directed to me at the 
Capitol at Washington. I shall get them from the post- 
office at Alexandria, which is eleven miles distant from this 
place." 

John Rogue, referred to in the preceding letter, was 
a master carpenter, and it is said took upward of three thou- 
sand pounds with him when lie left England. He was un- 
able to find any one who wanted houses built in Washing- 
ton, and was obliged to settle in Alexandria, whence he 
writes : " At present I employ six men. I could employ 
more, but they are not to be had for money." Regarding 
Washington he says, under date of Alexandria, September 
15. 1/95: 

" The reason of my settling here is. that I could not 
find anything to do worth the while at Washington, for it 
has more the appearance of a desert than a city. There 
are not more than forty good houses in the whole place. 
and those not finished. They inform me the reason win 
it is at such a stand, is on account of some of the managers 
having been so roguish as to embezz'e the money entrusted 
by the states to their charge. I have visited it several times, 
and must confess if the Capitol and President's House are 
ever completed, they will he two very fine edifices. The 
Capitol will stand upon more ground than Somerset House. 
But what will these solitary buildings signify, if the others 
do not go on with greater spirit? For it can hardly be 
conceived, that the President and Congress will ever ex- 
ercise their legislative functions in an uncultivated place 
surrounded bv an uncleared wilderness." 



A pump maker, located at Ale: 
according to his own account, re 
pumps at Washington, and came 1 
" I was never so surprised in m\ 



andria, and doing well. 
;ived orders for some 
re to see about them. 
life." he writes. " for 
there is not twent} finished houses in the whole place. Tin- 
rest are miserable hovels, similar to brick-makers' huts in 
England. This place is not in the sum of forwardness rep- 



THE CITY OF WASHINGTON. 



27 



resented, neither will it be in this age, at the rate it goes 
on, for there is not above a hundred men employed in the 
different works." 

It was no easy task to go from Alexandria to Wash- 
ington in those days. This same pump-maker had a hard 
time of it. But we will let him tell of it in his own words : 

" The first time I visited the City of Washington 1 
met with a terrible disaster, for Mr. Baker, the gentleman 
who favoured me with a carriage over the Potomack, gave 
such inexplicable directions when he put me ashore upon 
the Maryland side, that I missed my way for this metropolis, 
and got upon an island, where I was surrounded by the tide ; 
here I was forced to stay for the space of nineteen hours, 
without victuals or drink, and likewise had tasted none for 
five hours preceding my getting upon this place. Provi- 



was so great. In a letter from " George-Town near Wash- 
ington, Jan. 21, 1795," he says: 

" Taking in the gross the most deplorable places I ever 
witnessed in my life, the Federal City infinitely outbeggared 
them all. . . . There is not so many as twenty brick 
houses in this metropolis, and those are untenanted : all the 
rest are only parts of houses, being in an unfinished state, 
some only proceeded in as far as the foundations, others 
as far as the first and second story, and are left remaining 
in this condition, the builders having decamped for want 
of money. . . . The number of men employed in the 
whole city does not amount, as near as I can guess, to one 
hundred. These are chiefly the great body of inhabitants 
who at present crowd this noted place. They reside in tem- 
porary wooden hovels, somewhat similar to booths, that I 
have seen erected at country races and fairs in many parts 




TREASURY DEPARTMENT 



dentiallv there was a fodder-house with some Indian corn 
in it, and there I made my bed, which I found extremely 
cold from the night air, and also the rain which fell in 
torrents. 1 must have stopped three hours longer, had not a 
negro fortunately espied me, and brought a horse, by means 
of which I forded the water, and the poor fellow placing 
me in the right road, I gained Washington in the plight of 
a poor famished traveller indeed ! " 

Another emigrant, a carpenter, who brought his wife 
with him, paid two dollars for a guide to conduct them from 
Alexandria to Washington, " at which place we arrived, ex- 
cessively fatigued, by four o'clock in the afternoon." When 
he beheld the famous city, for the sight of which he had 
crossed the Atlantic, and where he expected to make Ins 
fortune easily, this strong man cried, his disappointment 



of England. In one of these places, alter much bargaining 
and solicitation, we were permitted to take up our abode. 
It consisted of one apartment partitioned off into two boxes, 
for I will not term them rooms. This dwelling accommo- 
dated the owner, his wife and six children, so that with us 
two as inmates there were no less than eight persons slowed 
up in this miserable cabin. After a fortnight's continuance 
in our new residence, during which period we made m-^>^ 
little excursions around the city, we pitched upon George 
Town as the most eligible spot for tin exercise of my busi- 
ness." 

The description of George-Town, especially of the little 
Presbyterian chapel where he attended services on Sunday, 
is very interesting: 

'•At this little town 1 engaged a house, at the rent of 
sixt\ pound sterling per annum ($3°o)- This place 1- 1- 



28 



THE CITY OF WASHINGTON. 



be the Southwark of the Federal City. At present it is 
nearly a mile and a half distance from thence ; and contains 
nearly sixty houses which are inhabited by merchants and 
tradesmen, who form a kind of social neighborhood, much 
more pleasing than any which I have witnessed since landing 
in this country. The principal house in the town is inhabited 
by a Mr. Mason, who, in conjunction with a Mr. Greenleafs, 
' rules the roost ' in this quarter. 

" There is also a small chapel at which I have attended 
several times. The tenets inculcated are Presbyterianism ; 
after the sermon a person usually comes around to the con- 
gregation with a long stick, having a purse fastened to the 
end, and holds it before each individual, until such time as 
they drop their douceur into it, and then he presents it to 
another. While this ceremony is performing the preacher 
stands begging, and exhorting the benevolence of his au- 
ditory, by ransacking all the scriptural texts his memory 
affords, as a stimulus to the charity of his flock. After 
the purse has gone round it is presented up to the minister, 
who immediately pockets the contents, which I am informed 
is the only recompense which he receives for his labors." 

The ( iovernment appears to have been good pay, but 
the manner in which the wages of the artisans were dis- 
bursed was far from satisfactory. The letter continues : 

" Since I have been here my employment has been 
constant, having received more orders than f either could 
or would • accomplish, for the Americans are more prompt 
to give orders than to pay for them when executed ; and if 
a new comer is not very careful in this particular, he will 
quickly be ousted out of whatever property he may possess. 
There is another disadvantage attending a mechanic, little 
or no money being current between the employer and the 
employed. If an artizan completes a piece of work, and 
makes application for his wages, instead of receiving any 
money, he is presented with an order upon some storekeeper 
to Furnish him with necessaries to the amount. 

" In general, it is the usage of every artizan and la- 
bourer in this vicinity, but of those at the Federal City in 
particidar, for there after striking work on Saturday ( which 
is at twelve o'clock at noon) the men come to Mr. Mason 
of this place for their wages, who generally pays them a draft 
upon a bank at Alexandria, which is twelve miles distant; 
freqnentlj upon their arrival thither the bank is shut up, and 
they are obliged to purchase goods not wanted at some store, 
in order to get the balance to pay for their week's board, etc. 

"After the completion of this business they have tc 
recross the Potomack, and walk eleven miles to Washington, 
by which means, after a journey of nearly twenty-four miles 
and a half, they receive at a great disadvantage their week's 
wages. By these and various other kinds of manoeuvres, the 
monied people play into each other's hands, at the expense 
of the laborious and the industrious, which makes it ex- 
tremely difficult for a working man to benefit himself by 



The city had not advanced much in 1797, for we have 
a very clear statement from Mr. Christian Mines, whose 
parents moved into Washington from Georgetown in that 
year, when he was fourteen, and who continued a resident 
of the city for more than sixty-seven years thereafter. As 



a lad of fourteen he was employed in a clothing store at 
Greenleafs Point by Mr. Joseph Green, as a branch of his 
main store in Georgetown. Young Hines and Robert Bry- 
son, the clerk in charge of the branch store, boarded them- 
selves, and one of the principal duties of the boy was to 
make a trip to Georgetown and back once or twice a week 
in order to get a basketful of cooked provisions. In this 
way the lad became very familiar with the much-talked-of 
" City," its roads, houses and people, the remembrance of 
which he gave, in after years, in a book entitled " Early 
Recollections of Washington City," with much interesting 
and valuable detail. 

On Pennsylvania avenue, from Georgetown to the Pres- 
ident's House, there were two rows of three-story brick- 
dwellings, known as the " Six Buildings " and the "Seven 
Buildings." Other than these there were only one or two 
small frame dwellings. South of the avenue, between Rock 
Creek and what is now known as the White Lot, were scat- 
tered between thirty and forty houses. Most prominent 
of all these were the big, three-story stone warehouse front- 
ing on the Potomac, wherein the Government furniture 
was stored for a time when it was brought over from Phila- 
delphia ; the residence of Colonel Tayloe, now known as the 
" Octagon House," and the farmhouse of Davy Burns, 
whose charming daughter, Marcia. captivated the heart of 
General John P. Van Ness, the brilliant young member of 
Congress from New York. The ruins of the old farm- 
house may still be seen not far from the unoccupied man- 
sion built by General Van Ness some time after his mar- 
riage. 

North of the Avenue and west of Fourteenth street 
were a score or more of houses, mostly one-story frame. 
On the square where the Arlington Hotel now stands were 
two two-story brick houses called the "Two Sisters." in 
one of which, occupied by a Mr. Middlcton, a cabinet 
maker, were made some of the first mahogany desks used 
by Congress in this city. On the square bounded by F and 
G and Fourteenth and Fifteenth streets were eight houses — - 
two brick and six frame — the brick ones two stories high, 
one of which was occupied by Captain James llohan. then 
architect of the President's House, and afterward of the 
Capitol. Where the new hall of Columbian University now 
stands was a one-story frame, occupied by Mr. Jacob Miller, 
the only house on that block. In front of it to the north, 
where old St. Matthew's Catholic Church now stands, was 
a beautiful grove of forest trees, and from that point to 
Boundary street northward, and far beyond, were onl) 
uncultivated fields and woods. 

No houses were to be seen along Pennsylvania Avenue 
from fifteenth street to Capitol Hill. In fact the Avenue, 
now known as one of the finest thoroughfares in the world, 
was then more visible on the man than in reality. 



f 

i. 



CHAPTER IV. 



THE SEAT OF GOVERNMENT. 




3XGRESS provided for the removal of the 
seat of Government to the new territory by 
an act approved April 24. tSoo ( I U. S. 
Stat. L., 214), amendatory of the act of 
July 16, 1790, and authorizing the Presi- 
dent ( John Adams ) to anticipate the time 
of removal, fixed by that law, as the first 
Monday in December, 1800. The Presi- 
dent, in his annual message for 1799 had 
reminded Congress that the time for re- 
moval was near at hand, and the Commis- 
sioners of the Federal City reported the public buildings 
ready for occupancy. Congress, accordingly, on the 13th of 
May, 1800, the day prior to adjournment, enacted that its 
next regular session should begin on the third Monday of 
November at the city of Washington, instead of the first 
Monday in December, the constitutional date for assem- 
bling in the absence of a special enactment. 

President Adams, the day after adjournment, issued 
the following order : 

"The President requests the several heads of depart- 
ments to take the most prudent and economical arrange- 
ments for the removal of the public offices, clerks and papers, 
according to their own best judgment, as soon as may be 
convenient, in such manner that the public offices may be 
opened in the city of Washington, for the dispatch of busi- 
ness, by the 15th of June." 

The President himself left Philadelphia on the 27th of 
May, taking a circuitous route by way of Lancaster, Pa., 
and Fredericktown, Mel., in order to accept invitations of 
the citizens of those towns to visit them. He arrived m 
Georgetown June 3, although the trip could have been made 
at that time by the daily stage in about thirty-three hours. 
The Sentinel of Liberty, or George-Town and Washington 
Advertiser, of June 6, 7 800, had this news item: 

" The President of the United States arrived in this 
place on Tuesday last. At the boundary line of the District 
of Columbia he was met by a large crowd of respectable 
citizens on horseback and escorted into town, where he was 
received with pleasure and veneration. The military of the 
City of Washington and the marines stationed there mani- 
fested their respect by sixteen discharges of musketry and 
artillery." (The number of states at thai time in the 
Union.) 



A meeting of the citizens of Georgetown, held May 
31, had appointed a committee to frame an address of wel- 
come to the President. In his reply, dated at " Union Tav- 
ern, George-Town, June 4. 1800," the President congratu- 
lated the citizens " on the translation of the Government of 
the city so near you." Thursday, June 5, there was a presi- 
dential reception in the Hall of Representatives at the Cap- 
itol, at which Mr. Tristram Dalton presented an address on 
behalf of the citizens of Washington. In reply Mr. Adams 
said : " I congratulate you on the blessings which Provi- 
dence has been pleased to bestow in a particular manner 
upon this location, and especially upon its destination to be 
the permanent seat of Government." Wednesday, the nth 
of June, the citizens of Alexandria entertained the President 
at a bancpiet, " at which upward of a hundred citizens were 
present." Four days later the President returned tb his 
home, in Massachusetts. 

To Hon. Ainsworth Rand Spofford, for so many years 
Librarian of Congress, every one who attempts to write 
about the national capital must acknowledge a great indebt- 
edness. His painstaking searching of newspapers and manu- 
scripts, extending over a long period, has brought to light 
a great amount of interesting details relative to the removal 
of the public offices. Heads of department left Philadelphia 
for Washington at the following dates: Charles 1 ee, \t 
torney General and Acting Secretary of Slate. May 28: 
Oliver Wolcott. Secretary of the Treasury, arrived July 2, 
1800; Samuel Dexter, Secretary of War, arrived June 12: 
Benjamin Stoddert, Secretary of the Navy, left Philadelphia 
June 11 : Abraham Bradley, Jr.. acting for Postmaster Gen- 
eral Habersham (absent in Georgia), left Philadelphia May 
27 and arrived here Ma) 29; John Marshall. Secretary of 
State, arrived June (>. The clerks employed in the various 
departments, about one hundred and thirty-six in number, 
came over from Philadelphia at various dates, b) stage -1 
hired conveyances. Their expenses were paid 
appropriation for the removal of the Governi 
and archives. The total cost oi the 
sixty-four thousand dollars. Office furniture and 
ment records were brought around in sailing vessels. 

In spite of the statement of the Commissioners to the 
President the previous fall, the accommodations for the 
executive offices were far from convenient or satisfactory. 



the 

( iovernment offices 
removal was about 
lepart- 



30 



THE CITY OF WASHINGTON. 



Only one department building had been erected — that for 
the Treasury, a plain, two-story brick, of only thirty rooms. 
The War Department and the Postoffice. Department went 
into leased houses, the former near the corner of Pennsyl- 
vania avenue and Twenty-first street, and the latter near 
Bloclgett's Hotel, at the corner of Eighth and E streets. 
July 7, 1800, the Treasury Department advertised in a 
Georgetown paper for " 500 cords of wood, oak and hick- 
ory." Some attempt has been made to discover what was 
the first State paper issued in this city. That is not easy 
of determination, as a fire in the War Department, Novem- 
ber 8, 1800, destroyed all the papers in the office of the 
Secretary, and subsequent fires in the Treasury Department 
have left them without any records for the year 1800. So 
far as the records now show, the first official paper was 



" The City of Washington, or at least some parts of 
it, is about forty miles from Baltimore. The situation is 
pleasant, and indeed beautiful ; the prospects are equal to 
those which are called good on the Connecticut River. The 
soil here is called good, but I call it bad. It is an exceedingly 
stiff, reddish clay, which becomes dust in dry and mortar 
in rainy weather. The President's House was built to be 
looked at by visitors and strangers, and will render its occu- 
pant an object of ridicule with some, and of pity with others. 
It must be cold and damp in winter, and cannot be kept in 
tolerable order without a regiment of servants. 

'" The Capitol is situated on an eminence, which I should 
suppose was near the center of the city. It is a mile and 
a half from the President's House. There is one good tavern 
about forty rods from the Capitol, and several other houses 
are built and erecting, but I do not perceive how the mem- 
bers of Congress can possibly secure lodgings, unless they 




JTERIOR DEPARTMEN 



a note signed by J. Wagner, Chief Clerk of the Department 
of State, to Evan Jones, dated June 7, 1800. The first 
paper of any importance, of June id, 1800, was a letter of 
instructions by John Marshall, Secretary of State, to Mi. 
William Vans Murray. United States minister to the Re- 
public of Batavia. 

Secretar) of the Treasury Wolcott, writing home to bis 
wife on tbe 4th of July, presents a most graphic and unques- 
tionably truthful picture of the city as be saw it: 

" I write this letter in the building erected for the use 
of tlie Treasury Department in tbe city of Washington; and 
this being a day of leisure, I shall he able to give you some 
idea of this famous place, the permanent seal of the Amer- 
ican l iovernment. 



will consent to live like scholars in a college or monks in a 
monastery, crowded ten or twenty in one house, and utterly 
excluded from society. The only resource for such as wish 
to live comfortably will, I think, he found in Georg< [own, 
three miles distant, over as had a road in winter as the clay 
grounds near Hartford. I have made every exertion to se- 
cure good lodgings near tin- office, hut shall he compelled to 
take them at the distance of more than half a mile. 

" rhere are, in Fact, hut few houses at am one place, 
ami most of them are small, miserable huts, which present 
an aw ml contrast to the public buildings. The people are 
poor, and as far as 1 can judge they live like fishes, by 
eating each other. Ml of the ground for several miles 
around the city being, in the opinion of the people, too 
valuable to he cultivated, remains unfenced. There are hut 

few enclosures even for gardens, and those are in had order. 



THE CITY OF WASHINGTON. 



You may look in almost any direction, over an extent of 
ground nearly as large as the city of New York, without 
seeing a fence, or any object except brick-kilns and tem- 
porary huts for laborers. 

" Greenleaf's Point presents the appearance of a con- 
siderable town which had been destroyed by some unusual 
calamity. There are at Greenleaf's Point fifty or sixty spa- 
cious houses, five or six of which are occupied by negroes 
and vagrants, and a few more by decent working people; 
but there are no fences, gardens, nor the least appearance 
of business. This place is about a mile and a half south of 
the Capitol." 

Congress assembled, pursuant to its special act Novem- 
ber 17, in the new Capitol, the north wing only being com- 
pleted. Neither house had a quorum, and it was not until 



and to hire two horses : to enable him to do which be was 
allowed $28 per week during the session and for twenty 
days after its close. 

MRS. ADAMS' LETTERS. 

History is indebted to Mrs. Abigail Adams, wife of 
President John Adams, who accompanied her husband to 
the new Capital in November, 1800. for the clearest and 
most entertaining description of the conditions under which 
they began tbeir official life here. She writes to ber daugh- 
ter soon after her arrival : 

" I arrived here on Sunday last, and without meeting 
with any accident worth noticing, except losing ourselves 
when we left Baltimore and going eight or nine miles on 




November 21 that a joint committee could be sent to Presi- 
dent Adams notifying him that Congress was ready to 
receive any communication he might have to make. In 
his address the next day the President said : " f congratu- 
late the people of the United States on the assembling of 
Congress at the permanent seat of their Government, and 
I congratulate you, gentlemen, on the prospect of a resi- 
dence not to be changed." 

When Congress first met in Washington, the door- 
keeper of the House protested that he could not discharge 
his usual duties without additional assistance, "in conse- 
quence of the dispersed situation of the members ;" where- 
upon he was authorized to employ an additional assistanl 



INSTITUTION. 

the Frederick road, b) which means we were obliged to go 
the other eight through woods, where we wandered two 
hours without finding a guide or path. Fortunately a strag- 
gling black came up with lis and we engaged him as a guide 
to extricate us out of our difficulty; but woods are all you 
see from Baltimore until you reach the city, which is so 
only in name. I [ere and there is a small hut without a glass 
window, interspersed among tin- forests, through which you 
travel miles without seeing any human being. In the city- 
there are buildings enough, if they were compact ami fin- 
ished, to accommodate Congress and those attached to it. 
but as the) are, and scattered as the) are, I see no greal 
comfort for them. 

"The river . ... is in full view from my win- 
dow, and 1 see the vesse's as the) pass and repass. 



32 



THE CITY OF WASHINGTON. 



" The (President's) House is upon a grand and superb 
scale, requiring about thirty servants to attend and keep the 
apartments in proper order and perform the ordinary busi- 
ness of the house and stables ; an establishment very well 
proportioned to the President's salary. The lighting of the 
apartments from the kitchen to parlors and chambers, is a 
tax, indeed, and the fires we are obliged to keep up to secure 
us from daily agues, is another very cheering comfort. To 
assist us in this great castle and render less attendance nec- 
essary, bells are wholly wanting, not one single one being 
hung through the whole house and promises are all yon 
can obtain. This is so great an inconvenience, that I know 
not what to do or how to do. 

" The ladies from Georgetown and the City have many 
of them visited me. Yesterday I returned fifteen visits. But 
such a place as Georgetown appears ! Why, our Milton is 



plastering, has been done since B. came. We have not the 
least fence, yard or convenience without, and the great un- 
finished audience-room I make a drying-room of, to hang 
up the clothes in. 

" If the twelve years in which this place has been con- 
sidered as the future seat of government had been improved, 
as they would have been in Xew England, very many of 
the present inconveniences would have been removed. It is 
a beautiful spot, capable of any improvement, and the more 
I view it the more I am de'ighted with it. 

" The vessel which has my clothes and other matters 
is not arrived. The ladies are impatient for a drawing-room. 
I have no looking-glasses but dwarfs for this house, nor a 
twentieth part lamps enough to light it. Many things were 
stolen, many were broken, by the removal : among the mini- 




and lei me have wood enough to keep lives 1 design to he 
pleased. But surrounded with Forests, can you believe that 
wood i.s nol to be had, because people cannol be found to 
cut and carl it. We are now indebted to a Pennsylvania 
wagon to bring us, through the first clerk in the Treasury 
office, one cord and a half of wood, which is all we have for 
this house, where twelve lives are constantl) required; and 
we are told the roads will soon be so bad il cannol be drawn. 
Briesler procured two hundred bushel of coal, or we must 
have suffered. This is the situation of almost every person. 
The public officers have sent to Phihde'ohia for woodcutters 
and wagons. \\ <■ have indeed come into ;i new country, 

single apartment finished, and all within side, except the 



I,;, 



is nic 
ui.l Wi 



If missing. My rooms 
he doors of the hall are 



ire very pieasanc ami warm 
closed." 

" You can scarcely believe that here in this wilderness 
city 1 should find my time so occupied as it is. My visitors 
come, sonic of them, three or four miles. To return one 
of them is the work of a day. Mrs. I Mis. mv nearest neigh- 
bor, is at lodgings almosl a half mile from me: Mrs. Senator 

( Hi,. tWO link-. 

'■ \\ c have all been very well as vet. If we can. by any 
means, get wood, we shall not let our fires go out. hut it i^ 
.n a price, indeed; from four dollars it has risen to nine. 
Some >.i\ it wiil fall, but there must he more indttsm than 
is to he found here to bring half enough to market For the 
consumption of the inhabitants." 



THE CITY OF WASHINGTON. 



33 



Gouverneur Morris, as Senator from New York State, 
arrived in Washington November 22, 1800, having been 
eleven days upon the way from iVIorrisania, with only a 
short stop at Philadelphia, — a journey that is now made in 
about half as many hours. It is hardly possible for those 
who tr-ivel in the " Congressional Limited " trains of to-day 
to realize the discomforts of such 3 journey at the begin- 
ning of the nineteenth century. Whether in public stage- 
coach or private carriage, the discomforts of the inns and 
of the bad roads were none the less to be dreaded. The 
road from Philadelphia to Baltimore was bad enough, but 
that from Baltimore to Washington was worse. From 
Morris' diary it appears that the ruts were half a wheel 



In a playfully satirical vein Morris describes the city 
in a letter to a friend in France, Princesse de la Tour et 
Taxis : 

" I busy myself here at the trade of a Senator, and 
amuse myself lazily watching the petty intrigues, the insane 
hopes, the worthless projects of that weak and proud ani- 
mal they call man. We only need here houses, cellars, 
kitchens, scholarly men, amiable women, and a few 1 ither 
such trifles, to possess a perfect city, for we can walk over 
it as in the fields and the woods, and on account of a strong 
frost, the air is very pure. I enjoy it all the more since 
my room fills with smoke as soon as the door is closed. 
Should it enter your fancy to come to live at Washington, 
in order to confirm you in so charming a project, I hasten 
to assure you that building stone is plentiful, that excellent 




nil! 




iE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES. 



deep; and so much danger was there of the coach upsetting 
that the driver would, before entering one of the holes, 
request his passengers to move first to the right, then to 
the left, to prevent a catastrophe. Morris speaks of the 
interminable forest passed through before reaching Wash- 
ington, and of finding the town scarcely habitable. He put 
up at "the inn," presumably Blodgett's, first taking the 
precaution to make a bargain with the inn-keeper to fur- 
nish him two cords of hickory wood, at eight dollars a cord. 
" This," Morris writes, " the landlord promises to do, if he 
can get a team to hire," a most important " if," when it is 
recollected that every available team had been pressed into 
the Government service. 



bricks are baked here, that we are not wanting in sites 
for magnificent mansions, that projected canals will give 
birth to a large commerce, that as a consequence riches 
will bring forth a taste for the line art-: m a word, that 
this is the best city to live in — in the future."* 

The general appearance of the city at the time is best 
described by the lion. John Cotton Smith, of Connecticut, 
a distinguished member of Congress belonging to thi Fed 
eral party. It was written some years later, however : but 
the very crude and unfinished appearance oi the straggling 
rows of houses and the broad wastes in every direction had 
clearly made a most vivid impression : 



!"Diarv and Letters of Gouverneur Morris" 
s. New York : Chas. Scribner's Sons. (888, vol. 



by Anne Carv 
2.PP- 394-395- 



34 



THE CITY OF WASHINGTON. 



" Our approach to the city was accompanied with sen- 
sations not easily described. One wing of the Capitol 
only had been erected, which, with the President's House, 
a mile distant from it, both constructed of white sandstone, 
were shining objects in dismal contrast with the scene 
around them. Instead of recognizing the avenues and 
streets portrayed on the plan of the city, not one was visible, 
unless we except a road, with two buildings on each side 
of it, called the New Jersey avenue. The Pennsylvania, 
leading, as laid down on paper, from the Capitol to the 
Presidential mansion, was then nearly the whole distance 
a deep morass, covered with alder bushes, which were cut 
through the width of the intended avenue during the then 
ensuing winter. 

" Between the President's House and Georgetown a 
block of houses had been erected, which then bore and may 
still bear, the names of the Six Buildings. There were 
also two other blocks, consisting of two or three dwelling 
houses, in different directions, and now and then an isolated 
wooden habitation ; the intervening space, and indeed, the 
surface of the city generally, being covered with shrub oak 
bushes on the higher grounds, and on the marshy soil 
cither trees or some sort of shrubbery. 

" Nor was the desolate aspect of the place a little 
augmented by a number of unfinished edifices at Greenleaf's 
Point, and on an eminence a short distance from it, com- 
menced by an individual whose name they bore, but the 
state of whose funds compelled him to abandon them, not 
only unfinished, but in a ruinous condition. There appeared 
to be but two really comfortable habitations in all respects 
within the bounds of the city, one of which belonged to 
Daniel Carroll, Esq., and the other to Notley Young,* 
who were the former proprietors of a large proportion of 
the land appropriated to the city, but who reserved for 
their own accommodation ground sufficient for gardens and 
other useful appurtenances. The roads in every direction 
were muddy and unimproved. A sidewalk was attempted 
in one instance by a covering formed of the chips of the 
stones which had been hewed for the Capitol. It extended 
but a little way and was of little value ; for in dry weather 
the sharp fragments cut our shoes, and in wet weather 
covered them with white mortar. In short, it was a ' new- 
settlement.' The houses, with two or three exceptions, had 
been very recently erected, and the operation greatly hurried 
in view of the approaching transfer of the National Gov- 
ernment. 

" A laudab'e desire was manifested by what few citi- 
zens and residents there were to render our condition as 
pleasant as circumstances would permit. One of the blocks 
of buildings already mentioned was situated on the east side 
of what was intended for the Capitol square, and being 
chiefly occupied by an extensive and well kept hotel, ac- 
commodated a goodly number of the members. Our little 
party took lodgings with a Mr. Peacock, in one of the 
houses on the New Jersey avenue, with the addition of 
Senators Tracy, of Connecticut, and Chipman and Paine, 
of Vermont : and Representatives Thomas, of Maryland, 
and Dana. Edmund and Griswold, of Connecticut. Speaker 
Sedgwick was allowed a room to himself; the res! of us 
in pairs. To my excellent friend Davenport and myself 
was allotted a spacious and decently furnished apartment. 
with separate beds, on the lower floor. Our diet was 
various, iiut always substantial and we were attended by 
active and faithful servants. A large proportion of South- 
ern members took lodgings at Georgetown, which, though 

This was taken down in 1854 to make room for South G street. 
It was a fine old structure overlooking the Potomac. 



of a superior order, were three miles from the Capitol, and 
of course rendered the daily employment of hackney coaches 
indispensable. 

" Notwithstanding the unfavorable aspect which Wash- 
ington presented on our arrival, I cannot sufficiently express 
my admiration of its local position. From the Capitol 
you have a distinct view of its fine undulating surface, 
situated at the confluence of the Potomac and its Eastern 
branch, the wide expanse of that majestic river to the bend 
at Mount Vernon, the cities of Alexandria and Georgetown, 
and the cultivated fields and blue hills of Maryland and 
Virginia on either side of the river, the whole constituting 
a prospect of surpassing beauty and grandeur. The city 
has ( also the inestimable advantage of delightful water, 
in many instances flowing from copious springs, and always 
attainable by digging to a moderate depth ; to which may be 
added the singular fact that such is the due admixture of 
loam and clay in the soil of a great portion of the city that 
a house may be built of the brick made of the earth dug from 
the cellar ; hence it was not unusual to see the remains 
of a brick-kiln near the newly-erected dwelling house or 
other edifice. In short, when we consider not only these 
advantages, but what, in a National point of view, is of 
superior importance, the location of a fine navigable river, 
accessible to the whole maritime frontier of the United 
States, and yet easily rendered defensible against foreign 
invasion; and that by the facilities of internal navigation 
and railways, it may be approached by the population of 
the Western States, and indeed of the whole nation, with 
less inconvenience than any other conceivable situation, we 
must acknowledge that its selection by Washington as the 
permanent seat of the Federal Government, affords a strik- 
ing exhibition of the discernment, wisdom and forecast 
which characterized that illustrious man. Under this im- 
pression, whenever, during the six years of my connection 
with Congress, the question of removing the Seat of Gov- 
ernment to some other place was agitated — and the propo- 
sition was frequently made — I stood almost alone as a 
Northern man in giving my vote in the negative." 

Another old resident of Washington, familiar with the 
city in 1S00, as well as some years before, related before 
his death, that " Pennsylvania avenue, between the Capitol 
and the President's House, was at that time a perfect quag- 
mire : this, indeed, was one of the principal inducements 
of L'Enfant to make it the great thoroughfare, believing 
that nothing but dire necessity would prompt the citizens 
of the Government to fill up and improve it." This gentle- 
man also declared that he had seen Mrs. Adams' carriage, 
with four horses attached, floundering for hours in making 
their way through the deep viscous mud of this road. 
Pedestrians had been better provided for. a footpath of 
cobble stones and chips from the public buildings, raised 
about three feet above the mud of the road, having been 
built along the south side of the avenue the entire distance 
from the Capitol to the White House. This path was just 
wide enough for two people to walk abreast. Every pleas- 
ant day President Adams was accustomed to walk on this 
path and ever) person he met. without regard to his station 
in life, was certain to receive a courteous salute. 

Thomas Moore, the Irish bard, the great friend of Lord 
Byron, visited this country in 1803, and upon his return to 
England saiiri/ol us severely in verse, for which he subse- 



THE CITY OF WASHINGTON. 



35 



quently apologized. His verses referring to the city are 

these : 

" This fam'd metropolis, where fancy sees 
Squares in morasses, obelisks in trees ; 
Which traveling fools and gazetteers adorn 
With shrines unbuilt and heroes yet unborn ; 
Though naught but woods and Jefferson they see, 
Where streets should run and sages ought to be." 
In a prose note the poet-traveler adds that " work on 
most of the public buildings has been suspended. The hotel 
is already a ruin; a great part of its roof has fallen in, and 
the rooms are left to be occupied gratuitously by the mis- 
erable Scotch and Irish emigrants. The President's House, 
a very noble structure, is by no means suited to the philo- 
sophical humility of its present possessor, who inhabits but 



the different apartments whenever application was made to 
him for that privilege. A circular staircase led to the roof, 
where visitors went to enjoy the fine view. This view 
seems to have impressed itself upon every one. 

Contemporaneous evidence goes to prove that this de- 
scription was not much exaggerated. The hotel he speaks 
of as being a ruin was the one commonly known as " Blodg- 
ett's.* It was built in 1793 to be the capital prize in a great 
lottery scheme, which was to enrich everybody and at the 
same time greatly benefit the new city. It was a big bubble 
that soon burst, leaving the hotel unfinished. It then, and 
so late as 1807, was occupied by the foreign workmen who 
were employed upon the public buildings. Every room in 
it, from attic to cellar, was the home of a different family. 




BUREAU OF ENGR^ 



a corner of the mansion himself and abandons the rest to 
a state of uncleanly desolation, which those who are not phi- 
losophers cannot look at without regret. This grand edifice- 
is encircled by a very rude pale, through which a common 
rustic stile introduces the visitors of the first man in America. 
The private buildings exhibit the same characteristic display 
of arrogant speculation and premature ruin, and the few 
ranges of houses which were begun some years ago have 
remained so long a waste an i unfinished that they are now 
for the most part dilapi' 1 

In 1805 only the mate wing of the Capitol was com- 
pleted. When C not in session, the building 
was locked u i ,Q r conducted visitors through 



In this building were given the first theatrical entertain- 
ments. 

Yet even the one completed section of the Capitoi 
building was sufficient to win encomiums from earl) visi- 
tors. One writes as early as 1805 that the Senate Chamber 
was "the most superb and elegant room I ever saw. The 
seats were cushioned and lined with green baize, except 
the two which were made and set apart for the trial of 
Judge Chase, which were lined with dark purple or black, 
indicative, perhaps, of the unfortunate situation he was in. 
On one side of this room was suspended the portrait of 
Louis XVI of France, as large' as life, and on the other 
the portrait of his queen, Maria Antoinetta. Immediately 



36 



THE CITY OF WASHINGTON. 



behind the Speaker's chair is suspended a small and correct 
likeness of Washington. This room, as well as the library 
room, was hung with a number of elegant maps and en- 
gravings printed upon satin, together with a number of 
portraits of men distinguished for their learning and pa- 
triotism." 

When the city was laid out the lands were heavily 
wooded, but within a score of years the inhabitants were 
complaining bitterly of the lack of shade in summer. This 
was one point which Washington and his Commissioners 
overlooked. In the act of cession it had been stipulated 
that all the wood growing thereon belonged to the pur- 
chasers. The abuse of this privilege might have been 
readily anticipated, but the evil was felt when there was no 
longer a remedy. The Commissioners interposed for the 
preservation of the trees which remained, but this late inter- 
position was of no avail. Venerable oaks which sheltered 
the fine spring near the foot of Capitol Hill, were cut down 
by some of the early settlers, many of whom arrived here 
in an indigent state, unable to purchase wood for fuel or for 
the construction of their cabins and through necessity laid 
the axe to some of the finest timber. Magnificent oaks 
which grew along Pennsylvania avenue were cut down. 
The Lombardy poplars, planted by Jefferson, in time became 
very ornamental but afforded little shade. 

The first " Long Bridge " over the Potomac was au- 
thorized by act of Congress under the direction of a com- 
pany or board of commissioners, and the citizens of Wash- 
ington subscribed the money for its erection. Citizens of 



Georgetown vainly opposed its construction. Before the 
bridge was built the opinion prevailed (which we now 
hear repeated every winter) that after a sudden thaw the 
bridge would not be able to resist the pressure of the 
floating ice and wood which might then accumulate against 
the abutments. The subscription for the bridge consisted 
of two thousand shares, at a hundred dollars a share, ten 
of which were paid in advance and the remainder as re- 
quired by the commissioners. The cost of the bridge was 
$96,000, so the actual value of a share was $48. The 
bridge, then as now, a mile in length, was covered with 
planks of white and yellow pine, and supported by strong 
piles from eighteen to forty feet in length, according to 
the depth of the water. A railing divided the bridge into 
a footway and a carriageway. One man, by means of a 
crank and pulley, could raise the drawbridge for the pas- 
sage of vessels. The tolls were high, as may be seen from 
the following table : 

Four-horse carriage $1.50 

Two-horse carriage 1.00 

Four-horse wagon 62j4 

Two-horse wagon 37^2 

Gig 36^ 

Horse i8>4 

Man o6}4 

The tolls for 18 10 amounted to $9,000, and the stock 
then paid an eight per cent, dividend. In the act of incor- 
poration it was provided that after the lapse of 60 years 
the corporation should be dissolved and the bridge become 
the property of the United States. 




ALBERT PIKE. 



CHAPTER V. 



INVASION BY THE BRITISH. 




ASHINGTON was invaded by British troops 
under Admiral Sir George Cockburn and 
General Ross on the 24th of August, 1814. 
It is hard to understand why adequate 
preparations to repel these invaders had 
not been made months before. The British 
fleet had been in control of Chesapeake 
Bay and the Potomac throughout all the 
year of 181 3 and reprisals for our attacks 
along the Canadian frontier had been made 
J upon the towns of Hampton, Virginia, and 

Havre de Grace, Frenchtown, Georgetown and Frederick- 
town along the Maryland shores. Many houses were pil- 
laged and burned and many inhabitants killed and wounded. 
Even worse outrages were committed, as there was abun- 
dant evidence to prove. Defenseless women and children 
were robbed, insulted and assaulted ; burial vaults were 
broken open in search of hidden jewelry and British of- 
ficers turned their backs that they might not see the un- 
bridled deeds of the hired soldiery. On July 15, 1813, 
General Philip Stuart, of Maryland, introduced a resolu- 
tion into Congress, urging an immediate increase of the 
military force and a strengthening of the defenses of the 
city. The Committee on Military Affairs, to whom the 
resolution was referred, reported it unfavorably without 
any investigation whatever, declaring itself satisfied that 
the preparations already made (the building of Fort Wash- 
ington) were " in every respect adequate to the emergency." 
President Madison was of the same opinion, for in a 
message to Congress July 20, 1813, he said the British 
desired only to cripple and control American commerce. 
One of the most influential of the President's Cabinet ad- 
visers was the Secretary of War, John Armstrong, of New 
York, who is quoted as saying: "The British come here! 
What should they come here for? " These words, in reply 
to the representations of a number of patriotic citizens 
who called upon him to urge the danger to the Capital of 
so large a British force in Chesapeake Bay, voiced tin- no- 
torious unfriendliness of the Secretary of War to the loca- 
tion of the Capital. He would be pleased, it was charged, 
if the British should destroy it, hoping it might then be 
relocated in New York. On the other hand, there was 
some justification for his words. Washington was little 



more than a village; its inhabitants about 6,000, and forty 
miles inland; while the Potomac, with its winding channel 
among rocks and shoals, seemed to need not even the fort 
which L'Enfant had planned. This was little more than 
a fort in name only. But two guns were mounted, and only 
men enough stationed there to serve them. The arsenal, 
with its stores of ammunition, and the Navy Yard, with 
war vessels on the ways, were absolutely unprotected. 

Forgotten seemed to be the insults to the British min- 
ister before war was declared — a sufficient cause in the eyes 
of England for chastisement. Forgotten was the moral 
effect to be produced by the capture of the enemy's Capital, 
the destruction of his naval and military stores, his papers 
and his public buildings. The real wonder is that the attack 
was so long postponed. This can only be explained by 
the fact that the British commanders could not conceive 
a Nation's Capital so wholly unprotected. The Potomac 
they believed to be lined with forts. , Fortifications guard- 
ing every road to the city must have been constructed, 
while large bodies of militia were believed to be ready 
to concentrate upon any point where the British might 
attempt to land their forces. The immunity from attack 
which the city enjoyed for about fifteen months was due 
to these beliefs held by the British commanders. If we 
may believe the testimony of a landlady with whom he 
took his meals, it was Admiral Cockburn himself who. 
made the discovery that Washington was absolutely de- 
fenseless and would prove to be an easy prey. When the 
Admiral came to her house for food. 011 the day of the 
invasion of the Capital, she recognized him as a transient 
boarder of a few weeks previous. This story is not at all 
unlikely, for never in time of peace could a stranger more 
readily have come and gone than during the War of 
1812. 

Demonstrations made by the enemy's fleel about the 
1st of July, 1814, coupled with previous rumors of a -real 
British armament preparing at Bermuda, at last alarmed 
even the President and his Cabinet. Colonel lames \|,, n 
roe. Secretar) of Stale, devised a plan of defense, which 
with some modifications, was adopted. Maryland and the 
District, and that part of Virginia lying north of the Rappa- 
hannock, were created "the Tenth Military District," and 
General W. I I. Winder, an officer who had seen service in 



(37) 



38 



THE CITY OF WASHINGTON. 



the Northwest, though of little general experience, was 
placed in command. At first it was provided that " 3,000 
combatants should be enlisted, but as the situation became 
more grave the number was increased until finally Gen. 
Winder was empowered to draft 93,000 men. However, 
not over 10,000 were actually enlisted, including both regu- 
lars and militia. Both bodies were composed almost en- 
tirely of raw recruits, without discipline of any sort and 
never even under fire. Such was the " army " with which 
the Nation's Capital was to be defended. Fortunately not 
all these facts were known to the British. They had learned 
that there were no fortifications, but they had not for- 
gotten Concord and Lexington and were firmly expectant 
that no sooner should they laud than the militia would flock 
to attack them upon every side. The plan of the British, 
therefore, as conceived and carried out, was to make a 
forced march to the city, burn its public buildings and 
retreat to the ships before a sufficient force could gather 
to offer serious resistance. 

When General Winder took command (June 26, 1814) 
a few hundred men comprising two detachments from 
the Thirty-sixth and Thirty-eighth regulars, constituted his 
army. Thirteen regiments of militia had been drafted in 
the States of Pennsylvania, Maryland and Virginia, but it 
had been expressly provided that they should not be called 
into service until the British troops had actually landed on 
American soil. To this General Winder vainly protested. 
He urged that these regiments of militia should go into 
camp about Baltimore and Washington, be drilled and 
disciplined and prepared to repel any threatened attack upon 
the Capital. No heed was paid to his protestations. 

Apparently inactive, in the meantime the British had 
been quietly planning for a bold stroke. The fleets of Ad- 
miral Cockburn and Admiral Cochrane united in the Chesa- 
peake. Several frigates were sent up the Potomac while 
tin- remainder of the vessels went on a hunt for Commodore 
Barney's gunboats. These took refuge in the Patuxent 
where they were blockaded. Two days later the much 
talked of Bermuda fleet under the command of Rear Ad- 
miral Malcolms, sailed into the bay. Besides its full com- 
plement of sailors and marines it brought four thousand 
of Wellington's veterans, fresh from the battlefields of 
Prance and Spain. The united fleets sailed up the Patux- 
ent and began disembarking troops at Benedict. Com- 
modore Barney, landing his crews and taking what guns 
were portable, burned his ships and hastened toward Wash- 
ington to give the alarm and aid in it^ defense. A courier 
was mounted and sent ahead to arouse the country to arms. 
He was in Washington by daybreak of August 20, and the 
consternation which he spread may readily lie imagined. 
No longer existed a reasonable doubt that the Capital was 
threatened; yet General Armstrong still insisted thai it 
was Baltimore, not Washington, that was in danger, as Bal- 
timore was a city of no much move consequence. 

Secretary Monroe, however, was of the opposite opinion 
and volunteered to go with a troop of twenty-live cavalry- 
men to reconnoiter the situation. No news was received 



from him until the twenty-third, when he sent a courier 
to the President advising the removal of the records imme- 
diately and preparations for the destruction of the bridges. 
While this created a panic among the citizens, the reports 
of the deeds of " Cockburn's savages " at Hampton and 
along the Maryland shore being fresh in their minds, it 
found the Secretary of War still calm and collected and 
still doubting their coming at all. General Winder, too, 
thought the objective point was Annapolis. The movements 
of the enemy for the first two days offered no clue to his 
intentions. Several roads along the line of march led to 
Annapolis, Ba'timore and Washington. On the 22A, after 
marching a short distance on the road to Washington, the 
enemy halted for an hour, then countermarched and took 
the road northward toward Marlborough. Our troops, 
having gone out to give battle, fell back toward Washington. 
At Marlborough the British rested twenty-four hours, then 
breaking camp marched rapidly toward this city, bivouacking 
at night at Melwood, less than twelve miles away. They 
were on the march again before daybreak and after enter- 
ing the road leading to the bridge over the Anacostia, the 
columns were reversed and marched toward Bladensburg. 
Here a body of Maryland militia was stationed and Winder 
hurried forward all his troops to its support. 

Monroe estimated the British force marching upon 
Washington at 7,000. Colonel Beall. a revolutionary vet- 
eran, thought it did not exceed 4,000. British official 
records tell us the total number landed was 5.123. which 
included 1.500 marines and 350 seamen under Admiral 
Cockburn. Colonel Beall was very nearly right, for large 
parties were detailed to garrison Benedict and other towns 
along the way, in order to keep open a line of retreat. 
General Winder's forces considerably outnumbered the Brit- 
ish, but were composed in the main of raw militia and vol- 
unteers; of a total of 6,000 men, less than 1,000 were 
regular troops. The brigade of District militia, under, 
command of General Walter Smith, of Georgetown, num- 
bered a little over 1,000 men. including two companies of 
light artillery each with six six-pound howitzers and two 
companies of picked riflemen. These, although volunteers, 
were well armed and drilled, but only a few of their number 
had seen actual service. Baltimore sent to the Capital's 
defense General Stansbury with a brigade of 2,100 volun- 
teers with twelve pieces of artillery and a battalion of 
riflemen, whose Major was former Attorney-General Wil- 
liam Pinckney, afterwards United States Senator. Two 
other regiments of militia from Maryland ami one from 
Virginia, added 1,800 men to the American forces. Com- 
modore Barney's sailors and marines and those from the 
navy yard numbered 520 men. while 300 regulars com- 
manded by Lieutenant-Colonel William Scott made up the 
total. 

Officers of the District militia were: Major-General 
John 1'. Van Ness; brigadier-generals, Robert Young and 
Walter Smith; adjutant-general, John Cox; assistant ad- 
jutant-general. George Peter; brigade majors. Philip Trip- 
let! and John S. Williams; colonels, George Magruder, 



THE CITY OF WASHINGTON. 



William Brent and William Allen Dangerfield : lieutenant 
colonels, James Thompson, Michael Nourse and Adam 
Lynn; majors, Lawrence Hoof, Adam King and ]oel 
Brown; captains of infantry, Charles L. Nevitt, David 
Whann, Josiah M. Speake, Richard Johns, James Cassin, 
John Hollingshead, Elisha W. Williams, Craven T. Peyton, 
George Fitzgerald and Alexander Hunter ; captain of rifle- 
men, Horace Field ; captain of artillery, Benjamin Burch ; 
lieutenants of infantry, Edward Edmonston, Abraham Win- 
gart, John Fowler, Henry Beatty, Charles Warren, William 
Morton, Thomas L. McKenny, Bernard H. Tomlinson, 
Ambrose White, Thomas W. Peyton, Levin Moreland, 
Leonard Adams, Gustavus Harrison, Robert Smith and 
Alexander L. Joucherez ; lieutenant of riflemen, David 



39 

Elias B. Caldwell, First Lieutenant R. C. Weightman, Sec- 
ond Lieutenant N. L. Queen ; The Alexandria Dragoons — 
Captain J. H. Mandeville, First Lieutenant William H. May- 
nadier, Second Lieutenant John Dulaney. The regimental 
staff comprised : Adjutant, George C. Washington; Quar- 
termaster, William Crawford; Paymaster, Daniel Brent: 
Surgeon, Dr. R. G. Clark; Sergeant-Major, Nicholas 
Worthington. Still another organization was ''The First 
Legion of the District of Columbia "— William Smith, lieu- 
tenant-colonel, commanding; George Peter, adjutant ; Wil- 
liam Whann, quartermaster; Clement Smith, paymaster; 
Dr. Frederick May, surgeon; John Ott, surgeon's mate: 
E. Cummings, quartermaster-sergeant ; John Simpson, fife- 
ma i or. 




AGRICULTURAL DEPARTMENT. 



Meakins; first lieutenant of artillery, Alexander McCor- 
mick ; second lieutenant of artillery, Shadrack Davis ; lieu- 
tenant of grenadiers, John Goddard ; ensign of grenadiers, 
George Ripple ; ensign of riflemen, Francis Hucern ; ensigns 
of infantry, Gustavus Alexander, Marsham Jameson, John 
Mitchell, James B. Holmead, William Williams, Francis 
Lowndes, Robert B. Kirby and John Gilily. 

The cavalry branch was under command of Lieutenant- 
Colonel John Tayloe, and comprised : The Columbian Dra- 
goons — Captain William Thornton, First Lieutenant John 
Law ; The Georgetown Hussars — Captain John Peter, 
First Lieutenant J. S. Williams, Second Lieutenant Wil- 
liam S. Ridgely ; The Washington Light Horse — Captain 



The battle of Bladensburg is not one in which Ameri- 
cans won with glory and renown; quite the contrary. Yet 
since it was fought in the vain hope of defending the Cap 
ital City from foreign invaders, its history is necessary 
here. Misjudgment as to the road the British would take, 
kept General Winder with the main body of bis forces al 
the Eastern Branch bridge until the morning of tbe 24th, 
when he hurried to Bladensburg. arriving upon the field 
of battle almost simultaneously with the British, [gnorance 
of the art of war resulted in the formation of two lines of 
battle, a mile apart, instead o\ massing the American troops 
at the vantage point chosen by General Stansbury, who was 
the first to meet the foe. Besides, diverse opinions were 



4Q 



THE CITY OF WASHINGTON. 



expressed and a division of authority was caused by the 
presence in the field of the President, the Secretary of State 
and the Secretary of 'War. For defense the battle ground 
was all we could have hoped for. Not over two hundred 
feet from the bridge across the Eastern Branch, here a 
small stream no more than thirty feet wide and easily 
forded, the Washington road unites with the old George- 
town post road at an angle of forty-five degrees. The 
triangle between the two roads is rising ground, command- 
ing both roads and admirably calculated for resisting an 
attack. Where the roads fork an earthwork had been 
thrown up. Here the two companies of Baltimore artillery 
placed their guns, supported by Major Pinckney's battalion 
of riflemen and two companies of militia. Five hundred 
yards behind them was Stansbury's brigade, flanked on 
the left by Burch's artillery guarding the road to George- 
town. Here, at the crossing of the stream, was the advance 
of the enemy to be stopped, if at all. Yet General Winder 
halted his entire force, which included Lieutenant-Colonel 
Scott's regulars, the Maryland militia under Colonel Beall, 
Smith's brigade and Major Peter's artillery, a full mile 
away. Here, too. were stationed Commodore Barney's 
forces, guns, seamen and marines. With the ground in 
our favor, all else was opposed. The British had moved 
deliberately, resting long each day. ( >ur undisciplined mili- 
tia had been worn out with five days of continuous and 
useless marching, with but little rest at night. Yet these 
men must bear the brunt of the attack of soldiers long- 
inured to hardships and as perfect in discipline on the 
battle field as on the parade ground. If our entire force 
had been massed near the bridge, or if it had fallen back- 
to the support of Commodore Harney's artillery before being 
utterly demoralized, Washington might have escaped de- 
struction. The Mankind artillery checked the advance of 
the I'.ritish until the main body attacked, when the sup- 
porting riflemen and militia retreated in great disorder, 
having been thrown into a panic by the big Congreve 
rockets which the enemy dropped among them. According 
to General Winder's own report he gave conflicting orders 
which did not tend to give confidence to undisciplined 
troops. When he ordered the Fifth Regiment to retire, 
•■ their retreat became a flight of absolute and total dis- 
order." Ik-all's regiment " gave one or two ineffectual fires 
and fled." All evidence is that the American forces were 
practically without a plan of battle and as is usual with 
raw troops, an order for a retreat was taken to mean defeat 
and " save yourself if yon can." This they did to perfection, 
nol even remaining long enough to receive any wounds. 

Lack of leadership is clearly proven by the fact thai 
the only portion of the forces which distinguished itself 
in the engagement, that under the command of Commodore 
Barney, was entirel) forgotten by General Winder when 
he left the Eastern Branch Bridge. The gallant commodore, 
accustomed i" obe\ orders, would have remained where 
he was Stationed, had not the I 'resident and Secretary of 
War. passing by, advised him to march at once to Bladens 



burg. It is a pleasure to quote from the commodore's 
report : " We came up in a trot and took our position on 
the rising ground between Smith's militia and Beall's, 
posted our marines and seamen, and waited the approach 
of the enemy. After a few minutes I ordered an eighteen- 
pounder to fire upon him, which completely cleared the road. 
A second and a third attempt were made to come forward, 
but all were destroyed. They then crossed over into an 
open field and attempted to flank us ; there he was met by 
three twelve-pounders, the marines under Captain Miller 
and my men acting as infantry, and again was totally cut 
up. By this time not a vestige of the American army re- 
mained, except a body of five or six hundred posted on 
a height on my right, from whom I expected much support 
from their fine situation. The enemy from this moment 
never appeared in force in front of us. They pushed for- 
ward their sharpshooters, one of whom shot my horse 
under me. The enemy, who had been kept in check by 
our fire for nearly half an hour, now began to outflank us 
on the right; our guns were turned that way. He pushed 
up the hill about two or three hundred men towards the 
corps of Americans stationed as above described (Magru- 
der's regiment) who to my great mortification made no 
resistance, giving a fire or two and retired. In this situation 
we had the whole army to contend with. Our ammunition 
was expended, and unfortunately the drivers of our ammu- 
nition wagons had gone off in the general panic. Finding 
the enemy now in my rear, and no means of defense, I 
ordered my officers and men to retire." 

Barney himself was seriously wounded and was made 
a prisoner. His spirited defense won for him the con- 
sideration of General Ross, who ordered a surgeon to dress 
his wound and see that he had every attention. 

Lieutenant Glcig. of the Eighty-fifth Royal Regiment. 
pays tribute to the bravery and fighting qualities of Barney's 
men, and at the same time expresses contempt for the 
militia. " Had they conducted themselves with coolness 
and resolution," says this English officer. " it is not con- 
ceivable how the day could have been won. But the fact 
is. that with the exception of the sailors from the gunb >ats, 
under the command of Commodore Barney, no troops could 
behave worse than they did. The skirmishers were driven 
in as soon as attacked. The first line gave way without 
offering the slightest resistance, and the left of the main 
body was broken within half an hour after it was seriously 
engaged. Of the sailors, however, it would he injustice 
not to speak in terms which their conduct merits. They 
were employed as gunners, and not only did they serve their 
guns with a quickness and precision which astonished their 
assailants, but they stood till some of them were actually 
bayoneted, with fuses in their hands; nor was it till their 
leader was wounded and taken, and they saw themselves 
deserted on all sides by the soldiers, that they quit the 
field." 

It was also admitted b\ an English authority that this 
attack "ii Barney's batter} resulted in a greater number 



THE CITY OF WASHINGTON. 



4i 



(jf killed and wounded in proportion to the number of the 
men afield than any other battle in which British troops 
had been engaged. General Ross, in his dispatches to 
London, gave his losses at Bladensburg at 64 killed and 
185 wounded and missing. Lieutenant Gleig in his ac- 
count, written after the evacuation of Washington, says 
that upwards of five hundred men were killed and wounded. 
(This figure includes, however, those who were killed and 
injured by the explosion at the navy yard.) Several British 
officers of high rank were severely wounded, among them 
Colonel Thornton, Lieutenant-Colonel Wood and Major 
Brown. 

No further attempt was made to defend the city. The 
panic-stricken militia which constituted the first line op- 
posed to the enemy fled along the road to Georgetown and 



Readily imagined can be the effect which this helter- 
skelter retreat of their expected defenders through the city 
had upon the inhabitants, already panic stricken at the first 
news from Bladensburg. Wild confusion had already pre- 
vailed all day. The government had pressed into service 
wagons and carts of every description to convey records 
across the Long Bridge into Virginia, and every private 
conveyance was taking the same route laden with house- 
hold goods, women and children. Nothing less than the 
sacking and burning of the entire city was expected. Com- 
modore Tingey, in command of the Navy Yard, had re- 
ceived orders to destroy all the shipping and stores, in 
the event of the defeat of the American troops, to prevent 
their falling into the hands of the enemy. This work of 
destruction he besran about 8 p. m. President Madison, 




PENSION OFFICE. 



gave the city a wide berth. General Smith reformed the 
first and second regiments, after breaking from the second 
line, but was ordered by General Winder to retreat to the 
heights near the city. While forming a line of battle there 
he again received orders to retreat to Capitol Hill. Here 
General Winder conferred with the Secretary of War and 
then gave orders to abandon the Capitol and the city and 
to retreat to Tenleytown. " It is impossible, " says ( ieneral 
Smith, in his account of the battle. " to do justice to the 
anguish evinced by the troops of Washington and George- 
town on receiving L this order. The idea of leaving then- 
families, their homes and their houses at the mercy of an 
enraged enemy was insupportable. To preserve that order 
which had been maintained during the retreat was now no 
longer practicable." 



with a party of personal friends, took refuge in Virginia, 
whither his wife had preceded him. The British had 
avowed the hope and expectation of capturing the Presi lent, 
whom, they said, they proposed to exhibit in England. 

About 6 p. m. the British reached the Capitol Grounds. 
General Ross was tired upon from a near-by house owned 
by Robert Sewall, and the bullet evidently intended for 
him killed his horse. The house from which the sho! was 
fired was immediately burned. Expecting thai the < apitol 
Buildings had been fortified, (he windows were riddled 
with bullets and for some time the British officers could 
not believe thai they had been abandoned. At last they 
broke open the doors and in the Hall of Representatives 
Admiral Cockburn was escorted with mock pomp to th« 
Speaker's chair. After a few bombastic remarks Bus ques- 



42 



THE CITY OF WASHINGTON. 



tion was put : " Shall this harbor of Yankee Democracy 
be burned ? " The soldiers barely waited to hear the chorus 
of ayes that echoed throughout the building before they 
broke open the doors of the Library and tearing up books 
and papers started fires in a dozen places. Other detach- 
ments of soldiers had marched up the avenue and set fire 
to the White House, the Treasury, State, and Navy build- 
ings, a total destruction of public property valued at $i- 
215,000. Several private houses on Capitol Hill were also 
burned. General Ross and Admiral Cockburn took posses- 
sion of Mrs. Suter's hotel near the Treasury and ate their 
supper there by the light of the blazing Government build- 
ings. 



A terrible thunder storm, one of the fiercest known 
in many years, accompanied by wind that became a veritable 
tornado, burst upon the city while the work of destruction 
by fire was at its height. Houses were unroofed and the 
roofs whirled in the air, trees were broken and the streets 
filled with debris. Some houses even were laid in ruins, 
carrying death alike to friend and foe, who had taken 
refuge therein. A British account says thirty of their sol- 
diers thus perished. Rain fell in torrents and the inky 
blackness of the night added to the terror which the events 
of the day had inspired. 

Believing that the large force of militia which had 
dispersed almost without loss would recover courage and 




NEPTUNE'S FOUNTAIN. 

Attracted to the Navy Yard by the flames started by 
the ' commandant, the enemy proceeded to complete the 
destruction, also Tiring the adjoining private ropewalks of 
Tench, Ringgold, Heath & Company, and John Chalmers, 
and mutilating the monument erected by the officers of 
the navy in memory of those heroes who fell in the war 
with Tripoli. In abandoning the Navy Yard our forces 
had thrown into a dry well a large quantity of powder. 
Into this well a British soldier thoughtlessly threw a lighted 
torch. A terrific explosion followed and nearly one hun- 
dred of his companions were killed and wounded. Many 
of the dead bodies were so horribly mutilated as to be 
nnn 1 ignizable. 



IBRARY OF CONGRESS 



attack them, the British officers, satisfied with the destruc- 
tion wrought, determined to evacuate the city the next 
night, and did so. as soon as darkness covered their move- 
ments. Fires were kept burning in the camps until the 
main body of troops were well on the march. The retreat 
was executed in silence, with the greatest possible secrecy, 
lint it might as well have been made in broad daylight with 
blare of trumpets and roll of drums, for General Winder 
had given another order to retreat, and those troops thai 
still remained faithful to discipline had withdrawn to Mont- 
gomery Court House. The British re-embarked at Bene- 
dicl \11-n-t 29th, "without molestation of any sort." to 
quote Admiral Cockburn's report . 



THE CITY OF WASHINGTON. 



43 



" Dolly " Madison, the President's wife, was the hero- 
ine of the hour. Left by her husband in the White House 
Monday, August 22, she did not hear from him again until 
the day of the battle. From a letter written to her sister 
on that day the following interesting extracts are taken: 

" Twelve o'clock. — Since sunrise I have been turning 
my spy glass in every direction, and watching with un- 
wearied anxiety, hoping to discover the approach of my dear 
husband and his friends ; but alas, I can descry only groups 
of military wandering in all directions, as if there was a lack 
of arms or of spirit to fight for their own firesides. 

" Three o'clock. — Will you believe it, my sister, we have 
had a battle or skirmish near Bladensburg and here I am 
still within sound of the camion. Mr. Madison comes not. 
May God protect us ! Two messengers covered with dust 
come to bid me fly, but here I mean to wait for him. . 

" At this late hour a wagon has been procured and I 



cross in a small boat. Appointing a rendezvous at an old 
Virginia tavern far inland, they again parted and Mrs. 
Madison drove across the bridge to find shelter at the home 
of Mr. Love, from whose windows that evening she watched 
the destruction of the White House and the Capitol until 
the tornado extinguished the flames. All next da) they 
traveled inland along roads crowded with frightened ref- 
ugees, and panic-stricken militia men. who added to the 
confusion by their tales of the magnitude of the British 
forces and that they would overrun all Virginia. Every one 
blamed the administration and the President especially for 
the calamity which had overtaken them, and when tin- part) 
of Mrs. Madison arrived at the tavern where she was In 
rejoin her husband, who had not yet come, she was refused 
admittance. The house was crowded with refugees from 




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BlSi 


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'llfi 1 1 


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Li A-:. 


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have had it filled with plate and the most valuable portable 
articles belonging to the house. Whether it will reach it's 
destination — the Bank of Maryland — or fall into the hands 
of British soldiery, events must determine. Our kind friend, 
Mr. Carroll, has come to hasten my departure, and is in 
a very bad humor with me because I insist on waiting until 
the large picture of General Washington is secured, and it 
requires to be unscrewed from the wall. This process was 
found too tedious for these perilous moments. I have ordered 
the frame to be broken and the canvas taken out. It is 
done, and the precious portrait placed in the hands of two 
gentlemen from New York for safe keeping. And now. 
dear sister, I must leave this house, or the retreating army 
will make me a prisoner in it by filling up the road I am 
directed to take." 

Accompanying Mrs. Madison was the family of Sec- 
retary of the Navy Jones. On the way to the Long Bridge 
they met the President and his party, who were about to 



the city, who shouted maledictions at the innocent woman 
whom a few days before they were proud to honor as " the 
first lady of the land." Fortunately Mrs. Madison was 
accompanied by a sufficient number of gentlemen to compel 
the landlord to open his doors and give them shelti 
the driving storm. A little later the President and his party 
arrived, and all retired for the night. Ah mt midnight, how- 
ever, they were awakened by a messenger from the city, 
who declared the enemj were in pursuit of and determined 
to capture the President. Madison left his bed and made 
his way along an unfrequented path through the woods 
until he came to the hut of a loyal Virginian, where he 
found shelter for the remainder of the night. In the 
morning, Mrs. Madison, leaving her carriage, also took 
refuge in the woods, but soon a messenger overtook her 
with the welcome, intelligence that the British troops had 



44 



THE CITY OF WASHINGTON. 



evacuated the city. The rush to return now became almost 
as great as had been the one to get away. The Long Bridge, 
however, had been burned, and only one small ferry boat 
was available for crossing the river. Airs. Madison found 
a home with her sister, Airs. Cutts, until the President 
rented the Octagon House, on the northeast corner of Xew 
York avenue and Eighteenth street, now owned and occu- 
pied by the Washington Association of Architects. This 
was the Executive Mansion during the next session of 
Congress and here the Treaty of Peace with Great Britain 
was signed. In 1815 the residence on the northwest corner 
of Nineteenth street and Pennsylvania avenue was leased 
for the official residence of the President, and here the 
Executive business was transacted until the White House 



was rebuilt and refitted for occupancy. This house is still 
occupied, the ground Moor as a drug store, and is in a good 
state of preservation. 

British invasion and the burning of the Capitol, the 
President's House and other government property proved 
to be a blessing in disguise. Citizens were aroused, and 
Congress promptly made liberal appropriations to restore 
the burned buildings. This put a stop for a long time to 
the efforts of other sections to have the Capital removed. 
The city continued to grow slowly but steadily, and apart 
from the social life of the succeeding administrations, which 
pertains more to the history of the Xation and its people 
than to that of the city, but little has been found to record 
for the next forty years. 




GREENOUGH'S STATUE 



WASHINGTON. 



ft 



I CHAPTER VI. 



J 



FROM 1815 TO 1860. 




the close of Madison's administration few- 
traces of the war remained. The White 
House was being restored to its former 
magnificence and the Capitol had begun to 
rise from its ruins, handsomer and grander 
than before. Under the supervision of 
Benjamin Latrobe, architect, the Hall of 
the Representatives — now Statuary Hall — 
was reconstructed in its present state, aside 
from the twentieth century steel roof and 
; ceiling decorations recently added. To 

Latrobe we owe the novel columns of breccia, that con- 
glomerate rock of rounded pebbles discovered near Lees- 
burg on the shore of the Potomac, which was capable of 
being worked in large masses, and of which, when all that 
was needed at the Capitol had been taken out, the quarry 
afforded no more. 

Three banks, besides the branch of the bank of the 
United States, sufficed for the transaction of city business, 
and one insurance office enjoyed a monopoly of the business 
in that line. Seven printing offices divided the job work 
and two daily papers received good support, besides a 
weekly. Each of the dailies issued a tri-weekly edition for 
circulation through the mails. Stores were plentiful and 
Peter Force tells us that " for the accommodation of citizens 
and strangers public baths have been erected." Congress, 
having no money to appropriate, about this time authorized 
a lottery, the proceeds of which were to be used "for erecting 
a penitentiary, a city hall, and two schoolhouses." 

Of places of public worship there were ten, of which 
two were Episcopal, one Roman Catholic, one Presbyterian, 
one Associate Reformed, two Baptist, two Methodist and 
one Society of Friends. Education was not altogether over- 
looked, although the public schools were but two in number, 
one upon the plan of Pestalozzi and the other the Lancas- 
trian, two systems much in vogue in the early part of the 
nineteenth century. 

Prior to 1816 was dug the canal that, commencing at 
the mouth of the Tiber and running along B street North- 
west around Capitol Hill to the Navy Yard, formed a water 
connection between the Potomac and the Eastern branch. 
Thomas Law, who was a brother to Lord Ellenbrough, 
was the chief promoter of this undertaking. He proposed 



to establish packet-boats, to run between the Tiber Creek 
and the Navy Yard, a means of transit which he declared 
would be rendered more comfortable and economical than 
a hackney coach. This canal was made navigable for 
boats drawing three feet of water. The promoter was to 
be permitted to charge tolls, but if his net profits exceeded 
fifteen per cent, on the sum expended, the excess was to be 
paid to the Mayor and City Council. 

The city grew quite as rapidly as could have been 
expected. In the first eighteen years of its existence after 
it became the Capital in fact, it had passed the ten thousand 
mark in population, and there were over two thousand 
dwelling houses, apart from the public buildings, shops, 
stores, etc. We are indebted to Air. John Sessford, then 
building inspector, for a carefully kept record, made in 
1819, of all the houses within the limits of the four 
wards. Improvements had been made upon 354 of the city's 
squares, the government had erected or were occupying 
43 public buildings, there were 129 shops apart from dwell- 
ings and 2,028 dwelling houses, of which 925 were of brick. 
Of the brick houses 221 were three stories in height and 
541 two stories. Of the frame house none were over two 
stories. 

The increase of the population. is thus reported at five 
different periods: In 1800. after the seat of the government 
had been transferred here, 3.210; in 1803. 4.552; in 1807, 
SS'5-i: in 1810. 8.208; in 1818. 11,299. 

The assessment on real and personal property in the 
city in 1819, $6,403,125, and the amount of taxation, at 
the rate of one-half of one per cent., was $32,015.(12 ' j . 

A map of the city engraved by W. 1. Stone in 1819, 
is extremely interesting, giving as it does very clearly the 
course of the river Tiber through the city, the canal- from 
the mouth of the Tiber to Greenleaf's point, and to the 
Eastern Branch, and the location of the churches and 
several of the public buildings. No wonder Washington, 
when first mapped out. was dubbed tin- " Citj of Magnifi- 
cent Distances." when it occupied ten times as much space 
as Georgetown, although the latter had far more inhabitants. 
The Tiber, which has now disappeared from the sight of 
man. was then a no inconsiderable stream. It emptied into 
the Potomac directl) South of the President's House, where 
it was half as broad as the Pastern Branch at its mouth. 



46 



THE CITY OF WASHINGTON. 



The B street Northwest, of to-day, extending along the 
northern edge of the Mall, was then unknown, for there 
extended the shallow but wide bed of the Tiber, reaching 
almost to C street and Pennsylvania avenue on the north, 
covering a goodly portion of the present Market House 
Square, and all of Louisiana avenue west of Ninth street. 
The Tiber had its sources, for they were several, in 
the hills north of Boundary street (now Florida avenue). 
What was known as the Reedv branch came in along the 



and Pennsylvania avenue, thence through the Mall in a wide 
semi-circle, returning almost to Pennsylvania avenue, thence 
directly westward along the line of B street to the Potomac. 
The first " Long Bridge " over the Potomac, which 
was built on piles in 1809, is shown in the map, as well as 
two bridges over the Eastern Branch. " Of turnpikes," says 
Force's Calendar for 1820, " there is one to Alexandria, 
complete; one to intersect the Little River turnpike, also 
complete; one to Bladensburg, which has been continued 




road In Frederick, now Seventh street extended, and Unwed 
southeasterly, two or three squares from the Boundary 
street, until it crossed North Capitol street. Plere it took 
1 coui :i directly south, through the center of the squares 
between North Capitol and First street Northeast, until 
F street and .Massachusetts avenue were reached. I I ere it 
turned to the Southwest, crossing North Capitol street 
diagonaJly and continuing in that direction along the foot 
nf Capitol Hill, crossing \V« Jersey avenue al I> street, 
then Indiana avenue, Firsl street, 1'. street, Second street 



in Baltimore; and one leading to Montgomery court-house. 
Besides the canal from the Eastern Branch in the Tyber, 
there is one, which is of much use to the city, to pass the 
Little Falls, above Georgetown, through which is brought 
the greater part nf the flour used in the District, and ex- 
ported thence, and by which the massy marble columns 
were conveyed to the Capitol. In Washington and its 
vicinity there are also an extensive cannon foundery, a paper 
mill, a window glass manufactory, which supplies the mar- 
ket, ami exports to a considerable amount, and powder mills. 



THE CITY OF WASHINGTON. 



47 



The Eastern Branch has a sufficient depth of water for the 
smaller class of frigates, without lightening; and vessels 
drawing fourteen feet water come up to the bridge on the 
Potomac, near to which there are two wharves ; and from 
which, to the mouth of the Tyber, there are at common 
high tide, about ten feet water. The Tyber itself is shallow, 
having a soft muddy bottom, easily removed, so as to admit 
vessels of eight feet draught to the market-house on Penn- 
sylvania avenue, and on it at present there are four 
wharves." 

Such was the " River Tyber." At one time of much 
use to the growing city ; later a filthy, disease-breeding 



drants along New Jersey avenue, supplied from a spring in 
the northwest section ; and still another spring furnished 
a water supply for the people in the vicinity of the Navy 
Yard market. 

On the Potomac a steamboat plied regularly between 
Washington and Acquia Creek and lines of stages ran reg- 
ularly upon every principal road leading from the city. One 
line on the Cumberland road extended as far West as 
Wheeling. Within a range of six miles of the city there 
were eleven flour mills. 

One spoke in 1820 with correctness of the Capitol 
Buildings, for the original plan had not been carried out 




SOLDIERS' HOME. 



canal; now no trace of its existence can be seen above 
ground. 

Besides the principal market at Seventh and Pennsyl- 
vania avenue there were three others, but people did not 
then go to market every day. Three times a week was 
deemed sufficient. There were also a city library, a theater, 
a medical and a botanical society, an infirmary and a female 
orphan asylum. Male orphans in those days were 'prenticed 
to some neighbor for board and clothes. 

People walking from the Capitol to the White House 
along Pennsylvania avenue were able to quench their thirst 
with spring water drawn from wooden hydrants put up 
by the local government. There were also pipes and hy- 



and Congress still met under separate roofs in the two 
buildings that were to be united bj the Central building 
which is now the rotunda and surmounted by the great 
dome. The two wings — in which are now the Supreme 
Court chambers and Statuary Hall — were in a considerable 
state of forwardness in 1814 when the British army under 
General Ross, making a sudden dash overland from Chesa- 
peake Bav, took possession <>f the citj and sel fire to the 
Capitol, President's House and other public buildings. Hie 
wings of the Capitol were rebuilt as quickly as possible 
and work on the central building had begun at the time of 
which we now write, the foundation stone having fr 
on the -Mill .if UlgUSt, [819. ' In a line easl and west 



4 8 



THE CITY OF WASHINGTON. 



of the President's House were two new buildings, con- 
structed whollv of brick and almost exactly alike, for the 
accommodation of the principal departments of government 
A new general postoffice building was in use, 



Receipts by the United State 



The lots sold by the United States, in the City 
of Washington, to the 31st December. [810, 

DonSons r-iiv.d b.y the Un ted SUtss fr< m 



At 



the same roof the Patent Office found accommodation. At Maryland and Virginia 

th e e*.r„ it y of <*_** P«- (-!- <■» Arse,,,, B».^ «£-££ Sf^^'S 

estimated at 10 cents per foot, would amount 



$689,195 '-' 
192,000 00 



grounds) a fort had been constructed, the guns of which 
commanded the channel of the Potomac. A comfortable 
marine barrack had been erected, and a house for the com- 
mandant of the marine corps. At the Navy Yard the im- 
provements were quite extensive. A frigate was on the 
stocks in 1820 and a 74 gun battleship had recently 
been launched. In this yard, at this time, too, stood the 
marble monument erected by the American officers to the 
memory of their brethren who fell before Tripoli. The 
mutilation of this monument by the British vandals. August 
25, 1814, like the destruction of the Capitol, and the small 
but valuable library of Congress, is one of the things it is 
hard either to forget or forgive. 

During the year 1820, it appears by the annual state- 
ment of Mr. John Sessford, the following improvements 
were made : 

"A Catholic and a Presbyterian Church were built, an 
Episcopalian and a Presbyterian Church considerably en- 
larged, a Circus erected, and a City Hall, a Masonic Hall 
and a Theatre begun. A spring, discharging about forty- 
gallons of water a minute, has. at an expense of two thou- 
sand dollars, been prepared to supply a part of the city 
with water. Upwards of 12,000 running feet of brick pave- 
ment have been laid in the second and third wards. 

" Adjoining the city, a brick edifice for a college, four 
stories high, and 117 feet long by 47 wide, is under roof. 
This building is on elevated ground, nearly north of the 
President's House, and commands an extensive prospect, 
embracing the city, Georgetown, Alexandria, the Potomac 
river, etc." 

At the close of this year the total number of dwelling- 
houses in the city was 2,141 : the population 15,322, and 
the assessed value of all real and personal property was 
$6,405,125, about the same as the cost of the present build- 
ing for the Library of Congress. 

It was frequently charged, by those who were con- 
tinually endeavoring to remove the Capital to the northward, 
that the city of Washington, from the time of its foundation, 
had been a continual burden of expense to the nation. This 
was very clearly refuted by a statement prepared by Peter 
Force and published in the National Calendar for 1820. 
In this it was shown that, after charging the city with all 
the expenses incurred in erecting the Capitol, the Presi- 
dent's House, and the public offices originally; with all 
the appropriations made by Congress for their re-erection 
after they were burned by the British, in 1814; and with all 
the moneys that would be required to complete them, a bal- 
ance was left in favor of the city of several millions of dol- 
lars. The statement at this late day is exceedingly interest- 
ing: 



592,500 00 
40,000 00 



The freestone quarry, wharves and water lots, 
owned by the United States, are valued at. . 

The United States have reserved 541 acres of 
ground, distributed in such a manner as to 
give them the possession of the most valu- 
able as well as the most beautiful parts of 
the city, which, estimated at the very low 
rate of *20 cents per foot, would amount to 47'3. 1 9 2 00 

8,226.887 12 

been as follows: 



The Expenditures of the V ailed Slates hat 

For the public buildings, previously to their destruction 
by the British in August, 1814 — viz: 

The President's House $333-207 04 

North Wing of the Capitol 479.2 62 57 

South Wing of the Capitol 308,808 51 

Treasury Office 43.955 28 

War Office 44.053 54 



1,214,291 04 



For rebuilding the public buildings, ap- 
propriations, 1817: 

The President's House $207,970 72 

Capitol, including marble quarry 324,103 32 

Treasury Office 37> 262 r 4 

War Office 3 1 -54 1 s6 

Public buildings appropriation, 

January, 1818 • ■ 200,000 00 

Capitol appropriation, April, 

jgjg 80,000 00 

The center of the Capitol 100,000 00 

President's House, offices, walls, 



Two new buildings, State and 
War 



36,169 00 
180,741 00 



197,788 04 

Recapitulation. 2,412,079 98 | 

Total receipts by the United States 8,226,887 12 

Total expenditures by the United States 2,412,079 98 

Appropriation, 18 19— For covering the old 

War and Treasury Office with slate 10,000 00 



Leaving a balance in favor of the city of 5,804,807 14 

As a clincher to the argument offered by the above fig- 
ures, this statement is made : 

"The City of Washington combines in a high degree the 
requisites so desirable for the metropolis of a -great nation. 
Situated near the centre of the seaboard line, possessing F 
ready communication with the ocean, convenient for the 
intercourse with every section of the country ; decidedly 

* A portion of one of these reservations was authorized to be sold, 
and brought, at public auction, 50 cents per square foot. 



THE CITY OF WASHINGTON 



49 



superior in health (as proved by the last as well as many 
previous years' experience), affording the most ample con- 
veniences as to territory, and the most beautiful situations 
for public as well as private edifices, it can fairly be said 
to vie with any spot within the sovereignty of 'the Union." 
James Silk Buchanan, an Englishman who spent many 
months, in 1838, in a tour throughout the United States, 
penned an interesting picture of Washington, and of the 
life, customs and manners of its citizens at that period. He 
lame from New York, through Philadelphia and Baltimore 
by railroad, the journey from the latter city, which is now 
made in forty-five minutes, occupying three hours. The 
country traversed he describes as " dreary and uninterest- 
ing." He arrived in Washington two days after the famous 
Graves-Cilley due 1 , in which the latter was killed, and gives 



for the capture of runaway slaves as the best answer to the 
common argument of the day that " the slaves do not de- 
sire their freedom." 

Buchanan had letters of introduction to the Presi- 
dent, and was invited to a reception. His comment was. 
that " the party, though consisting of not less than two 
thousand persons, was much less brilliant than a drawing- 
room in England, or than a fashionable soiree in Paris ; but 
it was far more orderly and agreeable than any party of an 
equal number that I ever remember to have attended in 
Europe. . . . The humbler classes' — for of these 
there were many, since the only qualification for admission 
to the morning levee or the evening drawing-room is that 
of being a citizen of the United States, behaved with the 




IAVAL OBSERVATORY. 



raphic description of the funeral ceremonies held in the 
House of Representatives, the corpse being placed on a 
bier in front of the Speakers chair. (The spot is one 
crossed by hundreds every day as they pass through Statu- 
ary Hall.) 

Buchanan delivered lectures " in the first Presbyterian 
Church in Four-and-a-half-street (now John Marshall 
Place), in that part of Washington, near the Pennsylvania 
avenue, where the residences of members of Congress chief!) 
lie." Known to hold strong opinions against slavery, he 
receives, a day or two after his arrival, an anonymous letter 
suggesting the propriety of circumspection " in conversing 
jon that subject. " In this great and free country," added 
Ithe anonymous writer, "what is orthodoxy in Xew York 
play be rank heterodoxy in Washington." He emotes adver- 
tisements from the National Intelligencer, offering rewards 



greatest propriety: and though the pressure was at one time 
excessive, when it was thought that there were nearl) three 
thousand people in the different apartment-;, yet we never 
heard a rude word nor saw a rude look', but everything in- 
dicated respect, forbearance and perfect contentment : and 
when the parties retired, which was between eleven and 
twelve o'clock, there was not half so much hustle in getting 
up the carriages, which were very numerous, as is exhibited 
.ii .1 comparatively small party in England; nor was any 
angry word, as far as we could discover, exchanged between 
the drivers and servants in attendance." 

The city's greatest defect at ibis time, as noted by this 
writer, was that few portion-, of it were built up in con- 
tinuity. " The dwellings are so scattered over it in detached 
groups, fragments of streets, and isolated buildings, that it 
has all the appearance of a town rising into existence, but 



5° 

gradually arrested in its progress and now stationary in 

its condition." This result is very justly blamed upon the 

peculators in lots and upon the Commissioners, who 

sold lots as freely in one part of the city as in another, and 

,0 attempt to confine the growth to the vicinity of 

the Capitol. Ouoting the words of the Abbe Correa de 

Serra the witty minister from Portugal, who bestowed upon 

lg ton the famous title of "The City of Magnificent 

es," Buchanan says. " and it might have been added, 

■ with barren tracts and swampy morasses between them.' ' 

" Without the public buildings," he continued, " the 

aspect of the city would be mean in the extreme." 

The western slope of Capitol Hill was at that time laid 
out in terraces and walks and ornamented with shrubbery. 
The Capitol grounds were enclosed with a low wall of stone 
surmounted with an iron railing and entered by well-built 
gateways at the several avenues. The old Capitol building- 
was completed, and was evidently regarded with as much 
admiration at that time as the present building, with its 
-real wings, is today. The decorations, the draperies, the 
pictures, portraits and statuary then in place are fully de- 
scribed. The decorations and the draperies are changed, 
but all else remains as then, except in location. 

Of places of public worship there were then fourteen — 
two Episcopalian, three Catholic, three Presbyterian, two 
Methodist, two Baptist, one Unitarian, and one Quaker, and 
11 was noted that all were " served by able and zealous min- 
isters," who lived " in great harmony with each other." 
The two Methodist pastors were then chaplains of the 
Senate and House, in which they alternately officiated. In 
order to give each of these worthy men a vacation, during 
one long session of Congress, a plan was adopted which 
mighl have originated with Father Bassett, the aged door- 
keeper of the Senate, who died a few years ago, and who 
was a page at that time. The Senate clock war. set ahead 
even and one-half minutes, and the clock in the Repre- 
sentatives' hall set back the same length of time. By dtis 
means one chaplain was able to open both bodies with 
prayer, promptly on lime. 

I In II, as now, the predominant number of boarding 
houses was a matter of comment. Five hotels also did a 

| I business while Congress was in session. Three banks, 

a fire insurance company and a small glass manufactory 
were all of trade and commerce the Englishman found worth 
mentioning. But there were " four market houses for pro- 
visions, a slave market for the sale of human beings, a jail 
and two theaters," the latter open during the sessions of 
is. Forrest, the tragedian, played Othello at the 
principal theater, which was denounced by the Native Amer- 
ican as one " wholly unlit to lie presented in any Southern 
State." Tlir verj idea of a blackamoor paying Ids suit to 
the fair Desdemona was revolting and its representation on 
<• an outrage which it was " the duty of -very white 
man to n sent. Even if Shakespeare, the writer of the 
play." said this dramatic critic, " were to fie caught in any 
Southern State, he ought to be lynched for having written 



THE CITY OF WASHINGTON. 



A oentle zephyr was the criticism aroused by Othello, 
however, to the cyclone that followed the same tragedian's! 
production of " Spartacus, the Gladiator." The play el 
presses horror at the sale of Thracian captives, separating! 
husband from wife and child. Later the gladiators and slaves 
revolt and gain their freedom. Anonymous threatening left, 
ters were sent to Forrest and to the manager of the theater| 
declaring that the play must not be produced again. The 
matter was compromised, however, by the exclusion of all 
negroes, whether slave or free, from the theater. Ordinarily 
they were admitted to the top gallery (whence the slang still 
in vogue at all theaters, " nigger heaven "). Ft the National 
Intelligencer of March 15, 1838, over the announcement of], 
the play of " The Gladiator " to be performed that evening 
was placed conspicuously the following line: "On this 
occasion the coloured persons cannot be admitted to tht 
gallery." 

Private residences and stores were, with a very few' 
exceptions, small and cheap looking, in striking contrast 
to the public buildings. More than one-half the houses werel 
of wood and, being scattered in detached groups or wholly;! 
isolated, looked all the more miserable. Pennsylvania ave- 
nue was the only street built up with any degree of regu- 
larity, but the houses were mainly " diminutive in size andl 
of constantly differing heights, styles, orders and descrip-i 
tion." The permanent population of the city (Georgetown! 
not included) was estimated at about 15,000, already buS 
dened with a debt of nearly $800,000, on which 6 per cent.i 
interest was paid. Revenue was derived from a I per cent, 
assessment upon all real and personal property and from 
licenses upon numerous occupations. The former producedj 
about $60,000, and the latter $20,000 annually. Interest! 
on the debt and the expenses of the corporation officials j 
left little more than $15,000 for the care of the city and) 
for improvements. Small wonder they were so few ! 

War with Mexico in 1846 aroused the young men of the! 
District of Columbia to organize a company and offer their' 
services to the Government as " The Washington Volun-i 
teers, No. 1," and the officers chosen were: John Waters,' 
captain; William Parham, first lieutenant, and Eugene j 
Boyle, second lieutenant. "The Washington City Rifle-, 
men" was a rival company. Its officers were: Captain,' 
Robert Bronaugh ; first lieutenant, Phineas B. Bell; second; 
lieutenant, William O'Brien ; surgeon, W. L. Frazier ; ser- 
geants, John W. Mount, Josephus Dawes, Lewis F- Beeleri 
and William A. Woodward ; corporals, Andrew Kemp, John 
Kelly, Jacob C. Hemmrick and John P. White. These com- 
panies were drilled at the barracks and, together with three 
companies from Baltimore, sailed in the steamship Massa- 
chusetts from Alexandria, June 16th, for the Rio Grande. 
The Washington companies were C and D in the battalion 
under Lieutenant-Colonel William H. Watson, wdio was 
killed in the storming of Monterey. September 21, 1846. 
Company D, Captain Waters, bore a brave part in the at- 
tack, suffering considerable loss. Captain Bronaugh's com- 
pany had been ordered to remain on guard duty at the camp 



THE CITY OF WASHINGTON. 



5 1 



ta duty most unwillingly performed. A third company 
is organ : zed in Washington during the winter of 1846-7 
by Captain Samuel H. Walker, who had already seen service 
in Mexico. These departed for the seat of war on February 
6, 1847. A fourth company, calling itself " Washington's 
Own," was organized January 22, 1847, with tr >e following 
officers : Captain, John M. Thornton ; first lieutenant, Ed- 
mund Barry ; second lieutenant, Hume Young : orderly ser- 
geant, David Westerfield, Jr. In April, 1847, the Secretary 
of War called upon the District to furnish three more com- 
panies for immediate service. These, with two companies 
from Maryland, formed a battalion under command of Lieu- 
jtenant-Co'onel Charles Lee Jones. The treaty of peace with 
Mexico was ratified by the United States Senate March 10, 
after two weeks of debate. 



deed — while everywhere private houses jostled the shops 
and each other. 

" The White House front was the same as now, but 
there was neither Post Office nor Patent Office, and the 
curious old State and Treasury buildings — the marble pil- 
lars of whose porticos now adorn the last resting place of 
the nation's heroes at Arlington — looked across vacant 
ground to where Jefferson's little stable occupied what is 
now the corner of G and Fourteenth streets. Six months 
before fire had destroyed the western front of the Capitol, 
in which the Congressional Library was situated, and on'y 
by dint of the greatest exertions of the citizens, including 
the President himself, had the entire building been saved 
from the flames. Still unfinished and uncrowned, the great 
building seemed to mock at the scarcely more than begun 
Monument, and no one realized what pages of history, blood- 
soaked, were vet to be built among their stones. 




A most interesting description of Washington and the 
! social conditions which prevailed here in the decade imme- 
Idiately preceding the civil war, is given by Miss Anna Lau- 
jrens Dawes, a daughter of the late ex-Senator Dawes, of 
Massachusetts, in her excellent biography of Charles Sum- 
ner, from which, through her courtesy and that of her pub- 
lishers, Messrs. Dodd, Mead & Co., we are permitted to 
make the following extracts : 

"The Washington to which Sumner came as a Sen- 
ator in 1851 was hardly more the Washington he first saw. 
in 1834, than it was the brilliant center of today. It was 
still straggling and unkempt. Pennsylvania avenue stretched 
its length from the Capitol to Georgetown, unvexed in all 
its win.lv spaces by any pavement: and the lew shops thai 
served the needs of the provincial town were m<.st of them 
below Seventh street — below Four-and-a-half street, in 



" Between the Capitol and Seventh street at some points, 
the people were almosl crowded, and the fringe of houses 
extending along the rest of the avenue grew thicl 
to the northwest of the White House, where their windows 
looked across the Potomac to the beautiful green hills of 
Virginia. Elsewhere, in even direction, were great barren 
spaces, swamps and creeks and cypress groves; and the tine 
mansions with spacious grounds on the I ieorgetown Heights 
seemed to sa\ that no such grandeur would ever 
flat and dismal Washington. Indeed. Alexandria 
at this time, no mean rival of its sister city, either in heanU 
or promise. 

" Societv. however, in form and substance, had largely 
altered. The days <>\ the friendly hoarding-hoe 
street were waning, and a more festive life had begun, 
though it was not vel very elaborate. The da) ^i Webster 
and Clay and Calhoun and the Scatons was departing. Th< 
happy titne when .ill Washington met .at the Market in 



THE CITY OF WASHINGTON. 



the early morning, and Webster bought the dinners which 
his famous cook served to brilliant companies at two or 
three o'clock in the afternoon; when Thomas H. Benton's 
almost too fascinating daughters attracted all the world to 
his hospitable parlors; when Henry Clay dropped in un- 
announced and charmed young women with his beautiful 
voice and manner. — these things were almost gone; but 
Edward Everett still lived in his stately mansion overlook- 
ing the Potomac, and guests around the hospitable board 
of Lewis Cass could look from the windows across to the 
Parthenon crowned heights of Arlington, while the Carrolls 
still vied with their cousins of Capitol Hill in elegant enter- 
tainment, the Ogle-Tayloes tilled their Lafayette Square 
mansion with life both busy and gay, and all the magnates 
of < ieorgetown kept open house in the free Southern fashion 



the district, where gentlemen were wont to seek satisfaction 
from their equals ; and it was at this period that we hear 
of a Congressman shooting dead the waiter at the National 
Llotel who failed to bring his dinner promtlv enough." 

Society, composed largely as it was of Southerners, 1 
tabooed strictly all Northern sentiments. Yankees andl 
abolitionists were in no favor. At a White House reception' 
President Pierce greeted the wife of John P. Hale, but 
turned his back upon the Senator. The leaven of interne- 
cine strife was already working, though Daniel Webster,; 
Secretary of State and acute observer, professed to see only! 
the most perfect harmony in the young nation that had not 
long passed its first half-century. 




CABII 



hi !_;',• i 



speak, 



1 Mi 
bbb 
rs at 



•tlu 



eptions; Jenm Lind, Lola Montez and 
i. Burton, Brougham, Forrest and the 
d the gay world during its "seasons:"' 



of their birth 
ciates in the C 
il statii 
the old Madeira 
public I 

Charlotte Cushn 
elder Booth ami 

but through it all appeared a more formal tone than of old, 
anil much more of elaboration. The manners of the time 
were extremely formal in the expression, and extremeh 
fiery under the outer crust. A quick word was sure 
to brin- fighting; and a duel was none the less fatal 
because il ted with the greatest dignity. These 

were the .lavs of (he recognized duelling -rounds at Bladens- 
'■ few miles north of the Capitol and jusl outside 



is targe 

ltO t\\o 



M BRIDGE. 

enough to make itself felt and society had split 
distinct sets — South and North, the latter being more 
than despised by the former, which was still the "real 
society." for the administration in all its sympathies was 
strongly pro-slavery. President Buchanan — "that state-] 
lies) of gentlemen " held court at the White House where 
he and his beautiful niece. Harriet Lane, imported as many 
English customs as they could fit into the essentially aris- : 
tocratic society about them. Never were the receptions, 
the dinner-, the levees at the White I louse more elegant or 
more dignified. The Cabinet members vied with the Presi- 
dent in the elegance of their entertainments and many 



THE CITY OF WASHINGTON. 



53 



distinguished Senators did the same. In lavish manner 
were the courtesies heaped upon the representatives of the 
foreign governments, and these returned the favors even 
more lavishly, were that possible. 

Miss Van Ness, granddaughter of old Davy Burns, 
the crabbed land owner who would have prevented the lay- 
ing out of Washington upon his land if he could have done 
so, returned to Washington as the wife of Sir William 
Gore Ousley and won back all her old-time friends with 
the radiance of her diplomatic position and the bounteous- 
ness of her hospitality. The Prince of Wales visited us, and 
shone like a star of the first magnitude in the brilliant 
constellations of the New World's Capital. At another 
time the Japanese embassy was the center of all excitement. 
Fannv Kemble was the delight of all theatre-goers. Anthony 
Trollope paid his famous visit. All the gayety seemed to 



young men of that world his son and namesake figured 
prominently. Mrs. Adams was the authority mi etiquette 
for her inexperienced colleagues; but if the points they 
submitted were too bard for her, she would refer them 
to Mr. Sumner with the remark: ' lie knows everything 
of that kind.'" Many drawing-rooms were open every 
week, with a pleasant informality now wholly unknown. 
One might go to the Sewards' on Friday nights, and Satur- 
day nights the anti-slavery nun gathered at Israel Wash- 
burn's. In the unpretentious parlors of Gamaliel Bailey, 
on C street, was to lie found the nearest approach t<> a 
salon that Washington has ever known. Great men were 
happy to meet there and converse together and with clever 
women, and the brilliant talk was all of one mind. At 
this time also began those modest "evenings" in the little 
house on Twelfth street where Mr. and Mrs. fohnson and 




HAHNEMAN 



seriousness 



in th 



tlv 



center in the Southern set, al 
Northern. 

Senator Seward, too, gave dinners, qu 
of those of the Cabinet officers. In particular, he ir 
Lord Napier, afterwards British Minister, to the Repub 
lican circles, which otherwise might have been unknown 
to him. Frank P. Blair, who held the Nation greater than 
his State, in his home opposite the President's mansion, 
welcomed Republicans unreservedly, and his brilliant daug 
ter helped her distinguished father and her famous brothel 
make history over many a dinner table, and in more til 
one confidential interview. " Charles Francis Adair 
a Congressman from Boston, was a conspicuot 
and his wife a leader of society acknowledge 
sets — a rare distinction at that time — while 



MONUMENT. 

Miss Donaldson, from Philadelphia, welcomed licarl 

litionists of the deepest dye. Mrs. Join 

was obliged to do her own work bc< 

to hire a free negro to do it. Here came Sumner. I 

Phillips, Sanborn and Chauning, kiiv 

conclaves and planned important philanthro| 

the benefit of the despi 

■• In ll 
its back ■ 

f chasms il is difficult to i 
rememb i 

• sets. The - 

, sneal 

•',■;, ,„ ,he "Yankees": an inti 



54 



THE CITY OF WASHINGTON. 



bers wondering why this or that lady refused her hand 
to the child's mother; and, beginning at the Whit-, House, 
why some stately personage, of much consequence in the 
child's eyes, was so cool and scornful. The Northern Con- 
gressman received no invitations outside his own circle and 
was only endured where official reasons required that he 
should be bidden. His children were not much welcomed 
at school; his boys felt themselves aggrieved, that they 
could nol threw >t.>nes at the little "niggers" in the street — 
the favorite game of their companions. And this atmos- 
phere of anger and hate grew stronger day by day. until 
on and the beginning of war cleared the air. 
" lli, social center of the city had changed somewhat 
since the days of Webster, and the bare spaces between 
the avenues were slowly filling up. The famous Brown's 
hotel and the National still held the Southern and Demo- 
cratic contingents, but Willard's was the favorite resort 
Hi' all Northern travelers. Senator Sumner, whose first 
lodgings were on E street, just above Sixth, found, upon 
his return, just before the war. an abiding place on F street. 



between Fourteenth and Fifteenth streets, where he re- 
mained for many years. Outwardly the city was much thc- 
same. The Virginia mud, which was shortly to become 
such a factor in the fortunes of war. still controlled the 
streets of Washington, and the pigs and geese still reveled 
in it. — rambling up and down the most elegant neighbor- 
hoods, under the very feet of both business and society, 
and tangling themselves in the wheels of the omnibuses. 
The public buildings had not added to their number. The 
Washington monument was not one stone nearer comple- 
tion than ten years before ; and the great Dome, half finished, 
awaited the end of the controversy between Secretary Davis 
and the sculptor, Crawford, over the liberty-cap for the 
crown of the bronze Goddess of Freedom. ' That,' said 
the Secretary. ' is a badge of a freed slave ; w : e must have 
a helmet;' and thus, while sacrificing beauty, he builded 
better than he knew, for before Libertv might bear the 
badge of freedom, she must go forth n her might to war." 

* Dawes, Charles Sumner. New York : Dodd, Mead & Co.. 1892. 




BENJAMIN FRANKLIN. 



CHAPTER VII. 



: v 



THE CIVIL WAR. 




OMETHING akin to the 
24, 1814, spread over thi 



often written. 



iamc "t August 
city during the 
dark days of 1861, between the fall of Fort 
Sumter and the arrival of the New York 
Seventh Regiment. The outbreak of hos- 
tilities between Northern and Southern 
States, the secession of the South if the 
North retained control of the government, 
had long been foreseen in Washington. 
The history of the effort to abolish s'av- 
ery in the District of Columbia has been 
It was for years the cause of much of the 
acrimonious debate in Congress. All the efforts at com- 
promise seemed to render more certain and nearer the ap- 
proach of the irrepressible conflict. John Brown's insurrec- 
tion at Harper's Ferry, October 16, 1859, was the first wind- 
gust of the rapidly approaching storm. Great excitement 
prevailed here. Governor Wise of Virginia, escorted by the 
troop of Richmond Greys and the Alexandria Rifles, passed 
through Washington on the 1 8th, en route to Harper's Ferry. 
Major Berrett had called out the entire police force to be 
ready against any insurrection here. Virginia troops passed 
to and fro through the city for many days thereafter and the 
prompt execution of Brown, with the show of force, was 
believed to have stamped out the heresy he had taught. 

Lincoln's election had been followed by South Carolina's 
secession, the seizing of Fort Moultrie and the besiegement 
of Major Anderson and his troops in Fort Sumter. Gov- 
ernor Brown, of Georgia, ordered the seizure of the United 
States forts at Savannah, and Alabama took possession of 
Fort Morgan at Mobile. Florida also joined in secession 
and drove the government troops from the Pensacola forts. 
Louisiana took possession of revenue cutters in her waters, 
and many Southern Senators and Representatives resigned 
their seats in Congress. The seceding States joined interests 
as the Confederate States of America and its Congress 
chose Jefferson Davis president. The assassination of Lin- 
coln was openly advocated and to prevent it tto 
elected President came here to take the oath of office secretly 
by night, guarded by a number of faithful friends. 
B. Washburne, of Illinois, met him at the station and to- 
gether they drove in a closed carriage to Willard's hotel, 
where Senator Seward, who had been determined upon 1 



Lincoln for Secretary of Stale, was wailing to meet him. 
The District militia, then under the command of Major 
General R. C. Weightman, was loyal to Lincoln and turned 
out over two thousand well drilled men upon inauguration 
day. Lieutenant-General Scott was in command of the 
United States troops and such precautions were taken that 
it was impossible for anyone with hostile designs to ap- 
proach the President-elect. From the spot where he would 
leave his carriage to the central portico of the Capitol was 
constructed a boarded passageway, and a high hoard fence 
surrounded on three sides the platform from which the 
inaugural address was delivered. Mounted drag 
close rank escorted the carriage containing the Pi 
and President-elect, and as carefully guarded it upon the 
return to the White House. Nothing occurred, however, 
to disturb the serenity of the occasion. 

A month later a correspondent sent this dispatch: "The 
city has been the scene of the wildest excitement throughout 
the day. Troops marching, drums beating, flags flying, the 
whole length of Pennsylvania avenue. Ten companies, or 
one-fourth of the vo'unteer militia of the District are mus- 
tering to-day for inspection. Fear of an attack from an 
invading army under command of that celebrated Texas 
ranger. Ben McCullough, is the cause of these movements." 
The District militia were called to arms April 10 and in- 
spected in front of the War Department by General Mc- 
Dowell. Eighl companies were from Washington and two 
from Georgetown. Alter the inspection the\ were mustered 
into the service of the United State-, several of tl 
however, refusing to take the oath and being dif 
Hie ten companies were: Washington Light Infantry Bat- 
talion Colonel Davis, 125 men; Companj V Captain K. 
C. Carrington, too nun: Companies A, 13 and C, of the 
National Guard, about 100 men each; the Wasl 
Rifles, Captain Balbach. 50 men ; Compam B, of the Union 
Regiment, Captain Kelly, 60 men: the Nation 
Captain Smead, 27 men: the Carrington 
Captain Goddard, 60 men: Potomac Light Infantry, of 
own, Captain McKenny. 61 men. 
On the next day the storm broke. South Carolina guns 
iattering down the walls of Fori Sumter and the 
arrison were bravely defending, r 
13, Sumtei 



surrendered. When tl 



(SS 



<;6 



THE CITY OF WASHINGTON. 



here business was entirely suspended. People left 
their homes to stand in crowds about the newspaper 
and telegraph offices. The War and Navy Depart- 
ments and the White House were also besieged for 
particulars. The President and his cabinet were in 
consultation nearly all day. Sunday was a memor- 
able one, strangely quiet, too, when one considers 
the mental excitement of everyone. Lincoln was not, 
however, hesitating. Early Monday morning came 
the call 1" arms, the immediate demand upon the loyal 
States for seventy-five thousand men, and the sum- 
mons to Congress to assemble in extraordinary ses- 
on Fuly 4. The call for troops was issued under 
the "]<1 militia act of [795, which was passed to sup- 
press the Pennsylvania Whisky insurrection: General 
Scott's flag, as commander-in-chief, was hoisted over 
the War Department, and in a dozen places through- 
nut the city enlistments were being made. Over four 
hundred volunteers wire added that day to the various 
militia companies of the District, martial law for the 
District of Columbia was proclaimed and the troops 
were arranged for the immediate defense of the city 
Every mad and bridge leading into the city was 
guarded i>\ artillery, supported by infantry and cav- 
alry. 

I lispatches From the < iovernors of Northern States 
brought comfort to the President. "One regiment 
of Massachusetts' quota ready. How will you have 
them proceed?" was the first. " By rail," was the 
laconic reply of the Secretary of War. Rhode Island 
and Minnesota each tendered a regiment, and the 
Ww York legislature then in session voted three 
millions of dollars with thirty thousand men. Ohio 
ten thousand and "more if needed." Con- 
temporary accounts show that an attack upon the city 
by Southern troops was hourly feared and the wildest 
rumors we're in circulation. "Mortars were planted 
on Arlington Heights, the city was to be shelled, the 
public buildings blown up, and the place left a ruin 
thai the North might find it useless to fight for, and the 
South be saved the cost of defending it. vet obtain all the 
C(7(// in the eyes of foreign nations which the capture of 
the seat of government could afford." 

Mixiously \\ ected arrival of the troops from 

the North awaited. Crowds gathered at the station for 
be on Pcnn tylvania's first live hundred men 
rhc Sixth Massachusetts came the next da\ and 
later the New York Seventh Regiment. \ feeling 
plant the terror that had pre- 
vailed, such tr.;-,,, that hundreds of people lied from the 
ould be obtained at the most extrav- 
them soldiers continued 
month nearly fifty thousand soldiers 
had arrive.! and were encamped in the vacant fields in and 
around lit ilic building, every warehouse 

tilled with troops. Pennsyh daily resounded 

to the tread of marching thousands. The gavetv of the 




inhabitants revived and on pleasant afternoons thousands 
of ladies with their escorts went to the various camps to 
witness the drills and parades. The Massachusetts and 
Pennsylvania men were bivouacked in the Capitol : the Xew 
York Seventh at (amp Cameron on the Fourteenth Street 
road; the Rhode Islanders at the Patent Office, the Sev- 
ent) first New York at the Navy Yard, the Twelfth New- 
York at Franklin Square, and so on. Grand reviews took 
place on the "Champs de Mars." near the alms house, and 
more people visited that unpopulated part of [he town in a 
day than had been there before in fifty years. Until July 
it was all joy and gladness. Then came the realization 
of what war reallj was. Hie cit) became one vast hospital. 
The whole ><i Judiciarj Square, the asylum, the city hall, 
the Patent ( (ffice, the Capitol, many churches and numerous 
country houses were filled with the sick and wounded, 
friends and foes together. Gentlewomen volunteered as 
nurses and pity and tenderness and can- were given to tin- 



THE CITY OF WASHINGTON. 







upon attacking the enemy Jul) 17. known t" have 
gathered in considerable furor mar Manassas Junc- 
tion and along the Bull Run thirty miles south of 
Washington. Citizens turned out en masse when the 
troops marched away for their first battle. Carriages 
filled with ladies accompanied the soldiers for several 
miles. The battle of Bull Kim was fought July 21. 
First came news of victory, then of crushing, over- 
whelming defeat. Tin- Union army was panic-stricken. 
and in disgraceful flight. A mistake had been made. 
More drilling, more discipline was needed. The 
camps in and around the city increase. < >ne hundred 
and fifty-two thousand men are here in < Ictol 
A year later two hundred thousand were in the field 
and in this city alone thirty thousand sick and wound- 
eel were cared for in seventy hospitals. A bakery, 
to provide bread for the soldiers, was an early neces- 
sity. The ovens were luiilt in the exterior vaults of 
the Capitol (now the Terrace) under the supervision 
of Lieutenant Thomas J. tale and operated by him. 
Fifteen of these ovens baked sixty thousand loaves a 
daw each weighing twenty-two ounces and using one 
hundred and fifty barrels of flour. 1 hie hundred and 
seventy bakers were employed, in two forces, da\ and 
night. The \'av\ Yard was another scene of activity. 
Captain Dahlgren had at work there December 1, 
[861, eighteen hundred men. By train and boat daily 
arrived from Southern battlefields the wounded to 
till hospitals and, in too man) cases, gravi 
United States sanitary commission was a blessing to 
the Government at tins time. Money was collected in 
the cities of the North and spent in relieving the wants 
and distress of the soldiers. Cooks and 11 
provided for the hospitals and from the depot of 
the commission in this city in November, 1861, 34.48 1 
o-arments were distributed. Homes for disabled sol- 
diers were provided and even |xjssible 



lads whose own mothers and sisters, sweethearts and wive: 
were helplessly weeping in their distant homes. 

Troops were sent into Virginia the night of Ma) ',; 
The next morning Colonel Ellsworth was shot at the Mar 
shall House, Alexandria. Upon hearing of his death th 
flags in the city were lowered to half mast. On Sa 
the 25th, the work of fortifying the city 
side began. These were the first of a 
batteries, one hundred and fifty-one 11 
twelve hundred and eighty-eight guns 
tecting chain of defenses around the c 
in circumference. 

An appropriation of $5,000 was made June 24 by 
Washington councils for the support of families oi I 
of Columbia volunteers. July 4 the Congress met 11 
session and on that day occurred 
of the Army of the Potomac. 



the 
system of 



Virgi 
orts and 
lounting 
g a pro- 
ve miles 



General Scull determi 



strict Volunteer Regiment was nuis 

1 Si ■. with Isaac Is 
iwn as " T1* 

gimenl by tin 
IVn thousand 11 

General Hooker, with ten thousand men; 
oe wen fifteen thousand, and southwest 
rginia. was Met le'.lan's arm; 



one'. It was ki 

handsome flag w 

of Washington. 

not far south wa 

at Fortress Moi 

of the city, in V 

dred and sixty thousand. 

1„ front of the Capitol. \>- 
was held. Mayor IVrretl ('resided and aim ' 

President. Senator Harlan, of Iowa. Hon. R. \V. 

Thompson, ol tndiai ' Chittenden, R 

treasury, Hon. George S. Boutwell, Conui 
ternal R< 

T S Carrimjton. Hinted States Attorney for th. 

\", V„ m all the lulls of the city were rung: 






r -nus was fired; the Marine Band 



58 



THE CITY OF 1VASHINGTOX. 



upon the plaza to welcome the President and his cab- 
inet. The meeting lasted five hours. Resolutions 
were adopted urging measures which would bear with 
: crushing weight upon those in rebellion, 
whether in arms or not: that the leaders of the re- 
bellion should be regarded as irreclaimable traitors, 
and either deprived of life or expelled from the coun- 
try; thai the National Capital was eminently the place 
where treason should be instantly denounced and pun- 
ished, and dial the mosl stringent measures should be 
ili.- authorities to arrest all disloyal persons 
n the District; and lastly agreeing to support the 
families of all residents of the District who enlisted. 
At this time criticism was strong against McClellan, 
and the I 'resident in his speech said all he could to 
disarm it. 

Slaws in the District of Co'.umlra were set free 
li\ Acl of Congress of \pril i6, [862. Three commis- 
sioners were appointed to pay for all slaves liberated 
ami the) were in session nearly nine months, paying 
• nil $9] |.i)-|-\ including their own expenses, and giv- 
eedom to 2,989 human beings. Each slave 
owner was required to take the oath of allegiance 
before receiving an) money. One man alone owned 
sixty-nine slaves ami for their liberation he was paid 
$17,771. The commission had secured the services of 
a noted slave dealer, of Baltimore, to aid in valuing 
1I1. human chattels, and many were the ludicrous 
-.■.lies. The highest valuation allowed for one slave 
was $788 and tin lowest was lor a nursing infant, 
$10.95. Six month- later. September 22, tS'oj, came 

eral emancipation proclamation, which, how- 
ever, was u. .t to take effect until January 1. [863. I In 
the evening of the 24th. the citizens of the District 
serenaded the President. In returning thanks for the 
honor Mr. Lincoln said: "What I did I did after 
Full deliberation and under a very heavy and 
solemn sense ..f responsibility. I can only trust in 
1 .."I that I made no mistake." 

\ll through the spring and summer of iSoj McClellan 
waged a slow and disastrous campaign in Virginia. The 
attempt to capture Richmond was an utter failure. The 
second battle of Bull Run was fought die km three days 
.'i August, 1862, the Union forces under command of Gen- 
eral l'ope meeting defeat. When tin news reached the 
city that thousands of brave soldiers were lying wounded 
on the battlefield, dying perhaps, for want of a little care 
and attention, there was no lack of volunteers to go to 
\ train'. .,i.l of nearly a thousand citizens 
no farther, 
the bridges having been burned and track loin up. It was 
fifteen miles t.. the battlefield and those who started to walk 
it were ordered hack by the picket lines. The next da\ 
Medical Director John Campbell asked for the names of 

HIS who would receive into their homes com 
soldiers, in order to make room in the hospitals for the 




recently wounded. The response was noble, indeed; hut in 
addition to the hospitals already titled up, the Capitol, the 
upper stor) of the Patent < Trice and many oilier buildings 
were temporaril) so used. Fifteen thousand wounded were 
brought to the city the da) after the battle closed. Vehicles 
of all kinds were pressed into service to earn them from 
the boat to the hospitals. A list of the permanent hospitals, 
as they existed in [863, alphabetically arranged by the 
names given t" them, is as follows: Ascension Hospital, 
corner Ninth and II streets: Armory Hospital. Seventh 
street, south of the canal i now 1'. street i : Baptist Hospital, 
Dr. Samson's, Thirteenth street, near D: Baptist Hospital. 
Rev. Mr. Keiiuard's. E street, near Sixth : Caspion's I [ous< . 
near the Capitol; Carver's House, near Boundary street 
i Florida avenue, not far from the present location of Gar- 
field Hospital); Capitol Hospital: Columbian Hospital (in 
the Columbian College building), on Fourteenth street, 



THE CITY OF WASHINGTON. 




Cliffburne Hospital, near Columbian College; Douglas Hos- 
pital, corner First and I streets ; Ebenezer Hospital, Fourth 
street, near G; Eckington Hospital, near the residence of 
Joseph Gales, Jr., the editor of the National Intelligencer; 
Emory Hospital, at the barracks of the Sixth Cavalry, east 
of the Capitol; Epiphany Hospital, in the church on ( I streel 
between Thirteenth and Fourteenth streets; Fink-\ Hos 
pital, Eckington; Harewood Hospital, at W. W. Corcoran's 
country seat; Judiciary Square Hospital; Kalorama Hos- 
pital, Twenty-first street, on the heights; Methodist Hos- 
pital (Southern), Eighth and I streets; Mount Pleasanl 
Hospital, on Fourteenth street; Hospital near Columbia Col- 
lege; Ninth Street Hospital, between C and H streets; < Idd 
Fellows' Hospital, Eighth street, southeast, near the Nav} 
Yard; Patent Office Hospital: Ryland Chapel Hospital, 
Tenth and D streets; Seminary Hospital, corner Wash- 
ington and Gay streets. Georgetown; Saint Elizabeth'; 
across the Anacostia ; Stone's Hospital, Fourteen!! 



59 

easf '" l1 "' College; Trinity Church, Third and C 
st /eets; Union Chapel, Twentieth street, near H: 
l limn Hotel, Georgetown; Unitarian, or ('ranch Hos- 
pital, corner Sixth and 1) streets, northwesl 
Aloysius Church. 

An immediate attack upon Washington 
feared. General McClellan was placed in command 
of all the fortifications erected for tin 
and of a11 the troops stationed at the fortifications 
or m the city. General Pope's army, after its 
retreated until the city fortifications on the Virginia 
side were reached. This army, as well as General 
Burnside's, was placed under McClelian's ordi 






spite this massing of the troops, the city 
believed to be in great clanger. Departin 
organized military comp; n ,ffered their aid 

in its defense-. Capt. J. W. Edmonds of the Interior 
Department headed a company of 120 men: the Gov- 
ernment Printing Office raised a compam of [70 
men: the Patent ( Iffice too men: the Post 1 
active men and 30 reserves; the Census 1 iffice 85 men, 
and others to a total of [.800 in threi 
her 4, three new regiments from the North arrived: 
the « >ne Hundred and Twenty-second New York, the 
due Hundred and Thirty-ninth Pennsylvania, and the 
ntieth Michigan. 

Invasion of Maryland by the tr 

federacy and the capture of Fredericksburg led Mc- 
Clellan to take the field with a large force, leaving 
: city's defense to General Nathaniel P. Hanks. Lee 
.s defeated al Antietam. September 
was able to colled his shattered legi 
■ Potomac into Virginia. In Dec< nib 
rnside, who bad been given command of the Army 
the Potomac, started again for Richmond. ' 
m'sed at Fredericksburg and the hospit; 
again filled with the wounded. \i tin 
year there were about fourteen thousand sick and 
wounded in the hospitals of the three cities, Wash- 
ington, Georgetown and Alexandria. 

A. disloyal element existed in the city at this time, which 
gave the government much troub'e, and aroused ill 
of those citizens who bad come from the North an 
nol brook even words against the old Hag. \ doul 
meeting was 1 1 , ■" . I al the Capitol, on March 31, 1863. under 
the auspices of the two boards of tin 
melting was held in the Senate Chamber, the other in the 
Representatives' Hall. Mayor Richard Wallach ; 
ai the latter and Lewis Clephanc and Alex., 
herd at the former. Ri 
carrying on the war em 
tion : also to the effect thai tin 1 
in the distrii t, the loyal and tl 
owe it to n 

10 their friends in Richmond." 
In ir ; 



6o 



THE CITY OF, WASHINGTON. 



Not many days later, on the news of Lee's advance 
northward, eight regiments of the District militia in- 
fantry were called into service for sixty clays. After 
the battle of I lettysburg their services were no longer 
needed. Another meeting of rejoicing was held July 
7th, the President being serenaded and making a 
speech. 

To repress the disloyal in the North, Congress 
passed the Confiscation Act. Under this act, Judge 
W'vlie. of the District Supreme Court, ordered the 
confiscation of the propert} of Dr. A. T. P. Garrett, 
Thomas D. Allen, Francis Hanna, E. A. Pollard, 
Charles S. Wallach, Cornelius Boyle, French Forrest, 
J. \. Maffit, C. W. C. Dunnington, Martin L. Smith, 
Daniel and Man F. Radcliffe. E. M. Clerk, Samuel 
Lee. Henry li. Tyler, William F. Phillips, C. W. I Ia\ - 
enner, Lavinia Boyle and Samuel L. Lewis. These 
weir the first confiscations. Many others followed. 
among them two houses owned by Cravin Ashford, at 
nne time a justice of the peace in the city, and two 
lnts owned by ex-Congressman George S. Houston, 
of Alabama. ' 

A Ladies Relief Association was organized to aid 
and care for the soldiers who enlisted from the Dis- 
trict, and their families. Major I',. J',. French was 
chosen president, Henry 1). Cooke, vice-president, 
Lelali Squires, secretary, and Mrs. L. E. Chittenden. 
treasurer, hairs were held and benefits given at the 
theaters until a fund of over $17,000 had been raised. 
Another fund, he'd in trust by John II. Semmes. was 
established t" provide substitutes for those drafted 
into service. Men to the number of 893 were found 
who were willing to enlist for bounties. ( iver $47,000 
were disbursed out of this fund for bounties, an av- 
erage of nearl) $90 a man. The drafts were as un- 
popular hen as anywhere in the North. The District 
quota under the call for 500,000 men, issued by the 
President July 18, [864, was 3,865. Of the number 
drafted, 5,798, 1,07,, failed to report, and j.'j^ were 
exempted for various causes. The remainder with the 
Mil'^iiiuies purchased with bounty money, gave a total of 
960 soldiers to the < iovernment. < )f this number. 336 wen 
colored. The call for 300,000 more men in I Ictober, 1X04, 
nother effort of moneyed men of the Dis- 
trict I" encourage enlistments by means of bounties, and 
S1X.7J0 wen distributed among the families of those who 
took up arms voluntarily. 

Washington was again thrown into a spasm of terror. 
b} the report that General Jubal Early had invaded Mary- 
laud, with a force of 20.000 men. and was about to attack 
the citj from the North. Grant was bus} in the South 
and it was in the hope of distracting bis attention and 
drawing him b '-mac that Lee ordered this 

attack upon tin Cap'tal. Early's force was actually about 
10.000 men. but tin ■ included Lee's Second Army Corps, 
wub a total of forty SfUUS 




and four brigades of cavalry. Apart from the sick ami 
wounded in the hospitals, the armed defenders of the city 
were less than live thousand in number, and this included 
the District militia. The Department clerks, however, again 
turned out in Strong force, and their services were accepted. 
The battle, which opened with the booming of artillery 
far to the northward, lasted four days. Major-General Lew- 
Wallace, since famous as the author of Ben llur. with a 
small force of Union troops, about 3,300, met tin enem} 
on the hanks of the Monocacy, where the railroad crosses 
that stream, thirty-five miles from the city. A division 
of the Sixth Corps under General Ricketts was hastening 
to his support. The Confederates were in full force at Fred- 
erick. Three bridges crossed the Monocacy. but Early 
marched a mile down stream, crossed by a ford and charged 
the Union flank. Ylthough greatly outnumbered, Wallace 
and his men twice repulsed the enemy with great loss. Two 



THE CITY OF WASHINGTON. 




or three hours passed and Early, who had consolidated his 
entire force, again advanced upon the Union line. Wallace 
ordered a retreat to save his men from needless slaughter, 
but a small detachment under General Tyler held the stone 
bridge for hours, until the last Union regiment was safe 
from pursuit, then cut its way through the hostile ranks. 
This twenty-four hours' delay saved Washington. July toth, 
at night. Early bivouacked at Rockville, and the next in. urn 
prepared to carry by storm the defenses of the city. < » nci 
Alger was military governor of the city and mad< every 
effort to gather a sufficient force to repel the invaders. 
Three thousand five hundred soldiers on hospital dutj b 
up their arms promptly and citizens and militia joined i 
the defense. Roads leading into the city were barm 
and every possible preparation made for a despera 
sistance. July nth was spent in skirmishing and c; 
ading the forts. In the meantime two divisions ol tli 
Army Corps and one of the Nineteenth Corps w 



ing North from General Grant's army. These arrived 
at four o'clock that afternoon, under the command 
of General Wright, marching straight through the 
city, warmly welcomed b) cheering thousands. The 
soldiers in the forts were hilarious with joy when 
they arrived and the report quickly spread through the 
enemy's lines. The next morning, without waiting 
for an attack, the gallant Sixth marched out and 
drove back Early's men, who that night retreated 
to Virginia. 

Quite another sort of excitement pervaded the 
city on the morning of the third of April, when a 
telegram was received that Richmond had been evac- 
uated and Lee was in full retreat. It seemed as if 
Washington would go mad with joy. " The war 
would soon be over." and even those who sympathized 
with the South were for this reason glad in their 
hearts. Business of all kinds was practically sus- 
pended. The executive departments, the public schools 
and the courts were either closed or business entirely 
suspended. People left their homes to take care of 
themselves, while they bung about the telegraph and 
the newspaper offices and eagerly awaited particu- 
lars of the fall of the Confederate Capital. A mass 
meeting was gathered in front of the Patent < Iffice, 
but soon adjourned to the Department of State, where 
Secretary Seward. Secretary Stanton. Hon. Preston 
King, Hon. J. W. Nye and others made out 
speeches. Willie Kettles, a fourteen-year-oli 
introduced to the assemblage as the telegraph opcrat 
who had received the message announcing the evacu 
ation of Richmond, and the boy was li mized as 
had been the hero of a hundred battles. Meeting 
of rejoicing were being held everywhere. In front 
of Willard's Major-General Benjamin 1-'. Butler ad- 
dressed a large crowd, and lion. Richard Yat< • 
to another as large as the street would hold, in front 
.,f the National I [otel. At the resid< m 
Blair was the Vice President, \ndrew Johns 
icke eloquent!} to a crowd 



Am 

f his admirer- who called. 
Every band of music in or around the cil 
into service and infantry and cavaln paraded thi 
.,„ (lav |, was ,-,s if a battle was going on in the very 
heart of the city, for a batten of arliller 
near Franklin Square and firing hi 
as its guns could be made to work. Five Imndr. 

,1 to celebrate the capluuc of Richi 
hundred more for Pel 
was nun" to the breeze and the 
of the public buildings xer> hut th huntii 

„;..,„ f vpril -i a general illuminati 
surpassed anything evet 
I0 when the official , 



rejoicing ol 



THE CITY OF WASHINGTON. 



naded and at his request the band played " Dixie." as well 
as " Yankee Doodle," the President saying that " Dixie " 
was part of the spoils of war and now belonged to the 
Union. A more formal celebration was held on the evening 
of April ii. at which the President delivered his famous 
address cm reconstruction. On the evening of April 13, by 
resolution of the councils, the city was again illuminated, 
and even more brilliantly than before. The Capitol espe- 
cially was magnificent. 

Like an earthquake, in the midst of all this rejoicing 
everywhere, ran through the city the terrible news of the 
President's assassination. Seated in a box, with his wife, 
al Ford's Theater, witnessing the popular comedy. "Our 



■ yy 


^^N^ 


iffc r mB^ 


f/1 


r. , jw^ 


1 " 


^ 


B^P^t^V.^ 1 -f^ W-: 


WM 


11 




SPfcc 


jji^a 



FORD'S THEATER, WHERE LINCOLN WAS ASSASSINATED. 

b\ one of the actors, John Wilkes Booth, who leaped from 
to the stage, flourishing a dagger. As lie rushed 
aero the stage he shouted at the top of his voice. "Sic 
semper tyraiuiis." The audience was in a panic. Sonic 
pursued the murderer; a few went to the aid of the Presi- 
dent, hut the majority rushed madlj from the theater, hor- 
ror-stricken. Tin- President was carried across the street 
i" a privati residence, where he died the next morning, not 
having regained consciousness. This house remains to day 
as il was then, and visitors are shown through it For a small 



Secretary Seward, ill in his chamber, had been stabbed 
nigh unto death at the same hour when the assassin Booth 
shot down the President. That the two murderers had 
struck in accordance with a well-arranged conspiracy there 
could be no doubt. All night the streets were the scenes 
oi" the wildest excitement: but the iron hand of the gov- 
ernment, developed through four years of civil war. was 
quickly at work. The entire police and military forces in 
and around the city were under arms almost immediately 
and troops of cavalry were sent to scour the country. It 
did not seem that the murderer could be at large twenty- 
four hours; yet so much were the people of Virginia in 
sympathy with his dastardly deed that it was not until the 
26th of April that a troop of United States Cavalry found 
him in hiding in a barn to the south of Fredericksburg. 
Refusing to surrender, he was shot down by a sergeant, 
Boston Corbett, and dragged out of the burning barn to 
die. Lewis Payne Powell, the assassin of Secretary Seward, 
was caught and hanged. Six other men and one woman 
were implicated in the conspiracy. The plot was laid at the 
house of Mrs. Alary E. Surratt, and she, together with 
George A. Atzerott and Daniel E. Herrold, were condemned 
and hanged. Dr. Samuel A. Mudd, Michael O'Laughlin 
and Samuel Arnold were sentenced to imprisonment for 
life, and Edward Spang'.er for a term of six years. 

Deeply draped in black crape were all the public build- 
ings and many private ones on April 19 when the funeral 
services over the remains of the martyred President were" 
held.. The body lay in state in the great East Room of the 
While House. About the bier were gathered President 
Johnson and the Cabinet officers, the Chief Justice and Asso- 
ciate Justices of the Supreme Court, the generals of the 
Army, the Diplomatic Corps, and distinguished citizens 
from Ear and near. The services were conducted by Bishop 
Simpson. Rev. Dr. Hall of the Church of the Epiphany 
and Rev. Dr. Gurley. As the procession left the While 
House for the Capitol, minute guns were tired and all the 
bells of the city were tolled. Pennsylvania avenue was lined 
its entire length with mourners. Hardly a sound was 
heard, save the limed roar of artillery, the muffled drums 
and the dirges to which the soldiers marched with reversed 
arms draped in black. Fifteen pallbearers, three from the 
Senate, three from the House, three from the Army, three 
from the Navy and three from civil life, accompanied the 
carriage containing the body. The family of the late Presi- 
dent followed, Mrs. Lincoln's illness preventing her pres- 
ence. President Johnson and the high officials of the legis- 
lative, executive and judicial branches of the government 
were followed by citizens, the entire line being over three 
miles in length. Under the great dome of the Capitol the 
body lay in state for two days, then being taken to Spring- 
field. Illinois, for burial. 



w 



& 



CHAPTER VIII. 



LOCAL GOVERNMENT. 




MMISSIONERS governed the city of 
Washington for the first ten years of its 
existence, and commissioners govern it 
today; but it has known many changes 
and has had its period of storm and stress 
before attaining its present reputation of 
being the best governed city in the nation. 
Congress made its first experiment 
in District government May 3, 1802, when 
it incorporated the city of Washington 
J and provided a city council to be elected 

by the people and a mayor to be appointed by the Presi- 
dent. The first mayor was Robert Brent, and the first city 
council, elected in June, 1802, was composed of eight alder- 
men and twelve common councilmen. Later the mayor 
was elected annually by the council. The mayor was a 
justice of the peace by virtue of his office. 

The twelve members of the council were elected an- 
nually by ballot by the free white male inhabitants of twen- 
ty-one or more years of age, who had resided twelve months 
in the city and paid taxes the year preceding the election. 
The justices of the County of Washington presided as 
judges of election. The mayor had to be an American citi- 
zen and a resident of the city. No one under twenty-five 
years of age was eligible to a seat in the council, which 
was divided into two chambers, the first having seven and 
the latter five members. Three-fourths in either chamber 
composed a quorum. Fines, penalties and forfeitures im- 
posed by the council, not exceeding $20, were collected be- 
fore a magistrate ; if larger sums, by action for debt in the 
District court. All documents were kept by a register, and 
moneys collected by a treasurer. The register kept the city 
seal, the device of which was an edifice, supported by six- 
teen columns, with the words " Washington — City Seal — 
1802 — Union." The first " Acts of the Corporation " from 
1802 to 1816 were collected in one octavo volume. 

An early commentator says it was found difficult t< 
enforce some of the acts, "particularly those relating 
the rates of fare for hackney carriages, though they i 
minutely specified. From the Capitol square to the 1 'res 
dent's house, or to the Navy Yard, or Greenleaf's Point, the 
price is 25 cents, or a quarter of a dollar, and half 1 
for half the distance. From the President's squar 



Greenleaf's Point, and also to the Hamburg Wharf, or to 
the western limits of the city, the rate is bul 25 cents, and 
half the distance one half that sum. For every fifteen min- 
utes detention I2>£ cents are due: and if after eight in 
the evening, fifty cents are added to these charges. The 
driver may take in three passengers, unless three 
engaged." 

Mayor Robert Brent erected the first public fountain, 
the cost of which was defrayed partly by the corporatioi 
and partly by voluntary contribution. In [806 the cor- 
poration passed an act to establish an infirmary (on square 
448, north of F street), for which the sum of 82.000 was 
appropriated. In August. 1N10, a sum not to exceed a thou- 
sand dollars was appropriated for the supp irl of the infirm 
and diseased. Squares 101 and 1020 were about this time 
set apart for public places of interment, being " situate 
at a proper distance from the populous part of the city." 
Two do'lars was the price for a grave in these cenn I 
sexton was also appointed to dig the graves and keep a 
register of the persons interred. The plats were at firsl 
enclosed with a fence, " posts ami rails of cedar and chest- 
nut," but D. B. Warden, writing in 1816, says tin 
"stolen by persons devoid of that veneration for the ashes 
of the dead — that respect for the religion of the tombs 
which has been shewn even b\ the most barl 

The first meeting of the council was held in tin ' 
( lutside of the newspapers no reports of it- | 
the first five years arc known to exist. The record- of the 
sixth to the thirtieth councils, with the exception 
for the years i8|o')N. tS52-'53 and t86i, are pi 
in manuscript and in scrap books in the office of tin 
Commissioners. The first printed journal of the pn 
was that of the sixty-first council. It was issued in 1864 
i,\ Gideon & Pearson, and comprised 491 
The journals were issued thereafter annually until 
In, (111 of the corporation government, June 1. 1871. 

Mayor Brent was reappointed year aft 
1S1 1, when he refused to serve longer. Hi 
by Daniel Rapine, who was the last appoint! 
dent. Congress by act of May 4. '*>-• B 
council the autl the mayo,-, and tin- continued 

until 1820. when Congress again amended the charter of 
., citv or the election of the maw 1 



64 



rim CITY OF WASHINGTON. 



people and fixing his term of office at two years; the elec- 
tion of a board of twelve aldermen and a board of eighteen 
common council, the aldermen to serve two years and the 
councilmen one year each. The city was divided into six 
wank, each of which was entitled to elect two aldermen 
and three councilmen. 

The firsl ward embraced all of the city west of Fif- 
teenth street; the second, all easl of Fifteenth and west of 
I,. nil, th( third, all easl of Tenth street west and west 
of First street west and north of E street south; the fourth 
all easl of First street west and west of Eighth street east 
and north of E street south; the fifth all east of Tenth 
street west and west of Fourth street east and south of E 
-tint south; the sixth, all the remainder of the city. 

The new corporation was loaded down with the title 
of "The Mayor, Hoard of Aldermen and Hoard of Com- 
mon Council of the Cit) of Washington." National politics 
played an important part in the hitter and exciting contests 
held annually under this charter. Except for brief inter- 
vals during the civil war, when the city was under martial 
law, this form of government was maintained until 1871. 

Following is a list of the mayors wdio have presided 
over the city's destinies: 

Robert Brent, from June, 1802, to June, 1812. 

Daniel Rapine, from June [8l2, to June, 1813. 

James II. Blake from June. 1813, to June, 1X17. 

Benjamin < i. ( >rr, from June, 1817, to June, 1819. 

Samuel \. Sm'allwood from June, 1819, to June 1822. 

Thomas Carberry from June. 1822. to June, 1824. 

Samuel X. Small wood, from June, 1824, to September 

30, 1X24. 

Roger C. Weightman, from October 4. 1X24. to July 

31, [827. 

Joseph- Gales, Jr., from July 31, 1827, to June, 1830. 

John I'. Van Ness, from June. [830, to June, [834. 

William A. Bradley, from June, 1834. to June 1831). 

Peter Force, from June, 1836, to June. 1840. 

William W. Seaton, from June, 1X40, to June, [850. 

Walter Lenox, from June, [850, to June, 1852. 

John W. Maury, from June. 1X52, to June 1X54. 

John T. lowers from June, 1X54, to June. 1X50. 

William I',. Magruder, from June. 1X511. to June. 1X58. 

James 1,. Berrel from June. [858, t" August 24. 1861. 

Richard Wallach from August 26, [861, to June, [868. 

Sayles J. Bowen, from June. [868, to June, 1X70. 

Matthew < '.. Emerj from June. 1870, to June, 1871. 

The superintendence of the public buildings and the 
regulation of the city generally were, in the first instance, 
placed in the Board of * 'ommissioners, ap- 

pointed I", the Pr< ?ident under the act of Congress of Jul) 
Congress assumed, legal jurisdiction ovei the 
the 27th day of February, 1801, declaring at the 
same time that the laws of Maryland as then constituted 
should he and continue in force. 1 Mi the lit'sl of \| ., 
the Board of Commissioners was abolished, and the affairs 
Hie direction of a " superintendent." 
subject to the control of the President of the'United States. 
In addition to the superintendent, there was instituted in 
hen the rebuilding of the Capitol became necessan 
the British, a 1" iard of 



three commissioners for superintending the reconstruction 
of the public buildings, but in the year 1817 this board was' 
dissolved, the office of superintendent annulled, and the I 
supervision of the national buildings and of the affairs of 1 
the city, in which the general government was d'rectlyl 
concerned, committed to one commissioner. This office ex- 
isted until March 2, 1867, when it was abolished by act of. 
Congress and its duties and powers transferred to the chief 
of engineers of the United States army. 

Lots in the city of Washington, from the time it waa 
first laid out, belonged either to the public or to individuals.! 
The commissioner of public buildings was authorized to | 
sell the public lots, and had power to take acknowledgments 
of deeds. Deeds could also be acknowledged before two: 
justices of the peace, or before a judge of the circuit court' 
of the District of Columbia. In the case of a sale of lots, 
by a non-resident, the acknowledgment had to be made in) 
the presence of some person competent to verify in the city.; 
Deeds were required to be recorded within six months. 
Lots would be sold for unpaid taxes, but prior notice of sixj 
weeks must be given to residents, three months to nona 
residents, and six months to foreigners. Lots might he 
redeemed within two years, by the payment of the pura 
chase money with ten per cent, interest added. If the pur-i 
chaser could not be found, or refused to accept, the pur-j 
chase money was paid to the clerk of the county court. Re- 
demption not being made within two years, title was given 
to the purchaser, and the proprietor afterwards could only 
claim the surplus of the purchase money after the taxes 
were paid. In the case of a sale of improved lots for taxes 
the mayor had to give thirty days' notice to the owner 014 
agent and the property might be redeemed within a year 
by the payment of the purchase money and twenty-five pel 
cent, additional. 

A health office was established in 1810. and during 
the first four months of its existence — September, 1 ictobes 
November and December — the number of deaths reported 
were 70. of whom 31 1 were children. 

\n epidemic of cholera swept over the city in 1832] 
Mr. W. II. Frazier, who was a boy of five years at the 
time, has a most vivid recollection of the "dead carts'] 
being driven about the streets every morning, the drivers 
having tin horns to announce their coming, just as the driv- 
ers of garbage wagons do now. In addition to the blow- 
ing of the TToJvjs it was customary to cry " Bring out the 

dead!" 

A hoard of health consisting of five members existed 
during the territorial regime. Now the commissioners ap 
point a physician as health officer, who executes and en- 
forces all laws and regulations relating to the public health 
and, vital -tatislics. and upon whose recommendation sani 
tary inspectors are appointed. < >ne branch of the District 
charities, the medical treatment of the poor, is under the ( 
supervision of the health office. 

In 1X20 the three judges of the District circuit court, 
together with the District attorney, were designated by act 



THE CITY OF WASHINGTON. 



of the national legislature to form a new code of laws for 
the whole District of Columbia. These three judges com- 
prised a court for the trial of both civil and criminal cases, 
appeals from its decisions being taken to the Supreme Court 
of the United States. There was likewise at that time an 
orphans' court and a register of wills, while minor criminal 
cases and civil suits were tried before justices of the peace 
appointed by the President and Senate and authorized to 
give judgment upon warrant for any sum not exceeding 
twenty dollars. 

What were known as the " levy courts," established 
by act of Congress of February 27, 1801, administered the 
local governmental affairs of that part of the District out- 
side of the cities of Washington and Georgetown. In 1812 
the membership of the court for that part of the district 



Affairs of the city were administered in a non-| 
sive way. Tax burdens were not heavy, and public im- 
provements were few and infrequent. 

An old picture, preserved in the Library of O 1 
a copy of which is shown 011 page 11, represents ! 
vania avenue as ii appeared in [834. The improvements 
consisted of the four rows of Lombardy poplars which had 
been set out by President JefFerson, witli a dirt road be- 
tween the two central rows. Between the Capitol and the 
White House were three hotels and a few scattered dwell- 
ings and shops. 

That the city was so barren of improvements, apart 
from the buildings erected ft 1 
for the needs of the ' iovernment, : - due wl 1 
eral Government's negl' Mtho 'gli own- 




CITY HALL. 



derived from Maryland was fixed at seven just ces of the 
peace, to be annually designated by the President: t 
from east of Pock Creek, outside of Washington; two 
from west of Rock Creek, outside of Georgetown, and three 
from Georgetown. The city of Washington, though not 
represented, had to share equally in the expense of these 
courts; and in 1848 the city was given representation b 
the addition of four magistrates. 

Until 1820 there was no police force. In t 
Peter Force wrote: " The population is orderl) 
has been hitherto no occasion for a police fore 
tory of the development of the city's guardians to its 
high standard of efficiency has been most enterta 
accurately and exhaustively written by Major R 
vester, the present superintendent. 



/«! 



d tin 
The his 



1 one hall' of the new city, it mad. 

: improvement of tin 

■ U se of the nation. All that w; 

city itself, which did what it could, 

beneath the burden. The United Slates paid no t; 

made but small appropriations for the 

lcv\ court system established in 18 

as a whole had no form of government until 1871. and no 

permanent form until 1878. W was this ,1 

,,, the District a'l that part south or west 

which the citi/ens of Alexandria sue 
to Virginia, in 1S4- 

ts, maintained separate juris 



THE CITY OF WASHINGTON. 



changes were wrought by the civil war. Congress recog- 
nized the District b) creating for it a necessary police force. 
But the greatest influence of the war was the impression 
left in the minds of the hundreds of thousands of soldiers 
who. returning to their homes after the bloody conflict, took 
with thrin certain feelings of loyal veneration for the Capital 
of the Union which they had offered their lives to preserve. 
\'o small proportion of the men who came to Congress in 
■ few \ears had taken part in that internecine 
\ soldier was in the White House, ami soldiers 
were among hi- advisers. 

The creation of the territorial form of government by 
of February 21, 1871, marks the beginning of the 
era of greatness and prosperity in the midst of which live 
the citizen- of today. This act created a governor, to be 
nominated by the President and confirmed by the Senate, 
and a legislative assembly composed of a council of eleven 
members and a house of delegates of twenty-two members. 
The councilmen were appointed by the President and con- 
firmed by the Senate, and the delegates were annually chosen 
b\ the people. A delegate to Congress, elected by the 
people, was also provided. 

It is to this territorial form of government, brief though 
it- existence was. that Washington owes its glory of today. 
In addition to the governor and legislative assembly, Con- 
gress provided a board of health and a board of public 
works, the members of which were appointed by the Presi- 
dent. It was the board of public works that raised the city 
from tin slough of de-pond and gave it improvements 
1 the name. The paving of Pennsylvania avenue 
and the turning of the stream known as the Tiber into a 
■or. instead of an open one. were undoubtedly two 
eatcsl accomplishments, but these were on'y a 
beginning. 

The master mind, who. at this juncture, became the 
architect of the city's fortune-, was Alexander R. Shepherd, 
lie wa- an active, energetii business man who foresaw the 
future of Washington as the country increased in popula- 
tion, and planned improvements upon an elaborate and ex- 
pensive scale, which in that clay was attacked not . »til\ as 
extravagant, but a- criminal. Time, however, has vindi- 
cated Shepherd's wisdom, and the grateful citizens of the 
twentieth centun are even now contributing to a fund 
with which to erect a substantial and permanent public 
memorial to hi- memory. 

Among the men who were most prominent in bringing 

about the change in the form of government in the Dis- 

1 olumhia were V R. Shepherd, Hal el Kilbourn, 

.del, William II. Tenney, J. V Magruder, 

;ui Pickrell, Dr. (ha-. II. Nichols and Dr. 

brought about a meeting of tin 

'i'd m appointing .1 1 ommittce 

rial government for the 

pper branch of the legislature 

mri confirmed by the 

branch of the legislature, together 



with a delegate to Congress to be elected by the people. 
Meetings in favor of and opposed to this movement were 
frequent, the former, however, invariably having the great- 
est attendance. A committee of 150 was appointed, at a 
mass meeting held in Lincoln Hall about the first of Feb- 
ruary, to press the movement before Congress, and a bill 
drafted by this committee was sanctioned by a second mass 
meeting at MetzerotPs Ha'l. March 3. This bill was 
promptly introduced and the Senate passed it May 27. but 
it was not until the next session that it was acted upon by 
the House. It became a law February 21, 1871, taking 
effect June 1. Henry D. Cooke, of Sandusky. ( )hio, was 
the first Governor appointed under this act. Norton P. 
Chipman was elected the delegate in Congress and the first 
board of public works consisted of Alexander R. Shepherd. 
S. P. Brown. James A. Magruder and A. 15. Mullett. The 
two branches of the territorial government consisted of a 
Legislative Assembly of seventeen members and a House 
of Delegates, forty-six in number, the latter e'ected by the 
people. Magruder served until this form of government 
was legislated out of existence, but Shepherd became gov- 
ernor September 13. 1873. and Mullett and Brown retired 
in the same year, the three vacancies being filled at various 
times by Adolph Cluss, Henry A. Willard and John 11. 
Plake. Norton P. Chipman. who was the first secretary of 
the District, was chosen delegate to Congress, and served 
in that capacity from April 21, 1871. to March 4, 1875. 
Me was succeeded as secretary by Edwin L. Stanton, wdio 
held the office' from May 19, 1871. to September 22, 1873, 
when Richard Harrington succeeded him. 

The council of the legislative assemble of the District 
of Columbia was composed of Messrs. J. II. Brooks, A. K. 
Brown, J. W. Baker, Samuel Cross. Frederick Douglass, 
Lewis H. Douglass, Daniel- L. Eaton, S. M. Golden, Samuel 
Gedney, John A. Cray, George P. Gulick, Adolphus Hall. 
Charles F. Peck, Joshua Riley, Daniel Smith. William Stick 
ney and John W . Thompson. 

Members of the House of Delegates were: 

First District — Joseph 1 '.rooks and Solomon G. brown. 

Second District— Joseph T. 11. Hall. Clement A. Peck 
and O. S. P. 'Wall. 

Third District — Edward P. Perry and W . D. Cassin. 

I ourth District — John E. Cox. 

Fifth District — Charles L. Dulse and George B. Wil- 
son. 

Sixth District — John F. Murray and Albert II. Un- 
derwood. 

Seventh District — George W. Dver and lames A. 
Handy. 

Eighth District George Burgess, Thomas W. Chase 
ami Elphonso Youngs. 

Ninth District — Robert I. Fleming, S. S. Smoot and 
V S. Solomons. 

Tenth District — John F. Ennis and Matthew Trimble. 

Eleventh District — C. J. Brewer and Thomas E. Lloyd. 

Twelfth District — William Dickson and James G. 
1 ong. 

Thirteenth District — John C. Harkness and Arthur 

Shepherd. 



THE CITY OF WASHINGTON. 



67 



Fourteenth District — Peter Campbell and Leonard 

Gordon. 
Fifteenth District — William H. Clagett, William W. 

Moore and John A. Perkins. 
Sixteenth District — John W. McKnight and Samuel 

P. Robertson. 
Seventeenth District — Fred A. Boswell and W. A. 

Taliaferro. 
Eighteenth District — William R. Hunt. 
Nineteenth District — John Hogan and M. E. Urell. 
Twentieth District — Joseph G. Carroll. 
Twenty-first District — Lemuel Burslev and Sidney W. 

Herbert. 
Twenty-second District — Madison Davis. Josiah L. 

Venable and W. E. Vermillion. 

A board of health was also provided, comprising N. 
S. Lincoln, T. S. Verdi, H. A. Willard, John M. Langston, 
John Marbury, Jr. Others who served upon this board in 
subsequent years were D. Willard Bliss, Robert B. Warden 
and Christopher C. Cox. 

No sooner was the legislative assembly of the District 
organized than it received from the board of public works 
estimates for improvements aggregating $6,578,397. with 
a recommendation for an immediate tax of $2,000,000 and 
provision for a loan of $4,000,000. The assembly passed 
a bill July 10 providing for improvements to the amount 
of $4,000,000 and for the issue of bonds at seven per cent, 
interest, payable in twenty years. Judge Wylie granted 
an injunction against the issuance of these bonds, where- 
upon the assembly passed a supplemental hill which did 
away with all the objections raised by those who had 
sought the injunction ami at the same time added another 
half million dollars to the sum total of the bonds to be 
issued. After the injunction had been dissolved, however, 
this extra appropriation was taken off. The loan was 
referred to the people at the next November election and 
was ratified by an overwhelming majority. 

A herculean task lay before the new government ; but 
it had been organized for that task mainly, and the men 
who had been most instrumental in the organization were 
in control. Their greatest work was the burial out of sight 
forever of the disease breeding Tiber creek: then comes 
the construction of ten miles of main sewer through which 
a horse and buggy might be driven, and eighty miles oi 
tile sewer; the laying of 157 miles of modern street pave- 
ment, 208 miles of sidewalk, 120 miles of gas main and 
133 miles of water main. The establishment of a sewer 
system and permanent grades for streets and avenues made 
possible the city of to-day. The cost of this, to be sure, was 
millions of dollars, but the money was not wasted, n< 
expended unintelligently or extravagantly. For the city s 
good, individuals had' to suffer. These attacked, with 
money and influence the municipal government and in 
succeeded in its overthrow, but not until its work 1 
accomplished. Employment had been given const; 
ing its existence to between fifteen hundred and two 1 
sand men. The total of all sums expended ii 
improvements was nearly fifteen millions. I >ver 



lions were expended on the streets and nearly two millions 
in the construction of sewers. Bridges and culvert- were 
built wherever needed. The extension of the water system 
cost nearly half a million. Four market houses wen 
erected. Mount Vernon Square was cleaned of the old 
shanties erected there and made a beautiful park. \'o 
greater nuisance existed in the city than this filth) spol in 
1871. Shepherd determined it should not be prolonged 
while waiting the slow action of the courts. Mis ami) 
of workmen demolished the buildings in a single night. 
Two adventurous person-, through their own folly, were 
struck by falling timbers and killed. This brought down 
another storm of indignation upon the head of Shepherd, 
whose life even was threatened. But where is the man 
to-day. who would say this improvement should not have 
been made. Those who now visit the new public libran 
building, located on this square, at the intersection of New 
York and Massachusetts avenues, will find it hard to imag- 
ine that a little more than thirty year- ago tin- beautiful 
square in the heart of the city was covered K tumble 
down buildings which would be a disgrace to the dirtiest 
alley. , 

In war limes. .Massachusetts avenue, except for a lew 
squares in the vicinity of Thirteenth street, had no visible 
existence, but was a broad common pasture, and neglected 
vista, without any interesting object along its who'.e extent. 
When Shepherd finished with it. two miles of a-phalmm 
had been laid, the squares, circle.- and intersection- parked. 
planted with tree- and enclosed. Regardless of propert) 
on either site, the avenue w a- -laded as if for a railroad 
bed. deep cuts and til's arousing antagonism block by block. 
This happened everywhere, and bearing that in mind, 11 
is no trouble to understand why Alexander R. Shepherd 
was then so execrated and win he i- now -. . honored. 

In February, 1874. a committee of investigation de- 
manded of Shepherd why, in bis improvement-, he had 
exceeded the amount of the appn.priati.in-. lie boldly 
declared that it had been done for the future citj and that 
the Government should assume this excess, a- ii had been 
greatly benefited without paying taxes upon it- public 
buildings. 

Governor Shepherd, alter be had been legislated .nit 
,,,- officei we m to Mexico, where b> the development of 
some extensive mining properties, be became wealthy. He 
died in 1902, and his remains were brought here for burial, 
arriving Max 4, 1903. The\ were received with high civic 
honors. The District offices and the public sclv 
closed as a mark of respect. Money lias been subscribed 
[ or a memorial monument. \i a meeting of prominent 
citizens held a short time after the new- of death wa- re 
reived here, Commissioner II. I'.. Macfarland paid tin- de- 
served tribute: 

"Governor Shepherd stands unique in the bisl 
,,.,. D i,tri 1 ■> II' «as the greatest of Ii 

an(] (li( ] ,,„„,. f r her than am of the other-. Ii 
an(J b] 1 .., L hat lovi of tin national capital wh 



68 



THE CITY OF WASHINGTON. 




DISTRICT BUILDING. 



THE CITY OF WASHINGTON. 



69 



those who have grown up in it can feci, he seized the 
opportunity which others did not even see, to begin the 
long-neglected work of making the city what its founder 
meant it to be. 

" Nearly thirty years have passed since the young gov- 
ernor started the new Washington. The progress made 
has not only redeemed his name and given him national 
fame, but it has made the future as secure as the past. 
It is certain that the work will go on. All the resultant- 
projects for the improvement, not only of the city of Wash- 
ington, but of the region outside in the District, which were 
brought together at the National Capital Centennial Cele- 
bration in 1900 and in consequence developed into what 
is known as the Senate Park Commission plans, are the 
outgrowth of Governor Shepherd's work, and are based 
on the plans of George Washington. The new interest of 
the country in the improvement of the national capital, 
so strikingly manifested and stimulated at the time of our 
Centennial Celebration, guarantees the success of our great 
enterprise. The recent expressions in the newspapers of 
the country in their remarkable tribute to Governor Shep- 
herd's memory, gave us a new evidence of the determina- 
tion of all the people to make the national capital all that 
it ought to be as the representative of such a country. We 
of the District of Columbia would be, of all men, the most 
ungrateful if we did not raise a monument to the man who 
has done more than any one else to make all this" possible." 

The territorial government was succeeded by the pres- 
ent form, which has stood a test of nearly a quarter of a 
century and bids fair to be permanent, for it has given 
almost universal satisfaction. It consists of three Commis- 
sioners, appointed by the President and confirmed by the 
Senate. One of the Commissioners must be an officer of 
the engineer corps of the army, with rank above that of 
captain, or having had fifteen years of service. All sub- 
ordinate municipal or District officials are appointed by 
the triumvirate. The salaries paid the Commissioners are 
$5,000 a year each, the engineer officer receiving in addition 
to his regular pay a sum sufficient to make $5,000. 1 [e also 
has two assistants, both chosen from the engineer corps, 
one of whom has charge of sewer work and the other ol 
highways. The Commissioners' salaries are paid out oi 
the national treasury, all others out of the District funds. 
All expenditures for District government and improvem.nt- 
are divided between the taxpayers of the District and the 
general Government. The Secretary of the Treasury also 
handles the District's funds. All legislation for the District 
is by Congress. 

An act of Congress of June 11, 1878, made permanent 
the present system of government for the national capital. 
The two civil Commissioners must have been actual resi- 
dents of the District for three years next before their 
pointment, and have claimed residence nowhere else dun 
that period. They are also required to give bond ii 
sum of $50,000 each. The term of office is three years, bu 
it may be extended indefinitely, at the pleasure of 
President. 



Hon. Henry B. F. Macfarland.— Wlu-n President 

McKinley on April 27, [900, sent to the Senate for approval 

the appointment of Henry I',. I". Macfarland as one of the 
Commissioners of the District of Columbia, he was fully 
aware of Mr. Macfarland's high qualifications for the 
responsible post which he was intrude. 1 to occupy. Mr. 
McKinlcv's selection of Mr. Macfarland evoked the uni- 
versal comment that he had found a man of absolute 
integrity, courage and capacity for this important position. 
Identified with the District Ft I, a student of 

virtually all of its affairs, both as citizen and correspondent, 
Mr. Macfarland carried int.. the District offices a keen 
appreciation of the needs of the District, and has 
constantly before Congress and the country to further its 
already advanced position a- the nation's beautiful capital. 
and the interests of the District Government. 




HON. HENRY B F. MACFARLAND 

Hciir\ I'.. I\ Macfarland 
February it. iS 1. 
farland, the well-known 
famih 1- Washington . 
Macfarland ivi 

at Rittenhousc Academy, and 
late Honorable \\ illiain 15. \N I 
of the District of Columbia. It 
the Washington 
chief of the bureau in 180.2. 
chief Washingti 
He has written for 11 
and is widclj known h 
Mr. Mad 



7 o 



THE CITY OF WASHINGTON. 



philanthropical organizations. He is a member of the Board 
of Trade, is a member of the Church of the Covenant, and 
a vice president of the Young Aim's Christian Association. 

He was commissioned Commissioner of the District 
of Columbia .May 5, [900, entered upon his duties and 
was elected president of the Board of Commissioners May 
9, 1900. Since then he lias held a number of positions 
of honor, prominent among which being the chairmanship 
of tin. National Capital Centennial Committee in 1900. 
lie delivered the centennial address at the While 1 louse 
Decembei [2, [900, and at the I 'an- American Exposition 
at Buffalo he delivered on September 3, [901, the District 
of Columbia address. He is president of the national com- 
mittee on change of Inauguration Day, and of the William 
McKinle) National Memorial Arch Association, of the 
Rock < nek Park Hoard of Control, and of the Washington 
Public Library Building Commission. He has been the 
orator of the District on many occasions. 

In ( Ictober, t888, Mr. Macfarland married Mary Lyon 
Douglass, daughter of ex-Commissioner John W. Douglass. 
Mrs. Macfarland is also prominent in philanthropic' work 
of Washington. They live at [816 F street, northwest. Mr. 
Macfarland's mother and sister live in their house at 1727 
I street, northwest. I lis brother, Lieut. Horace Macfar- 
land, V . S. X., distinguished himself in Cuban waters and 
afterward in the Philippines. 

Hon. Henry Litchfield West is but another striking 

example of the prominence attained in the affairs of the 
National and District Governments by graduates from the 
field of journalism. For many years a member of the staff 
of the Washington Post, Mr. West was one of the best 
known and most popular newspaper men at the national 
capital, 'm^\ when the signal honor of Commissionership of 
the I Hstrict of ( lolumbia was conferred upon him on ( Jctober 
[3, [902, the announcement was received with universal 
commendation by all who had the welfare of the District 
at heart, well knowing the -election was a wise and singu- 
larly happ) one. 

Although born on Staten Island. New York, Mr. West 
during the fort) three years of bis life, practically 
a resident of this District. His father, who bad risen from 
reporter to be editor in chief of the New York Commercial 
Advertiser, was called to Washington to assume an editorial 
position on Forney's Dail) Chronicle, and Mr. West, when 
a mere child, came with his parents to this city. He spent 

.boo] taught by Mr. Julius 
Soper. nn West street. \t one lime Mr. A. T. Stuart, now 
superintendent of schools, was one of the assistant teachers 
hool. Mr. West was compelled oil account of the 
death of bis father to leave school when only twelve years 
of age and earn his living, lb- began at the bottom of the 
ladder in the olhce of ihe Georgetown Courier, under the 
late J. I). McGill, working for $3 a week, and did all man- 
ner of work from writing local items for the paper to 
sweeping the il ing fires. I lis <•■ 



upon Washington newspapers bega"n with his employment 
as Georgetown reporter for the Washington Union, from 
which paper he went to The Lost in the same capacity. 
Upon The Post he rose to be city editor and then to be 
managing editor, resigning the latter position to become 
more closely identified with political work. As the political 
correspondent of the paper he has attended every national 
convention since 1888, and his descriptions of the dramatic 
episodes of those gatherings have been read with interest 
by the thousands of Post readers. He has also reported 
numerous State conventions and has watched the progress 
of every important campaign of recent years. At present 
Mr. West has charge of the department of American poli- 
tics in The Forum, his contributions to that magazine on 
political and Congressional topics having attracted wide 
attention. 




rtnienls 



oi Commissioner West are as follows: The metropolitan 

police, the street cleaning department, the assessor, the as- 
sistant assessors, and the personal tax department, the cor 
poration counsel, the auditor's office, the bathing beach, 
the almshouse, the workhouse, and the Washington Asylum 
Hospital, the adjustment of claims against the District, the 
office of the collector of taxes, the disbursing office, the 
regulation of hacks and hack stands, ihe public library, all 
licenses, with the exception of liquor, and the surgeons of 

.Mr. West's identification with District interests has 
been very thorough. After spending his boyhood in George- 
town he purchased, in course of time, a home on Capitol 
Hill and later acquired a comfortable residence on Harvard 
street. Columbia Heights. Hi- acquaintance with ever) 
section of the city is quite extensive, not onlj because of 



THE CITY OF WASHINGTON. 



actual residence, but because his position on the newspaper 
required him to familiarize himself with every locality. In 
addition to this, he has, in connection with his Congressional 
work, kept in touch with local legislation in Congress, fol- 
lowing each detail of the District appropriation bill. Mr. 
West enjoys the personal friendship of the Senators and 
Representatives who are upon the District and Appropria- 
tion committees, many of whom joined cordially and sin- 
cerely in urging his appointment upon the President. His 
thorough knowledge of local conditions and his intimate 
acquaintance with the Congressional end of the District 
government exceptionally qua'ified him for the work upon 
which he has entered with so much energy and success. 

Mr. West has been at times quite prominent in loc?l 
events. He was among those who were interested in the 
reception to the home-coming District regiment after the 
war with Spain and made the speech introducing President 
McKinley to the regiment and the vast audience gathered 
in Convention Hall upon the occasion of the presentation 
of the souvenir medals. He was also one of the commis- 
sioners from the District to the Tennessee Exposition. He 
has for years been a member of the board of directors of 
the Emergency Hospital and has also been connected in 
like capacity with other local institutions. He is president 
of the Columbia Go'f Club, is an ex-president of the ( iridiron 
Club, and is president of the Men's Club of Mount Pleasani 
Congregational Church. He is also a member of the Capital 
Club, and when the Co'umbia Democratic Club was in ex- 
istence was a member of that- organization. Mr. West's 
family consists of his wife, two daughters, and a son, the 
latter being With the Fish Commission. 

Colonel John Biddle.— The Engineer Commissioner 

of tfce District, Colonel John Biddle, was inducted into the 
office, which he now occupies with so much ability, on 
November i, 1901, relieving Captain Lansing 11. Beach, 
who had served as Commissioner from June 1, [898, to the 
time of Colonel "Biddle's appointment. Colonel Biddle is 
rightfully regarded as one of the ablest officers of the Corps 
of Engineers, United States Army. During the hostilities 
with Spain in 1898 he was constantly in the held, engaged 
in important work until relieved from duty in the Philip- 
pines a few months before his appointment as Commis- 
sioner. Colonel Biddle accomplished much municipal en- 
gineering work in Cuba and the Philippines, and is thor- 
oughly familiar with that subject. 

He was born in Detroit, Michigan, in [859, being tl 
son of William Shepard Biddle and Susan Dayton (< Igdeu 1 
Biddle. His primary education was received in the pub 
schools in Detroit and Philadelphia. After finishing his 
education in the public schools he entered the High School 
at Geneva, Switzerland, and Heidelberg, Germ 
also took courses at the University at Ann Arbor. Mi 
and is a graduate of the West Point Military Academy 
the class of 1881. Being one of the star gradua 
appointed second lieutenant, Corps of Engineers 
and in 1883 was promoted to first lieutenant. He s< 



with the battalion of engineers al Willett's Point, New 
York, until June 15. [884, when he was made engineer 
officer of the Department of Dakota, and remained on thai 
duty until December 15. [887, when he was appointed 
instructor of practical military engineering at West Point 
.Military Academy, occupying this post until 1891. In 1889 
he had charge of posl schools, and was afterwards placed 
on detached service at Johnstown, Pa'., immediately after 
the great Hood al that place, lie bad also charg 
1891 to 1898 of river and harbor work-., with headquarters 
at Nashville, Tennessee. In 1892 he was promoted to cap- 
tain, and in 1902 to major. With the inauguration of tin- 
Spanish war in .May. 1898, Colonel Biddle was appointed 
chief engineer, with the rank of lieutenant-colonel, United 
States Volunteers. He was first on duty at Chickamauga 
Park with Major-General Brooke. Colonel Biddli 




COLONEL JOHN BIDDLE 

panied General Miles' expedition to Porto Rico. n 
took part in the military operations with marked distinc- 
tion. Me was designated, with two other nftii 1 
General lames II. Wilson, to proceed to Washington 
with them the roval ensign of Spain, captured l>> the \meri- 
can troop 1 "■ die purpose of pr< 

the President. Colonel Piddle remained in Washinj 
onlv a few days, leaving for the South, where the army 
of occupation of Cuba was encamped. II. an 
j,l a ,l Cuba. Dccembci 5. 189S, with the Fourth I'ei 
Volunteers, and assisted in placing them in camp at that 
point and at Sancti Spiritus initiation of the 

country from Trinidad ] Kiddle 

- of Third I 1 



THE CITY OF WASHINGTON. 



under his orders. Under the supervision of Colonel Diddle 
considerable engineering work was accomplished, prom- 
inent among which was the building of a duck at the camp 
for unloading, i )n this battalion devolved the- honor of 
receiving the city .-11111 province of Matanzas from the Span- 
ish authorities. 

After having served as chief engineer officer of the 
department of Matanzas and Santa Clara, tie was honorably 
! from the volunteer army May 12, 1899. He 
did not leave Cuba, however, but remained with General 
I. II. Wilson, who was in command. He made plans and 
estimated for cleaning and repairing streets, emptying cess 
pools, and for the thorough sanitation of cities and towns; 
for surveys of harbors, and for construction and repair of 
roads in the provinces: for water supply for Cienfuegos, 
and defenses of Matanzas. In the autumn of 1899 his 
field of duty was changed from Cuba to the Philippines, 
where the insurrection was in progress and where active 
services were needed. Colonel Biddle left Matanzas, Cuba. 
September [9, [899, for New York, and arrived in Manila 
November -'5. tie was announced as engineer officer, De- 
partment of the Pacific, and the Eighth Army Corps. On 
March 29, [900, the Department of the Pacific having been 
discontinued he was announced as chief engineer officer, 
Division of the Philippines, and retained charge of this 
duty until April -7. 1901, when relieved by Major Clinton 
B. Sears. The character of this work was both military 
and civil on account of the nature of the Government in 
1I1, se islands. Colonel Biddle submitted detailed plans and 
descriptions of part of the present defenses of the Philip- 
pine Islands, prepared plans and started work on the harbor 
improvements of Manila and carried on extensive road 
construction througout the archipelago. From Augusl 7. 

April 28, [901, he was a member of a board, under the 
direction of the Secretary of the Navy, to make a survey. 
plans and estimates for the improvement of a harbor at 
the island of < .nam. Colonel Biddle was highly commended 
l>\ General Wilson For distinguished gallantry under lire 
ai the affair at Coamo, Augusl 9, [898. lie was also com- 
mended l>> Brigadier-General O. II. Ernst for daring and 
skillful reconnoitering in the movement at Coama and 
others. 

Hon. John Wesley Ross.— Among the many names 
"i ili" i who spent a life of usefulness and activity in the 
mine, 1 of the affairs of the District of Columbia, none 
stands forth more boldly than that of the late District 
Commissioner John \V. Ross, whose tenure of office >v 
[) er a period of twelve years, and whose death, 
so universally regretted, occurred on Jul) 28, two.-. A re- 
sume of the life of the late ( ointnissioner can not bin prove 
a shining example to any who elect 
a public life as a career. 

John Wesley Ross was born June 23, 1841, at Lewis- 
town, Fulton county, Illinois. 1 [ e prepare,! for colli 
bis native town and later attended the Illinois College, 



from which he graduated in 1861. In 1864 he entered 
the Harvard Law- School and completing the course there 
was admitted to the bar upon examination in open Supreme 
Court at Springfield, Ilk, in January. 1866. He practiced 
law in Lewistown up to 1S73, and for the last four years 
of this period was a member of the Illinois legislature, 
representing Fulton county district. In April, 1873, Air. 
Ross was admitted to the bar of the United States Supreme 
Court, and from that time made Washington his home. In 
1883 Mr. Ross was appointed lecturer in the law faculty of 
the Georgetown University upon the subjects of torts and 
common-law- practice. The universit) honored him with 
a degree of LL.D. in 1885. He continued to practice his 
profession in the city, associated with the late Mills Dean. 
He was appointed postmaster of the District in 1888 
and held that position until September 30, 1890, when he 




HON. JOHh 



LESLEY ROSS 



was appointed a member of the board of District Commis- 
sioners by President Benjamin Harrison, lie was for two 
terms president of the board of trustees of the public schools 
of the District. Mr. Ross was a Democrat and filled 
the positon of Democratic Commissioner through four 
terms. The unwritten law has been followed throughi ut. 
that the two civil Commissioners should not lie oi the same 
political party, lie was reappointed for a second term as 
Commissioner by President Cleveland on January 4. 1S04: 
lie was reappointed by President McKinlej on April 14. 
18117. and. finally, in [900, the same beloved President 
once more named him for appointment, lie served as 
president of three Boards of Commissioners. 

Commissioner Ross was one of the most universally 
popular men who have been members of the District's 
triumvirate. His wonderful popularity with the citizens 
was due to his great and kindly heart. lie was a cham- 



THE CITY OF WASHINGTON. 



n 



pion of the weak and afflicted, and earnestly believed 
and ever carried out his belief, that no matter how humble 
a person might be, each one had a right to be heard with 
patience. Mr. Ross was a man of unapproachable integrity, 
and no question was brought before him to which he did 
not give the fullest and most careful consideration. He 
respected the popular wishes of the residents of the Dis- 
trict. Mr. Ross was prominent in Masonic circles. 

In June, 1870, Mr. Ross married Miss Emma Tenney, 
a daughter of Franklin Tenney, a New Hampshire man, 
but for many years known in Washington as the proprietor 
of the National Hotel. From this union five children 
were born, four of whom survive. Mrs. Ross died in Janu- 
ary, 1879. Mr. Ross' eldest son, Lieut. Tenney Ross, of 
the United States Army, is at present stationed in Ohio 
after an extensive Philippine service. He is married, and 
has two children. Mr. Lee Ross, the second son, resides 
in this city. Mr. Ross made his home for the past few 
years with his two daughters on Yale street. In September, 
1888, Mr. Ross married Mrs. Isabelle McCullough, of Alle- 
gheny, Pa. 




EBB DARNEILLE 



Mopewell Hebb Darneille.— One of the most valua- 
ble acquisitions to the District government is Mr. Hopewell 
H. Darneille, the assessor of the District of Columbia. 
Mr. Darneille was born in Scottsville, Albemarle county, 
Virginia, October 7, 1868, and is a son of the late Benjamin 
J. and Henrietta Addison Darneille. Mr. Darneille came 
to Washington early in his youth and attended the public 
schools of this city, after which be entered Linthicum 
Institute, still later taking a course in law at the ( 1 
University. Mr. Darneille's first insight into public life was 
as a page in the House of Representatives, after which be 
in turn was private secretary to Representatives Plumb 
and Bean. At this juncture Mr. Darneille received an 
appointment in the office of th> Commissioners of the I 
trict of Columbia, and in 1888 was promoted to a responsil 



position in tbe office of ih c auditor for the District of Co- 
lumbia, where lie was engaged in auditing tin- accounts 
of the assessor and collector of taxes. Shortly thereafter, 
he was promoted to the position of pay clerk. After holding 
this place for several years he was again promoted to tin- 
office of disbursing clerk' of the District of Columbia, and 
when Congress a few years thereafter created tin 
of the disbursing officer of the District, he was clu 
its first incumbent. lie held this position until tin- fall of 
1899, when he was appointed assessor of tbe District of 
Columbia. I lis years of service, together with a well-trained 
and active mind, stand him in good stead in dispensing 
the manifold duties of his important as well as arduous ]>o>t. 

Mr. Darneille is a Mason and belongs to Federal 
Xo. 1. F. A. A. M. Mr. Darneille married Miss Man ( '.. 
daughter of B. Lowndes and Eliza Canby Jackson. Four 
children, Eliza C, Hopewell 11.. Jr.. Mary Elizabeth, and 
Louise R. Darneille. were born to Mr. and Mrs. Darneille. 
the last named having died while in infancy. Mr. am'. 
Mrs. Darneille reside at 2523 Thirteenth street, ro 

Alexander McKenzie, :i member of the permanent 

board of assessors, the eldest son of the late David Mc- 
Kenzie, St., of Southeast Washington, was born in the city 
of Baltimore. Maryland. May 9, 1848. His father, being 
a pronounced Lincoln Republican, and party feeling being 
very hitter, was compelled to leave his home in Baltii 
and seek refuge in Washington in 1X01. In the early part 
of the year 1862 he brought his family to this city, where 
they have since resided. I li> mother was Miss Elizabeth 
Stuart Dunns. Both of his parents were horn in Scotland, 
but came to this country when very young. Alexander Mc- 
Kenzie was educated in the public schools and 
bian University Law School. He has assisted in the 01 
ganization and management of several successful business 
enterprises, and is the secretary of the Washington Asphalt 
Block and Tile Company, and a member of the I? 
Trade, lie is a Republican in politics, and has held office 
under the city government since 1868. serving as deput> 
auditor from [884 to June 30, [902. II-- has served under 
every auditor of the District since the creation of ll 
in 1870, and has enjoyed the confidence of each to the fullest 
degree. I fe enjoys the distinction of havii 
an appointment to office nor a promotion, hut each 

p .motion was tendered to him without - 



menl 



on his 



isists of 

•- the \\a 



ommissar 

In tin 



t, including his recent promotion to llu 
Mr. Mckenzie's war re 

at Fort Lincoln dur- 
l tin- rebellion at the til 
.land. During this brief period he v. 
i 
vhen he was h 

v<- member, and has received for bis 



- from 1 
Masoni 



dntv and 



7 1 



THE CITY OF WASHINGTON. 



ternity recognition at the hands of his brethren. He is a 
past master of St. John's Lodge, No. n ; past high priest 
of Washington Naval Royal Arch Chapter, No. 6, and past 
grand high priest of the Grand Chapter of the District: a 




past commander of < Irient Commandery, No. 5. of Knights 
Templar, and the present deputy grand commander of the 
Grand Commandery of the District, and also a member of 
the Mystic Shrine. Mr. McKenzic was married about 
twenty years ago to Miss Alice E., the eldest daughter of 
the late 1.. William ( luinand. a prominent coal and wood 
dealer of this city, and president of the Anacostia and Po- 
tomac River Railroad Company. Me has one sun living, 
D dm Vinson McKenzie, aged fifteen years. 



l> m the world is it more 
hi the number of important 
young men, and the progres- 
licies pursued In these young 

tlir conduct "!' the affairs of the national capital. 

:ategor\ maj be prominently mentioned Mr. Francis 



Francis Nye.— In 
noticeabh than in Wai 
itrusted to the c 
sive, as well as aggressi 
men i 
In Ihi 

■ ol the assistant assessors for the District. Mr. 

ough hni thirty two years of age, has been closeh 

identified with the office of the District Commissioners Eor 

mounted step b\ step the ladder of promotion, until he is 
now 111 a portion which better allows a scope for his mani- 
fold capabilities. Francis X\< is a son of Luther 1'.. and 



His first employment was in the offices of Edmund 
Hudson, publisher of the Capital, the Army and Navy Reg- 
ister, the United States Government Advertiser, and the 
National Democrat. Commissioner Macfarland was then 
associated with Mr. Hudson, and it was there that he first 
became acquainted with Mr. Nye, Upon the failure of 
Mr. Hudson Mr. Nye became the correspondence clerk 
for James L. Barbour & Son. He entered the law school 
of Columbian University in 1893. from which he earned 
the degrees of LL.B. and LL.M. He was president of his 
class in the post-graduate year. He also served as- president 
of the Pro and Con Club, and is now the president of the 
[ngleside Tennis Club. After graduating from Columbian 
he took the post-graduate course at the National Universit) 
Law School, from which institution he also received the 
degree of LL. M. He then spent one year at the medical 
school of Columbian University, in order to familiarize him- 
self as far as possible with medical jurisprudence. 

Mr. Nye was appointed by Commissioner Ross im- 
mediately upon the availability of the appropriation allowing 
secretaries to the Commissioners. July 1. 1805. and he re- 
tained that position to the time of his appointment as assist- 
ant assessor, receiving promotion in salary on two previous 
occasions. 

Mr. Nye is a past master of Federal Lodge. No. 1. 
F. A. A. M., as well as a member of Columbia Royal Arch 
Chapter, No. 1; Washington Commandery. No. 1, Knights 
and of Almas Temple, of the Mystic Shrine. 



Ten 




Helen S. Puff< 


• X A e. and was horn on Ma 


\ 7. 1870. His 








earlier educatio 


1 was gained in Washington 


public and high 


Mr. Nve 


S married and resides at 1507 


Park street, north- 


schools, after n 


Inch he tool. ,1 course in the 


•ollege of Com- 


west, his 


vvife having been prior to 


ier marriage Miss 


mhraci 


lg stenograph} . h pew 1 iting 


and bookkeep- 


Celia Ma 


se, daughter i^\ Captain 1 [arr 


son and Mil 1 ' »le 








Mayse, 


Emporia, Kansas. 





THE CITY OF WASHINGTOX. 



75 



Snowden Ashford was born in Washington, D. C, 

January i, 1866. He is the eldest son of the late Mahlon 
Ashford, of Virginia, who for more than forty years was 
a resident of the District of Columbia and president of 




the first title insurance company of Washington. His 
mother is a member of the Snowden family of Philadelphia, 
Pa. He was educated at Rittenhouse Academy, of this 
city, and the Christian Brothers Roman Catholic School. 
He was prepared for college at the Lehigh Preparatory- 
School at Bethlehem, Pa., and passed examinations for 
a course in civil engineering in Lehigh University. He 
was afterward graduated from Lafayette College. Pennsyl- 
vania, having made ready for the architect's profession. 
Returning from college to Washington Mr. Ashford 
entered the office of A. B. Mullett. ex-supervising architect 
of the Treasury, and later was associated with John L. 
Smithmeyer, architect of the Congressional Library. For 
two years he worked as draftsman on the plans for the 
Congressional Library. With the completion of that work 
Mr. Ashford went to West Virginia to go into the build- 
ing business. In 1892 he returned to Washington and 
formed a partnership with Howard Sill, afterward prac- 
ticing his profession of architecture. Mr. Ashford entered 
the District service in 1895, when he was appointed assistant 
inspector of buildings. He revised the building regulations 
of the citv in 1900. and introduced the card system and 
other methods to increase the efficiency of the inspector's 
office. He prepared the plans and specifications 1 
school houses, engine houses and other Distri 
until, partially through his efforts, such w< 
to architects of the cit : 
under his 
married t( 



Un December 5, 1901, lie was promoted to the position of 
inspector of buildings, District of Columbia, to succeed 
the late John 13. Brady. Mr. Ashford is a member of the 
Washington Chapter of the American Institute of Archi- 
tects; was a member of the Meridian. University, Chevy 
Chase and Century Clubs, and belongs to the Sigma Chi 
and Theta Xu Epsilon fraternities, lie designed the music 
stands and arches for the Pension Building for Cleveland's 
inauguration and has served on citizens' committees on 
all prominent occasions, hi [8o/> he was appointed b\ the 
Commissioners a member of a committee to report on 
laws and regulations limiting the height "f buildii 1 
prepared the draft of the act now in force. 

Dr. James Ramsay Nevitt, tin 

Washington, is a s<>n of Robert l\. and Mary Ramsay Nevitt, 
and was born at " Naylor's Hold," Richmond county. Vir- 
ginia, on June 25, [867. After completing a course in the 
public schools of Washington, be entered Columbian Uni- 
versity, graduating with the class of [889. Liter he re- 
turned and took' his degree of medicine with lb' 
[892. Electing early in life to make medicine his prof 
Dr. Nevitt bent all his energies in that direction. He was 
appointed to the engineer department of the District in 1890, 
the while studying medicine, and was connected with tl 
Washington Asylum Hospital as a medical student in 1891 : 
in 1892 was in charge of the Contagious Diseasi Hospital, 
and the same year was appointed resident physician at the 
Washington Asylum Hospital. A year later Mr. Nevitt 



tildingf 
A". \a. 




resident 



ieinic in iS-i.). In 181 
the board of | 






76 



THE CITY OF WASHINGTON. 



gency Eospital. In 1900 Dr. Nevitt was made coroner, 
and also served as a medical examiner to the physicians to 
the poor. He received a reappointment as coroner from 
the President in [902. 

Dr. Nevitt is a member of the American Medical As- 
sociation, the Medical Society of the District of Columbia, 
as well as the Medical Association of the District. ( In De- 
cember [9, [894, Dr. Nevitt married Miss Mary C. Hine, 
daughter of Mr. and Mrs. L. ( ',. Mine, of Washington. 
Two children. Mary E. and Lernan Hine Nevitt, have been 
born 1- Dr. and Mrs. Nevitt. 

Dr. William Creighton Woodward was born December 
11. 1867, ai Washington, 1). C. His parents were Mark 
Rittenhouse Woodward and Martha Jane (Pursell) Wood- 
ward, both "i" Washington. He was educated in the public 




DR 



CREIGHTON WOODWARD 



schools of the District of Columbia, graduating from the 

Washington High School in 1885, ami received the degrees 

of doctor of medicine in 1889, of bachelor of laws in [899, 

.'Mid of master of laws in [900, all from the University of 

mi. Dr. Woodward was employed in the city 

fkc ai Washington from January 26, 1886, until 

Jul) ,;i. iS<n. serving mosl "I' dial period as financial 

clerk; was resident physician and superintendent of the 

Central Dispensary .md EmcrgcnC) Hospital, at Washing- 

1802, until December of the same year. At 

'■ -ih nf hi> father, he was 

• : ■ ■ 1 [c 

lo the poor, served in thai .... u it; until Jul 
when he ci for the 1 listrict ol Colum- 

bia. I hi i position he held until \ugusl 1. 1894, when he 



became health officer of the same jurisdiction, which office 
he now holds. He has served as secretary of the Board 
of Medical Supervisors of the District since July, 1896, 
when that board was first organized. 

Dr. Woodward is now professor of State medicine in 
the medical department of the University of Georgetown, 
and professor of medical jurisprudence in the law depart- 
ment of that institution and in the medical department of 
Columbian University ; is a member of the American Medi- 
cal Association and of the American Public Health Associa- 
tion ; of the Medical Society, the Medical Association, the 
Washington Board of Trade, and the Cosmos Club, all of 
the District of Columbia. Dr. Woodward is also a member 
of the bar of the District. 

Dr. Woodward married on February 14. 1895, Ray 
Elliott, daughter of Alexander and Mary Lavinia (Scaggs) 
Elliott, the offspring of this union being Paul Gilbert. 
Creighton Elliott, Doris (deceased), and Mildred. Dr. and 
Mrs. Woodward reside at Xo. 508 I street, northwest. 
Washington. 

Hon. Louis Addison Dent.— Few persons holding 
public office in Washington have had a more varied, interest- 
ing and useiuJ career than Louis Addison Dent, the present 
Register of Wills for the District of Columbia, which 
office was tendered him as a reward for his valuable services 
to the Government while the American Consul at Kingston. 
Jamaica, during the Spanish- American war. Mr. Dent has 
held numbers of court offices within the District, and as 
a court reporter is without a peer. 

Louis Addison Dent, born in Baltimore. Maryland. 
October 6, 1863, is the son of Addison and Mary J. 1 Simian 1 
Dent. His earliest American ancestor was Thomas Dent, 
who obtained a grant of land on the Potomac, oppOsit< 
the presenl site of Washington, and called it Guisborough, 
after the home town in Yorkshire. England, lie was one 
of the few Protestants in the colony, and was married to 
the daughter of Rev. William Wilkinson, and was a judge 
of the provincial court in 1659. From him descenred R< \ 
Hatch Dent, who was a captain in Smallwood's battalion 
of the Maryland line, the favorite troops of Washington, 
which became famous for their gallant action in saving 
the retreat of Washington at the battle of (iowanus, L. 1.. 
under Lord Stirling. Captain I latch Dent was wounded 
and languished for fourteen months in a British prison ship. 
lie afterwards took orders in the Church of England, and 
was the founder of the famous Charlotte Hall Academy. 
His grandson, Addison Dent, father o\ Louis A., served in 
the Mexican war in Sam Walker's mounted rifles. Louis 
A. Dent was educated in the schools of the Christian 
Brothers, in Washington and New York City, finishing 
an academic course at fifteen years of age. Mr. Dent's 

I literar) accomplishments are duly 

•eptably tilled. 
■1 prove interesting. 
Starling stenographer to 

Colonel James 1 ,. Payne, auditor of 1' "Strict Supreme 



THE CITY OF WASHINGTON. 



Court. There Mr. Dent remained for two years, when 
he resigned to become an examiner in chancery, acting as 
court reporter at the same time, studying law the while with 
the firm of Hanna & Johnson, with whom he remained until 
1885. During this period he was also private secretary 
to Hon. R. R. Hitt. During the same year, at the sugges- 
tion of Mr. Hitt, Mr. Dent served in the capacity of "sten- 
ographer to Hon. James G. Blaine. For the following 
two years Mr. Dent was closely associated with Mr. Blaine 
in the preparation of the latter's various books, notably 
his - Twenty Years of Congress," Mr. Dent having 
the distinction of being the first stenographer ever em- 
ployed by Mr. Blaine in his literary work. Through 
the influence of Mr. Blaine Mr. Dent received the appoint- 
ment as official reporter of the Maine House of Representa- 
tives in the year 1886. Upon Mr. Blaine's departure for 




HON. LOUIS ADDISON DENT 



Europe, in 1887, Mr. Dent secured a clerkship in the War 
Department, under the civil service laws, and a year and 
a half later he was made a bookkeeper in the cash room 
at the United States Treasury. When Mr. Blaine returned 
from Europe and resumed the duties of the State Depart- 
ment, he sent for Mr. Dent and appointed him first his ste- 
nographer and later his private secretary, Mr. Dent remain- 
ing with h.'m for the ensuing three years of his term as 
Secretary of State. He was invaluable to Mr. Blaine as 
his literary aid, and was intimately associated with him 
during the last years of his life, studying with him. closely, 
the foreign affairs of the United States ami assisting him in 
his important diplomatic correspondence. 1 Ie twice inspect- 
ed the consular service in the West Indies and Mexico, trav- 
eling particularly through the whole of Cuba, and after Mr. 
Blaine's retirement from the cabinet, in iS<)-\ he acted ; 
private secretary for Blon. John W. Foster for a short peri< 



and was later consul at Kingston, Jamaica. I taring Mr. 
Cleveland's term Mr. Dent was engaged in literary work, but 
m June. 1897. he was restored to his position at Kinj 
President McKin'ey. < In reaching the island lu- detected the 
existence of yellow fever, and was stricken with it. Hi. 
services in exposing the conspiracy to suppress know 
the epidemic not only attracted the attention of the marine 
hospital service of the I nited States.but brought about many 
needed reforms in the medical laws and medical organization 
of the island and the expenditure of large sums in improving 
the sanitation of Kingston. During the Spanish-American 
war his labors were unremitting. His extensive kn 
of Cuba and its coasts and bis close relations with the officials 
of Jamaica enabled him to render valuable services in aiding 
refugees to escape from Cuba, in furnishing pilots to the 
American fleet, in procuring special facilities from the Bi itish 
government for American war vessels, and in giving infor- 
mation of the movements of the numerous Spanisl 
on the island, and of vessels engaged in the attempted pro- 
visioning of Cuba. After the war Mr. Dent took advan- 
tage of a proposed new tariff for Jamaica to bring on a 
controversy in the press and the legislature, which ultimately 
forced Mr. Chamberlain to negotiate reciprocity treat 
for Jamaica and the other British West India c< 
In 1899 Mr. Dent resigned as consul to accept tin 
ment of Register of Wills of the District of Columbia. In 
accepting his res'gnation Secretary Hay vvroti 
Department 01 State, 

Washington, < Ictober 4, 
Louis A. Dent, Esquire, 

Washington, D. C. 
Sir: — 1 have to acknowledge the receipt of your com- 
munication of the J71I1 ultimo, by which you tender your 
resignation of the office of Consul of the Unitei 
at Kingston. Jamaica, in order that you may enti 
the discharge of the new office of Register of Wills at 
Washington, with which the President ha- beei 
to honor you. Your resignation having been laid before 
the President. 1 am directed by him to inform you that 
it is accepted. In carrying out this direction, it g 
pleasure to express the President's, my own and tl 
partment's high appreciation of the cfficienc\ and zeal with 
which you have performed your official duties. Especial!) 
do I desire to commend the high intelligence, the 111 
vigilance and the untiring energ) with which you ■ 
to the interests of your countn at a most imporla 
during the late war with Spain. With best wishes I 
future welfare and happiness, 1 am. Sir. 
Your obedient servant. 
(Signed) John 

Mr. IKiii was married in Washington. June 3 
to Kale E., daughter of Louis II. and Catharine (Ilinniani 
Yost. They have font children Ri 
Edward Addison, and Kalherit 
is a member of the ( blumbia I I 
Lodo-e Mo. 14. k. A. A. M.: Mount Vernon R. A I 
No. \ : Washington 1 ommandi 1 \ Kn 1 ; 
Association ; 1 arroll Institute, and was one of the r< 
committee of the National 1 apital ' 1 ntennial, ioj* , ami lh< 
inauguration con 



;■■• 



THE CITY OF WASHINGTON. 



Hon. John A. Merritt. — The present postmaster of 

Washington, John A. Merritt, may justly be termed a prod- 
uct of the State of Michigan. His parents. John M. .Merritt 
and Nanc) lv. Albright, were both natives of Niagara, Niag- 
ara county, State of New York. Mr. Merritt was born No- 
vember 24, 1851, at Tecumseh, Michigan. Eight years later 
his parents moved to Lockport, X. Y.. where Mr. Merritt 
received his education, finally graduating with the highest 
honor.-, from the Lockport High School. Until he reached 
his majority, Mr. Merritt was engaged in various pursuits 
of business. In [880 he was admitted to the bar of the 
State of Yew York and soon after formed a partnership 
with A. A. Bradley, which still exists. When but twenty- 
four years of age Mr, Merritt was the Repubilcan nominee 
for sheriff of Niagara count). Yew York, hut failed of 
election. In 1880 he was elected county clerk of Niagara 
county and served in that capacity from 1881 until 1886. 
In [890 Mr. Merritt gained his first insight into the conduct 
of the affairs of a Government office, when President Har- 
rison appointed him postmaster of Lockport. He has been 
an active member of the Lockport Board of Education for 
eleven years and for five years was its president. In 1897 
he was appointed Third Assistant Postmaster-General by 
President McKinley. This post he resigned three years later 
to accept his present position. Mr. Merritt is also actively 
engaged in the manufacture of paper, being the secretary 
and treasurer of the Niagara Paper Mills. 

Mr. Merritt is reckoned as one of the most astute and 
straightforward leaders of his party in his State, being a 
man of pleasing address and charming manners. He is 



also a Free Mason, being a member of the Red Jacket 
Lodge, No. 646, Lockport. New York. Mr. Merritt married 
Miss Seraph A. Hyde, daughter of Mr. and Mrs. David H. 




Hyde, of Lockport, New York. They have one -on, Y. 
Allan Merritt, who at present holds the responsible position 
of cashier at the city postomce in Washington, H. C. 




RUST HALL 



CHAPTER IX. 



THE WHITE HOUSE. 




HE year 1902 marks a new epoch in the 
history of the building first called "the 
President's House," now officially termed 
" The Executive Mansion." but better 
known the nation over as " The White 
House." This home of Presidents has 
just passed through the most extensive 
modernizing it has ever known, and yet 
today remains practically the same as that 
in which John Adams and his wife Abi- 
• gail resided in the winter of 1800-01. It 

has seen many changes, both inside and out, but the im- 
provements just completed for President Roosevelt have 
been largely in the nature of a restoration. The executive 
offices, detached from the building, give to the home of the 
President something of a privacy which no other President 
has ever really enjoyed, while on the other hand, visitors 
ma)' still obtain access to all the State parlors. 

' How the " White House " got its name is largely a 
matter of tradition. One story is that it was so called after 
the early home of the wife of Washington on the Pamunkey 
River, in Virginia. If this be true it is a little singular 
that it was not so named until long after Mrs. Washington's 
death. In the early documents, letters and newspapers it 
was always spoken of as " The President's House." and 
it is more than likely that it never had the now popular 
and widely known name until after it was rebuilt in [815. 
British vandals left only the stone walls standing and these 
were so blackened by the fire that painting was necessary 
in order to give the outside of the building a decent appear- 
ance. White paint was used and thus it became " The 
White House," a name that has stuck- more closely than 
the paint, for the latter has often been renewed. The official 
name of " The Executive Mansion " came some years later. 
The first published mention of this building was in 
the Georgetown Weekly Ledger, in which appeared the fol- 
lowing advertisement, bearing date of March 14, \J<)-- 

Washington, in the Territory of Columbia. 
A PREMIUM 
Of five hundred dollars, or a medal of that value at thi 
option of the partv, will be given by the Commissioners 
of the Federal Buildings to the person who, before the 
fifteenth day of July next, shall produce to (hem the mosl 



approved plan, if adopted b\ them, for a PRESIDENT'S 
HOUSE to be erected in this city. The site <>i" the building, 
if the artist will attend to it. will of course influence tin- 
aspect and outline of his plan, and its destination will 
point out to him the number, size and distribution of the 
apartments. It will lie a recommendation of any plan, if 
the central part of it may be detached and erected Or the 
present, with the appearance of a complete whole, and In- 
capable of admitting- the additional parts, in future, if they 
shall be wanting. Drawings will be expected of tin- ground 
plats, elevations of each front, and sections through the 
building in such directions as may be necessan t" explain 
the internal structure, and an estimate of the cubii 
brickwork composing the whole mass of the walls. 

Tin: COMMISSI' iNERS. 

James Hoban. a young Irish architect, who, in his 
design copied largely from the plan of the palace of the 
Duke of Leinster, in Dublin, was the successful competitor. 
His design was approved, he received the premium and 
was engaged at a salary of one hundred guine- 
as superintendent of construction. Hoban was not an un- 
known youth, but had resided several years at Chi 
S. C, and was one of the leading architects there. lie 
remained a resident of Washington until his death in 1831, 
having accumulated in the practice of hi- profession a com- 
fortable property. 

President Washington, Grand Master - 
Lodge, laid the corner stone "i the White House, with t 
masonic ceremonies. October 13. 1792, in the presi 
nearly even residenl of the District and man) 
Construction was pushed as rapidl) as possible, hul owing 
to difficulty at various times in raising funds it 
finished inside in [80O, as shown b) the pr« 
letters of Mrs. Adams. The total of all expenditui 
the building, up to the date of its destruction b\ tit 
had been $333.20/. It was rebuilt an. I refurnished within 
an appropriation of $300,000, and reopened to the public 
lamiarv 1. 1818. The walls are o 

the architecture Grecian, Earl) pictures of the building 
indicate that it was the intention of the an 
i, f r0I1 | U pon Pennsylvania avenue, which •■■ 
south of tin dweirnp The Northern front with 
portico, fonic columns and driveway was an additi. 
desirable bj tin grou It ol tin cit ' - 1 -- 
than toward the Potol 



THE CITY OF WASHINGTON. 



by the first Commissioners the buildings for the Executive 
Departments were to be placed immediately south of the 
President's House, on either side of the garden, which was 
to extend to the Potomac, leaving the official residence 
visible iron, every quarter and giving a finish to its appear- 
and- from the South. But because the ground was too 
low upon these locations and too costly a foundation would 
be required, the first brick buildings for the State, Treasury, 
War and Navy Departments were erected immediately to 
the east and west. During Jackson's administration the 
Treasury was destroyed by fire, and Congress made appro- 
priation for a new building "on such site as the President 
-hould designate." The story goes that the location of the 
Treasury building aroused many disputes and after a long 
delay, the President, while looking over the ground in com- 



the White House until after the battle of Bladensburg 
had been fought. She carried away with her a carriage 
load of valuable public papers packed into trunks, and the 
Stuart portrait of Washington, which she removed from 
its frame. When she returned a few days later, only the 
blackened walls of the building remained. 

Congress appropriated $300,000 for rebuilding and re- 
furnishing under the direction of Hoban. the architect who 
designed it, and January 1, 1818, the building was again 
open to the public. The National Intelligencer did not 
seem to think it necessary to describe the interior, which of 
course everybody in Washington went to see on Xew Year's 
Day, and prints therefore on'y these few lines : 

" The President's House for the first time since its 
restoration was thrown open yesterday for the general 




pane with Robert Mills, the architect, suddenly st 
cane into the ground saying: " La\ the corner st< 
righl here." This location shul off the view of th 
I hmse along h' streel and in the next sess 
a determined effort was made to slop the 
then progressed too far. The grand Sou 
the Treasury building is an imposini 



< ms 
stone here. 
the White 

but .1 had 
portico of 
m cannol 
- not been 



help feelings of regret that the original y 
carried oul and thai the ( 'apilol is no lot 
the White I louse and vice 

be chronicled about the White House until 

[81 1 when the British marched into the city and applied the 

the public buildings. Mrs. Madison did not leave 



reception of visitors. It was thronged from 12 to 3 o'clock 
by an immensely large concourse of ladies and gent. emeu, 
among whom were to he found the foreign ministers, heads 
of departments. Senators and Representatives, and others 
of our distinguished citizens, residents and strangers. It 
was gratifying to be able to salute the President of the 
United States with the compliments ><i the season in his 
appropriate residence." 

Still poorl) furnished was the White Mouse when 
lames Monroe entered it. and the furniture, what there was 
of it, looked out of place in such stately rooms. Outside, 
the debris of the fire laj scattered over the grounds. The 
l-'.ast Room was given up to the children for a play room 
in stormy weather. Ashamed of the shabby character 



THE CITY OF WASHING 1 1 ' V. 



of the furnishings Congress ordered a silver plated dinner 
set and also bought in Paris ? stately set of furniture that 
had been ordered but not accepted by King Louis XVIII. 
Upon each piece was painted the royal arms of France, 
but before the furniture was shipped to this country, these 
were erased and the American eagle substituted. This 
furniture remained in the White House for more than half 
a century. 

When John Ouincy Adams became President, $14,000 
more was appropriated for refurnishing, particular attention 
being had to giving the East room a more hospitable ap- 
pearance, as it was then used not only for receptions but 
also for state dinners. The Richmond Inquirer in 1827 
printed a letter, purporting to have been written " by a 
distinguished member of Congress " who had attended the 



candles held in tin candlesticks hung upon nails driven 
into the wall. The lighted candles dripped wax upon the 
floor and upon the clothes <.f those who chanced 
beneath them. 

Presidenl Jackson he'.d a reception in the White [louse 
immediately after his inauguration at which it was an- 
nounced refreshments would be served. Of this reception 
Judge Story wrote: "The President was visited at the 
palace by immense crowds of people, from the highest and 
most po'ished to the most vulgar and gross in the Nation. 
I never saw such a mixture. The reign of King Mol 
triumphant." Several other writers have left reports of the 
disgraceful doings in the White I louse at this time. I 
ident on his return from the Capitol was 'itcrallv pursued 1>> 
the mob, on foot, <>n horseback, in carriages of everv de- 




New Year reception, describing " the gorgeously furnished 
East Room," declaring that Mr. Adams was living in a 
manner more befitting a prince than a President, and say 
ing that this expenditure of the people's money was wasteful 
extravagance. This description was what is known now- 
adays as "a campaign lie," for the gorgeous furniture, 
outside of that bought in France for President Monroe, 
existed nowhere but in the mind of the writer. Nathan 
Sargent, in his book " Public Men and Events," tells 11 
the East Room at that time was most meagerl) fu 
Some very large mirrors had been bun- over the m 
and three marble topped tables lined the center ol the 
room. Apart from these the furniture in the entire n 
had not cost $50. There were no chandeliers, al- 



most primitive means 



s of lighting 



ised b} 



scription, all rushing to get into llv Mansion. 

where the main supph of eatables and ilrinkabl< 
although tubs of punch and other drinkables had 



out 



s. Hundreds of dollars worth 
pon that day. and chin;, and gin 

broken to even a greater amount. Men with great muddy 

| D00ts Mood upon tiic damask chairs until tin 

them, and all manner of f 1 and drink w. 

and trampled into the carpels, until tl 

like pig stys than the abode of the l 

Nation* I iln a 1; " ,v "" ,lis arm " 

.1 a wall and he and ' 

panion v. 

his friends who linked their arm- and thus formed a living 
,n was a man 



.2 



THE CITY OF WASHINGTON. 



one who disliked ceremony even more than J< fiferson. 
He smoked his corncob pipe in the best parlors and his 
friends did likewise, but lie abandoned the practice 
inaugurated by President Monroe of loading tables 
with food and drink at the public receptions, and it 
has never been done since. During Jackson's admin- 
istration bale in the way of expensive furnishings 
was added to the White House. 

Martin Van Buren was a man of refined and 
somewhat extravagant tastes, as indicated by the re- 
pairs and additions he caused to be made to his official 
residence. Representative Tyler, of Pennsylvania, in 
Juiy, 1N40, made a speech in the House which lasted 
through several days, in which he set forth all the 
extravagances of the administration and declared thai 
evil times had indeed fallen upon the nation. This 
speech is very good reading, even at this late day. 
Here is a fair sample extract: 

" What will the plain Republican farmer say when 
iie discovers! that our economical reformers have ex- 
pended ^13,000 of the people's cash for looking glasses, 
lamps and candlesticks? What would the frugal 
Hoosier think were lie to behold a Democratic pea- 
cock in full Court costume, strutting by the hour lie- 
fore golden framed mirrors nine feet high and four 
and a half feet wide? Why, sir, were Mr. Van Buren 
to dash into the palace on the back of his Roanoke 
race-horse, he cou.d gaze at and admire the hoofs of 
his charger and his crown at the same instant of time, 
in one <>f those splendid mirrors! 

" Mr. Chairman, there is much truth and sound 
plnlosopliy in Poor Richard's advice, 'Early to bed 
and ear.) to r se makes you healthy, wealthy and wise,' 
lint it is clear that our new economists have little 
faith in early rising, else they would not have laid out 
seven thousand dollars of the people's money in lamps 
and candlesticks. 

"The Court fashion of sleeping out the day and 
waking on! the night, results in keeping the palace 
door closed, save to persons entitled to the entree, 
until i' n o'clock a. 111. 

" h was Inn a few days ago that an honest coun- 
tryman, on his way to the fishing landing after break- 
last, having some curiosity to behold the magnificent 
East Room with its gorgeous drapery and brilliant m'rrors, 
rang the he'.l at the great entrance door of the palace. Forth 
with the spruce English porter in attendance came to the 
door and seeing only a plain person on foot there, slammed 
the door in hi- face, saying: ' Yon had heller come at seven 
o'clock. Tin President's rooms are not open until too'clock 
in the morning,' Whereupon the plain farmer turned on 
his heel with the cutting remark, ' I am thinking the Presi- 
dent's Mouse will he open before dav the all, of March, 
body, for old T,p is a mighty' early riser, and was 
never caught napping, lie will not allow stipe- to he 
insolent to five men.'" 




In Zachary Taylor's achr 
newh carpeted and rcdecor 

lets supplanted the 
November, In Jul\ next the 
state in this room. 1 
velvt 1 irimmed with white 



cnanciei 



d candelabra. That was 
md\ of ( leneral Taylor lav 
rnificenl catafalque of bla 
1 1 in and silver lace. 



LAFAYETTE. 

At President Filimore's request the oval sitting room, 
now known as the Blue Room, was titled up as a Library 
and Mrs. Fillmore selected the books to fill the cases. She 
was a student and a great reader and the greater part of 
her waking hours, not occupied in social duties, were spent 
in this room, which affords a magnificent view of the 
Potomac anil of the Virginia hills. Here, too, her .laughter 
had her piano, bar]) and guitar. 

At the close of the civ 1 war the Mansion presented, 
indeed, a forlorn appearance. Throughout ~.\) the lower 
rooms soldiers had had free range while the necessarj 

guards sleeping on sofas, tables and chairs and tramping 
over the carpets with mudd) boots had wrought sad havoc 
with the furniture. Throngs of people visited tin house 
daily and no public ball could have looked much worse than 
the Past Room. Martha Patterson, oldest daughter of 
President Johnson, superintended the renovation that took 



THE CITY OF WASHINGTON. 






place in the spring of 1866, for which Congress had 
made an appropriation of $30,000. Her simple, refined 
taste produced some of the most attractively decorated 
and furnished rooms the House had ever known. 

When General Grant became President, however, 
in 1869, the White House was again completely re- 
furnished. The East Room, " The Nation's Parlor." 
had an inviting look and here visitors were always 
made welcome as they are today. It is thus described 
by Mrs. Lock wood : 

" A soft Turkish carpet, a present from the Sul- 
tan of Turkey, covered the floor. Heavy lace curtains 
draped the windows, over which hung heavy broca- 
tel'.e, surmounted by gilt cornices. The walls and 
ceilings were frescoed, and chairs and sofas were 
cushioned in keeping with the draperies. The three 
crystal chandeliers shed the radiance of myriads of 
miniature suns. Eight large mirrors decorated the 
room, and the portraits of Washington, Lincoln. John 
Adams, Martin Van Buren, Polk, and Tyler, hung 
on the walls. Clocks and bronzes made up the or- 
naments." 

In the last vears of President Grant's administra- 
tion new furniture again replaced the old in the great 
parlor. The Blue Room was also redecorated and re- 
furnished and its reputation for beauty spread through- 
out the land. The principal change in the White 
House during the admhristration of President Hayes 
was the banishment of all intoxicating beverages, not 
even light wines being permitted at State dinners. 

Conservatories adjoining the White House on the 
west, were built by President Arthur, and added to 
under the Cleveland administration. Here Mrs. Mc- 
Kinlev, too, loved to sit. These have now been torn 
awav and a flat, one-story office building erected. The 
outside appearance of the House and grounds has 
not been improved by the changes recently 1 
severe criticism, not only of the architects, but of 
those who accepted the result of their work, has 
been made in Congress and in the public press. The 
" renovation " has been radical in the extreme, and the 
people generally do not like the great departure from that 
to which they had been so long accustomed. Nearly half 
a million dollars have been spent on the alterations and 
additions, besides $65,000 for the executive office. While 
outwardly there is little to show for this expenditure, yet 
the work of strengthening the foundations, the replacing 
of old wooden beams and girders with the best of steel 
has made the cost little less than it would have been if 
structure had been entirely rebuilt. For some years fears 
had been entertained of the safety of the floors when crowded 
as they have been at the public receptions, and before the 
last social season the number of invitations issued to 
reception had been considerably reduced on this 
Besides the steel joists and beams there were used i 
foundation pillars underneath the mansion about 
brick, enough to build a good-sized dwelling 




roof, too. \ 
wooden hit 



The old 



ROCHAMBEAU. 

noved, and a new one pul nn. The nltl 
as been transformed int< 
structure, and, except for the change i" the fun 
Of the rooms one can hardly realize that the bell 
of half a million dollars has been spent in makil 
improvements. 

The state dining room I 
old north wall of this room having I) 
hallwa\ added. One hundred guests maj Ik seated in this 
room. Formerly when large diplomatic din- 
it was neccssan to spread the tables i„ the hallu 
the East Room' as was done when 
many, was entertained last year. The hist 
down which Presidents. Cabyi 
receiving parties for nearh a hundii 
have been taken away, 

c will the Mat 



8 4 



THE CITY OF WASHINGTON. 



and his parly by the old familiar bugle call and then " Hail 
to the Chief." 

The floor of the now dining-room is laid in oak par- 
quetry and the walls are of dark English oak. Upon the 
walls are exhibited the trophies of the President's skill 
in tlie chase, the heads of mountain lions, moose and deer. 
Among them is a magnificently mounted head of the finest 
ver killed in Alaska. As before, the state dining- 
room may be entered from the Red Parlor or from the main 
hallway. The President's private dining-room in the north- 
west corner of the building, adjoins the state dining-room. 
A private hallway, at the end of which is an elevator, affords 
access. 

The Tiffany stained glass partition, which was built 
in the Arthur administration, shutting off the vestibule 
from the main hallway, has been taken away and the great 
hall now appears as the architect intended it. 

The principal outward evidences of the renovation are 
the removal of the conservatories and the constructing of 
the two low wings which run eastward and westward from 
the main building. In the west wing is the executive office 
of the President. A portion of this wing is the foundation 
oi iln old conservatory, converted into a terrace with a 
colonnade along the southern side. Underneath this terrace 
rooms are lilted up for servants' quarters, laundry, etc. The 
colonnade affords a private passageway for the President 
from the White House to the executive office. Still another 
pleasing feature is a balustrade with floors of granolithic 
cement and parapet walls two and a half feet high which 
arc adorned with electric lights, and where potted plants 
may be grouped in great profusion. In summer this balus- 
trade, fanned by the cool breezes from the Potomac, will 
he a most enjoyable place. The corresponding terrace on 
the east side of the White House has for its main purpose 
the comfort and convenience of the invited guests at state 
dinners, receptions and other social functions. All guests 
now niter through a porte-cochere at the extreme eastern 
end of this terrace. If the weather be fair they may pass 
along a colonnade until they enter the White House on the 
basement floor; <>r the} may enter any one of a number 
of doors which open from a long room upon the colonnade. 
This room, during receptions, is devoted entirely to the 
caring for cloaks, hats and wraps, accommodations for the 

1 apparel of 2,500 people being provided. Passing 

into it,,' basement of the W hitc I louse, on either side of the 
hallwa) are dressing looms, and a staircase twelve feel 



wide leading up to the old hallway west of the East Room. 
At the southeastern corner of this terrace is a large room 
used as headquarters for the police department stationed 
at the White House and in the grounds. 

A huge, ornamental bronze lantern, three and one-half 
feet square and four and one-half feet high, weighing 
1,000 pounds and enclosing eighteen electric incandescent 
lights, has been bung in the porte-cochere of the north 
front. All the old iron lanterns which for so many years 
have ornamented the great Ionic columns, have been con- 
signed to the scrap heap. 

Amusing, indeed, are the comments which have been 
made upon the White Plouse at various times in its history. 
In the early years it was said to be too large, too palatial, 
too extravagant, and even so late as when the Smithsonian 
Institution was organized, in 1842. a writer in The Demo- 
cratic Rcviciv, after urging that the mansion be sold to the 
Institution for a museum, said : " Let the residence of the 
President be transferred to a more modest mansion. . . . 
and the only wonder would some come to be how wc could 
ever have so long tolerated to see and hear of ' the Palace of 
the President.' " 

Charles Burr Todd, in his " Story of Washington." 
written in 1S89, calls it " The People's Palace." and " The 
American Valhalla," and ends by saying: " Without doubt 
the White House is, as has been said, antiquated in appear- 
ance, deficient in sanitary requirements and modern con- 
veniences, and should be superseded by a President's house 
more in harmony with the wealth and dignity of the Nation. 
But when this is done, another site should lie chosen, and 
the present building with its fittings and furniture he pre- 
served intact — a second Mount Vernon — for the instruc- 
tion and inspiration of the people." 

Many elaborate plans have been drawn for a new White 
House, grand palaces mainly, hut the good sense of Presi- 
dents and of Congresses have prevented any attempts to 
construct them. The utilitarian improvements recently 
made, although severel) criticized in Congress, as any one 
interested may note by examination of the Congressional 
Record of February, 1003. will, it is believed, prove con- 
clusively to all thai a great improvement has been accom- 
plished, both in facilitating the transaction of the public 
business, and in providing the President, during his official 
residence in Washington with something more of the com- 
forts of a home than was possible in years past. 



w- 



CHAPTER X. 



THE CAPITOL. 




along the river 



A.SHINGTON is the Mecca of all patriotic 
Americans and the Capitol is the center 
of attraction not only to visitors, but also 
to residents. L'Enfant, in laying out the 
city, chose the most prominent eminence 
for the location of the " Federal House,'' 
as the early fathers of the Government 
styled it, and having in mind the ancient 
saying that " all roads lead to Rome," 
connected that spot by broad avenues with 
all ex:'sting roads, and with every point 
where it was proposed to locate any public 
work. The Capitol of to-day, surpassing in its stately 
simplicity, magnificence of location, and beauty of its sur- 
rounding plaza, its grassy lawns, its well-kept shrubbery, 
wide-spreading sycamores ami winding roads and foot- 
paths, has been the slow growth of a century. In the 
earlier pages of this history have been given illustrations 
showing its appearance at the time when it was two de- 
tached buildings ; again when connected by a low shed-like 
structure; later, when the rotunda was built but surmounted 
by a low, squatty dome; then the building as it appears 
to-day, with its lofty dome surmounted by the gigantic 
bronze statue of Freedom. It is a liberal education to 
know all that is represented lay the buildings, monuments, 
statues and other works of art in the national capital ; 
and in the pictures, statues, busts, doors and stones, even, 
of the " Federal House " one may read nearly every chap- 
ter of his country's history. Not one book, but many, 
might well be written about this noble structure, the Pan- 
theon of American Liberty. Within its walls, for mure 
than a century, history has been made, and no noteworthy 
event has happened that has not been discussed in Senate 
House or Representative Forum by the master intellects 
of the time. The debates of Congress furnish a veritable 
treasure house for the historian, while the building itsell 
is to all a source of inspiration as well as of admiration. 
Contrast, however, the magnificent structure of to-day 
with the first Capitol as outlined in the following adver- 
tisement for plans published in the "Georgetown Ledger," 
in March. 1792 : 



Washington, in the Territory op Columbia. 
A PREMIUM 
' »'' a lot in this city, to be designated bv impart,.,! judees 
and FIVE HUNDRED DOLLARS; or'a MEDA1 of Ss 
value, at the option of the partv, will be given by the Com- 
missioners of the Federal Buildings to tin p, 
fore the fifteenth day of July, [792, shall produce 10 tlicm 
the most approved plan, if adopted bv them, for a CAP- 
ITOL to be erected in this citv; and TW< I HUNDRED 
and FIFTY D( 1LLARS, or a ME] >AL, for the plan deemed 
next in merit to the one the) shall adopt. The building 
to be ot brick and to contain the following apartment* 
to wit : 

A conference room. 
A room for the representatives. 

Sufficient to accommodate 300 persons each. 
A lobby, or ante chamber to the latter. 
A Senate room of [200 square feet area. 
An ante-chamber, or lobby to the la-t. 

These rooms to he of full e'evation. 
Twelve rooms of six hundred square feet area. each, foi 
committee rooms and clerk's offices, to he of half th 
tion of the former. Drawings will he expected of the 
ground plats, elevations of each front, and sections through 
the building in such directions as may he m 
plain the internal structure, and an estimate of f 
feet of brickwork composing tin- whole mass 

I III COMMISSK INERS. 

Sixteen persons, among them Stephen I., llallett, a 
French architect, and Dr. William Thornton, an I 
man, submitted plans, in resjKMlSC to this advertisement. 
Thornton was merely a draughtsman, not an architect, but 
his plans met with favor in the eyes -1' President Wash- 
ington, who wrote to the Commissioners Taiwan 31, 1798, 
quite strongly favoring Thornton's plan- 
later, however, he was not so certain about the matter, and 
wrote to the Commissioners: " I would have it unci 
in this instance and always that I profess to have no knowl- 
edge of architecture, and think wc should he governed by 
the established rule- laid down b\ the professors of this 
art." Il was t'malK ArcuU-A to award both Hall, 
Thornton the full prize of $500 and a cit) lot, and llallett 
was appointed architect under the 
[-Ioban, the young Irish architect who had won ll 
for the best plan for the President's I 



86 



THE CITY OF WASHINGTON. 



It lias always been a much disputed question how far 
the plans of Thornton were followed by Hallett and Hoban, 
Thornton himself making the claim in an address January 
i, [805, "to the House of Representatives," that his plan 
had been closely followed. Hallett contended to the con- 
trary. Certain it seems to be that the portico of the east 
front of the main building, one of its principal architectural 
features, was designed 1>\ Dr. Thornton. Hallett, however, 
whosi salary a- supervising architect was $400 a year, did 
nol gel along well with Hoban, and in the meantime, hie 
rival, Dr. Thornton, had been appointed one of the Com- 
missioners of the District. Hallett. being called upon by 
the I ommissioners to submit to them all his plans, designs 
and drawings relating to the Capitol, refused to comply, 
and as a resu'l was dismissed from his office. The original 
corner stone of the Capitol was placed at the southeast 
corner of what was for several years subsequently spoken 
of as the North Building, the first Senate Chamber, — the 
Supreme Court and Law Library section of the present day. 
A large silver plate was placed upon this stone, inscribed 
with these words : 

" This Southeast corner stone of the Capitol of the 
United States of America, in the City of Washington, was 
hud ..11 the i8th day of September, 1793. in the eighteenth 
year of American independence, in the first year of the 
second term of the presidency of George Washington, 
whose virtues in the civil administration of his country 
have been as conspicuous and beneficial as his military valor 
and prudence have been useful in establishing her liberties, 
and in the year of Masonry 5793, by the 1'resident of the 
United Slates, in concert with the Grand Lodge of Mary- 
land, several lodges under its jurisdiction, and Lodge No. 
22, from Alexandria, Virginia." 

Washington himself laid the corner stone, not only as 
President hi . as Most Worshipful Master of Alexandria 
Lodge A. Y. and A. M. No Mason needs to be told why 
the Capitol, like Solomon's Temple, faces toward the rising 
sun; and it is amusing to read, as one may do in many 
books, that the hopes and expectations of real estate owners 
regarding the growth of the city had anything to do with 

and military procession that formed in the square before 

1 th( first of the main -rand parades for which this 

ever, was nol along the grand avenue with its smooth, 

following 1 In- high ground ncarh on the line of the G 
to-day, until the Tiber had been crossed, thence 
south to the crest of the hill, where stone blocks and bricks 
11 area of several acres. The Alex- 
andria -Tune. ,n,d \dvertiser " published an account ot 
ncarh iwo columns in extent, which has 
often reprinted in books and papers during the 
pas! few years as to be familiar to all who have been 
ed in the enrh hislon of the Capitol. 
Hallcll's discharge as architect of ihe Capitol was fol 
lowed h\ the appointiiK Hadfield, an English- 



man, who came recommended by Benjamin West, the 
American painter, and was a friend of Hoban, the architect 
of the President's House. Nearly the entire construction 
of the north wing, or Senate House, was under the super- 
vision of Hadfield. It was finished, ready for occupancy. 
in 1800. Hadfield and Hoban fell out of friendship and 
Benjamin Henry Latrobe, also an Englishman by birth, 
but a resident of Philadelphia since 1796, was employed 
in 1803 to superintend the construction of the south wing. 
Latrobe had studied architecture in the best European 
schools and was the first occupant of the position who 
appears to have been really fitted to cope with the task. 
The south wing was completed in 181 1, relieving the mem- 
bers of the House of Representatives from the discomfort 
of "The Oven," a low, temporary brick structure in which 
they had been meeting. The two wings were connected 
with a long, low and narrow structure of wood and brick, 
little more than a passageway, and generally spoken of 
as " The Bridge." The Capitol as it then appeared is 
shown in the engraving on page 6. 

Although the walls of the two wings were of stone, 
the roofs and domes were of wood and so was much of the 
interior. It was anything but a fireproof building, and 
"the harbor of Yankee Democracy." as Admiral Cockburn 
derisively called it, fell an easy prey to the British and 
their hired vandals. The pitchpine hoards of the passage 
way were torn out and heaped up in the rooms of the main 
buildings, books, papers and public records of every de- 
scription were added to the piles, which were then fired. 
Valuable paintings, too, were cut from their frames and 
flung into the flames. Latrobe, writing of the appearance 
of the Capitol after the fire, speaks of it as "perfectly 
terrifying." Except in a few unimportant rooms all the 
woodwork had been destroyed. The Senate Chamber had 
suffered most. Main of the sandstone columns were 
ruined. Fortunately, however, the terrific rain storm which 
swept over the city exlingu 



ani 



guished the flames and saved the 
camination Latrobe reported the 



foundations and walls for the most part uninjured and 
easy of restoration. Latrobe is entitled to be called the 
architect of the restoration, although he resigned in 1S17. 
His successor. Charles Bulfinch, was specifically instructed 
to carry out the plans formulated b\ Latrobe. Bulfinch 
was a native of Massachusetts and the first American to 
fill the office of Architect of the Capitol. 

Congress mel for the firsl session after the British 
invasion in Blodgett's hotel, corner oi Ninth and F Streets, 
northwest, the on'y building in the city large enough for 
its accommodation. Patriotic citizens erected a brick struc 
ture on Firsl street, east of the Capitol, where subsequent 
sessions were held until the Capitol was rebuilt. This was 
for mam years afterward spoken of as the "Old Capitol 
Building," and during the Civ 1 War was used as a prison. 

The plans for the rotunda connecting the two mam 

on the foundations beginning March 2, 1818. It was sur- 



THE CITY OF WASHINGTON. 



mounted by a low wooden dome, and on the west side 
provision was made for the Library of Congress. The 
restored and united buildings were completed in 1827 and 
the harmonious whole was generously and rightly praised. 
It then covered one and a half acres of ground and was 
surrounded by twenty-two and a half acres. The diameter 
of the rotunda was the same as its height, 96 feet, and 
the height of the dome was 145 feet. Prior to its destruc- 
tion in 1814 it had cost $789,070.98. The rotunda, dome 
and library cost $957,647.35, and the entire cost, including 
the restoration, had amounted in 1830 to $2,433,814. 

For twenty years the Capitol, as completed by Bul- 
finch, was ample for all the needs of Congress and few 
changes were made. During this time it was under the 



wearing the regalia worn bj President Washington in 
[ 793- These ceremonies were witnessed bj a vast assem- 
blage, many of whom were strangers. With the usual 
papers, mins and other articles, beneath the corner stone, 
Webster deposited the following manuscript, in hi> own 
handwriting: 

" ( )n the morning of the firsl day of tin 
year of the independence of the United States of America. 
in the city of Washington, being the 4th day of July. 1851, 
this stone, designated as the corner stone of the • 
of the Capitol, according to a plan approved b\ the Prcsi 
dent, in pursuance of an act of Congress, was laid b\ 
Millard Fillmore, President of the United - 
by the Grand Master of the Masonic Lodges, in the pres- 
ence of many members of Congress; of officers "i tin 




IE CAPITOL OF THE 



supervision of Robert Mills, a Washington architect. [11 
1850, both branches of Congress having greatly increased 
by the admission of new States into the Union, and the 
nation having grown correspondingly richer, it was deep 
to enlarge the Capitol by two great marble wings connected 
by wide corridors with the old building. The carry in 



out of this plan was the work 



/ears and resulted 



the magnificent building of the present day. 
A second corner stone laying was celebrated July 4. 
1851. during the administration of President Fillmore, th< 
principal oration being delivered by Daniel Webster 
Secretary of State. This comer stone, too, was 1 
Masonic ceremonies, President Fillmore 
the District of Columbia Grand Lodge, the G 



Executive and lu.lieian Departments, National, St 

District ; of officers of the Arim and \*av> 

authorities of this and neighboring cities; man) 

linns, civil, milium and Masonic: officers of tin 

soman Institution and National Ins 

colleges and teachers of schools of ih. nlumbia, 

with their students and pupils: and a vast 

people from places near and remote, inchulu 

viving gentlemen who witnessed th« laying oi th 

stone of the Capitol In President Washington on I 

day of September. .; 

,„. ",!„• will of God thai this structure shall fall from Us 

,,,., that iis foundations he upturned, and this 

be b'rougl 

dav the Un-'on of th. 

, , ,!„;,■ constitution -till exists unimpah 
with' all its original usefulness 



ss 



THE CITY OF WASHINGTON. 



day stronger in the affections of the great bod) of the 
\in, rican people, and attracting more and more the admira- 
tion ol the world. And all here assemb'ed, whether be- 
longing i" public or private life, with hearts devoutly thank- 
ful tn Almighty God for the preservation of the liberty 
and happiness of the country, unite in sincere and fervent 
prayers that this deposit, and the walls and arches, the 
domes and towers, the columns and entablatures, now to 
over it, may endure forever ! God save the United 
Stati s of America ! 

" Daniel Wees i er, 
" Secretary of State of the United States." 

Thomas U. Walter, a native of Philadelphia, was ap- 
pointed Architect of the Capitol to construct the extensions. 
\ fire December 21, [851, caused In a defective flue, did 
considerable damage to that part of the main building occu- 
pied b\ the Librarj of Congress. The west front was 
greatly injured and about 35.000 books were burned, to- 
gether with many valuable manuscripts. When repairs were 
made, irmi shelving was placed throughout the library, 
making it practically Are proof. The old wooden dome- 
over the rotunda was torn down in 1856, to make room 
for the great iron dome that now is so marked a feature 
of the Capitol. This dome towers aloft three hundred and 
seven feet — two hundred and eighteen feet above the balus- 
trade upon the roof — and is the center of a structure seven 
hundred .and fifty-one feet long, by three hundred and 
twent) feet wide. The general form of the dome is ellip- 
tical, surmounted by a huge globe, belted with the National 
motto, " I'. Pluribus i num." Standing on this globe is 
Crawford's colossal statue of Freedom, crowned with a 
headdress of eagle feathers. That this statue does not 
wear the conventional liberty cap is due to an objection 
raised by Jefferson Davis, who was then Secretary of War, 
thai anion- the Romans the cap was the badge of an eman- 
cipated slave. The cost of this statue was $23,796.82, of 
which $3,000 was paid to Crawford for making the plaster 
model, which ma) be seen at the National Museum, and 
$9,800 to Clark Mills for th< casting in bronze. 

The south wing was ready for occupancy December 
10, 1857, and the Senate met in the new north win- for 
the first lime mi January 4. 1859. The Senate made lln 
removal from ils old hall to its new one a mailer of much 

1 witness it. The presiding officer of the Senate 

li is possible, when die main doors of both chambers are 
..pen. for these officials to see each other, although nearly 
one fifth of a mile apart. Most important features ,.f the 
new Capitol were die systems of lighting, heating and 

quenll) altered and improved, the) wen, at thai lime, of 
die must appi : The outbreak of the civil 

mporan interruption in the work of recon- 
struction hi' the .ureal dome, but President Lincoln insisted 
if for no oilier reason than 
oultl be an i ll\e soldiers and tn 

the people, offering a convincing proof of the stability of 



the nation. It did have that effect and the statue of 
Freedom was raised to its position on the summit of the 
dome December 2, 1863. The waving of a flag from the 
dome as the last work upon the statue was finished, was 
the signal to a field battery stationed in the Capitol grounds 
to fire a national salute of thirty-five guns. The sixty-eight 
forts surrounding the city and affording protection from 
the hostile armies immediately replied in kind and but for 
the fact being known in advance, citizens must have be- 
lieved the enemy was attacking all along the line. The 
eastern porticoes of the extensions were not completed 
until about a year later. 

In 1865, his work being completed. Architect Walter 
resigned, bis place being filled by Edward Clark, who 
he'd the position until his death from old age in [902. 
Clark built the great marble terraces along the west, south 
and north fronts, which were begun in 1882 and finished 
in 1891. These added strength and beauty to the western 
facade and what was of more importance from the utili- 
tarian point of view, gave much additional interior space, 
which has been occupied by committee rooms, electric 
lighting plants, furnaces, engines, and fuel storage. The 
cost of this terrace was about three-quarters of a million 
dollars, bringing the total cost to over fifteen millions. A 
new system of ventilation for the Senate was put in in 
1896 at a cost of $55,000. Electric lighting has wholly 
superseded gas, since 1898. On the 6th of November in 
that year an explosion of gas in the sub-basement under- 
neath the Supreme Court room did considerable damage 
and was followed by a fire that destroyed a portion of the 
law library. Fortunately the Court was not in session 
and no lives were lost. This fire also served to call the 
attention of Congress to the inflammable character of the 
o'.d wooden domes over the north and south sections of 
the old building and these were promptly replaced b) steel 
structures of the same shape, even the o'.d lanterns on the 
top of each being reproduced, so that the building has lost 
nothing of ils familiar appearance. 

In 1900 the rooms vacated by the Library of Congress 
were transformed into committee rooms, twenty-eight in 
number, which with two elevators and other improvements 
needed ill that section, cost about $400,000. 

Elliott Woods, a young man who had grown up in 
the architect's office and mastered the details of the man- 
agement of the ureal building, was appointed Mr. Clark's 
successor, the title of the office being changed to Super- 
intendent of the Capitol, in deference to a protest of lb' 
association of architects thai Woods, however well in- 
formed upon oilier mailers, was not an architect, At the 
lasi session of Congress : i was proposed to further enlarge 
the Capitol b) extending the eastern portico of die main 
building or rotunda to the eastern line of the north ami 
south extensions. The House voted to appropriate the 
mone) for ibis extension, but the Senate refused to agree 
thereto: A large building to contain conumitte< rooms 
for the representatives, will, however, be built on the square 



THE CITY OF WASHINGTON. 



immediately southeast of the Capitol, facing upon B street, 
southeast. Tunnels will connect this building w ith the 
Capitol and with the Library of Congress. 

The most important feature of the Capitol grounds 
is the famous statue of Washington by Horatio Greenou°-h 
in the center of the eastern plaza. For years the statue 
stood in the center of the rotunda, and it was the intention 
when it was taken out upon the plaza, that it should, after 
the Capitol dome was completed, again occupy that position 
The far more lofty ceiling of the present rotunda removes 
in great part the objection formerly urged that it seemed 
to take up so much space, but no one now ever talks of 



8 9 



right hand is uplifted, pointing toward heaven. The figure 

is about twelve feet in height and occupies a massive 
pedestal, the whole weighing about fourteen toi 
three sides of the granite pedestal is carved the familiar 
motto, "first in war. first i.\ peace and first in the 
hearts of his countrymen." Tbe chair is ornamented 
with lions' beads and acanthus leaves. At its back are 
two small figures, one f Columbus, the other an Indian, 
representing tbe discovery of America and it- original in- 
habitants. In basso relievo, at tbe right of tbe chair, is 
Phaeton in his chariot drawn by fiery steeds, an al 





jHS\ 






B 





"PERRY'S VICTORY ON LAKE ERIE." 

Reproduced from Powells famous paintiug in Hie Capito 



restoring it to its old location. But for the features, which 
are an excellent likeness of the Father of his Country, the 
statue might be taken for one of Olympian Jove, and indeed, 
some visitors, American born as well as foreign, may bt 
heard to inquire whom it represents. Greenough is the 
only American sculptor who has had the courage of his 
convictions sufficiently to endeavor to represent the majesty 
of a great man apart from his clothes. 

Washington appears sitting in a massive chair, nu 
to the waist. The lower portion of the body and the rij 
arm are draped after the fashion of the ancienl Roma 
A sheathed Roman sword rests in his left arm 



presentation of tin rising miu of Liberty, with the motto: 

"Magnus ab integio saeclorutu uascitui 
ie poetical English of which is 

"An august com la anew." 

On the lefl of the chair \oith and South Ami 1 
^presented by two figures from ancient mythology 
lies strangling tin serpenl of lyranm . while hi- companion. 
phiclus, shrinks from the contest. Uelow is the motto; 

"Incipe parvc puer cui noil 1 
-hich. as general!) rendei 

•■Oh. youth, unblest by parents' smiles, begin." 



9° 



THE CITY OF WASHINGTON. 



On the back of the chair is the following inscription 
and signature : 

SIMULACRUM ISTUD 

MAGNUM LIBERT ATIS EXEMPLUM 

NEC SINE IPSUM DURATURUM. 

Horatius Greenough 

Faciebat. 

A poet has given this translation: 

"This statue cast in Freedom's stately form 
And by her e'er upheld." 
No work of an American sculptor has created so much 
discussion as this. There has been no end of bitter censure 
and highest praise. Hon. Edward Everett pronounced it 
one of the finest works of modern or ancient times. Wyeth. 
in his " Federal City," on the other hand, says: 

" It certainly does not embody a visible realization 
of the idea existing in the heart of the Nation of the ' great* 
chief.' We do not think of Washington as a half-naked 



" It is the birth of my thought. I have sacrificed to 
it the flower of my days and the freshness of my strength ; 
its every lineament has been moistened with the sweat of 
my toil, and the tears of my exile. I would not barter 
away its association with my name for the proudest fortune 
avarice ever dreamed of. In giving it up to the nation 
that has done me the honor of ordering it at my hands, I 
respectfully claim for it that protection which it is the boast 
of civilization to afford to art, and which a generous enemy 
has more than once been seen to extend even to the monu- 
ments of his own defeat." 

This statue of Washington was executed in Italy and 
finished in 1S43. It pleased so we'l that a second commis- 
sion was given to the young sculptor, that for the group 
" Civilization,"' which stands on the right-hand platform 
as one ascends the east steps to the central portico of the 
Capitol. This order had been originally given to Signor 
Persico, an Italian sculptor, who created the companion 
group, " Discovery," on the left-hand platform. The wis- 




LEUTZE'S FAMOUS 



/EASTWARD HO. 



Roman, sitting in Cod-like state, like Jupiter. The ' Father 
of his Country' seems near to his children; one of the 
same nature as themselves, though better, to whom they owe 
their national life; who suffered with them, and shared 
in the blessings as well as the perils of the fearful Revolu- 
tionary struggle." 

This comprehensive eulogy is from the pen of an ap- 
preciative foreigner : 

" Nothing can be more human, and at the same time 

more I like, than ibis colossal statue of Washington. It 

is a .soil of domestic Jupiter. The sublime repose and 
simplicity of Lhe whole figure, united as it is with exceeding 
energ) of expression, is perfectly classical, without, the 
slightest ition, 30 that there is no mistaking 

the pure lineage of this Maine. I [e has addressed Ins statue 
of Washington to a distant posterity, and made it rather 
a poetical abstract of his whole career, than the chronicle of 

any one deed i ,y am one leading feature of his life." 

Greenough himself, not long before his death, wrote 
as follows regarding his work : 



dom of this change is now quite clear, for Greenough 's 
allegorical conception of the settlement of this country is 
of the soil American, a powerful, realistic conception which 
no foreigner could have approached. 

Chiseled from a solid block of Serravezza marble, 
after eight years of hard, unceasing toil, this group, consist- 
ing of live figures, presents a most vivid scene <^\ American 
pioneer life. The two principal figures, the while settler 
and lhe Indian chief are engaged in a life and death strug- 
gle. Crouching at their feet, fear and hope and prayer 
expressed in thai stone face, is the wife and mother, press 
ing to her bosom her helpless babe, while the faithful dog, 
standing as a reserve guard and ready to take part ii 
needed, eagerl) watches for the outcome of the battle. 
None need to have explanation of this lifelike and thrilling 
allegory. Men there are still living in more than one section 
..f this peaceful republic. 10 whom a sight of this magnifi- 
cent work of an would bring memories of untold horrors. 



THE CITY OF WASHINGTON. 



Tradition among the Capitol guides has it that a party of 
savages from one of the Western reservations, not long 
after the erection of this statuary, being in Washington 
to arrange a new treaty with the great father, were so 
startled at the sight of it that they immediately set up the 
fierce war-whoop of their tribe, waking the echoes of the 
portico and rotunda. 

Many consider Greenough's "Civilization" greater than 
his "Washington," but it is by the latter that he is the better 
known. It is, indeed, a work of striking grandeur, which 
grows upon one the more it is seen. The group was the end 
of his life's work. He returned to this country from Italy 
in 1 85 1 to superintend the erection of his last work. In 
this, however, there was some delay, and the anxiety and 
worry consequent thereupon, it is said, brought on the 
attack of brain fever from which he died at Somerville 



in appropriate costume. Nothing more strikingly com- 
monplace could well be imagined. 

Something better is the alto relicro work up,,,, the 
tympanum of the portico by the same sculptor. Th, 
however, of this allegorical -roup. ,-.. 
dent John Quincy Adams. The Goddess of Liberty, lean- 
ing upon a spear and shield upon which arc tl 
S. A.," stands beside an altar upon which, surrounded b\ 
a laurel wreath, is inscribed the date of the signing 
Declaration of Independence. Bj her sid. is an American 
eagle, about to take flight. At the left stands Hope, and 
at the right, Justice, with her scales, holding in 1 
hand the Constitution of the Cited States. Tin 
were chiseled out of the ordinary sandstone of which t 
portico is constructed and afterward painted white. 

Above the door entering the rotunda are two 




"LINCOLN ANC 
Reproduced from Carpenter's 

Massachusetts, December iS, 1852, in his forty-eighth year. 

Signor Persico's conception of the Discovery of the 
New World is by no means so clear and forcible as is 
Greenough's " Civilization." There are but two figures, 
Columbus and an Indian woman. The former stretches 
aloft in his right hand a small globe, and stands in an atti- 
tude which reminds one unconsciously of the ancient disc 
thrower. The woman, in a shrinking attitude, is looking 
fixedly at the great explorer, hut whether the gaze is one ol 
terror at having been discovered, or of wonderment at what 
he is going to do with the globe, is not easily explained. 

Two other original conceptions ol Signor I. crsico, 
" War " and " Peace," occupy niches in the wall ol 
ern facade, one on either side ol the bronze d< 
one is a Roman soldier, the other a Roman maiden, ea- 



rns CABINET." 

in has relief, representing Fame and IV;. 

air. crowning with a wreath of laurel a bust of \\ . 

The sculptor of this was Signor 1 api 

A chapter inighl he writti 
bronze doors ,-,t the eastern entrance tn the mini 
vet the reader would have a ven impel f< 
beauty. The nine principal pictures which adorn •• 
scene, in the life of ( olumlnis, tin 
were designed in 1858 In R; 

artist, while residing in Rome, ami iSfil h) 

F. von Muller. of Munich. The r ' 

\o pen can give an adequ; 
of arl thai adorn the interior nf ti 



92 



THE CITY OF WASHINGTON. 



book. In the old Chamber of the Representatives, now 

known as Statuary Hall, and in the rotunda, may be seen 
the life size figures of favorite sons of the various States, 
each State having been invited to furnish two statues to be 
placed in the National Capitol. Most of these are well 
and widely known; but Maryland has recently added the 
figures of two of her most distinguished sons to the notable 
collection: Charles Carroll of Carrollton, one of the signers 
of the Declaration of Independence, and John Hanson, 
president of the first Congress of the American Confedera- 
tion. The ceremonies attending the formal presentation and 
acceptance of these statues were held January 31. 1903, at 
which Governor Mm Walter Smith, various State officials, 
members of the legislature and prominent citizens of Mary- 
land were present. These statues are of bronze, life size, 
mounted on low pedestals of pink granite upon which the 
arms of Maryland appear. The Carroll statue represents 
him just after signing the Declaration. Hanson has a cane 
in one hand and a paper in the other in an attitude of re- 
flection. Richard E. I '.rooks, of Boston, was the sculptor 
of both statues. A coating of o TC cn oxide covers the bronze, 
in imitation of what time would eventually have supplied. 

Elliott Woods, superintendent of the Capitol, was 
born near Manchester, England, in 1804, during the visit 
of his parents to England. His father was of English 
descenl and his mother American. Shortly after his birth 
his parents came back to America, and the family established 
themselves in southern Illinois. Six years later they located 
in Indianapolis, Indiana, where Mr. Woods received his 
early education. Circumstances, however, compelled him 
to leave school, and at the age of thirteen he entered into 
a large manufactory to take up the profession of wood- 
carving. His progress was rapid, and while quite young 
he was engaged with the contractors to assist in the wood- 
carving installed in the English Opera 1 louse then being 
built, lie continued in his profession until about the age 
of twenty, following with a year's service in the State 
government. I lis father being a man of considerable polit- 
ical power in Indiana brought the acquaintancesiiip to his 
son of such men as Hendricks and Porter, both of whom 
took a very lively interest in the son. This interest resulted 
in their sending Woods on to Washington, where he entered 
eminent service under Mr. Edward Clark, architect 
of the Capitol. This was in [885. Me entered upon his 



work as a foreman, and was by reason of his former 
experience and studies familiar with the principles of con- 
struction. The interest Mr. Clark showed in Mr. Woods 
was 11, , ne less strong than that of Hendricks and Porter; 
in fact he placed before the young man every advantage 
and advanced him as he progressed. During the later years 
of Mr. Clark's life when he was unable to get about the 
Capitol building, Air. Woods carried forward the work. 
and upon Mr. Clark's death was promoted to his present 
position, — Congress overcoming certain professional objec- 




ELLIOTT WOODS 

tions by changing the title of the office from architect to 
that of superintendent for the express purpose of having 
Mr. Woods appointed. The construction of the new com- 
mittee rooms in the western portion of the Capitol, formerly 
occupied by the Congressional Library, and the recon- 
struction of tlie roof of the old building and the fireproofillg 
of the Supreme Court ami Statuary Mali, are the last 
important works over which Mr. Woods had personal con- 
trol, aided by the advice and fatherly support of the afflicted 
architect. 



EXECUTIVE DEPARTMENTS 
AND GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE. 




INGRESS having created, at its session 
just closed, a Department of Commerce 
and Labor, the number of the President's 
Cabinet advisers has been increased to 
nine. When President Washington as- 
sumed the duties of executive of the affairs 
of the young Republic in 1789, he called 
to his aid and counsel, five men: Thomas 
Jefferson, Secretary of State; Alexander 
Hamilton, Secretaryof the Treasury ;Henry 
• Knox, Secretary of War ; Edmund Ran- 

dolph, Attorney-General, and Samuel Osgood, Postmaster-. 
General. Jefferson was chosen in July, Knox in August, and 
the other three in September. Under the first President, these 
officials were primarily the executive heads of their depart- 
ments, advisory duties and cabinet councils being few and 
far between. The office of the Secretary of the Navy was 
not created until April 30, 1798. President Adams selected 
as its first incumbent George Cabot, who, however, met his 
fellow secretaries at the call of the President but once and 
never actuallv performed the duties of his office. 

Fifty years passed awav before the country seemed to 
need another Cabinet office. Then the large migration of 
citizens westward made necessary a Department of the 
Interior, thereby relieving three other departments, the 
State, War and Treasury, of considerable work and respon- 
sibility. Congress created the new department in 1849 and 
President Zachary Taylor appointed Thomas Ewing the first 
Secretary of the Interior. 

Prior to 1903 the Department of Agriculture was the 
youngest, its organization having occurred in 1889, under 
President Cleveland, whose first appointee to the new Cab 
inet office was Norman J. Cohnan. 

The Department of Commerce and Labor began it 
work under the supervision of George Bruce Cortelyou, 
who is an illustration of the opportunities afforded in tlr 
republic to young men. Mr. Cortelyou was a clerk 
Post Office Department when Cleveland was Pr< 
Eissell was postmaster-general. Mr. Clevelanc 
stenographer and said so at a Cabinet meeting, 
replied that he thought he knew a young man who \ 
the place. The young stenographer was George 13 
you. Pie did fill the place. Not only tl 



the 



M 



anted 
. Biss< 



indispensable to the Executive office. President McKit 
discovered th's and after the resigmtion of [ohn Addisn 
Porter, Mr. Cortelyou became Secrctan 1 
Pie was at the President's side when the as 
struck him clown and during the days of anxict\ that pre 
ceded the end, Mr. Corte'.you was the one man win 
to need neither rest nor refreshment, who rea'ized ad tint 
needed to be done and did it. His clear-In 
his marvelous endurance were the wonder of all. To him 
Mrs. McKinley turned for aid and consolation and with 
her he remained until the dead President's private affairs 
were arranged. Then he returned to his work at the Whit 
House. Almost coeval with the mention of a new Exccut 
department was Mr. Cortelyou spoken of a- its hca< 
dent Roosevelt made no secret of it and it was with 
knowledge of who would he the new Cabinet office 
Congress created the department. Mr. Corteyo 
grown the <4Tk\- of Secretary to the President. 
ten years ago 1- now th< head of ;i department, which, al- 
though the youngest must needs he one of the mosl 
taut of the nine. 

Three departments, the Stale. War and \*a\ 
housed in one magnificenl building, which 
all the ground between Seventeenth - 
avenue, west, and Pennsylvania and New 
This building, in the Italian Rcnaissaw 
by the then Supervising Architect of the Treasui 
Mullet. The material is granite, from Maine an 
quarries, and if was sixteen years in buildinc 
begun in [871 and not entireh finished 11 
° hundred and sixty-seven 

I fortv-two feet wide, including tin 

,- an d a half acres, and contain- • 

■r two miles in length, upon which 1 

t y_ s j x rooms. The lot 

,ooo, • Rectangular in shapc.il 

which four ; 

ms. The general plan is vcr\ simpli 
• facing toward a di 

|,nl the detail of tin 



five 



$1 



trigs, 

ing wings 



ade- 






(93) 



94 



THE CITY OF WASHINGTON. 



the main fact to be remembered is that the stairways are 
of granite and bronze and the whole interior may be con- 
sidered fireproof, as it should be in view of the priceless 
records it contains. 

The United States Treasury has been twice destroyed 
by fire. The first brick building was burned by the British 
soldier.-., and another, similar in character was erected on 
the ground now covered by the present south front. This 
building burned March 31, 1833. The commission to build 
another was given to Robert Mills, architect, and the loca- 
tion of it to President Jackson. " Old Hickory " is therefore 
blamed for the blocking of the view from the White House. 
down Pennsylvania avenue, a thing which L'Enfant cer- 
tainly did not contemp'ate. Mills, it is said, urged another 
location, but in vain, until at last, so the legend goes, Presi- 
dent Jackson, in a fit of vexation struck his cane into the 
ground on Pennsylvania avenue and said: " Right here, the 
corner stone shall be laid." Work was begun on the East 
front in 1836 and five years later it was ready for occu- 
pancy. The extensions, south and north, were built later, 
under the supervision of Architects Walter, Young, Rogers 
and Mullett. These extensions are of Maine granite, while 
the first building was of the old Acquia creek sandstone. 
Work was begun upon the South extension in 1855 and the 
North front was not completed until 1869. The most ex- 
pensively decorated room in the building is the " Cash 
room," where warrants are cashed, currency redeemed and 
new money exchanged for old. The walls of this lofty room 
are decorated with the most beautiful marbles obtainable in 
the quarries of Vermont, Tennessee and Italy. 

When the Treasury came to Washington a $10,000 
bouse was more than ample for its needs. When the new 
building was begun in 1S36, it was predicted that it would 
accommodate the Treasury for a century at least. Although 
twice enlarged at a total expenditure of $7,000,000, six large 
bureaus of the department are provided with quarters out- 
side. Another large building would hardly suffice to contain 
all these bureaus at the present time. The bureau of Pin- 
graving and Printing alone occupies a large building imme- 
diately south of tin- Treasury building and not Ear from 
the Potomac. Another very important bureau of the Treas- 
ury Department, now under the new Department of Com- 
merce, is thai of the Coast and Geodetic Survey, winch 
occupies a large brick building on New Jersey avenue, be- 
tween P. and (' streets, southeast, just across P. streel Erom 
tin- Capitol grounds. This bureau had its origin in 1807, 
but it was not actually organized for effective service until 
[833. Until recently, in addition to its survey work it had 
1 the standard weights and measures. This, how- 
ever, 1>\ a recent act of Congress, isplaccd under the control 
of a new bureau. The Marine Hospital Service is also 
located on Capitol I PH. in a building adjoining that of the 

Coast an. I G letic Survey. Vmong the other important 

branches of the Treasury Departmenl are the Bureau of 

. and Internal Revenue, Steamboat 

Inspection Service, Bureau of Navigation, Pile Saving Ser- 



vice, Lighthouse Board, and Supervising Architect of Gov- 
ernment Buildings. 

The Post ( )ffice Department is once again located in 
the same building with the city post office. Its present home 
is a fine modern office building on the south side of Pennsyl- 
vania avenue between Eleventh and Twelfth streets. The 
building has a large central court roofed with glass which 
affords space for the city post office on the ground floor, 
covering almost the entire block. Far different are these 
well-equipped quarters from those occupied in the old Blod- 
gett's Hotel, described in a former chapter. The hotel was 
purchased by the government in 1810, and after the burn- 
ing of the Capitol in 1814 was fitted up for temporary quar- 
ters for Congress. One session was held here. After that 
it adjourned to meet in the more commodious and convenient 
edifice put up for its use by private enterprise on Capitol 
Hill. At that time the city post office was a small one-story 
wooden building containing one room about twelve feet 
square. It was also located on Capitol Hill, not far from 
the present site of the Library of Congress. The old hotel 
afterward became the home of the Post Office Depaitment 
on the ground floor, the Patent Office occupying the storj 
above, until the building was destroyed December 15. [836. 
The present building was commenced in 1839, under Archi- 
tect Robert Mills, the South front being first constructed. 
'The extension was completed under the supervision of 
Thomas W. Walter, General Meigs and Edward Clark, the 
final work being done in 18(19. The structure is of white 
marble from Xew York and Maryland ami the style Corin- 
thian; its cost was over $2,700,000. Three hundred feet 
long by two hundred feet wide, and three stories high, it 
covers the entire square bounded by Seventh. Eighth, M and 
P streets, and contains eighty-five commodious rooms. For 
a time this new building accommodated the city post office 
as well, but as the number of post offices in the country 
increased ten-fold in little more than fifty years, not only 
the local office but certain bureaus were forced to seek quar- 
ters elsewhere. In 1892 the city post office was located on 
Louisiana avenue, near Seventh street, northwest. I" [893 
it had secured the ground floor in the Union Building, 
on ( ;, between Sixth and Seventh streets, northwest, where a 
branch office is still maintained. "The erection of the Post 
Office Building on Pennsylvania avenue, between Eleventh 
and Twelfth streets, afforded again quarters under one roof 

for the general and local offices. "The old building on F 
street is now occupied by the General Land Office. 

Old residents, when speaking of the Interior Depart- 
ment building always call it the Patent Office. Although 
the Patent Office is only one of the many bureaus of the 

Interior Department, it far antedates the latter. Rights of 
inventors were protected by law almost from the first estab 
lishment of a permanent government and for man) years 
thereafter the copyright business, together with that of 
patents, was under the control of the Secretary of State. 

In [836 the bureau was placed in charge of a commission. 

Ilie erection of .-, new stone building for the offices of this 



THE CITY OF WASHINGTON. 




DANIEL WEBSTER. 



bureau and for a museum in which models of inventors 
could lie displayed to the public, was begun in 1837 upon 
the government reservation of four acres, which was set 
apart by L'Enfant in his original plan, as the location for 
a national undenominational church. This building, of Vir- 
ginia freestone and granite, extended on F street, from 
Seventh to Ninth, with a portico facing on Eighth street, 
a facsimile of the celebrated Parthenon. It was completed 
in 1842 and was 270 feet long by 70 feet deep. It has 
been added to until now it is fully three times its original 
size and covers the entire reservation between F and ( i 
and Seventh and Ninth streets. One enters from the portico 
into a great hall from which a double flight of marble steps 
ascends to a spacious gallery above. This was once knowi' 
widely as the National Gallery, and here was displayed for 
many years the magnificent collection of natural history 
of the United States Naval Exploring Expedition, arranged 
by and under the superintendence of Commander Charles 
Wilkes, who was in charge of the expedition. This hall 
also contained, as late as 1852, many curiosities belonging 
to the Departments of State, War and Navy, which ai 
now to be found in those Departments. 



95 

When the Interior Department was created in 
1849, an appropriation was made b 
an East wing, which was completed in 1853. Xorth 

and West wings were added some years later, mak- 
ing a perfect rectangular building surrounding a 
large courtyard ornamented with fountains and 
flowers. 

The Museum of Models contains over ; 
models ol patented articles by which the in 
ful inventions can be traced from the era 
ginnings. Unfortunately the lire that destroyed the 
old Blodgett hotel in 1836, devoured the extensive 
co lection of models which the Government had ac- 
cumulated since 1890,8 loss which can never be 
replaced. It was supposed that all danger of de- 
struction from fire was over when the bureau was 
established in its new granite home, but ii 
lire originating anion- some old paper.- des 
S0.000 models in the Xorth and West balls. A 
quarter of a million dollars were requin I 
store these halls. 

The Patent < iffice is about the onh branch of 
the executive departments that i- self-sustaining, 
having today to its credit in the United 
Treasury over $6,000,000. Its full Complement is 
a force of about [,000 clerks and 200 examiners, 
and is presided over by a commissioner and one 
assistant commissioner. An average of 150 appli- 
cations for patents is filed each day. or about 
a year. Nearly 700,000 patents have been granted 
since 1830, and about half this number rejected for 
want of patentability. The work is divided into 
thirty-six divisions: each division contains one prin- 
cipal examiner, one first assistant and four or live 
other assistants. The principal divisions an tl 
engineering, electric railways and rolling stock. A few 
years ago the heaviest work fell upon the division where 
bicycles were examined; but now-, owing to tin- advent 
of the automobile and locomobile, the division ■ 
engineering and clcctricin are crowded with work pertain- 
ing thereto. The -ham engineering division is to-day the 
banner division of the Patent « iffice. for in addition to the 
hundreds of inventions in perfecting the locomobile, it has 
all locomotive and steamboat engines and boiler-. 

The civil war made the Pension < Miicc for a time at 
least the largest bureau of the Department 
This bureau occupied a large brick buildinj 
vania avenue, at the corner of Twelfth street, ui I 
when it removed to the present pension building, in Judi- 
ciary Square, built not for looks, but for use. 
brick with terra cotta mouldings, an 
west b\ 200 north and south. All around the Iw 
the height of tin 
on which i- sculptured 
- life. A vast ' 
mil where have been held sil 



9 6 



THE CITY OF WASHINGTON. 



balls. Eight large columns of brick, painted to represent 
Sienna marble, support the roof, while gallery rises above 
gallery, surrounding the court. Eighteen thousand people 
ma) easily be accommodated within this spacious hall and 
the- building would contain sixty thousand. 

The Department of Justice is at present occupying 
temporary quarters, awaiting the construction of a suitable 
building for its needs. The building opposite the North 
Eronl "i" the Treasury, which it occupied so many years, was 
torn down to make place for a new one. but now it is de- 
sired to have more land and pending its acquirement, con- 
struction was not begun. 



aggregates 400,000 square feet. Framed in steel with beams 
and girders the strongest ever made for a building of its 
size, designed to carry heavy loads, and with brick and terra 
cotta walls, it may be confidently regarded as fireproof. It 
is 408 feet in length on the G street side and 175 feet and 
3 inches on the North Capitol front, is seven stories high, 
besides cellar and loft, the latter to be used as air space in 
connection with the ventilation system. The highest point 
of the building is 135 feet from the ground, the cornice 
being 125 feet from the sidewalk. The brick and steel walls 
are two feet seven inches thick throughout the entire height. 
In the construction 12,000.000 bricks have been used, 14,- 




Agriculturc was represented first in 1862 bj a Bureau 
an. I .1 -|m ■■ lal commissioner. Since then its scope has greatl) 
1 < aliiiui officer in 1889. li 
1 and 1 ongress lias voted 
a million and a half dollars for a new building, near the 
the old one. 
THE GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE. 
Tlu- 1 nil,. I States has the largest Printing < tffice in 
the world, in point of Hoor space, in number of employes 
and in output of work, rhe working Hoor space provided 
in its new building, just completed at a cost of $2 



000,000 pounds ol steel. 2,500,000 pounds 01 cast iron, anil 
45,000 barrels of Portland cement. ( >f the [2,000,000 bricks, 
one-fourth are faced bricks, one-third of ibis number being 
enameled, a great mam f\ these going into the interior 
finishing. No plaster was used, bricks being utilized instead. 

Mi.' floors are of hard maple wood blocks, nicely finished. 

111. doors are an asbestos composition and the door and 
window frames of cast iron. The roof is tile, laid in asphalt. 

Plate .ulass windows adorn the North Capitol and <i street 
fronts. Tbe principal entrance is on North Capitol street. 
opening upon a -rand stairway, the whole finished in marble. 



THE CITY OF WASHINGTON. 



97 



Granite pillars stand on either side the entrance. Two large 
passenger elevators are enclosed with artistic bronze grat- 
ings. Thirteen other elevators are provided to facilitate 
the work upon the various floors. For the comfort of em- 
ployes refrigerating and filtration plants have been installed 
and pure cold drinking water may be had at fountains 
placed in generous numbers throughout the building. Eight 
boilers of 300 horse-power each are provided for four en- 
gines, two of 800 horse-power, one of 400 and one of 250. 
A traveling crane is a part of the engine room equipment. 
Despite the fact that the price of labor has increased 
from 20 to 30 per cent, since the plans for this building 
were drawn, it has 'been finished within the appropriation, 



the creation of a national printing office, but it> recommenda- 
tions were not realized until nearly fifty years after. In- 
stead nf adopting and acting upon the committee's report, 
Congress adopted another resolution, providing that each 
House should elect its own printer, and designated how 
the work should be done and the prices to lie paid. This wa- 
in 1819. and from that year until 1850 practically all 1 
ment printing was done by election or contract. 

In 1852 a law was passed providing for a superin- 
tendent of public printing, to he appointed for a term of two 
years, and to receive a salary of $2,500 a year. The law 
also provided for the election of a public printer for each 
House of Congress, " to do the public printing for tin- Con- 




m'Mi 



-#Jr 



1 M4-3 % 



mm 




with a few thousand dollars to turn back into the treasury 
The first mention of public printing in the record- 0! 
Congress was in the form of a report presented in the tend 
session of the First Congress in 1789, held in N« « Iforl 
City. The report recommended that proposals be im ited 
"printing the laws and other proceedings of Cong, ess. 

The first proposition to appoint a printer to the House 
was made by Mr. Randolph, in December, 1801. 1 he pro- 
posed addition to the offices of the body found little favor, 
however, only a small minority voting for the measi 

In December, 1818, a joint committee was appomte 
to consider and report on the question of printing to b( 
for both Houses. This committee was the first to advoca 

*3 



gress for which he or thc\ ma n I such printing 

for the executive departments and bureau? 

me nt of the United States as may be delivered, io him or 

them to be printed by the superintendent of the pul 

ing." Composition for each page of bills 01 

1, The paid for at the rate of 51 half the 

rate prov j ;amc work in the resolution 

an d paid for a number of years subsequent n 

T Towers afterward mayor of \V: 
the firs, public printer. A. G, Seamon, George W Bow- 
ml Mm Hearst, t.t the order named 



9» 



THE CITY OF WASHINGTON. 



and also to the Senate under the new law. Horace Greeley 
was one of the candidates against Gen. Armstrong. Corne- 
lius Wendell, founder of the Government Printing Office, 
was elected Senate printer in [856, serving two years. The 
demands of the government had increased to such an extent 
by this time that no single establishment in Washington 
was capable of handling all the printing required, with the 
result that a variety of styles prevailed in the primed docu- 
ments, giving general dissatisfaction, and producing much 
inconvenience. Mr. Wendell improved the situation some- 
what by the erection of a large establishment at H and 
North I a pit "I streets on the site of the present Government 
Printing < Iffice. Five years later, in 1861, the government 
became the owner of the property. 

Mm D. Defrees, of Indiana, was the first superinten- 
dent of public printing after the purchase of the building 
and machinery. lie assumed charge .March 23, 1861. Mr. 
Defrees reorganized the office, and did much toward inaugu- 
rating the system out of which the present one has been 
evolved. The office at that time numbered 300 employes. 
Mr. Defrees was succeeded in 1866 by Mr. Cornelius Wen- 
dell. Congress at the next session, however, changed the 
mode of appointment, and the name of the office, and Mr. 
Defrees was elected by the Senate and restored to his old 
position under the title of the Congressional Printer. 

Almon M. Clapp, of this city, superseded Mr. Defrees 
April 15, [869. Mr. Clapp remained in office until June r, 
1K77, when he was succeeded by Defrees, his predecessor, 
the title of Public Printer having in the meantime been 
adopted by Congress. The salary at that time was $3,600. 

SterFng P. Rounds, of [llinois, fol'owed Mr. Defrees 



during President Arthur's administration. The office then 
paid $4,500 annually. Under President Cleveland Thomas 
I".. Benedict, of New York, filled the office. Frank W. Pal- 
mer, of Illinois, the present incumbent, succeeded Mr. Bene- 
dict, making way for the latter with the return of Mr. 
Cleveland to the executive office. Under the administration 
of President McKin'ev Mr. Palmer was returned to the office 
he had held under President Harrison. 

The employes now number about 4,000. of which about 
one-third are women. The book bindery, as a part of the 
Government Printing Office, employs about 900. Compos- 
itors number about 1,200. One hundred pressmen and 200 
press feeders, in all branches, are employed. There are 
about 600 folders and 260 stitchers. Of stereotypers and 
electrotypers there are fifty-five. The remainder of the 
force includes hydraulic pressmen, engineers, firemen, elec- 
tricians, boxers, counters, watchmen, helpers, and laborers. 

The work to-day, as well as the force employed, is the 
greatest in the history of the office. The last session of 
Congress made a larger demand for printing of all kinds 
than any preceding it, and it is reasonable to expect that 
the work will, as it has in the past, continue to increase and 
with it the facilities for printing and the number of em- 
ployes. The new building, it is estimated, is large enough 
for present needs, with little provision for growth. Public 
Printer Palmer hopes to be able to have the present old 
Printing Office building, at North Capitol and H streets. 
torn down and a new structure erected on its site. During 
1894, 1895 and 1896 enlargements and repairs were made to 
the old Printing Office. The site of the new building was 
purchased in 1898 and 1899. 




lit 



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b i 

1 ■ 


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METROPOLITAN CLUB. 



LIBRARIES OF WASHINGTON. 




HE Library of Congress — The National 
Library, as many people prefer to call it, 
had its beginning in the removal of the 
seat of government to the banks of the 
Potomac. While in New York. Congress 
made good use of the then very excellent 
library of the New York Society; while 
in Philadelphia (1791-1800) the use of 
the books belonging to the Library Com- 
pany of Philadelphia and of the Loganian 
; Library, which were freely tendered for 

its use, afforded sufficient store of knowledge to satisfv 
the needs of our then legislators. If Congress or its com- 
mittees possessed law books or books of reference, they 
were so few in number as not to be mentioned and when 
the archives of the Government, and such furniture as it 
owned and deemed worthy of transportation, was brought 



around in sailing vessels, no mention was made of books. 
That Congress was dependable in some considerable degree 
upon the libraries of Philadelphia clearly appears in an 
act of April 24, 1800, making " further provision for the 
removal and accommodation of the Government of the 
United States." By this acl the Mini of $5,000 was appro- 
priated "for the purchase of such books as maj I 
sary for the use of Congress at the said city of Wash- 
ington, and for fitting up a suitable apartment for contain- 
ing them." It was also provided that a joint committee 
of the Senate and House should select the bonks to be pur- 
chased under this act. From this small beginning h 
the great Library of to-day, with a grand total, in 1902, 
of 1,114,111 books and pamphlets (including near; 
volumes of the Law Library at the Capitol 1, and | 
the finest building, with the most modern equipment for 




LIBRARY OF CONGRESS. 



THE CITY OF WASHINGTON. 



library purposes, in the world. In addition to its books and 
pamphlets the Library possesses of manuscripts, 99. 53? 
pieces; maps and charts, 64,921 pieces; music, 345,511 
pieces ; and prints, 127,002 pieces. Nor are the copyright 
deposits which are not in actual use in the library included 
in the above figures. These would swell the total by over 
320,000 books and pamphlets and counting periodicals, 
music, maps, prints, photographs and miscellaneous items, 
would add nearly another million of pieces to the vast 
collection. The total accessions to the Library in the last 
fiscal year, — books, pamphlets and miscellaneous collections 
— numbered 84,971. 

The Library Building was erected 1886-1897 at a cost 
of $6,344,585.34, excluding site, which contains 10 acres. 



It is free for reference use to all persons without introduc- 
tion or other formality. The main reading-room has ac- 
commodations for 266 readers. The periodical reading- 
room, where 325 newspapers and some 2,500 periodicals can 
be freely consulted without formality, and over 4,000 other 
periodicals are available on application, has a seating capac- 
ity of 250. There are special reading rooms for the consul- 
tation of prints, maps, manuscripts, music, and books for the 
blind. The number of visitors to the building averaged 
2,711 daily for an entire year. 

Ainsworth R. Spofford, who was the Librarian of Con- 
gress for nearly 40 years and whose valuable knowledge 
and services the Library still enjoys, gives this history of 
its slow but steady growth : 




INTERIOR 



OF THE LIBRARY OF CONGRESS, MAIN HALL. SECOND FLOOR. 



The building lias nearly 8 acres of Hour space, and its ulti- 
mate capacit) is estimated at 4,500,000 volumes. The 
Library staff consists of the Librarian, Chief Assistant 
Librarian, twelve Chiefs of Divisions, and 242 subordinates, 
including 4>) persons in the Copyright ( Iffice, which is under 
the Librarian of Congress. The care of the building and 
grounds employs in addition a Superintendent and 115 
subordinates. For the year ending June 30, i<x>_'. the ap- 
appropriations were : Salaries (including Copyright Office), 
$225,212.77; increase of Library, $69,800; contingent, $7,- 
300; printing and binding (allotment), $75,000; total, 
$407,312.77. An additional appropriation of $155,945 is 
made for the care of the building and grounds, for furniture 
and equipment. 

lln Library is open daily, except Sundays, from 9 
a. in. to i" p. m., and on Sundays from 2 p. m. 10 ro p. m. 



" President Jefferson, who always took an earnest inter- 
est in the library, recommended in December, [801, that a 
statement should be prepared respecting the hooks and 
maps purchased under the appropriation. At the same ses- 
sion a joint committee was appointed to consider and report 
upon the proper means of taking care of the new library, 
and its report (made by John Randolph, of Virginia), 
formed the basis of tin systematic statute a]. proved January 
26, 1802, for the administration of the Library of Congress. 
This act placed the librarian and tile collection of books 
under the supervision of a joint committee of both Houses, 
composed of three Senators and three Representatives, an 
arrangement which still exists. 

" During the earlier years, there was no titular librarian 
appointed, the hooks being in charge of the clerk of the 
I Ions, of Representatives, who was librarian ex-officio with 
a clerk detailed 1>\ him to superintend the service of books. 
The collection had grown l.\ slow accretion under small 
appropriations (never exceeding $1,000 yearly) until it 



THE CITY OF WASHINGTON. 



reached three thousand volumes in 1814. In August of 
that year it was burned, with the Capitol, by the British 
army, during their one day's riotous possession of the 
federal city — a piece of vandalism common enough in wars, 
but never yet repaired, if I read history aright. The next 
month, Thomas Jefferson wrote to his friend, Samuel Har- 
rison Smith, M. C. (first publisher of that historic news- 
paper, 'The National Intelligencer'), offering to sell his 
private library of six thousand seven hundred volumes to 
Congress, as he was encumbered with debt. A bill for the 
purchase, at the price of $23,950, was finally passed, but 
not without strenuous opposition — some members declaring 
that there were too many different editions of the Bible in 
the collection, while another wiseacre proposed that all 
works of a skeptical tendency should first be weeded out 
and returned to the owner at Monticello. It is notable that 
the catalogue of the collection, prepared by Mr. Jefferson's 



when a fire, occasioned by a defective flue, wrapped the 
wooden shelves and the library itself in flames. • Inly 
twenty thousand volumes were saved, an ' 
about one-half of the Jefferson collection. The 
the important divisions of jurisprudence, political 
and American history and biography wen 
the books in general history, geography, art. natural 
poetry and belles-lettres were destroy 
with praiseworthy liberality, took efficient mcasun 
store the library, appropriating seventy-five thousand dol- 
lars for the immediate purchase of book- and seventy-two 
thousand five hundred dollars for reconstructing the library 
rooms with solid iron shelving, finished in a highly deco- 
rated style, and furnishing the firs! example of any public 
building interior constructed wholly of iron. 

" In 1865, the collection having quite outgrown the 
space devoted to it (a ball ninety-two feet in length, by 




CORCORAN 



GALLERY OF ART. 



own hand, and printed in 1815 in a thin quarto volume 
bears the title ' Catalogue of the Library ol the United 
States.' Such, indeed, it was. and is, for it has been pur- 
chased and maintained at public expense and is freely Open 
to all. . T . 

"In 1815 Mr. George Watterston was appointed I. 
brarian of Congress; in 1829, John S. Meehan; in 1861, 
John G. Stephenson; and in 181.4 Ainsworth R. Spoftord 
After Mr. Watterston 's appointment, the Library was located 
for a time, with Congress, in the Lost office Department, 
removing later to the temporary brick house ol ( pngrcss 
on Capitol Hill, until 1824, when it was transferred to the 
quarters which it occupied until 1897 in the west front ol 
the central Capitol building. It continued to -row under 
annual appropriations of two thousand dollars, 
five thousand in 1824, which was continued yearly lor a 
thirty years. Mr. Jefferson's modest nucleus for a national 
library had grown" to fifty-five thousand \ 



thirty-four in width and thirty-nine in height), | 
was 'made 1>\ Congress for enlargement. h\ appro] 
adjacent space occupied bj committee rooms ai 

to add two spacious wings of equal 
ing library, and of greater capacity 
following (1866) was signalized by the a 
lar-e Smithsonian scientific library, especiall; 
the" transactions an.! reports of the learn. 
America and Europe. 

Congress and regents of the Smithsonian I, 
manenl deposit in .be library of Hi. 
hat l been fortunalclj saved from the fii 
destroyed the Smithsonian building 
„ex L Ta , .867, witnessed the lurch 

Unlive historical library of 1 
nalisl and aim. 

liuu (for which the sum ol 

va S pad witho 



THE CITY OF WASHINGTON. 



satisfied was that body of -its great value as materials for 
history), embraced over sixty thousand titles of books, pam- 
phlets, newspapers, and other periodicals, maps, manu- 
scripts, etc., relating to the discovery, colonization and his- 
tory of the United States. This timely acquisition saved 
from dispersion one of the most important private libraries 
ever gathered by a single hand in this country. 

" The law library forms one of the richest depart- 
ments of the Library of the Government. Situated in the 
basement of the Capitol, in the room formerly occupied 
(until 1859) by the Supreme Court of the United States, it 
contains nearly one hundred thousand volumes, and is very 
largely used, not only by Congress and the several United 
States courts at the Capital, but by the bar of Washington, 
and attorneys from all parts of the country having business 
there." 

WASHINGTON PUBLIC LIBRARY. 

Wednesday, January 7, 1903, at 2.30 p. m. the new 
public library building on Mount Vernon Square, the gift 



of noble or millionaire. The free library, maintained by all 
the people, for all the people, knows neither rank nor birth 
within its walls. Even he who honors us to-day by his 
august presence, the holder of the highest position upon 
earth, the elected of the majority of the English-speaking 
race, a position compared with which all inherited positions 
sink into insignificance, even he within these walls has no 
privilege which is not the right of his poorest and humblest 
fellow citizen. Free libraries maintained by the people are 
cradles of democracy, and their spread can never fail to 
extend and strengthen the democratic idea, the equality of 
the citizen, the royalty of man. They are emphatically fruits 
of the true American ideal. To hear that there are promptly 
to be close to this library two manual training schools, one 
of these for the colored people, and also a business high 
school, making this an educational center with the library 
serving all, enables me to assure myself that here beyond 
doubt is a wise use of surplus wealth and that is reward 
enough." 




VSHINGTON PUBLIC LIBRARY. (GIFT OF ANDREV 



CARNEGIE. 



i Andrew Carnegie, erected at a cost of $350,000, was decli- 
ned with appropriate exercises. President Roosevelt, with 
Justices of the Supreme Court, the Commis- 

he exercises. Bishop Satterlee offered the 
• and Commissioner Macfarland, president 
Building Commission, presented the library 
i.. the people of the I >istrict. in whose behalf it was accepted 
b) Mr. Theodore W. Noyes, on behalf of the permanent 
trustees ..1" the library. The donor also spoke al some 
l- 11 ■■ill. e plaining his gifts of public library buildings to 
evi rj ■ it) able and willing to maintain them bj taxation. 
Mr. Carnegie said in pari : 



his ( abinc 



mg p 
le Lib 



which 
ive comi 



is the palace ol the republic of letters, a hierarchy 
the lupri 11 masters, almosl without exception, 
from the cottage of the poor, not from the palace 



the est; 



than ten years the press of the District and 
d individuals had been urging upon Congress 
nit of a free public library. The great store 
louse of literature, the Library of Congress, afforded no 
ipportunities to the student who did not have time to go 
there, and it was not until verj recently that access to it 
:ould be had after 4 p, m. and only since last fall on Sun- 
lays. Congress finally created a free library. June 3, [896. 
Hie first appropriation for it was contained in the District of 
Columbia appropriation bill for [898, providing $6,720 foi 
the salaries of a librarian and two assistants, and for rent. 
fuel, lights, etc. The Commissioners at once appointed 
nine trusters Messrs. Theodore \V. Moves, who was elected 
■haiiinan. S. W. Woodward, B. II. Warner .1. B. Larner, 
Ainsworth R. Spofford, J. T. DuBois, R. R. Perry, C. J. 
Bell and R. II. ["hayer. An unoccupied dwelling al [326 
New ¥orl< avenue was leased, and 15,000 volumes of b oks 



THE CITY OF WASHINGTON. 



[03 



placed in it. The nucleus of this collection was 
the books of the old incorporated Washington City 
Free Library. Fifteen hundred volumes were donated 
bv the Anthony Pollok estate. Cash donations for 
the purchase of books were made by Woodward & 
Lothrop, $1,000; Crosby S. Noyes, $1,000; John R. 
McLean, $250; Charles C. Glover, $250; and James 
T. DuBois, who donated the interest on $2,000, which 
he has agreed to increase later to $5,000, the fund to 
be known as the " Henry Pastor Memorial Fund," 
and to be devoted to the purchase of scientific peri- 
odicals. 

The Carnegie library building is the outcome of 
a visit made by the millionaire ironmaster to the 
White House in January, 1899. While waiting in the 
ante-chamber to see President McKinlcy, he engaged 
in conversation with Mr. B. H. Warner, a member 
of the Library board of trustees, who had also called 
to see the President. The needs of the Capital City 
were impressed upon Mr. Carnegie, who then and 
there offered to donate $250,000 for a library, pro- 
vided a suitable site was secured and the necessary 
support guaranteed. In April he increased it to $300,- 
000, and in September, 1899, to $350,000, in order 
that a building might be erected commensurate in 
architecture with the site selected for it. 

Congress was at once appealed to by the library 
trustees to accept the gift and within three months 
agreed to give the use of Mount Vernon Square, stip- 
ulating that the building be begun within twelve 
months and completed within' three years. The super- 
vision of the erection of the building was delegated 
to a commission composed of the District Commission- 
ers, the superintendent of public buildings and grounds 
and the president of the library trustees. Competitive 
designs were advertised for and twenty-four American 
architects submitted plans. Ackerman & Ross, of 
New York, were the successful competitors. Bernard 
R. Green, Superintendent of the Building for the 
Library of Congress, was selected to superintend the con- 
struction. 

The library building is of Greek and Roman architec- 
ture, combining their beauty and dignity. It consists of 
a rectangular building 12 feet wide and 90 feet in length. 
Wings of equal size are extended east and west. These 
wings measure 64 feet by 50 feet, thus giving a floor space 
to the building of 17,307 square feet, or about seven-eighths 
of Mount Vernon Square. In the construction of the ex- 
terior of the building white marble was used entirely, an 
the effect is one of great beauty. The entrance and the 
entire facade of the central pavilion contrasts in its ri 
of design with the more retired appearance of the t\\ 
The central portion consists of three Ionic colu 
proached by broad steps. 

Arrangements for the preservation 
the library and for their proper display 1 




REPRESENTATIVES' RE/ 



ROOM. LIBRARY OF CONGRESS 



iks w 
Tent. 



ile in 

1 !i u ik 



stacks of iron occupy the wings a- well .1- tin col 
and well-lighted reading rooms. The slack* 
alter those in the Library of Congi 
improved pattern. The interior of tlic 
is occupied bv a line hall, approached bj fin 
ways. The galleries in the wings ai 
n loms. 

The free public library movement, which has ll 
ee've.l such an impetus, bids fair not I 
nc-ie has offered to provide the Districl with 
libraries as it will provide sites for and ma 1 
application for the esl 
alread\ been rccei I froi 
thecit) 



io4 



THE CITY OF WASHINGTON. 



The proposed site is one square north of the Eckington 
school and one square east of the new school on Lincoln 
avenue. Citizens of Brookland have decided to purchase 
a site at the corner of Providence and Twelfth streets. 

The departmental libraries of the District, too, afford 
a splendid opportunity for students in almost every field of 
investigation. Probably there is no finer medical libraiy 
in the world than that of the Surgeon-General's Office. For 
technical literature the library of the Patent Office is un- 
surpassed, and in diplomacy the bureau of rolls and library 
of the State Department excels. The libraries of the War 
and of the Navy Departments cover thoroughly the science 
of making war. and the Bureau of Labor, the Bureau of 
American Republics, the Bureau of Statistics of the Treas- 
ury Department and the Department of Agriculture all 
have libraries in which the arts of peace, trade and com- 
merce are fully represented. All these are supplemented 
by the great collections of the Library of Congress and all 
are now working in accord to build up unitedly in this city 
the grandest collection of human recorded wisdom the world 
has ever known. In quantity, undoubtedly some of the 
collections of the old world surpass those of the new republic, 
but in modern general usefulness, when one considers the 
resources of all the special libraries for every department 
of human research that have been collected here, it is safe 
to say no city in the world can equal it. By the co-opera- 
tive system of cataloguing inaugurated by Mr. Herbert 
Putnam, the present Librarian of Congress, the location 
of all books in the departmental libraries will be made 
known at the central collection, whence the student can go 
to the library which has the book he seeks, or it may be 
brought to him at the central library. 

Bernard Richardson Green, civil engineer, is at 
present in charge of construction of the new National Mu- 
seum building and of the building and grounds of the' Li- 
brary of Congress, furnishing and fitting up the building as 
the library develops and expands, and acting as disbursing 
officer for the entire library organization, including the 
Botanic Garden, etc. He is a son of Ezra and Elmina 
Minerva (Richardson) Green, and was born in Maiden, 
Middlesex county, Massachusetts, December 28, 1843. 
After preparation in the common schools and a private 
academy, he took the civil engineering course at the Law- 
rence Scientific School of Harvard University, and received 
the degree of S. I'.. Thence he went directly, in 18(13. into 
the service of the United State- Government, where he has 
since remained continuously in the practice of his profes- 
sion on various engineering works, principally those of 
construction. Beginning with the sea coast fortifications 
iif Maine, during the civil war. be continued there, with 

eers of the United States Corps of Engineers, for fourteen 
years. In all the duties be was mosl intimately connected 
with and much relied upon 1«\ the officers, and naturally 
bad much i" do with all the works of divers classes, experi- 



ments and investigations that they had in charge, including 
lighthouses, fog-signal experiments, harbor and river im- 
provements, and the management of men. Being a skillful 
draughtsman from years of experience, and a good sur- 
veyor, his range of duties and opportunity in the wide field 
of civil engineering was unusually large and diversified. 

hi the spring of 1877 he came to Washington and took 
charge of the construction of the building for the State. 
War and Navy Departments under the direction of Lieu- 
tenant-Colonel (later Brigadier-General and Chief of En- 
gineers) Thomas Lincoln Casey, to whose hands it had 
just been transferred, and under whom he had been orig- 
inally employed for some years on the Maine fortifications. 
( )nlv the north wing and a portion of the cast wing of the 
building had then been built. The State Department was 
occupying the south wing, but no drawings nor other im- 
portant preparation had been made for the continuance of 




1ICHARDSON GREEN 



the building or to provide for the needs of the other depart- 
ments. All these had to he taken up at once, and some 
sorely needed improvements in the management and system 
of operations introduced. Precedent, existing contracts, 
and grossly expensive methods of construction, not to 
mention clumsy architectural design, were existing con- 
ditions mosi difficult ami in some respects impossible to 
overcome. By caution, however, and constant pressure the 
rales of cost were gradually reduced until, finally, when 
the building was finished in 1888. having been built by 
successive wings under the law instead o\ as a whole, the 
total cost bad been reduced some two and a quarter millions 
of dollars below what it would have been if the previous rate 
bad continued. The north wing alone was built for "lie 
and a half millions of dollars [ess than the south wing. 
While engaged mainly on this work. Mr. Green acted as 



THE CITY OF WASHINGTON. 



105 



professional adviser and assistant to Colonel Casey in all 
the engineering works in his charge, including, particularly, 
the Washington Aqueduct and its projected conduit exten- 
sion, and the Washington Monument. For the monument 
he devised the general method adopted for the underpin- 
ning and strengthening of the foundation, and designed 
in detail the necessarily unique construction of the marble 
pyramiclion, or pointed cap of the shaft. He also laid out 
and supervised much of the construction of the great earth 
mound around the base. About the same time he super- 
vised the construction of the Army Medical Museum, and 
for several years was in charge of the construction of 
several of the principal buildings at the United States 
Soldiers' Home, including central distributing heating 
system and the new water works, which he planned. On 
the completion of the State, War and Navy Building, in 
the spring of 1888, he was called by the Senate Com- 
mittee on Additional Accommodations for the Library 
of Congress, and by the commission for the construction 
of the new building, to take charge of the construction 
under the immediate direction of the latter, while the 
architect confined himself to the preparation of the plans 
and specifications. This he accepted and laid the first 
half of the foundation during the summer, but the funds 
were low and Congress was investigating the unsatisfactory 
character of the previous operations and uncertainties of 
the scheme. This resulted on October 2, 1888, in an act 
which set aside all previous proceedings and organization 



and placed the entire control under new conditions in the 
hands of Bngadier-General Thomas 1. inc. In Casey, Chief 
of Engineers, to report directly to Congress. He at once 
put in complete local charge, under bis direction, Mr 
who entirely reorganized the office and building f< 
modelled the plan witb the assistance of architects employed 
for the purpose, and conducted the work rapidly to within 
a year of completion, when, on the death of tin _■ 
he succeeded to the entire charge by act of Congress. The 
building and grounds were completed in 1897 within the 
limits of design, cost and time originally submitted by 
General Casey to Congress, and Mr. Green has continued 
in charge of the building until the present time, lie also 
built the new Washington Public Library building, and 
has been, as he still is extensively consulted for the con- 
struction of important private and public buildings in this 
city and elsewhere. 

Mr. Green is a member and past director of the Ameri- 
can Society of Civil Engineers; treasurer of the Philosophi 
cal Society and of the Academy of Sciences of Washington: 
member and past president of the Cosmos Club: t 
of the Corcoran Gallery of Art: chairman of the t 
of All Souls' Church, and member of several other impor- 
tant organizations. At Maiden, Massachusetts, on Januar\ 
1, 1868, he married Julia E., daughter of Marvi 
Asenath (Brooks) Lincoln. Their children are: Hern; 
Lincoln, civil engineer: Julia Minerva, phys'cian: Willi; 
Ezra, violinist and music teacher, and Arthur Brooki 
a student. 




COSMOS CLUB 



THE CITY OF WASHINGTON. 





-■--*trr 

■ IJIIItlll,,, 




BOND BUILDING. CHARLES 



^SIDENT AND GENERA 



BOND, SOLE OWNER. 
ER OF WAITT & BOND INCORF 
ASSACHUSETTS. 



PARKS AND RESERVATIONS. 




RTJLY NOBLE were the words used by 
Jefferson when writing to Washington, in 
praise of the latter's success in securing 
so large an amount of land from the orig- 
inal property owners, to be reserved for 
the use of the people. It was to the far- 
seeing mind of this first and greatest 
American statesman, therefore, that we 
owe the beautiful city of to-day. Jeffer- 
son was the first President to attempt any- 
J thing in the way of beautifying the city. 

This he accomplished by planting along Pennsylvania ave- 
nue four rows of Lombardy poplars. These trees, no longer 
in existence, for more than half a century stood as a monu- 
ment to the planter, adorning the only avenue in the city- 
worthy of the name. 

The first reservation to receive the attention of the 
landscape gardener was that around the Capitol. In early 
years the ""roadway up Capitol Hill wound around close 
to the building- itself and gave to it an overgrown, ungainly 
appearance. "A" streets existed on either side the Capitol 
in those clays and on these were rows of brick buildings 
facing the Capitol. No more important improvement was 
ever made than that which swept these buildings away 
and reserved the space for a park, paving the way for the 
beautiful grounds of to-day. The nucleus of the present 
Botanic Garden was a rare and curious collection of 
plants brought to the city in 1850 by William D. P.reckm- 
ridge, a Scotch botanist who accompanied Commodore I 'cm 
on his expedition round the world. To house this collection 
Congress made an appropriation for a greenhouse on the 
north side of the Patent Office. This was too small Eor 
growth and Congress then provided a larger greenhouse 
along the bank of Tiber creek, in the Mall. Not long after- 
ward a terrific hailstorm which swept over the city, rum 
the greenhouses and broke nearly all the two-inch plate 
glass in the roof of the Capitol. An appropriation to re 
the damage proved to be more than sufficient and a spactot 
addition to the greenhouses was constructed. Mr. 
inridge had for an assistant a young man, William R. S 
who became his successor and to whose skill an 
the Nation is greatly indebted. Not only has he brougli 
the Gardens themselves to a state of perfection but 1 
sent broadcast, through members of Congress, 



and seeds of his own propagating, until every State in til 
Union owes to him a debt that :t can never repay. '!"•> Mr. 
Smith this has been a labor O love and it is to be hoped 
that he may be spared many year.- to continue his \v< >rk. 

The White House grounds were planned and laid out 
by another of Mr. Breckinridge's assistants. A. I. Downing. 
His ideas were at least fifty years in advance ,of his time 
and remind one much of the ornate and vary CX| 
plans laid before the Senate District Committee ii 
Mr. Downing evidently had in mind the creation of park-, 
boulevards and monuments that would far surpass 
magnificence of Paris. He planned a grand Are de Tri- 
omphe for the Fifteenth street entrance to the White Housi 
grounds and a lake in the center of the grounds, which were 
to be beautified with trees, shrubbery, flowers, 
etc. Unfortunately an unusually dan.]' - - 
beginning of this work and Mrs. Pierce, the wife 
President, suffered from malaria the greater part • 
time. She denounced Mr. Downing's beautiful lake in 
bryo as a dirty, disease-breeding horse pond, and the Pi 
dent gave a peremptory order to fill it up. This 
much to the landscape gardener's disgust, and h 
to continue the work. His plans were left 

House, where the legend hath it that they were played with 
by the children an.! cut up to make paper 

That portion of the Mall before the Smithsonian build- 
ing was laid nut as a park by Mr. Downing and Mr. Join 

Saul. At the time this improvement was begun this 

tion had been used as a cattle yard, from il 

the market, and was reeking with tilth. 

extended as far west as Fourteenth street. 

was completed Mr. Downing lost hi 

burning of a steamer, in which be v. 

Hudson river. A monument: 

stands in the easterly portion of tin 

to Downings memory b> the American Pont 

His place was filled bv George R. lit 

scape gardener of the Department of Piihli. 

1 , rounds. 

Rock Creek Park, emhracit 

stream hill and vail. ■. 

lovelv stream thai gb 

bridge (the northern bound; 

to anoint near the Distt 



io8 



THE CITY OF WASHINGTON. 



ing natural locations one could imagine. As a somewhat 
strange coincidence it has been noted that the stream is 
the dividing line between the two geological formations 
of the Potomac valley. Artists and poets have used their 
talents for many years in endeavors to depict and describe 
the wondrous beauties of this vast secluded retreat, but 
none have been able to impress upon the mind any such 
idea as a visit to its fastnesses will give. One would hardly 
believe that so near to a populous city, the Capital of the 
Nation, exists so extensive a haunt of Nature, where her 
lovers, undisturbed by the rudeness of civilization, may listen 
to her varied language. That it has been, by act of Con- 
gress, purchased from private owners and set aside for a 
government park and that it is the intention to preserve 



million, two hundred thousand dollars were appropriated 
by act of Congress approved September 27, 1890, to pur- 
chase the territory. The actual expenditure for this purpose 
was $1,174,511.45. Half of this was to be paid by the Dis- 
trict. To effect the purchase the President created a com- 
mission composed of the Chief of Engineers of the Army. 
the Engineer Comm'ssioner of the District. Mr. R. Ross 
Perry, General H. V. Bovnton and Prof. S. P. Langley, the 
Secretary of the Smithsonian Institution. The purpose of 
the act was to establish within the District a great National 
Park for the benefit of the people of the who'e country, as 
well as to preserve for future generations the great natural 
beauty of this region. The commission was empowered 
to institute condemnation proceedings in the Supreme Court 




ii so Ear as possible in its pristine glory, is to every devotee 
of Nature, a cause for congratulation. 

In a map prepared in [867, in response to a Senate 
resolution. In Major Miehler of the Engineer Corps, this 
territory was set off as a park, but although the subject 
of SO doing was occasionally agitated, no action was taken 
toward acquiring it until about [889. Even then, how 
ever, it was the fear that pollution of the head waters of 
the stream might be a grave menace to the health of the 
city, rather than a desire to give the cit) a great and beau- 
tiful pari; worthy of it, that caused Congress to act. The 
clinching argument was the showing that the pollution of 
m might cause a much greater expenditure than 
the price for which all the land could he purchased. 1 )ne 



the District for acquisition of the land, and after months 

patient and earnest work, during which the case was 
■ried to the United States Supreme Court by some of the 
isatisfied landowners, the commission at last succeeded 
acquiring all the property desired. The purchase accom- 
shed, the control of the park passed into the hands of 
• permanent commission created by the same act, con- 
ting of the Chief of Engineers, the three District Commis- 
mers and the Secretary of the Smithsonian Institution. 

officio. 

The National Zoological Park comprising [67 acres 

joins the Rock Creek Park and extends southward toward 

.-n \ as far as the VVoodlej road. It was purchased 

iShii, the Nation and the District sharing the cost, as 



THE CITY OF WASHINGTON. 






they now share the expense of its support. The Park 
and its collection of animals, birds, fish and reptiles 
are under the control of the regents of the Smith- 
sonian Institution. 

Other prominent parks are Lafayette Square, 
opposite the White House, Franklin Square, Lincoln 
Park, one mile east of the Capitol, Washington Park 
(better known as the Monument Grounds), Farragut 
and McPherson Squares, Judiciary Park, and iowa, 
Scott, Thomas, Dupont and Washington circles. 

The most important addition to the park im- 
provements in Washington in hjot, is that of Mount 
Vernon Square, where once stood the unsightly and 
unsanitary old market buildings which Alexander R. 
Shepherd ordered a gang of men to tear down one 
night, when all the District judges were out of the 
city, so that no injunction stopping it cou'd be secured. 
Many citizens can remember the howl of indignation 
that went up when Shepherd thus successfully defied 
the interests of property owners, and can recall the 
filthy appearance of the square in 1870. What a con- 
trast to the present ! There now stands the imposing 
Carnegie public library, and soon the square all around 
the building will blossom as the rose. Upon the beau- 
tifying of this square will be expended this year about 
$15,000. A handsome stone coping will surround the 
grounds, while similar granite work will line the vari- 
ous walks running through the park parallel to the 
building. The grounds have been graded roughly 
and sown with grass, and some planting of shrubbery 
will be clone soon. The work is under the immediate 
direction of Mr. George H. Brown, the landscape 
gardener of' the Department of Public Buildings and 
Grounds. When completed, the Carnegie Library 
grounds will be among the most beautiful in the 
city, and will compare favorably with those of the 
Library of Congress. 

Sheridan Circle, the new park on Massachusetts 
avenue extended, northwest, and Truxton Circle, at 
North Capitol street and Florida avenue, are among the 
heretofore blank spaces which will be made to bloom tins 
year with flowers and shrubs. 

It is no exaggeration to say that the parks of Wash- 
ington are among the most beautiful in the world. The 
work of aiding Nature in the art of beautifying a city has 
been for the past six years under the supervision ot Colonel 
Theodore A. Bingham, superintendent of public buildings 
and grounds. He has just been succeeded by Colonel 
Thomas W. Symons. Engineer Corps. With .be growth oi 
the city this work constantly increases and this year 
upon a much larger scale than ever before. New parks 
have been added to the general system, and new pants and 
flowers are being continually propagated lor tl 
"by government experts. ' This task of beautifying a c 
by no means an easy one. There are 3 10 public 
containing about 4,035 acres, of 
comprising 353 acres, are highl) u 
smaller reservations, or 23 acres are partiallj 




,-hich [06 reservations 
ve d. Fiftj thr. 



PEACE MONUMENT 

leaving the remainder at present unimproved. It is 
limes "spoken of as Cnele Sam's farm, and while - 
not raised, bay is. enough to 
in the District. 

These are all produced ii 
gardens, where also are raise.) the flowers for tli 
House Everv dav in the year, on an avci 
worth of the choices! 

\,,i many are required in the sunn 
mantis during th. 

cosl in flowers il «« 

is quite an item. At n recent ninnci 

Jens supplied over 9v™ worth ■ 

IVoss J F'ghl hundi 

oneJ, six hundred red 

fronds 



THE CITY OF U'ASHINGTOX. 



To beautify the reservations immense quantities of 
seeds and bulbs are used annually. In October about 50,000 
tulip and other bulbs are put in the ground. These begin 
to bloom in March and continue to beautify the parks 
through April. About the first of May these are replaced 
with the summer blooming plants. To keep the parks beau- 
tiful during the long, hot season, fully 750,000 plants, one- 
third of which are flowering, are required. From forty to 
fifty different varieties arc used, no pains being spared in 
propagating to produce the very best results. 

A report made in 1902 to Colonel John Biddle, Engineer 
Commissioner of the District by Mr. Trueman Lanham, 
superintendent of the parking commission, gives a state- 
ment of the total number of the various kinds of trees 
planted in the streets of Washington and the suburbs. The 
grand total of street trees in the District is 84,487. These 
are divided as follows: 

American ash, 735; catalpa (in parkings), 600; cypress 
(in parkings), 26; elms, 7,765; horse chestnut, 250; Ken- 
tucky coffee, 105; lindens, 6,880; honey locusts, 1,050; 
silver or soft maples, 25,390; Norway maples, 7,080; red 
maples, 925; sycamore maples, 375; sugar maples, 7,680; 
negundos, 1,800; pin oaks, 580; red oaks, 417; swamp 
white oaks, 50; upright English oaks, 82; willowleaf oaks, 
24 ; Carolina poplars, 6,540 ; Athenian poplars, 750 ; Turke- 
stan poplars, 42; mixed poplars, 1,200; sycamores, 11,065; 
sweet gums, 230; Salisburias, 540; tulip trees, 2,020; mis- 
cellaneous, 300. 

In addition to the above there are 1,144 trees in the 
subdivision of Petworth. These trees, while not included 
in the official count, from the fact that they were set out 
by private individuals (the original developers of the prop- 
erty), have for the last six or seven years been trimmed, 
cultivated and cared for generally by the District parking 
commission. These trees added to the official count bring 
ih« -rand lotal of street trees in the District up to 85,631. 

The principal feature of the principal public reservation 
is today, as il always will be, the great stone shaft, 555 
feet high, which commemorates the greatness of Washing- 
ton. Il occupies the site chosen by Washington himself for 
the erection of the equestrian statue authorized by Con- 
gress in [783, mar the intersection of north and south and 
cast and west lines drawn through the White House and 
i apito] respectively. Vfter Washington's death it was pro- 
posed by a resolution of Congress to erect a marble monu- 
ment, under which his body should lie. The widow ac- 
quiesced, from "a sense of public duty," hut no further 
action was taken. In [833 Chief Justice John Marshall 
headed a movemenl "f citizens which resulted in the forma- 
tion of the " Washington Monument Society," to solicit 
funds iii ever) city of the Union. Robert Mills, architect, 
was the successful competitor among a large number who 
submitted designs for a memorial structure. His plan 
consisted of an obelisk of about 500 feet in height, sur- 
mounting a colonnade of Doric columns, called ,1 pan 
theon, in which ii was proposed to deposit revolutionary 
relics, statues of famous American warriors and statesmen, 
etc. The estimated cosl ol the obelisk was $552,0 1 
ol thi entire structure, $1,122,006. 1 ngi ivinj of Mills' 



design were scattered far and wide to influence subscriptions 
for the monument fund, and as early as May, 1854, the sum 
of $231,000 had been received and was increasing at the 
rate of about $2,000 a month. About $12,000 of this was 
raised in the District of Columbia, and a large number of 
people made " annual " subscriptions, promising to con- 
tribute a stated amount each year. 

Robert C. Winthrop, of Massachusetts, delivered the 
oration upon the occasion of the laying of the cornerstone 
(weight twelve tons) of the great monument, on July 4. 
1848, in the presence of twenty thousand people. The im- 
plements used were those used by Washington in laying 
the cornerstone of the Capitol in 1793. Work progressed 
until 1855, when it stopped for want of funds, at a height 
of 156 feet. Thus it remained, an ugly looking stub, for 
more than twenty years. Congress united in 1876 with the 
old society to complete the work, a commission being ap- 
pointed consisting of the President, the chief of engineers 
of the army, supervising architect of the Treasury, the 
architect of the Capitol and the first vice-president of the 
Washington National Monument Society. The commis- 
sion then appointed Colonel T. L. Casey, of the engineer 
corps, as engineer in charge of construction. Examination 
of the foundations showed clearly that they would not bear 
the additional weight which it was proposed to place upon 
them. It was evident that settlement had already occurred, 
although so uniformly that the shaft was but very slight!) 
out of plumb. With the aid of Bernard R. Green, his as- 
sistant engineer, who had had considerable experience in 
contract work, Colonel Casey devised a plan for strengthen- 
ing the foundations and straightening the monument, which 
was adopted and carried out with the fullest success. Small 
tunnels were dug under the old foundation, one at a time, 
and filled with concrete, the effect upon the great shatt 
being watched daily with plumb lines and levels. Three 
years were occupied in this work, and when it was done 
the old foundation, which was So feet square, had been for- 
tified and extended to 126 feet square. Upon this new 
foundation the engineers were agreed the structure could he 
carried up to its originally intended height. The Mills de- 
sign was adopted only so far as it provided f«>r the great 
central obelisk, the proposed pantheon, with its Greek 
colonnades, being abandoned. In the original design the 
shaft was left with a nearl) flat top. but this was changed 
to the more artistic pyramidal peak. 

The first stone of the continuation was laid by August 
7, 1880, and the work progressed so rapidly that the great 
keystone, weighing two and one-half Ions, was swung into 
position November t8, 1884. The capstone, weighing 3,300 
pounds, was set December <>. and the event was celebrated 
b) a national salute of artillery. Above the capstone is the 
apex, a solid pyramid of aluminum, five ami one-half inches 
square at the base and nine and one-half inches high. Tin 
acceptance of the monument by the Government and its 
dedication took place Saturday, February 21. 18S5. the evi 
of the one hundred and fifty-third anniversar) of Washing- 
ton's birth. 



THE CITY OF WASHINGTON. 



Greenough's statue of Washington has been fully de- 
scribed in the chapter relating to the Capitol. A third 
statue— the long-postponed equestrian one— for which Con- 
gress appropriated, in 1853, $50,000, occupies the center of 
Washington Circle, at the intersection of Pennsylvania and 
New Hampshire avenues and Twenty-third and K streets. 
It is by Clark Mills, cast in bronze, and represents the 
commander-in-chief surveying the field just after rallying 
his troops at the battle of Princeton. The face is modeled 
after the famous bust by Houdon. The bronze was donated 
by Congress in the form of captured cannon. Mills was 
also the sculptor of the Jackson statue, in the center of 
Lafayette Park, opposite the north door of the White 
House. Among other monuments and statues not elsewhere 
described may be mentioned the Naval Monument, on Penn- 



sylvania avenue al the fool of Capitol Hill: the Garfield 
Monument, on Maryland avenue: the Emancipation Statue, 
in Lincoln Park: the Lincoln Column, before the City Hall, 
and the Lafayette and Rochambeau Statues, in Lafayette 
Square. Generals Green, Scott, Hancock, Thomas and 
Logan are honored with equestrian statues I i| 
erals Grant. Sherman and Sheridan have been 
Staines to Generals McPherson and Rawlins and 
minds Dupont and Farragut adorn various squares and res- 
ervations. At the foot of the Capitol terrace is 
beautiful bronze Maine of John Marshall, Chief J 
the United States for thirty-five years. Benjamin Franklin, 
Daniel Webster, .Martin Luther and Professor Joseph Hcnn 
have also been commemorated in outdoor statues in marble 
or bronze. 




WASHINGTON MONUMENT 



THE CITY OF WASHINGTON. 




ST. VINCENT'S ORPHAN AS1 



LITTLE SISTERS OF THE POOR. 



GEORGETOWN, MOUNT VERNON, ALEXANDRIA, 
AND ARLINGTON. 




PATENT or grant, by Henry Darnell, 
keeper of the great seal of the State of Mary- 
land, conveying to Colonel Ninian Beall 
705 acres, dated November 18, 1703, is 
the first record of private ownership of 
the land on which Georgetown was lo- 
cated. This tract, embracing more than 
a square mile of territory, was then known 
as the Rock of Dumbarton. 

Sixty acres of land, owned by George 
• Gordon and George Beall, constituted the 

original site of Georgetown. In 175 1 five commissioners, 
appointed by the Maryland legislature, Henry Wright Crabb, 
John Needham, John Claggett, James Terry and David 
Lynn, laid the town out "on the Potomac river above tin- 
mouth of Rock Creek in Frederick county, Maryland." Gor- 
don and Beall, the owners, refused to sell their lands, and by 
the authority' conferred upon the commissioners by the 
legis'ature, it was appraised at £280 currency and con- 
demned. In addition to the appraised value the owners 
were each given the privilege of selecting two lots in the 
new town. Beall was exceedingly wroth at what he termed 
this high-handed method of forcing a man to yield up his 
property and at first refused to accept anything, or to recog- 
nize the commissioners in any way. Advised, however, by 
friends that the whole proceeding was strictly legal, he 
yielded but with a written protest, which is still in existence: 
" If I must part with my property by force, I had better 
save a little than be totally demolished ; rather than have 
none I accept of them lots said to be Mr. Henderson s and 
Mr. Edmondston's. But I do hereby protest and declare 
that my acceptance of said lots, which is by force, shall not 
deter me from future redress from the commissioners, or 
others, if I can have the rights of a British subject. 1 ask 
no more. God save King George. 

" George Beall. 

" March 7th, 1752." 

The lots chosen by Captain Beall were No, 72, fronting 
67 feet on Water street by 339 feet on High street ; 
No. 79, fronting on the river. Sixteen jurors condemned 
the land for this town site. Their names were V 
Pritchett, Ninian Magruder, Nicholas Baker, James Beall, 
Nathaniel Magruder, Charles Claggett, James Holm 
Thomas Claggett, Zachariah Magn 



Charles Jones, 
15 



James Wallace, Basil Beall, William Williams. Alexander 
Magruder. William Wallace and John Magruder. Eight) 
lots comprised the limits of the town and the streets wen- 
named by the commissioners. As the property it 
in value and the demand fur lots grew, additions were made 
to the town, two by Captain Beall, and one by Threlkeld 
and Deakin. the latter in 1785. 

Christmas Day. [789, Georgetown was incorporated ; 
a city. Robert Peter. Esq., was appointed mayor and John 
Mackall Gantt, recorder. The aldermen were Brool 
Thomas Beall, son of George, Bernard O'Neale, James 
Macubbin Linghan, John Threlkeld and John P 

The first records of council meetings extanl at 
of 1791 when ordinances were passed to prevent tl 
at large, within the town, of geese or swine. The fa 
able part of the town in its early years was below Bl 
street (now M street). Cherry Alley was the name of I 
principal residence thoroughfare and along this, in quail 
litttle two-story houses, built of brick brought from Eng- 
land, with sloping roofs, queer-shaped gal 
of dormer windows, dwell the aristocratic families of Balch, 
Beall, Whaim. Peter, Key. Mason. Foxall, Bronaugb. and 
Forrest. 

Georgetown was incorporated into the cit) of Wash- 
ington a few years ago. and at last the ambition of her early 
inhabitants to be the Capital of the nation has beet 
fied. although in that achievement her identity is bring 
gradually lost. The older inhabitants still talk of 
town, while the newcomers generally say West Washing- 
ton. Even that slight distinction 111 for the 
streets are now numbered and lettered in conformil 
those on the east side oi Rod Creek. 1 
serious consideration bj Congi 
the creek through a tunnel by the 11 
p otomac filling up the old channel t< 
hank, on either side, l-or many years tlv 
Cr eek have been dumping grounds for ill 
city until what was once a wi 
row one with onlv n muddy, « 

\'o more val 
be made at this time, and compete! 
mated that tl* imlrl wouW 

more tha 



(113) 



ii 4 



THE CITY OF WASHINGTON. 



immediately available for public and private use. It is only 
a question of time when it will be done, and Rock Creek 
will be as much of a memory to the citizens of Washington 
of the twenty-first century as the Tiber is to those of the 
twentieth. 

Above Massachusetts avenue Rock Creek is still pic- 
turesquely beautiful, winding through the natural vistas 
of dense foliage that line its grassy banks in the Zoological 
Park and northward into Maryland, but its ancient beauty 
as it curved along between the old town and the new, when 
the nineteenth century was young, has forever passed away. 
The sooner it is here buried in a culvert the better. 

Many of the old homes of Georgetown possess a strik- 
ing air of stateliness, albeit not now so well kept as in the 



who barely escaped with his life to America. James Murray 
Mason, author of the Fugitive Slave Law of 1850, and Com- 
missioner of the Confederate States to France and England, 
was born on Analostan Island. 

This typical old Southern home was long years ago 
burned to the ground, and it is now no easy task to find 
any trace of the foundation ruins, so overgrown are they 
with thickly interwoven vines and brambles. 

MOUNT VERNON. 

America's most sacred shrine of Liberty and Patriotism 

is Mount Vernon. Here lie the ashes of the nation's first 

and greatest President, and in the old mansion where he 

died, now restored to its original appearance, have been 




IOUNT VERNON. 



HE HOME OF 



WASHINGTON 



past. Yel one sees many rare trees and shrubbery still 
growing in the old lawns that crown the heights, and the 

thai the) are hardly discernible through the grass, all tell 
a talc "i departed grandeur and loveliness. 

Few of the old colonial places in the District of Co- 
lumbia now remain. The old Semmes Tavern, on Nigh 
treet, George^ n, h here I leneral \\ ashington b >pped 
1 S, was lorn down in iSi,S. It was probably in that 
inn that be signed the pn iclaiuation w Inch made \\ ashington 
die permanenl seal of government of the 1 nited States. 
( )pposiie 1 leorgetown is Analostan or Mason's Island, now a 
wildernesi il ' it In i and weeds, once the home of John 
Mason, - Colonel 1 leorge Mason, a member of Parlia- 

ment mi'!' ■ . 1 onfi seated and 



collected ancient furniture and pictures, which present to 
the visitor a scene as near as ma\ be like the days when 
Washington and his family were happy within its walls. 
This work of restoration lias been done by a Hoard of Lady 
Regents, representing every State in the Union. These 
are the executive officers of the Mount Vernon Ladies 
Association, incorporated in [859, to bu\ the Washington 
estate and bold it in perpetuity. Two hundred acres were 
purchased from John Augustine Washington for $; 
which sum was raised by voluntary contributions from all 
parts of the I 'nited Slates. In 1SS7 Jay Gould bought and 
donated to the association a desirable tract of 33^ acres. 
The Governor of Virginia, by virtue of bis office, bad a 
supervisory authorit) and at the annual meetings of the 



THE CITY OF WASHINGTON. 



board at Mount Vernon, the Governor and his staff are 
always present. 

Mount Vernon was originally the home of Lawrence 
Washington, the General's elder half - brother, and was 
named after Admiral Vernon, a British commander under 
whom Lawrence had served. The elder Washington, at his 
death, bequeathed his estate to George, who was then about 
twenty-one years old. No more beautiful spot could be 
found. It is about sixteen miles from Washington, on the 
western shore of the Potomac, in Fairfax county, Virginia. 
The mansion, with a wide portico along its entire front, 
stands upon the crest of the high bank, a beautiful lawn 
of five or six acres, with groves here and there, stretching 
down to the river's very edge. Lawrence Washington 



studded door — and the new tomb, wherein now 
in massive marble sarcophagi, the bodies of George and 
Martha Washington, side by side, Iron gates, unlocked 
only upon special occasions, prevent visitors from entering 
the tomb and vandals from defacing the sarcophagi. Upon 
the lid of that containing the body of Washington is simph 
wrought the American emblems and lite name. Upon lb. 
other one reads, "Martha, consort of Washington." Ven- 
erable old oaks east their shadows upon this ball", 
and evergreen cedars wave silently over it with ev( i 
One who has not visited this lovely place, where memories 
can not fail to strengthen patriotism, should not fail to do 
so at the first opportunity. The small fee of twenty-five 
cents is collected at the entrance to the grounds, and 




TOMB OF WASHINGTON. MOUNT 



built the central part of the house ; his brother added the 
wings. It is 96 feet in length, apparently two floors in 
height, but really of three for the tall roof affords ami. le 
room for another suite of chambers. It was in this attic- 
story, indeed, that Mrs. Washington established hersell 
after the death of her husband and in one of the 100,,,.. 
overlooking the Potomac and the General's tomb, she ^,\. 
The ground floor contains six large rooms, the northeast 
one containing that magnificent marble mantelpiece ■ 
to General Washington from Italy. 

Trips to Mt. Vernon from Washington may be made 
either by steamer or by electric cars. Large numbers 
visitors go daily. There one may see the old t( 
mere excavation in the hillside, closed with a wooden. 



th 



cost of ki 

is done by these small, individual 



despite 

unproductive 

contributions 



ALEXANDRIA. 

Alexandria, founded in "74 s . "" 
the Potomac, now a town of historic memories, and im 

a p ar | { the District, is nvvvrthcli 
relied to Washington than ever. The 
by train and boat make it possible for mat 
the capital citv to have their homes in Alexandre 
lam , aiK l rents are so much cheaper. It will not 
nrisinc therefore to find n f. 
will become n popular residence suburb 



i6 



THE CITY OF WASHINGTON. 



if, indeed, the reclamation from Virginia of all that portion 
of the old District lying south and west of the Potomac, 
now being agitated, does not become an accomplished fact. 
Even so late as the middle of the nineteenth century 
Alexandria enjoyed a considerable foreign commerce as 
well -as a home trade with the Eastern and Southern States. 
Reminiscences of the past are closely cherished and one 
who enjoys historic places and their inseparable legends, 
will be delighted with a day spent in Alexandria. Here 

h lonial governors met by appointment with General 

Brad'lock ami determined upon that famous expedition 
into western territory. Near the old Episcopal Church, 
then surrounded by woods, the tents were pitched and 



Since the civil war, the Marshall House, the scene of 
the assassination of Colonel Ellsworth, of the New York- 
Zouaves , is also regarded as one of the ' ' sights " of the town . 

ARLINGTON. 

Across the river, in a southeasterly direction from the 
Capitol, and soon, let us hope, to be connected with the 
city by a magnificent memorial bridge, along the line of 
New York avenue, lies Arlington, the home of the adopted 
son of Washington, of Robert E. Lee, and now the last 
resting place of thousands of brave men who laid down their 
lives in that great inter-necine strife, which, awful as it 
was, has resulted in cementing the union of States into the 
greatest republican nation the world has ever known. 




ARLINGTON, THE HOME OF LEE. 



the route which the anm took over the western bills has 
In en known ever since as Braddock's road. Rich, too, is 
the til \ in stories and legends relating to the every-day life 
hi Washington. I lis letters and addresses are tilled with 
complimentary references to "bis old and valued fellow- 
citizens," his "kind ami cherished neighbors ami associ- 
ates." In Alexandria mel the firsl public assembly in jubi- 
lation over the ratification of the Federal Constitution. 
Christ Church, dedicated in 1705, with the burial ground 
around it. is an objeel of much interest to visitors. Wash- 
ington was a vestryman in this church and the iargi double 
pew which In occupied with his family when President 



afti 



me to \\ linii 



usually cond 



Glorious an- these statel) hills of Virginia, on whose 
grass} and wooded slopes stand the monuments to patriotism 
and valor, which to the later generations are at mice a lesson 
in history and a warning to our national pride. Mighty 
oaks are there, spreading their branches far toward the 
sky. which were no more than saplings when the first stone 
for the great Capitol on the opposite shore was laboriouslj 
swung into place. No human being who saw the beginning 
of that great work, lives on this earth to-day, but Nature's 
handiwork still exists, the silent witness of the city's growth 
for mi ire than a century. 

Arlington, as it i> Mill known, ami ever -hall be, 1- part 
..I" a -rant made in [669 to Robert Howson, 1>\ Sir William 



THE CITY OF WASHINGTON. 



Berkeley, Governor of Virginia, and the name given to it 
by its first owner, was in honor of the then Earl of Arling- 
ton. Howson conveyed the tract to Columbus Alexander, 
for whom Alexandria, first called " Beall Haven," was 
afterwards named. Direct descendants of Alexander still 
own certain portions of the original grant. 

John Park Cnstis, stepson of President Washington, 
was the next owner of Arlington, and at his death it became 
the property of his son, George Washington Park Custis, 
whom Washington, being childless, adopted as his own son. 
Custis' daughter, Eliza, married Robert E. Lee, lieutenant in 
the United States army, on June 30, 1831. She inherited 
the estate on the death of her father, and the greatest general 
of the South was therefore living in that beautiful home 



water, and is visible from every pari of Washington, afford- 
ing a correspondingly magnificent view of the city. A 
grassy, wooded lawn slopes sharply toward the river, at the 
foot of which stand the handsome marble columns that once 
adorned the entrance to the old War Department building, 
and now forms the principal entrance for pilgrims to thi> 
hallowed spot. Electric cars running between the city and 
Fort Myer pass the entrance every fifteen minut 
present a striking contrast to those hospitable days when 
George Washington Park Custis welcomed guests who came 
by boat and landed at the little wharf near Arlington Spring. 
This spring, in the early days of Washington, was renowned 
far and wide. The purest of waters, deliciously cool in the 
hottest days of summer, gushed from the roots of a large 




within s ; ght of the National Capital when the disputes be- 
tween the North and South resulted in open rupture, and 
State pride and loyalty forced Lee to resign his commiss 
from the Government that had educated him, to take up 
arms against his former classmates and friends. Visitors 
to the Arlington National Cemetery, as they write their 
names in the great book that lies invitingly open in tin 
drawing room, may feel a greater interest in knowing that 
the .wedding of Lieut. Robert E. Lee and Miss ( 
place in that very room, the Rev. William Mead, who aft 
wards became Bishop of Virginia, officiating. 

The old mansion, with its magnificent Greek 
modeled after the front of the great Parthenon at Uhc 
stands almost at the summit of the hill, 250 feet a 



oak standing near the center of a bcautif 
With great-hearted good will the owner 11 
visitors to these grounds, Iml put up buildii 
commodation of the public a storeroom, a kitchen 
hall sixty feet long and a dancing hall ol 
( inly two rule- were reqiiin 
holic liquors to be sold on the pro 
allowed on the Sabbath." Il was lh« Marsh 
days. A little boat called th< [' G. W. P < 
tween Washington, \texandi 
summer months and parties, from 

in number, were to ' ln < nr 

winter of 1814, following the l.'.rilisli 
lid and loaded 



i8 



THE CITY OF WASHINGTON. 



on the ice for many days. There was great suffering among 
the poor in Washington because of the scarcity of fuel and 
these were given freedom to cut in Arlington forest, with- 
out charge, and carry home wood enough to keep them 
warm during the winter* 

The presenl manor house was built in [802 by G. W. 
P. Custis and in it he lived until 1854. Mere, at the age of 
23, he brought his bride, Mary Lee Fitzhugh, a charming 
maiden of [6. The building, a copy of the temple of The- 
seus, at Athens, consists of a center 60 feet long, two wings 
each \o feet, and a portico, 60 by 25 feet. The weeping 
willows on the grounds are descendants of cuttings brought 
to America in 1775 from a tree near the villa of Alexander 
Pope, the poet, at Twickenham, the parent stock of all like 
trees in England, as those of Arlington are said to have been 
of all in America. Here came Lafayette, with his son, 
George Washington Lafayette, on his second visit to Amer- 
ica and in those spacious halls were entertained nearly all 
the notable people who came to Washington during the 
days between [812 and i860. 

An erroneous statement has frequently been made that 
the United States became the possessor of this property 
through the general confiscation act. It was sold for unpaid 
taxes fanuary 11. 1864, and the United States gave over 
three fourths of its assessed valuation, notwithstanding it 
had greatly deteriorated during the war. Originally the 
estate contained about 1,100 acres. The National Cemetery 

- ; Mackall, "Early Days of Washington." 



embraces about 200 acres of this, surrounding the manor- 
house. Here he buried the bodies of more than 16,000 
soldiers who fell upon various battlefields during the civil 
war. Immediately in front of the mansion, in full view of 
the Potomac and the Capitol, is the stone that marks the 
grave of Gen. Philip II. Sheridan. Just south is a' granite 
sarcophagus which is placed over a vault 30 feet dee]) by 
220 feet in diameter in which were deposited the bones of 
2.1 1 1 unknown soldiers gathered from Bull Run and other 
Southern battlefic'ds. Here also lie many who were killed 
in the war with Spain. A beautiful memorial has been 
erected to the martyrs of the Maine. In the southeastern 
corner of the cemetery are two plain marble tablets, marking 
the graves of the former owners, the father and mother 
of Mrs. Robert E. Lee. by whom these memorials were there 
placed. Surrounding them are the graves of several hun- 
dred Confederate soldiers. The two tablets bear names and 
dates and this inscription: "Blessed are the merciful, for 
they shall obtain mercy." 

Congress has practically endorsed the accepted plans 
for the memorial bridge, which every citizen of Washington 
hopes to see speedily built, but has not yet appropriated 
money to begin its construction. During the recent ('.. A. 
R. encampment the Stone-Cutters' Association caused to be 
prepared a huge block of granite, with suitable inscription, 
the future corner stone of the bridge. This stone now lies 
in the vacant lot opposite the Lafayette statue, adjoining 
the site of the old Department of Justice building. 




LOUISE HOME. 



CHAPTER XV. 



PLANS FOR THE FUTURE. 




VSHINGTON is a city in which every indi- 
vidual who directly or indirectly con- 
tributes to the support of the general gov- 
ernment, can take pride. It differs from 
all other cities in that its sole reason of 
being is a Nation's Capital, a District 
specifically set apart for the central Gov- 
ernment, over which every State, through 
^L-'.-^ its representatives, exercises equal juris- 

J+C diction ; where all meet upon neutral soil. 

• so far as politics are concerned, and from 

which the noisy excitement incident thereto is wholly ban- 
ished. Deprivation of the elective franchise works no hard- 
ship to its inhabitants, the great majority of whom come 
here from neighboring or distant States, and, even if they 
continue to reside here eleven months out of the year, much 
prefer to retain their citizenship in their former Congres- 
sional districts. 

For three-quarters of a century it was the " fashion " 
among the inhabitants of the more populous centers of the 
North to speak always of Washington with a tone of de- 
rision, referring to it as a " city of magnificent distances," 
of " extravagant pretensions never to be realized, i 
" muddy or dusty streets and of poverty-stricken people, 
and during all that time efforts to remove the Capital to 
some other location were again and again renewed. Gov- 
ernor Alexander Shepherd and his associates changed all 
that by removing much of the cause, and by the immediate 
expenditure of several millions of dollars made the city 
what the genius of L'Enfant had imagined it, and gave 
the needed impulse to personal pride and financial self- 
interest which has resulted in its steady growth and beau- 
tification from that day to this. 

Senator Southard, who represented the State of New 
Jersey from 1833 to 1842, spoke of Washington as 
" the only child of the nation." The term is apt. but the 
metaphor will not bear examination. The city has ben. 
far from petted and spoiled and Congress has always g 
rather grudgingly than otherwise. But the dawn of a 1 
era has already come. A greater city even than L 
planned is already spreading northward and westward al 
the rolling hills. Forests have been torn 
down and valleys filled, and the whole " lace -I X 
been changed. Within the past year, moreover, elaborat 



plans for a Greater Washington have been prepared, and 
national improvements will, it is hoped, be carried out 
hereafter in accordance therewith. Appropriatioi 
creasing with the prosperity of the nation. Tin 
which may lie confidently left to time, will Ik- the most 
magnificent system of public buildings and parks the world 
has ever seen. As rai'roads have made the geographical 
location of the Capital unimportant, so has clectricih re- 
moved the ancient slur upon the "city of magnificent di 
tances." and the wisdom of the ancient plan has been ac- 
knowledged by all. The question of the removal of the 
naf'onal capital will never again be seriousl 

Congress is growing more liberal in it> appropriations. 
insisting only on the established rule that the District 
bear one-half the expense of improvements. The extensive 
repairs and alterations at the White [louse in 
to bo followed by general and special repairs at the Capit 
this year to the extent of $362,950. Tin cosl ol lighting 
the Capitol a'one annually is $42,500. \n increase 
$40,000 for the expenses of the White House, making ill 
total $80,500. is carried in the sundry civil 
bill this year. The appropriation for lighting this huildiiu 
and its grounds is increased to $20,000. The mail 
of the Zoological Park costs $yo,ooo, die N'ational Museum 
$250,000, the Monument $11,000 and the I'.otanii 
$5,500 annually. For charitable and educational institutions 
the following sums are given: Hospital lor tin 
$491,720; Deaf and Dumb Institute, $51,500: How 
vorsiiv, $39,100; I iarfieltl and Providence Ho* 
eac h. These are only a few items of the mam ' ! 
of dollars annualh spent in the District. 

fanuary 15. 1902, the Senate Dislri 
the report -1 an 1 |>' rl commission appoints 

a o-eneral plan I <'" die future public in 

the I listrict fi r 1 this commission 

were Daniel II. Ikunliam. of Chicago 

stcdi 1,,, of r.rookline. Mass.; Charles I \ McKin 

York and Augustus Saint C.auclens. the ren 

The commissi 

clerk of the Senate District Committee, Mi 1 

The report was most 

bv near! 



THE CITY OF WASHINGTON. 



it shall be. These models have been displayed for 
several months in one of the long galleries of the 
Library of Congress, where they have been viewed 
by thousands of visitors. 

The commission has suggested not only improve- 
ments in the parks of the District, but also what, in 
its opinion, constitute the most desirable location 
for public buildings to be erected for the future wants 
of the Government. After commending the original 
plan of L'Enfaht, which it declares has met universal 
approval, it is added that " the departures therefrom 
are to be regretted and wherever possible remedied." 
The following excerpts from this report are well 
worth\ of the consideration of every resident of the 
District : 

"Aside from the pleasure and the positive bene- 
fits to health that the people derive from public parks 
in a capital city like Washington, there is a distinct 
use of public spaces as the indispensable means of 
giving dignity to governmental buildings, and of mak- 
ing suitable connections between the great depart- 
ments. When the city of Washington was planned 
under the direct and minute supervision of Washing- 
ton and [effersoh the relations that should subsist 
between the Gapitol and the President's house were 
carcful'v studied. Indeed, the whole city was planned 
with" a view to the reciprocal relations that should 
exist among public buildings. Vistas and axes; sites 
for monuments and museums; parks and pleasure 
gardens; fountains and canals; in a word, all that 
goes to make a city a magnificent and consistent work 
of art, were regarded as essential in the plans pre- 
pared 'bv L'Enfant under the direction of the first 
President and his Secretary of State. Nor were these 
original plans prepared without due study of great 
models. The stately art of landscape architecture 
had been 1 in night from over seas by royal governors 
and wealthy planters; and both Washington and 
Cefferson were familiar with the practice of that art. 
L'Enfant, a man of position and education and an 
engineer of ability, must have been familiar with those 
great works of the master Lenotre, which are still the 
admiration of the traveler and the constant pleasure 
of tin- French people. Moreover, from his well- 
stocked library Jefferson sent to L'Enfanl plans 'on a 
large and accurate scale' of Paris, Amsterdam. Frankfort, 
Carlsruhe, Strasburg, Orleans, Turin, Milan and other 
European cities, at the same time felicitating himself that 
thi President had 'left the planning of the town in such 
good hands.' 

opmeni of the city during the century of its existence has 
worked changes in the original design, and to a certain 
extent has prevented the realization of the comprehensive 
plan of the founders. As a result there has been a lack of 
continuity in the parks, and spaces like the mall, thai were 
designedfor development as a unit, have been cut into pieces, 
some of which have been improved, some have been sold 
to private persons, and some have been diverted to uses 
so absolutel) al variance with the original idea a- seriousl) 
i,, detract From the dignity of the buildings these spaces 
were intended Li i enhance. 

"Happily, however, nothing has been lost (bat cannot 
1„. regained al reasonable cost. Fortunately, also, during 
the years that have passed the I apitol has been enlarged and 
ennobled, air! the Washington monument, wonderful alike 




MARBLE AND MOSAIC MANTEL 



iul; 



lid a work of art, has been con- 
structed on a site that may he brought into relations with 
the Capitol and the White House. Doubly fortunate, more- 
over, is the fact thai the vast and successful work of the 
engineers in redeeming the Potomac shores from unheallh- 
fui conditions gives opportunity for enlarging the scope of 
the earlier plans in a manner corresponding to the growth 
of the country. A.t the same time the development of 
Potomac Park both provides for a connection between the 
parks on the west and those on the east, and also it may 
readily furnish sites for those memorials which historj has 
shown to he worthy a place in vital relation to the gl 
buildings ami monuments erected under the personal super- 
vision of the Founders of the republic. 

"The question of the development of these park areas 
forces itself upon the attention of Congress. Either this 
development ma\ be made in a haphazard manner, a- the 
official happening tq be in charge of the work for the time 
m aj elect ; or it may he made according to a well-studied 
ami well considered plan devised by persons whose compe- 
tence has been proved beyond question. Such a plan, 
adopted at this time and carried out as Congress may 



THE CITY OF WASHINGTON. 



make appropriations for the work, will result in mak- 
ing Washington the most beautiful city in the world." 
The celebration of the one hundredth anniversary 
of the permanent seat of government in Washington 
had for its keynote the improvement of the District of 
Columbia in a manner and to an extent commensurate 
with the dignity of the American nation. At the time 
this celebration was in progress the Institute of Amer- 
ican Architects, also in session in Washington, was 
discussing the subject of beautifying the capital city. 
After a detailed examination of the topographical 
features of the District of Columbia, the commission 
drew up preliminary plans. They were then forced 
to the conclusion that an adequate treatment of the 
park system depended upon the exclusion of the Bal- 
timore & Potomac Railroad from the mall, so as to 
give that dignified approach to the Capitol for which 
the mall was originally designed. The occupation of 
the mall by the railroad dates back about thirty years. 
The commission, in order to make a closer study 
of the practice of landscape architecture as applied to 
parks and public buildings, made a brief trip to 
Europe, visiting Rome, Venice, Vienna, Budapest, 
Paris, London and their suburbs. Attention was di- 
rected principally to ascertaining what arrangement 
of park areas best adapts them to the uses of the 
people and what are the elements that give pleasure 
from generation to generation, and even from century 
to century. 

While the commission was in London the Penn- 
sylvania Railroad Company agreed to withdraw alto 
gether from the mall and unite with the Baltimore 
& Ohio Company in the erection of a union station 
on the site established by legislation for the new 
stat'on of that road, provided suitable legislation cou 
be secured to make some compensation for the in- 
creased expense such a change would involve, and 
provided, also, that the approaches to the new site be 
made worthy of the building proposed to be erected, 
gress sanctioned this at its last session. 

A station nearly ioo feet wider than the Capitol is to 
be erected, the building to be of white marble, the facade to 
be classical in style of architecture, and the construction 
and arrangements to be so planned as to make this station 
superior to any structure ever built for railway purposes. 
Facing the Capitol, and yet not too near that edifice, tin 
new station will front upon a semicircular plaza. 600 feet 
in width, where great bodies of troops or large organizations 
can be formed during inaugural times or or. oilier like 
occasions. Thus located and constructed, the union depot 
will be in reality a great and impressive vestibule to \\ asl 
ington. 

Fountains are urged b 
these it says : " In Rome. 
1 6 




I on- 



1EADING ROOM. 



IBRARY OF CONGRESS 



the commission 


Regal ding 


be sel i 


throughout the 


centuries, it 


amount 



has been the pride of emperor and of pope to build 

tains to promote health and lo give pleasure. Mile al 

mile of aqueduct has bi 

even from remote hills, n 

ever) quarter of the cit\ : so thai from the in - 

ing the eternal cit) uiitil the time of departure tl 

is scared) out of sight of beautiful jels of w; I i 

upward in great column- to add life and (li 

St Peter's; or again gushing in the fori 

from some ureal work of architect or sculpt, i 

a«ain dripping refreshingl) over the brim oi .. ' 

basin that was old when tin- Christ 

tr oru m is in ruins, basilicas ami baths have 1- 

into churches | l "' , ' n mnu ' ci 

but the fountains of Rome are both oi 

Hie fountains of Washington 
lifeless and inert a- thc\ arc <liirin R mo 

lv, thc\ v 
alcr that bursts from the 






(22 



THE CITY OF WASHINGTON. 



of Treve or splashes on the stones of the piazza of 
St. Peters. At the Chateau de Vaux-le-Vicompte, 
near Paris, the great landscape architect Lenotre, 
built cascades, canals and fountains using 5,000,000 
gallons of water per day; all the fountains of Ver- 
sailles arc the wonder and delight of the French peo- 
ple. 

" The original plans of Washington show the 
high appreciation L'Enfant had for all forms of water 
decoration, and when the heats of a Washington sum- 
mer are taken into consideration, further argument 
is unnecessary to prove that the first and greatest step 
to be taken in the matter of beautifying the District 
Of Columbia is such an increase in the water supply 
as will make possible the copious and even lavish use 
of water in fountains. 

" Scarcely secondary in importance to fountains 
are public baths. An instructive lesson in this respect 
is to be found in the experience of the metropolitan 
park commission by taking over and equipping Revere 
Beach, immediately north of Boston. There the 
squalid conditions prevailing in former years have 
been changed radically, and a well-kept and well- 
ordered beach, sufficient in extent to accommodate 
over 100,000 persons, is publicly maintained; no fewer 
than 1.700 separate rooms are provided for bathers, 
and bathing suits are furnished at a small expense. 
The receipts are sufficient to pay for maintenance and 
yield a surplus of several thousand dollars for repairs 
and extensions. 

" In Washington the extensive use of the present 
bathing beach shows how welcome would be the con- 
struction of modern buildings with ample facilities. 
Moreover, the opportunities offered by an extended 
river fronl sin mid be utilized in furnishing opportuni- 
ties for free public baths, especially for the people of 
that section of the city between the mall and the 
I "otomac." 

The location of public buildings received the very 
careful consideration of the commission. In general 
terms their conclusions arc: 

" First. That only public buildings should face 
the grounds of the Capitol. 

"Second. 'That new department buildings may 
well be located so as to face Lafayette Square. 

"Third. Buildings of a semi-public character may 
be located south of the present Corcoran Art Gallery, 
fronting on the White lot and extending to the park 
limits.' 

" Fourth. That the northern side of the mall may 
properl) be used by museums and other buildings con- 
taining collections in which the public generall) is inter 
ested, but not by department buildings. 

In 1 11. That the space between Pennsylvania avenue 
and the mall should be occupied by the District Building, 
the Mall of Records, a modern market, an armory for the 
District militia and structures of like character. 

" The mall, originally designed to Form a park like con- 
nection between the Capitol and the White [-louse, was laid 
out in such a manner as to emphasize the character of Wash 
ington as the capital city. The predominating ideas in its 
1 were dignity and beauty. The entire space was 
intended as a grand selling for the two great buildings of 
the nation. Hie new plans aim to restore these relations 
and to can to their logical conclusion these intentions, in 
the plans f or the improvement of the mall, therefore, the 




GALLERY STAIRCASE, 



,1 til 



Ull\ 



the utmost possibh 



commission nave encleav 
lion of the greatest poss: 

" In outline the commission propose, by a simple device 
of planting, to bring the monument into the Capitol vista, 
so that the observer standing on the western terrace of the 
Capitol shall look off over a green carpet, bordered on 
each side by four rows of elms, to the monument, rising 
from a plain. Walks and driveways, shaded by the elms, 
give access from east to west, while the streets continue on 
the surface level from north to south. Behind these trees 
should stand the while marble buildings devoted to the 
scientific worl< of the I iovernment. 

"The distance from the Capitol to the monument is 
about one and one-half miles, and the reclamation of th< 
Potomac flats has added nearly a mile to this space, thus 
giving opportunit) both for an extension of the treatment 
accorded to the mall and also for a n.\\ and great memorial 
to stand on the axis of the Capitol and the monument, near 
thi hauls of tin- Potomac. Abraham Lincoln is the one name 
in our national histon that the world has agreed to couple 



THE CITY OF WASHINGTON. 



' 23 



with Washington's, and as no adequate memorial of him 
exists at this capital the place and the opportunity would 
seem to agree in setting apart this great site as an eminently 
suitable spot for a Lincoln monument. 

" Again, by placing a garden directly west of the 
monument the plans not only give added impressiveness 
to that structure, but also create an axial relation with 
the White House; and in this simple and direct manner 
the L'Enfant idea of placing the Washington memorial on 
the axis of both the Capitol and the White House is realized. 
Moreover, this garden, surrounded by terraces carrying 
groves of elms, becomes the gem of the entire park system. 

" South of the monument the space is devoted to out- 
of-door sports — to gymnasiums and playgrounds, to swim- 
ming pools in summer and skating parks in winter. Here, 
too, is a great rond-point which fittingly may carry some 
symbolic figure typical of the republic. 



"In the new plans the Lincoln memorial site I 
a point of divergence from which proceeds tin- driveway 
leading southwesterly to the Potomac l'ark. the memorial 
bridge directly to the mansion house at Arlington, and 
the embankment carrying the driveway to tin- mouth of 
Rock Creek, whence the driveway leads through the pictur- 
esque valley to the Zoological and Rock Creek Parks. 

"< Ibviously it is impossible t'> make any detail' 
mate of the cost of carrying out the plans submitted. Nor 
is such an estimate necessary. From time to time new pub- 
lic buildings must be constructed, public .-pace-, must be 
secured and improved, and those facilities which city life 
demands must be supplied. So fast as those needs shall 
be realized let the work be done in accordance with plans 
that are at once comprehensive, simple, adequate and digni- 
fied. In such manner only can there 1»- a development of 
the District of Columbia worthy of the nation." 




WASHINGTON. 



THE CITY OF WASHINGTON. 




COLUMBIA HOSPITAL. 




GARFIELD HOSPITAL. 



CHAPTER XVI. 



2= 



=v! 



=4 



SOME EARLY CHURCH HISTORY. 




VSHINGTON might well lay claim to the 
title " The City of Churches," for no other 
city in America has finer temples for Di- 
vine worship or supports more for tl e same 
population. The development of religion 
has kept pace with the growth of the city 
in other ways, and as little suburban com- 
munities have sprung up, chapels have 
been built there, growing as the surround- 
ings have grown, until scores of handsome 
• churches are to be seen to-day. Sixty 

years ago nine sects only were represented here, by twenty- 
nine churches ; to-day seventeen sects are represented by 
one hundred and sixty-three places of worship, of which 
ninety-two are for the colored race. The greatest increase 
in the establishment of new churches has been noted in 
the last decade, thirty having been organized within that 
period. Within the same time many important changes in 
the older churches have taken place. Many have been en- 
larged, remodeled, and so changed as to be almost unrecog- 
nizable. The encroachment of business houses upon F, G 
and H streets, has driven out several of the older churches, 
most recently, Foundry M. E. Church on the corner of 
Fourteenth and G streets and St. Matthew's, on H street, 
near Fifteenth. Handsome new edifices will be erected in 
the residence section and an office building, now well under 
way, will occupy the corner where Foundry Church so long 
stood. 

The Episcopalians head the list in point of numbers ol 
churches, having 31 ; the Methodist Episcopal comes next 
with 27, followed by Presbyterian, 22; Catholic, 17; Bap- 
tist, 16; Lutheran, 15; Methodist Episcopal South, 6; 
Methodist Protestant, 6; Congregational, 4; Christian, 4; 
Friends, 4; Reformed, 2: Hebrew, 2; Swedenborgian, 
Unitarian, United Brethren and Universalist, one each. In 
addition to these there are also three organized societies oi 
Christian Scientists, two Spiritualistic Societies, one Pro- 
gressive Brethren and two non-sectarian— the People's and 
the United States Christian. The aggregate membership 
of all these organizations is considerably over 60,000. 

The oldest church in the district and the most pic 
turesque in point of location is St. rani's, ol 1 
parish, not far from the western entrance t 



Soli 



Home. This church was built in 1710 upon land donated 
for the purpose In John Bradford to Ik- held in perpetuity. 
The bricks of which it was built were brought from 
in sailing vessels. A'though tlie church has been remodeled 
in recent years, the old walls remain, with little - 
decay. It is surrounded by an extensive church yard it 
which have been laid at rest the mortal remains 
generations of those- who have worshiped within those w; 
Many of the stones that mark tin- graves bear dan- 1 
eighteenth century and hen-, too, may Ik- seen some of th 
most famous monuments of modern art. Ibis |j| 
ante-dates by forty-six years tin.- more famous t "hri ■ ■ 
of \lexandria, and by twenty-seven years, tin- ancient 
Paul's, at Norfolk. Virginia. 

The honor of being the first p!ace of worship in what 
is now the city of Washington is claimed by the Lutherans. 
When the Beatty and Hawkins addition t<, i ,. 
laid out in 1769, Col. Charles Beath set apart, for tin- 1 
colony of German Lutherans who had settled on ll 
of Rock Creek, a lot at the corner of Fourth and High 
streets, "provided that they would build on it within a re 
sonable time a house of worship, which would , 
diffuse piety, to enhance the value of in- : 
adorn his additii in tot iei irgeti >\\ n." This lot is mat | 
the original plat preserved in tin 
county, Maryland. In the same year a lo^ church v\as I 
and a little later a steeple and a bell added. 1 
never gave a deed to this lot. but in 1829 the L'nitei 
Supreme Court confirmed the church's titli 
buildings have been erected on this sit,-. ["hi 
of the present one was laid September 2 

Christ Church, near the Mav\ Yard, is ,1 
of worship within the original citj limits. 
1795, three years after the city was laid out 
years this church had a real sti 
"last surmounted all obstacles. In 1807 tin I 
parish with some outside assistance establish! 
ington Parish Burial Ground," com) 1 
ten acres along tin- shore of th,- W-. 
vears later < bngress 

interment of its members who should die whi 
llp011 tne sessions, for in those days it was h 
easv task to trans) ort a di •> 



26 



THE CITY OF WASHINGTON. 



it is now. From that time henceforth it has borne the 
name of " Congressional Cemetery." It was laid out with 
much taste, being adorned from the earlier years of its 
existence with many beautiful trees and shrubs and some 
very imposing monuments. Congress also provide:! a spa- 
cious receiving vault for the remains of those of its members 
whose friends might subsequently wish to remove them. 
The area of this cemetery has since been greatly enlarged. 
A visit to this cit} of the dead cannot fail to inspire patri- 
otism and admiration for American statesmen and heroes 
whose deeds are here commemorated in long enduring gran- 
ite and marble. Two of the most imposing monuments are 
those erected to the memories of George Clinton, by his 
children, and to Elbridge Gerry, by order of Congress. In 
thi opposite corner of the cemetery is a fine marble shaft 
upon a square pedestal reared by Congress to the memory 
of Major I leneral Jacob Brown, born in Bucks county, Penn- 
sylvania, May 5, 1775, died February 24, 1828. Near this 
stands a monument erected by the officers of the medical 
staff to the memory of Surgeon General Joseph Lovel, born 
17.X8, died [836. A pyramidal monument erected by Com- 
modore Rogers is inscribed to the memory of his son, a 
midshipman in the Navy who lost his life at the age of 
seventeen years. 111 a noble though vain effort to save the 
lives of two of iiis companions. Another, dedicated to the 
memory of Commodore Beverly Kennon and Abel Parker 
Upshur, hears this inscription: " The lamented men who lie 
together beneath this stone were united by the ties of friend- 
ship, which commenced in youth, and experienced no inter- 
ruption till the awful moment when the lives of both were 
terminated by tin- explosion of the great gun of the Prince- 
ton frigate. United in life, in death they were not divided." 
A shaft of while marble, representing the broken mast of 
a ship, is to the memory of George Mifflin Bache, and his 
associates who perished with him in the hurricane of Sep- 
tember 3, [846. The inscription reads: " The gulf stream 
which they were engaged in exploring has received their 
bodies; this monument has been erected to their memory 
b) their shipmates who shared their perils, but escaped their 
late." A touching memorial bears the name of Captain 
Burdell Ashton Terrett, who died at Fori Scott. Missouri, 
March 17, 1X45, just two days after the death of his infant 
son, aged one month. In many another monument one may 
read stories <>!' the early history of the city and its inhabi- 
tants. I 'lain, unpretentious sandstone monuments, along 
shaded avenues tell the numbers of members of Congress 
whose terms of service have been suddenly terminated \<\ 
death. 

St. John's, the second Episcopal Church in the city, 
where many Presidents have worshiped, was erected in 

1 drawn In the distinguished Architect 

I atrobe. For many years it was the finest church edifice 
in the city. [I li entlj remodeled, but its outward 

appearance is unchanged. From the days of Madison, who 
worshiped there, one of its pews has been set apart for 
thi Pr< idenl ol the United States. President Arthur was 



the latest regular attendant to occupy the pew. James Silk 
Buchanan, an Englishman who spent some months in this 
country in 1838, attended divine service here. He speaks 
of it as " The Episcopalian Church of Dr. Hawley," and 
notes that " it being near the President's house and 
most of the public offices, a large portion of the congregation 
is composed of the families of members of the Cabinet and 
heads of departments. The President ( Van Buren) walked 
into the church, unattended by a single servant, took his 
place in a pew in which others were sitting besides himself, 
and retired in the same manner as he came, without being 
noticed in any greater degree than any other member of 
the congregation." 

The third Episcopal Church in order of erection was 
Trinity, at the corner of Third and C streets, northwest. 
Other prominent Episcopal churches are the beautiful As- 
cension, corner of Massachusetts avenue and Twelfth street: 
Epiphany, on G street, between Thirteenth and Fourteenth. : 
Incarnation, Twelfth and X streets; St. Andrew's, Four- 
teenth and Corcoran ; Holy Cross, Eighteenth street and 
Massachusetts avenue: Trinity, Third and C streets. 11. nth- 
west, ami Saint Alban's, on the site of the great Cathedral 
which will before many years overlook the city from the 
heights north of Georgetown. Massachusetts avenue ex- 
tended will afford a direct thoroughfare to the very door. 

The Presbyterian churches have large memberships. 
The oldest is First Church, on John Marshall Place, where 
President and Mrs. Cleveland worshipped, while perhaps the 
most fashionable is the Church of the Covenant, corner of 
Connecticut avenue and X streets. The First Presbyterian 
Society in Washington was organized in 1705 and its meet- 
ings were then held in a little temporary structure on the 
White House grounds, known as the I kill. When the Sen- 
ate building of the Capitol was completed permission was 
granted to the Presbyterians to hold their meetings every 
Sunday in the Senate Chamber, the little room now occupied 
by the Supreme Court of the United States. When the 
south building was finished, the place of meeting was trans- 
ferred tii the Representatives' Chamber, now Statuary Hall. 
When the British burned the Capitol the society was without 
a meeting place during the next two years. At the end of 
that time a fund was raised and a small chapel was built, 
just south of the Capitol. Mere they worshiped until [828, 
when a more commodious building was put up. in Four and 
a Half street, on the present site. This did service until 
[859, when it was rebuilt. The church as it appeared 
during the civil war. is the structure of to-day. Presidents 
Jackson. Pierce, Polk and Cleveland have keen attendants. 
During his first term President Jackson attended service 
at the Second Presbyterian Church, now known as tin \,w 
York Avenue Presbyterian Church. Here also Presidents 
Buchanan and Lincoln were communicants. Among other 
prominent churches of ibis denomination are the .Metro- 
politan. Fourth and 1! streets, southeast; Central, corner 
Third and I streets, northwest, and Fourth Church, on 
Ninth Street, northwest. 



THE CITY OF WASHINGTON. 



Georgetown, however, had a First Presbyterian Church 
as early as 1783, the Rev. Stephen Bloomer Balch being 
the pastor. The original church stood on the corner of 
Washington and Bridge streets. Dr. Balch was not only 
popular as a man and a preacher, but at that time there was 
no other Protestant church nearer than St. Paul's, on Rock 
Creek. His congregation, therefore, rapidly increased and 
the church was enlarged in 1793, again in 1801 and again 
in 1810. General Washington, when visiting the Federal 
City, attended services in this church as did later Thomas 
Jefferson and Albert Gallatin, all of whom were contributors 
to the enlargement of the church building. President Jef- 
ferson's donation was $75. A few weeks after the death of 
General Washington, Dr. Balch gave notice that he would 
speak of the life and services of the beloved Father of Flis 
Country. The sermon was delivered in the open air to a 
congregation of more than a thousand persons. His text 
was from the last verse of the tenth chapter of the Book 
of Esther. 

Dr. Balch was pastor of the church for fifty-three years, 
until his death September 7, 1833. Many houses in George- 
town were draped in mourning, places of business were 
closed and bells tolled as the body was carried to the church. 
The reverend doctor had three wives, the Christian names 
of the first two being Elizabeth. The tombstone which he 
placed to mark their graves did duty for both, recounting 
the virtues of Elizabeth the first and Elizabeth the second. 
In 1879 the church was moved to West street, and a new 
building erected. The lot adjoining the old church was 
used as a burying ground and in Mackall's " Early Days in 
Washington," it is said that " at the time the church was 
moved these bodies were dug up, many of them put in boxes 
and placed in the chapel cellar of the Presbyterian cemetery, 
where the}- were knocked about in every direction, the boys 
in the neighborhood enjoying playing football with some of 
the skulls." 

Prominent for educational and religious work in the 
new city stands the Catholic Church. Established in the 
Georgetown College and Convent in the eighteenth century, 
the pioneer church in Washington was erected in 1804, on 
G street, northwest, where St. Patrick's Cathedral now 
stands. The latter edifice was dedicated in 1884. Among 
the largest Catholic congregations are those of St. Mat- 
thews, St. Aloysius and St. Dominic's. One of the largest 
colored churches in the city is of this denomination, St. 
Augustine's, on Fifteenth street, near M, northwest. 

The First Baptist Church was organized March 7. [802, 
by Rev. William Parkinson with six members: Joseph and 
Sarah Burrows, John Buchan, Cephas Fox, Charles 1'. Polk 
and Charles Rogers. In the November following services 
were held in the incompleted church which they erected on 
the southwest corner of Nineteenth and I streets, 
church was built on Tenth street, between E and V 
northwest, a site now historic, since the church was 
ceeded by Ford's Theater, where President Lincoln \ 



127 

tl rapidly and its 



sassinated. This denomination has gro\ 
churches are in every section of the city 

Methodists of Georgetown organized a church in 1792, 
although the creed had been taught there as early a- 1772. 
The first meetings were held in a cooper shop, near the 
corner of Congress and Gay streets. A small brick chapel 
was built in [795 on Montgomery street. In [849 the pres 
ent Dumbarton Avenue Church was built, the old church 
being sold for a school. Tlrs was the parent congregation 
of the Methodist I piscopal churches of tin- District. At 
Greenleaf's Point several Methodists organized a church. 
meeting in one of the row of houses at the corner of South 
Capitol and X streets, known as the "Twenty Bui 
In 1807 the p'ace of meeting was changed from " the Poinl " 
to Dudley Carroll's barn, on New Jersey avenue, jti 
of E street. The present home of this congregatii 
Fourth street, southeast, between South Carolina avenue 
and G street. 

Foundry M. F. Church, recently torn down, at the 
corner of Fourteenth and G streets, northwest, to make 
room for a modem office building, was established in 1814 
by Rev. Henry Foxall, at whose foundry were casl man) 
of the heavy guns used in the war of r8l2. IK- boughl 
the lot, erected a building ami presented it to tin church. 
President Hayes worshiped at this church. 

The Metropolitan M . E. Church was organized in 1853 
for the purpose of accommodating strangers am] tl 
were free. The corner stone of the present edific< on Join 
Marshall Place was laid in [854, hut for want of fu 
was not completed ami dedicated until March 7. 18O9. 
cost at that time without tower or steeple was % 
When these were built a chime of sixteen bells was pill 
The organ is the gift of Carlos Pierce, of Massachl 
The bronze fountain, representing Hagar in the wilderness 
was modeled by Clark Mills. Two mural tablets, near tin 
pulpit, commemorate the attendance upon this church of 
['resident Grant and lien. John A. Logan. 

All Souls, die one Unitarian Church, of Washington, 
was established in [820. Its first place of worship was 
dedicated June 9, (822. The hell was the firsl church hell 
in the city. It was cast at the Paul Revere foiuull 
Boston, and John Quincy Adams ami John C. Calhoun were 
among those who headed the subscription list for its pur- 
chase. Rev. Edward Everett Hale was pastoi 
church from I Ictober, [844, to March. 1845. Rev. Moncurc 
Daniel Conway was minister during 1855 18511. Rev. Wil- 
liam llenn (Tanning was pastor during the civil 
v,,,s the firsl to manifest loyaltx to the Government l>> 
offering the use of the church for 1 
being- accepted, the congregation < 
the Senate Chamber for Sun-: 
(Tanning was chosen chaplail ! 
invitation, a colored preacher. Rev. M 
in the Mall of Reprcsentativi 

field Memorial 
li was orHnall 



[28 



THE CITY OF WASHINGTON. 



organized in 1843 m a small frame schoolhouse on Mary- 
land avenue, southwest, by Rev. Dr. Barclay. In 1869 the 
society bought an old church from the Southern Methodists 
and moved it from its first location on M street to Vermont 
avenue. President Garfield attended services in this church, 
and after his assassination the members appealed to their 
churches throughout the United States to contribute funds 
for the erection of a Memorial to the martyred President. 
The present edifice is the result. 

[n 1820, with a population of about 12,000 people, 
there were in the city ten churches — two Episcopal, two 
Baptist, two Methodist, and one each of the Roman Catholic, 
Presbyterian, Associate Reformed and Society of Friends: 

With a population of 40,000 in 1850, of which 30,000 
were whites, 8,ooo free negroes and 2,000 slaves, the city, 
not including Georgetown, supported twenty-nine churches, 
divided among the various denominations as follows, loca- 
tions and pastors also being given: 

Episcopal : Christ Church, Rev. W. Hodges, G street, 
between Sixth and Seventh, southeast ; Church of the As- 
cension, Rev. Levin Gillis, H street, between Ninth and 
Tenth, northwest: Church of the Epiphany, Rev. John W. 
French, G street, between Thirteenth and Fourteenth, north- 
west : St. John's, Rev. Smith Pine, Sixteenth and H streets, 
northwest; Trinity, Rev. C. M. Butler, D.D., Third and 
C streets, northwest. 

Methodist Episcopal: Ebenezer, Rev. Thomas Myers, 
Fourth street, between F and G, southeast: Foundry, Rev. 
I I Morgan, corner Fourteenth and G streets, northwest; 
Wesle) Chapel, Rev. W. B. Edwards, corner Fifth and F 
streets, northwest; McKendree Chapel, Rev. Win. Hamil- 
ton, Massachusetts avenue, near Ninth street, northwest; 
Ryland Chapel, Rev. J. S. Gorsuch, Maryland avenue and 
Tenth street, northwest. 

Presbyterian: First, Rev. Mr. Ballantine, hour and a 
Half street, between C and I), northwest; Second, Rev. J. 
R. Eckard, New York avenue and 11 street; F Street 
Church. Rev. Janus Laurie, D.D., and Rev. 1). Jimkin 
Christian, I' street between Fourteenth and Fifteenth streets, 
northwest; Fourth, Rev. John C. Smith, Ninth street, be- 
tween G and I I streets, northwest. 

Catholic: St. Matthew's, Rev. James B. Donelan, II 
street, between Fourteenth and Fifteenth, northwest; St. 
Patrick's, Very Rev. William Matthews and M. Slattery, 



ass 


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, 1 


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Methodist Protestant : Rev. \Y. T. Eva, Ninth street, 
between E and F, northwest ; a second church of this de- 
nomination was located at Virginia avenue and Fifth street, 
southeast. 

Unitarian : Rev. Mr. Dewey, corner D and Sixth 
streets, northwest. 

Methodist Episcopal South: Rev. Mr. Bennett, Eighth 
street, between H and I, northwest. 

Friends : A small house of worship on the north side 
'of I street, between Eighteenth and Nineteenth streets. 

The foregoing" extract from a directory of 1850 is 
given in order that the rapid growth of the past fifty years 
may be the more readilv seen and understood. 



D. J. Stafford, D. D.— Among the many 
talented divines in the Catho'ic Church in th 



learned and 
s and other 




"FORD. D. D. 



ithei 



1 young an age. any 
man has acquired the eminent distinction and wide repu- 
tation as has the Rev. D. J. Stafford. D. D., rector of St. 
1'atrick's Church, Washington, D, C. Dr. Stafford, by his 
remarkable litcran and oratorical ability in presenting theo- 
logical and philosophical subjects, has made a record foi 
himself which commands the admiration of Christian pe< pie 
of all denominations, and will give his name a prominent 
plnct in the lists of the great preachers an 1 lecturers of the 
century. Dr. Stafford is a profound thinker and a perfect 
elocutionist, and is graceful in all bis manners, lie has a 
marvelouslj sweet and powerful voice, and is a thorough 
master of expression. Hie reverend doctor possesses an 
unusual knowledge of Shakspeare, his conception of thai 
.ii.i 1 . ■ • 1 • work being profound and poetic. He has one ol 
the finest Shakspearean libraries in the country, and makes 
a specialty of lecturing upon subjects pertaining to that 



THE CITY OF WASHINGTON. 



I_>M 



great master. It is unusual for a priest of the Catholic 
Church to address audiences composed of others than mem- 
bers of that church, but Dr. Stafford has delivered lectures 
before infidel societies, Free Thinkers, Jewish congrega- 
tions, labor assemblies, and Young Men's Christian As- 
sociations. He was also one of the orators at the World's 
Fair. 

Dr. Stafford is the rector of St. Patrick's Church, the 
oldest, wealthiest, and most influential Catholic congregation 
in this city, the history of the church dating back to 1794, 
when the Rev. Father Caffrey purchased from the United 
States Government several lots of ground on the square 
bounded by F, G, gth and roth streets. Upon the death of 



(Whitehead) Stafford. Hi- earl\ education was 
at St. John's College, District of Columbia, and St. Charles' 
College, Maryland, thereafter entering Niagara University. 
He was ordained in Cleveland in 1:885, and spent four years 
at the cathedral in that city. He was pastor of Massillon, 
Ohio, for eleven months. His degree of doctor of divinity 
was conferred upon him by Georgetown University after :. 
special examination. Before coming to Washington, about 
seven years ago, Dr. Stafford was assistant pastor of Si. 
Peter's Church in Baltimore. He has traveled extensiveh 
here and abroad, and has been the honored recipient of 
special audiences granted him by His Holiness, ' 
XIII. 




Father Gloyd, in March, 1901, His Eminence Cardinal Gib- 
bons, recognizing- the high qualifications for the responsible 
post, appointed Dr. Stafford administrator, and in Septem- 
ber of the same year, rector of the church. Dr. Staffo d 
appointment as pastor of St. Patrick's was in response to 
a practically unanimous request on the part of the members 
of the parish. Dr. Stafford is a young man lor so import; 
a charge, but Cardinal Gibbons recognize 1 In- abi'it} 
has great confidence in his judgment. 

The greater part of Dr. Stafford's life has been ;pe il 
in Washington. He was bom in this city on 
3, i860, as the son of John George Stafford and Ann M; 



besides being an admirer of an at 
erature, has om -1 tin finest private libraries in ll 
His duties are manifold and responsible. ' 
dent of St. Vincent's I trphan Asylum, St. Joseph's ' >rphan 
Asylum and St. Vincent's Academy, and a nuinhci 
itable and other organizations. Dr. Stafford i 
,,,,1 ,,nl\ with Catholics, but with the | 
:m d his advice and it 

spective of creed, natio'nalitj or color. Hi '<• 
rick's rcctorv, is a' v. .1 
body who ma; 



13° 



THE CITY OF WASHINGTON. 



Rev. Samuel Harrison Greene, D.D., LL.D.— Able, 

eloquent, energetic, and public spirited are a few of the 
characteristics of the Rev. Samuel Harrison Greene, D.D., 
LL.D., pastor of Calvary B-aptist Church, Eighth and H 
streets, northwest. Since the beginning of his present pas- 
torate, in 1879. his work has been signalized by the har- 
monious and healthy growth of the church in all directions. 
Nearly three thousand persons have been received into 
membership; an independent church organized, equipped 
and sent out; the Sunday School developed, until in both 
membership and organization it is one of the few great 
schools of the world, with a membership of two thousand, 
and a Sunday School house costing $100,000, while the 
entire property has increased from $100,000 to $300,000 in 
value. It would be difficult to find a happier, more pro- 
gressive and generous people.. 




REV. SAMUEL HARRISON GREENE. D.D., LL.D. 

Dr. Greene is the son of Rev. Columbus and Martha 
1). Greene, his father being a well-known clergyman of 
northern Vermont. He was born in Enosburg, Vermont, 
December 25, [845. He was carl)- a student in the \cw 
Hampton Institute ai Fairfax, Vermont, and Norwich Uni- 
versity. He was later superintendent of public schools in 
Montgomery, Vermont, where he engaged in mercantile 
pursuits. After deciding to enter the ministry he entered 
Colgate University, graduating in the class of [873, and 
From Hamilton Theological Seminar) in the class of 1S75. 
In 1X75. Dr. Greene was ordained as pastor of the Baptist 
Church, Cazenovia, New York, Here lie was -really pros- 
pered, remaining until December 1. 1879, when he resigned 
to accept a unanimous call to Calvary Baptist Church, 
Washington, D. C. Hie degree of doctor of divinity was 
conferred upon him by Rochester, Colgate and Norwich 



Universities, and that of doctor of law bv Columbian, 
Norwich and Howard Universities. In 1889 Dr. Greene 
was made a trustee of Columbian University, later was 
chairman of its board of trustees, and during the years 
1894-5, and 1 900- 1 -2 was acting president of the University. 
He is a member of the Sons of the American Revolution, 
American Society of Archaeology, National Geographic So- 
ciety, and the National Academy of Science. Dr. Greene 
married Miss Lucia A. Buzzed, daughter of Rev. J. W. 
Buzzell, of Montgomery, Vermont. ( )ne son, Samuel H. 
Greene. Jr., M.D., is the result of this union. Dr. and 
Mrs. Greene reside at 1320 O street, northwest. 

Calvary Baptist Church was organized on June 2, 
18O2, under the name of the " Sixth Baptist Church, of 
Washington." The Rev. J. S. Kennard was invited to act 
as temporary pastor until October, 1862. On September 24. 
1862, the church was recognized by a council and the 
sermon was preached by Rev. Reuben Jeffrevs, D.D. On 
the 8th of January, 1863, a call to the pastorate was ex- 
tended to the Rev. T. R. Howlett, of Trenton, New Jersey, 
which was accepted. One of the largest and most beautiful 
edifices of the city was erected at the corner of Eighth and 
H streets, at a cost of $115,000, the Hon. Amos Kendall. 
senior deacon of the church, being a large contributor to the 
same. This edifice was dedicated the first Sabbath in June. 
1866, the sermon being delivered lby the Rev. George 
Dana Boardman, D.D., of Philadelphia. The constituent 
members of the church were thirty-five in number. Prom- 
inent among its early membership were the Hon. Amos 
Kendall, Henry Beard, William Stickney, and Robert C. 
Pox. December 15, 1867, this fine edifice was burned. 
With characteristic enterprise and generosity it was imme- 
diately replaced by the new edifice, which was dedicated 
July 11, 1S69. After a pastorate of a little more than six 
years the Rev. Dr. Howlett was succeeded by the Rev. 
J. W. Parker, D.D., who after a term of service of six 
years was followed by the Rev. A. F. Mason, D.D.. who 
served for a little less than three years. 

In 1879 the Rev > Samuel H. Greene, D. D., accepted 
the unanimous call of the church, and has continued its 
pastor until the present time — twenty-four years. From 
its very beginning, Calvary Church has been blessed with 
many broad-minded and large-hearted men and women. 
whose consecrated services in its various undertakings have 
been faithful and efficient. During Mr. Kendall's life he 
provided for the organization of Kendall Chapel, a Mission 
School, at Thirteen and a Half and D streets, southwest, 
and left an endowment for this school. This organization 
has since grown into the prosperous Kendall Church. 
located On Ninth street, between B and C streets, south- 
west, owning a line property worth $25,000, with a mem- 
bership of three hundred and a prosperous Sunday School. 
The Rev. Thcron Cutwater is its pastor. This is the first 
child of the mother church. Mr. Kendall also organized 
and provided for Memorial Chapel, corner Fifth and P 



THE CITY OF WASHINGTON. 



streets, northwest, where later his daughter 
and her husband, Mr. and Mrs. William 
Stickney, erected a fine Memorial Chapel in 
honor of their son, William S. Stickney, 
who died while its superintendent in 1880. 
The school numbers at present about four 
hundred. 

Step by step, by its sacrifice and toil, 
Calvary Church has come to stand among 
the very first of our city. Appreciating its 
opportunities, it has enlarged its work with 
commendable zeal, and its endeavors have 
been rewarded with large success. On Jan- 
uary 1, 1893, a subscription, amounting to 
$157,000, was made for the enlargement of 
its work. As a result of this, a new Sunday 
School house, adjoining the church, was 
erected at a cost of $100,000. The church 
edifice was remodeled and its capacity 
greatly enlarged at an expense of $40,000, 
and a fine house of worship purchased and 
presented to the new Kendall Church, its 
present occupant. This great movement 
found its beginning in the generosity of 
Samuel Walter Woodward, who made an 
original subscription of $70,000, which was 
later increased to nearly $100,000. With 
the new equipment, growth has come to 
every department of the church, until the 
membership is now fifteen hundred; the 
Sunday School, two thousand; Memorial 
Chapel, four hundred, and the Chinese 
Sunday School, ninety. Among the wor- 
shipers here are many men well known in 
the business and professional life of Wash- 
ington, and not a few distinguished men in 
public life. 

The receipts and expenditures of this organization now 
average about $30,000 per annum, of which nearly one- 
third is given for missions at home and abroad. Its prop- 
erty is va'ued at $300,000. With the best of locations for 
a large work, united, generous and hospitable, it is not 
strange that one of the largest and most enthusiastic con- 
gregations of the city worships here. The material progress 
of Calvary Baptist Church has been no mean contribution 
to the material growth and adornment of our city, while 
its spiritual work has added largely to those forces which 
purify, uplift, and save society. Three have gone from 
its membership as missionaries to foreign fields, two have 
graduated from the Missionary Training School in ( hicago 
for home mission work, and three of its young men have 
entered the ministry in our own country. In location, 1 
ganization, equipment and spirit, this church seems fitted 
for a continually enlarging work. 

Its present officers are: Pastor, Rev. Samuel 
Greene, D.D. ; trustees, David A. Chambers. S. W . V 
ward, L. E. Payson. Charles \\ . Needham, William 
Shallenberger, Henry P. Sanders, E. C. Rice, G. G 




clerk, 1). S. Foster; treasurer, \V. E. Evans; deacons, E. 
B. Curtis, II. G. Jacobs, J. 13. Kinnear, II. IF. Kim 
S. S. Everett, X. S. Faucett, .1. R. Mothershcad. F. A. 
Swartwout, F. II. Stickney, George J. Drew, E, G. Mason, 
and John C. Welsh; superintendent of the Sunda 
VV. S. Sha'lenberger ; superintendent Chinese Sunday 
School, Samuel T. Smith. 

Rev. Wallace Radeliffe. Occupying a 

among the many eminent divines in Washington 
mentioned Wallace Radeliffe, D.D.. LL.D.. pastor of Ihc 
New York Avenue Presbyterian Church, which clt 
has held since [895. Dr. Radeliffe was born at 

August 16, 1842, and is a son 
( Wallace) Radeliffe. .' 
Antrim, Ireland. He is then 
so distinguished and effective in the political and 
tical affairs of the nation. He was graduated from . 
(since united with Washingtoi 
Princeton Ideological Seminary in i! 
Dr. Radeliffe was ordained by the l 1 



132 



THE CITY OF WASHINGTON. 




REV. WALLACE RADCLIFFE 

ptiia and installed as pastor of the Woodland Presbyterian 
Church, a new church enterprise in West Philadelphia, 
which under his pastorate of four years erected its present 
stone edifice. From 1872 to 1885 Dr. Radcliffe was the 
pastor of the First Presbyterian Church, of Reading, Pa., 
and for the next succeeding ten years his charge was the 
First Presbyterian Church, at Detroit. Michigan, resigning 
thai charge to accept the cad to this city. Dr. Radcliffe was 
the recipient of the degree of doctor of divinity by Lafiyettc 
College in [882, and that of doctor .0!" laws by his alma 
male!-, Jefferson College, in [902. lie has filled nearly 
every importanl post in the Presbytery of this country, 
among them thai of commissioner to the Presbyteria 1 1 ien 
era! Assemblies of [874, [883, [889, [-891, 1892, 1898 and 
[899 Mis service at these assemblies attracted the general 
attention of his colleagues, and he was chosen a delegate 
to the Pan Presbyterian Councils held in London, England, 
in 1875 and 1S87, and in Washington in [899. He was 
moderator of the Synod of Pennsylvania in 187(1, and of 
that of Michigan in [889, and of the General '- 
of the Presbyterian < ihurch in the United States of America 
in [898. In [887 Dr. Radcliffe organized the Lappan 
Presbyterian Association of the Univers!t) of Michigan, 
an organization for shepherding the Presbyterian students 
in attendance upon the university. I le secured grounds and 
buildings al a cosl of $40,000, including a libran and gym- 
nasium, outlined its training course in Pri 
trines and work, and during his sta\ in Michigan was its 
president, and with others conducted, every winter, its 

|i 1 tun course. 



Dr. Radcliffe's pastorates have all been characterized 
for their comprehensive and effective organization. In 
the pulpit his manner is brilliant, dramatic and forceful, 
and his style lucid, strong and characteristically epigram- 
atic. lie is preeminently a preacher of the Bible, a wise 
counsellor, and a distinctive feature of his pulpit is his 
impressive conduct of the public worship. He is an author- 
ity upon Presbyterian law, ecclesiology and liturgies. Dr. 
Radcliffe, on May 4. 1887, married Jessie, daughter of 
Hon. E. C. Walker, of Dertoit, Mich. 




LUTHERAN CHURCH AND MONUMENT. 



CHAPTER XVII 



- j y 



EDUCATIONAL ADVANTAGES. 




N no other city of the Union can be found 
so many opportunities for the student. 
From the kindergarten to the Smithsonian 
Institution " for the increase and diffu- 
sion of knowledge among men," nothing- 
seems to be lacking to fit one for any walk- 
in life. Beyond the instruction that may 
be had in the various schools and institu- 
tions of learning are the great libraries 
of Congress and of the executive depart- 
J ments, and the museums that can supply 

invariable object - lessons supplemental to the text - books. 
Foremost, not only in this country but in the world, 
stands the Smithsonian Institution. Beside it, not as a 
rival, but as a co-laborer, is the recently created Carnegie 
Institution, richly endowed by the millionaire steel magnate 
whose name it bears, aiding with its thousands of dollars 
annually the pursuit of additional information in many 
fie'ds of human research. The one has reached its present 
proud eminence through slow but steadfast endeavor ; the 
other springs forth full-fledged, as came the Goddess of 
Wisdom from the front of Jove. Of the latter institution, 
so lately has its work been organized and begun, little 
can be said other than that the men selected to carry out 
the wishes of its founder are scholars of the foremosl rank, 
and confidence may be reposed in them until results appear. 
The Smithsonian Institution was founded upon the be- 
quest of James Smithson, an Englishman, natural son of 
Hugh, first Duke of Northumberland. He was educated 
at Oxford and was a scientist of some repute. His ad- 
miration for the principles avowed in the American dec- 
laration of independence led him to bequeath his fortune, 
after the life use of a relative, to the United States for 
"the increase of knowledge." When the English Courl of 
Chancery paid this bequest in 1838 it amounted to $515,169. 
It was not until 1846, however, that Congress "carried -1,1 
the intentions of the testator, and created a board of regents 
to conduct the affairs of the institution. This board com- 
prised the President and his cabinet, ex officio, tin I 
Justice of the Supreme Court, members of the Senate ai 
House and some private citizens. The cornerstone of t 
building was laid by President Polk, 
years later the building was com] 



Dieted at a cost of $.150,000. 



Prof. Joseph Henry of Princeton, was the first secretary. 
A bronze statue to his memon erected in [883 stands in the 
Smithsonian grounds. By a system of international ex- 
changes the Smithsonian Institution Ins accumulated a 
magnificent collection of scientific litenture from all parts 
of the world, a good!) porti n of it being placed in the 
Library of Congress as the Smithsonian deposit. 

In order to care for ami preserve the exhibits made 
at the Centennial Exposition by foreign Governments and 
afterwards presented to the United St - created 

in 1879 the National .Museum, which has since become a 
general place of deposit for a'l gifts to the nation, and for 
collections of all departments of the Government. '- 
the present building covers nearly two and one-half acres. 
it is already overcrowded and at its 
appropriated $3,500,000 I'm- the erection of a new Nation 
Museum building. < >nly general plans hive at this time 
been decided upon. The appropriation becomes available 
July 1. About four years wi'l be require. 1 to complete 
the structure. 

The grot National Universitj projected by \\ 
ton has never materialized; but so much of what he in 
tended has already been provided in other forms, that it no 
longer seems necessary. \ great university has 
tablished by the Catholics in the northeastern suburbs and 
in the northwestern section, near Tenallytown, is 
American University, established by the Methodist 
pal Church. 

The o'desl educational instituti m in ' 
Georgetown College the modest old buildit 
by new and more stately ones, st mds like an 
on the lofty heights back of the city. I 
Carrol, of the Roman Catholic Church. Archbisho] 
timore,' its doors were throwi 
since which time the\ have never 
servatory of this colege. founded U R< I Ml 
Curlev in 1842, is 1 n< ol tin 1 ld« -' it ill 
That at Williams College, in 1 

older, while the Naval ; " nl xv; ''- 

established almost at the same time. 

' The first college 
three st,- 



t34 



THE CITY OF WASHINGTON. 



the reception of two hundred students. The terms of tuition 
were as follows : Students above twelve years of age, 
$250; under that age, $200. Parents and guardians who 
furnish the students with clothes are allowed a deduction 
of fifty per cent, but the college expressly stipulated it 
would not be responsible for the clothing. Ten dollars 
were paid on entry, for bed linen, table service, books, etc. 
Extra charges were made for medical attendance and medi- 
cine, postage and extra lessons. A uniform was required, 
consisting of " a plain coat and pantaloons of blue cloth, 



ished by confining them to their rooms and studies during 
the period of vacation. Age of admision was from eight 
to fourteen years. An elementary class received even chil- 
dren who could not read or write. 

Immediately adjoining the Georgetown College grounds 
is the Convent of the Visitation, the mother-house of that 
order in the United States, with its widely known academy 
for young ladies. Founded in 1798, it has for more than 
a century borne the reputation of being one of the finest 
Catholic educational institutions in the United States. Fiftv 




FRANKLIN SCHOOL. 



with yellow buttons, and a waistcoal of red cloth, or ker- 
seymere." Roman Catholics on'y were admitted as board- 
ers, bul any Protestanl l><>\ mighl attend the classes, The 
rding pupils paid $100 a year and furnished their 
own uniforms. 

Students were instructed in "the English, French, 
Latin and Greek languages; in geography, arithmetic, al- 
gebra, geometn and the different branches of classical 
education." Public examinations were held four times a 
year, prizes given to the industrious, and the idle pun 



years ago, even, the ladies' academy occupied a range of 
brick buildings nearly three hundred feet in length by forty 
in breadth, especially adapted to school purposes and dormi- 
tories, An enclosed rectangular plat of ground, comprising 
four or five acres, has provided a playground and gardens 
for many generations of schoolgirls. In the early days, 
surrounding these grounds were the Bishop's residence, a 
handsome church, and a charity school. Nearly all these 
buildings remain, new ones having been built as additional 
accommodations were needed. 



I Private schools flourished in Washington in its first 
quarter of a century and continued to thrive, even after 
the establishment of a system of public schools, as they 
do to-day. One of the earliest of the private schools was 
established by Rev. David Wiley, in 1803, and was known 
as the Columbian AcademyJ A Mrs. Reagan kept a "Young- 
Ladies Academy" in F street, adjoining the residence of 
Hoban, the architect, in 1806, where she taught " tambour- 
ing, embroidery, open work, marking, a'l kinds of plain 
sewing, filigree, painting, waxwork, French, music, danc- 
ing, reading and writing." 

Near the Seven Buildings not far from the President's 



THE CITY OF WASHINGTON. 



t35 



James D. Cobb, 1). Hewett, Mrs. E. M. Haven, K. Kirk- 
wood. Z. D. Brashears and James Caden. All tin 
prior to 1830. 

In i8ii tlir Lancasterian school system was introduced 
into the United States, the first school of tbis character being 
established in the Districl of Columbia. Ceremonies of 
laying the cornerstone of the school were conducted by the 
Mayor of Georgetown. Mr. Henry Beatty delivered an 
oration. This system is easily explained b> saying that it 
was intended to have each school teach itself, under the 
superintendence of a bead master. The older and better 
educated pupils were selected as monitors and instructors 




House/lTugh Maguire a professor from St. John's Col- 
lege, in^Maryland, opened an academy in 1807, where he 
taught "Latin, Greek, mathematics, geography and book- 
keeping for $40 per annum; English grammar, reading, 
writing and arithmetic for $24 per annuinj' 
^T<ev. A. T. McCormick established a school in [802 
on Capitol Hill, for the teaching of the common branches 
and the higher mathematics. Other early educators were 
John McLeod, Francis Donnelly, J. Sewell, Charles Bow- 
man, D. McCurdy, Charlotte Ann Taylor, Ezekiel Hil- 
dreth, Edward Ferris, Dr. Horwitz, William Elliott, Mrs. 
Stone, Mrs. Howard, Mrs. Fales, Mr. and Mrs. Webber, 



SCHOOL. 

and placed in charge of the others. The size of tin 
therefore, was limited only by the capacity of the building. 
The "tie erected ' ''• >'!""> P'a» s 

England, was 32 b\ 7" feet, and accommodated 350 pupils, 
commended In Mr. Lancaster, was the firs! 
principal. A reporl mad,- al the end of the second year 
saV s: " The opening of the 

[8n. During the first Imittcd: 

>i> have left for various employments: if 
becn sen( ris <>f the countn i- instruct <m the 

Lancasterian | 



: 3 b 



THE CITY OF WASHINGTON. 



This school was incorporated by Congress in 1812. 
The trustees, as named in the act of incorporation, were: 
John Laird. Henry Foxall, Stephen B. Balch, Robert Bev- 
erly, Robert Munroe, John McDaniel, Jr., David Wiley, 
Walter I). Addison, Daniel Bussard, Francis Scott Key, 
Walter Smith and John Abbott. 

( Ine section of the act provided that a child might be 
indentured to the school, and the trustees in such case must 
bind themselves to provide the apprentice with a'l neces- 
sary fond, clothing and lodging, teach him writing and 
arithmetic, and place him " in the service of, and under 
the control and management of, some discreet and fit per- 
son, competent to instruct and educate the said apprentice 
in some trade or employment, which may enable such child 
or children to earn a living by honest industry." 



clerks, it is now in a most prosperous condition. Its new 
school of diplomacy and international law has become de- 
served'}- popular, and will also continue to be so, here at the 
seat of government. Recently the university has entered upon 
a new era of advancement. Students of the Washington high 
schools are to be taken into the university upon their cer- 
tificates of graduation, and plans are being perfected to 
utilize the Government libraries and laboratories. More 
ground and more buildings are needed. President Need- 
ham says he will have them, and that before very long. 
He is also inaugurating a system of work within the in- 
stitution, under which a student from the time of entering 
col'ege will be under the direction of but one professor, 
thus preventing the student from losing time by changing 
teachers from year to year. The division of classes will 




WESTERN HIGH SCHOOL. 



\i Georgeti 



ding 



tlu Che 


T.I 


, a 11 


a 


ve Of F 


•ance. Board 


■rs paid in 


$50 pei 


CJU 


irtcr 




Washing, dancing am 


music wc 


. 1 1 ;i 1 '■■■ 


; .1 


mem 


8 


from $ 


2 to $15 per 


quarter; 


$8 to $ 


to; 


mtis 




seventy 


five cents a 


esson. Ar 




)hy 


and 


1 


nglish grammar con 


prised the 


curricn 


lira 












l ' 


1111 


biau 


( 




as establishe< 


in [822, 




ted 


as : 


11 


iinivei 


ty in [8 73 . 


lis local i 


[885 « 


as 


hi 


.\ 


cridian 


Hill." not fa 


- fn mi 1 1 


street. 


Si 




1 


iw at 


1 ol 


Fifteenth 




in ■ 


thwc 


-t 


in the 


ven heart of the city, ai 


taining 


evi 


ning 


c 


asses fi 


r the advantage of * \o\ 



viaciame 
advance 

re extra 
rawing. 
thmetic, 
school's 



lep: 



henceforward according to studies, instead of 
its, with a bead professor for each branch. 
Howard University, established by act of Congress in 
1867, for the higher education of colored students, received 
its name from Gen. < ). O. Howard, who was its president 
for the first six years of its existence. Although especially 
intended for the color 



e. it is 


open 


to 


all. 


and white 


. since 


tuitii 


11 




ree in the 


■liege ( 


lepart 


nei 


its. 


and little 


higher 


branc 




of 


education. 



The medical school IS especially well attended, the Freed - 
men's Hospital connected with the university affording op- 
portunities for clinics. The present president is Rev. I. S 
Hamlin. An able corps of instructors is employed. 



THE CITY OF WASHINGTON. 



Earlier public schools of the District were mode'ed 
upon those of Massachusetts, comprising primary and dis- 
trict schools and a high school. In 1852 there were fifteen 
primary schools, in which twenty teachers were employed, 
only three of whom were men ; and four district schools, 
each of which had a- principal and one assistant, the latter 
women. To each teacher was entrusted the education of 
seventy pupils. 

The pub'ic school system of the District of Columb'a, 
under the present management, has the reputation of being 
the finest in the United States. It is managed by a 



1,391 teachers were employed. The total number of schools, 
including grammar, primary, county, and kindergarten. 
owned and rented, is 983, of which 330 : ' 
pupils. Additional schools already authorized, and in many 
cases nearly constructed, will accommodate over six thou- 
sand additional pupils. 

The McKinley and Armstn ng manna', training 
were occupied for the first time- in the present school year. 
These schools, architectural' y notable even in this 
celebrated buildings, and comp'ete in their modern equip- 
ment, are among the m st intei sting points for visitors 




s^iP 





11 !l 11 



iiilli 




board of eleven trustees, appointed by the District Com- 
missioners. The trustees receive no pay. They control 
all disbursements for the schools, and make contracts for 
materials and buildings. Pupils in the graded schools are 
furnished necessary books of instruction free. The total 
cost of public education in the District during the la 
fiscal year was $1,222,383.90, including all repairs and 1m 
provements. The average est per pupil (including all 
high, normal and manual training schools), taking 
whole enrollment, 48,432, was $25.23, and taking t 
erage attendance, 37,996 the much higher indivi 
of $32.17. To teach this small army of children and youth, 



TRAINING SCHOOL. 

that can be found in Washington. Here are 

in,,,, workers in wi od, decorators, design* 1 

steam engineering, ol electrical development, of cabinet 

work, and a variety of other practical sul 

these! Throughout the gradi , there i- much 

practical education. Special instructi 

ing, sewing, physical training, drawing and nutf 

ni^hl schools maintained in tlie Districl an 

year in importance, and improving in tin 

attendance. In these 

white and MA) colored pupil-. The kin.'. 

;l n incorporated part of the publii ! "f <»<' 

Districl in 1898 and thirty are now mainl 



=38 



THE CITY OF WASHINGTON. 




HENRY VAN NESS BOYNTON 

Henry Van Ness Boynton. -With a most enviable 
record as a journalist, war correspondent and s6ldier, serv- 
ing his country in the latter capacity throughout the civil 
war and latterly in the war with Spain, no one could be 
better equipped to fill the responsible post of president of 
the Board of Education of the District of Columbia than 
the present incumbent, Henry Van Ness Boynton. General 
Boynton has long been one of Washington's most pictur- 
esque figures in the journalistic world, and the charming 
letters from his facile pen, that have found print in the 
journals he so ably represented at the national capital, have 
always carried the weight of the convictions of so forcible 



and able a writer. Born on July 22, 1835, General Boynton 
is a son of Charles Brandon and Maria Van Buskirk Boyn- 
ton, of West Stockbridge, Massachusetts, his birthplace. 
His education being acquired at Woodward College, Cin- 
cinnati, and the Kentucky Military Institute, young Boynton 
early elected to choose journalism as a profession. Showing 
a marked aptitude, originality and aggressiveness in this 
bent, after a three years' service in the field, he was made 
the war correspondent for the Cincinnati Gazette, on De- 
cember 24, 1864, serving his paper faithfully and well for 
the ensuing year. On the same date the following year 
he was appointed Washington correspondent for the same 
paper, a promotion justly earned, since during those stir- 
ring times none but a man of rare tact and integrity could 
be entrusted with so important a post. Here General Boyn- 
ton remained as the Cincinnati Gazette's representative until 
January, 1883, when he became correspondent for the Com- 
mercial Gazette, continuing in that capacity for it and its 
successors until 1896. 

Although always a Republican General Boynton has 
never sought or held a political office. His record during 
the civil war is one justly to be proud of, winning both 
his spurs and promotion for gallant conduct on the field. 
From April 13, 1861, until July 26, same year, he was 
engaged in drilling troops at Cincinnati. He then joined 
the Thirty-fifth Ohio Regiment as major, afterwards com- 
manding the same regiment as lieutenant-colonel. During 
this period he took an active part in the battles fought at 
Corinth, Perryville, Hoover's Gap.Tullahoma, Chickamauga. 
Missionary Ridge and Tunnel Hill, Georgia. At Chicka- 
mauga he commanded four regiments in the final repulse 
of the Confederates at Snodgrass Hill. At the storming 
of Missionary Ridge he was severely wounded while as- 
cending the slope in advance of his regiment, which pushed 
on to the crest, capturing three of the enemy's field pieces. 




CENTRAL 'HIGH SCHOOL. 



THE CITY OF WASHINGTON. 



[39 




JG SCHOOL. 



For his gallantry he was brevetted brigadier-general, for 
good conduct at Chickamauga and Missionary Ridge, and 
afterwards received the Congressional medal of honor for 
his splendid work at Missionary Ridge. While General 
Boynton did not play as active a part in the war with Spain, 
his services were none the less valuable, because of his wide 
experience and knowledge of the necessities essential to 
thorough equipment. On June 17, 1898, he was appointed 
brigadier-general and remained on duty at Camp Thomas, 
Georgia, until the treaty of peace was signed. He was in 
command of that camp and post of Chattanooga until the 
troops were mustered out. 

General Boynton originated the plan for the Chicka- 
mauga and Chattanooga National Military Park, the first 
to give equal and impartial recognition to both sides for 
the part played in the bloody conflicts that ensued in those 
vicinities. He drew the bill establishing the park, has 
been connected with the commission in charge of the work 
and has been its chairman since 1897. General Boynton's 
name figures no less prominently in the affairs of the national 
capital. He was a member of the Rock Creek Park Com- 
mission of the District of Columbia, and since February, 
1901, has been the honored head of the Board of Education. 
General Boynton is a prominent factor in the city's social 
affairs, and 'is a member of the Phi Delta Theta Fraternity, 
the Gridiron Club, of which he served one term as president : 
corresponding secretary of the Society of the Army of tl" 
Cumberland; a member of the military order of the Loyal 
Legion; of the Military Historical Society, of Massachu- 
setts; Southern Historical Society; the Sons of the Ameri- 
can Revolution, District of Columbia Society, of which 1 
was vice-president one year. General Boynton marrie 
June 1, 1871, Helen, daughter of Timothy Battelle Mason 
General and Mrs. Boynton reside at 1321 R street, north 



Dr. Richard Kingsman, whose attractive home 

and offices are at 7 1 1 Easl Capitol street, is a Wash 
by adoption, but one who has taken an active part in the 
city's affairs since his resilience here, which dates from 
1876. Richard Kingsman was born in Louisville. Ken- 
tucky, on May 31. [855. After completing a course in the 
public schools of his native city he served as an apprentice 
in the composing room of the Louisville Courier-Journal, 
where he qualified himself as a first-class primer, lb- 
removed to Indianapolis, Indiana, and secured cases on the 
Indianapolis Journal, leaving there to accept a .similar place 
on the Lafayette Journal. Returning to Indianapolis, lie 




DR RICHARD KINGSMAh 



140 



THE CITY OF WASHINGTON. 



shortly afterwards secured an appointment in the Govern- 
ment Printing Office, in this city, where he remained for 
five years, resigning to accept a post in the office of the 
paymaster-general of the United States Army, which he 
also held for five years, during which time he studied 
medicine, graduating in March, 1886. In 1889 he resigned 
the clerkship and since that time has engaged in the general 
practice of medicine. 

Dr. Kingsman, despite the large practice which monop- 
olizes the greater portion of his time, has taken a keen 
interest in public affairs, and is at the present time a mem- 
ber of the Board of Education. He is a Republican in poli- 
tics and took an active part in the affairs of his party in 
Indiana, and was an officer in the Government Printing 
Office Republican Club, during the Garfield-Arthur cam- 



ried Miss Katharine Shaeffer, in Cincinnati. They have one 
daughter, Edna B. Kingsman. 

Alexander Tait Stuart.— For many years past it has 
been the earnest wish of those with the success of Wash- 
ington sincerely at heart to make it the model city of the 
world. In no one branch has this been more successfully 
accomplished than in her educational institutions, and today 
her public schools are proverbial, both in the manner in 
which they are conducted and from an architectural stand- 
point. Xo one has striven more earnestly to bring them up 
to their present high degree of excellence than has Mr. 
A'exander T. Stuart, whose appointment as superintendent 
of public schools dates from July 7. 1900. Since that time 
many radical changes have been effected in the government 
of the public schools, as well as in their curriculum. Mr. 



. ! 


fiiiisLsmi; 




1 1! 1 \ a ■ ii i!» ■ l 1; 


\Jemj 




■in 


fir 


B ••■*' !J 


id* fi p ^va • p «--!■ 


i c 


Bwm' 


fea»JB3EB^^^jBBiifcliSilBy^ IH3BB 


mt'\ 


--■ - ,u 





IIGH SCHOOL. 



ingsman 

Church, 
Union, a 



he M 



Methodist Union, as well as a trustee of the Methodist 
Home for the Aged. He is a member of the Columbia 
Historical Society, District of Columbia; LaFayette Lodge 
F. A. \. M.: DeMolay Commandery, Knights Tempi r, 
and a Scottish Rite Mason. He is also a member of the 
Board of Trade, director in the People's Fire Insurance 
Company, was president of the Homeopathic Medical and 
Surgical < lub in 1902; member of the Homeopathic Medi- 
cal Societ) of the District of Columbia, and was president 
of the latter society during the year [900, as well as a mem 
her ..I" the American Institute of Homeopathy, and for 
six years was a member of the medical staff of the II meo- 
pathic Hospital. On October 7, [876, Dr. Kingsman mar- 



Stuart's advent into his present office was at the lime when 
the Senate committee appointed a new Board of Education, 
with instructions to enforce many reforms as suggested by 
that august body, which have been carried out to the letter. 
No one could be better equipped for the office of su- 
perintendent of public schools than Mr. Stuart, if a life 
spent in the schools counts for anything. His experience is 
thorough!) practical, as he lias been connected with the 
District schools from the time be first attended them as one 
of the smallest pupils. His experience as a pupil renders 
him a fit critic to judge between the old and present educa- 
tional methods, and his years of service as a teacher brought 
him in heart to heart contact with his pupils, and therefore 
no one better knows the attributes that go toward making 
a successful teacher than he. With Mr. Stuart's induction 



THE CITY OF WASHINGTON. 



into office a thorough renovation was inaugurated. A close 
study of the courses prescribed by grades led him to be- 
lieve that in many instances studies were allotted to the 
children which were in advance of their years, and in con- 
sequence they were grappling with subjects they could not 
properly grasp, to the detriment of many rudimentary sub- 
jects. These faults were quickly remedied, and a new 
curriculum arranged, which redounded to the advantage of 
both pupil and teacher. Mr. Stuart is a firm be iever in the 
universal use of text books, which had grown in disfavor 
prior to his regime as superintendent. Space alone prevents 
a recital of the many changes wrought by the new board 
of education through its superintendent, and contrary to the 
rule of precedent all these changes have been effected with- 
out the slightest friction, and have been the means toward 
the end of making the public schools of the District of Co- 
lumbia equal in efficiency to those of any city in the United 
States. 

Alexander Tait Stuart is veritably a product of the 
District of Columbia. He is a son of Donald and Mary 
Maury Stuart, and was born in this city on August 28, 
1848. After successfully passing through the various 
grades of the public schools, he entered Columbian Uni- 
versity, and there took his degree of Ph. P.., with the class 
of 1869. A year later Mr. Stuart received an appointment 
as a teacher in the public schools. For two years he was 
the general secretary of the Young Men's Christian Asso- 
ciation, resigning to return to his chosen profession of 
teaching. In 1S76 he was elected supervising principal of 
the fourth division of South Washington, which honor he 
declined, but a year later he accepted that of supervising 
principal ef the third division in East Washington. In 
this capacity Mr. Stuart remained until he was made super- 
intendent. 

Mr. Stuart has taken no part in politics, nor has he 
ever held political office. His undivided time has been 
devoted to educational matters, and he has allowed of 
no interruptions to this end. He is a member of the 
Archaeological Society of Washington, and of the Washing- 
ton Board of Trade. Mr. Stuart married Miss Mary Ellen 
Burris, of this city, and with their two daughters, Mary 
Elliott and Elizabeth Antoinette, Mr. and Mrs. Stuart live 
at 16 Fourth street, southeast. 

The Columbian University, in the city of Washing- 
ton was chartered Jay Congress in 182 1. It comprises the 
following departments: Department of arts and sciences 
(undergraduate and graduate) ; department of medicine; 
department of dentistry; department of law; department of 
jurisprudence and diplomacy. This institution, now in Us 
eighty-second year, holds properties valued ai $1,387,000 
it has one hundred and ninety-four officers of government 
and instruction, a student body of over thirteen hundred, 
gathered from forty-nine states and territories, and main- 
tains at the present time schedules of class-room and labo- 
ratory work aggregating each week five hundred and forty 
nine hours. This organized educational force is 
center of the city's life. 



The main building of the university is a foul 
modern structure, bui'.t in 1884, situated on the comer of 
Fifteenth and H -. northwest. It i> 121 by '4 feet, 

with an annex extending on the south line 150 feet; it con- 
tains a hall, sealing five hundred : a library, lectur 
laboratories and offices. This building is devotei 
ministration and the department of arts and sciences. Ad- 
joining this on 11 streel is Paw Lecture Hall, a well-ap- 
pointed building,„erected in [898. It contains three commo- 
dious lecture halls, two moot-court rooms, a large and well 
lighted library-room, containing a law library of ovi 
volumes. The building is devoted exclusively to the depart- 
ments of law, jurisprudence and diplomacy. 

Two new buildings have recently been completed for 
the departments (if medicine and dentistry and for the u 
versity hospital, respectively. The new medical and dental 
building is 50 by 144 feet, live stories in height, with four 
large lecture halls accommodating from two hundred to 
three hundred and fifty students each, large laboratories, 
lecture halis, professors' rooms, museum and reading 
and study rooms. Every facility is given, 
for the best of theoretical ami practical work. The new hos- 
pital building, do by 80 feet, live stories in height, is lir 
proof in construction. It contains thirty-eight private ro 
and accommodates forty beds in the wards; it has the most 
modern private and public ward-, with private b: 
all modern improvements for ventilation and heating. 'I 
two buildings are situated on II street, between 
and Fourteenth streets, one square distant fron 
building of the university. 

The ideals of Columbian are distinctively American, am 
it aims to be national in its constituency. This thought, 
prominent in the minds of its founders, secured 
institution in the early years of its history the ;q 
aid of President James Monroe, who 
of President John Quincy Adams, who loaned 
$20,000 and gave the institution $7,000; and 
dent Andrew Jackson, who expressed personal at 
interest in its welfare. During the administi 
dent Jackson Congress granted Columbian s in Wasl 

ington to the value of $25, »>« «P ; " 

the beginning by subscriptions obtained b\ 
ther Rice, in nearly every state of the m 
in [852 to aboul $150,000. In addition 1- tin- ill 
John Withers of Ucxandria, Virginia, an 
$70,000. The development of the universih in I 
years has been chiefly due to the bei 
Corcoran. In 1865 It 
school, valued al $30,00 ; al a later time h 
worth'$85.o o; in 1883 he contribul 
building, and in tS8< 
onerous gifts, including the i ; 

Sine to 

cal Sell 

organized in .826, and 1 

Scientific Sch.-l W as opened in 18&1 



142 



THE CITY OF WASHINGTON. 



1887, the School of Graduate Studies in 1893, the School 
of Jurisprudence and Diplomacy in 1898. 

The presidents of Columbian have been the following: 
Rev. William Staughton, D. D., 1821-1827; Rev. Stephen 
Chapin, D. D., 1828-1841 ; Rev. Joel Smith Bacon, D. D., 
1843-1854; Rev. Joseph Getchell Binney, D. D., 1855-1858; 
Rev. George Whitefield Samson, D. D., 1859-1871 ; James 
Clarke Welling, LL. D., 1871-1894; Rev. Benaiah L. Whit- 
man, D.D., LL.D., 1895-1900; Rev. Samuel H. Green, D.D., 
LL. D., acting president, 1894-1895 and 1900-1902; Charles 
W. Needham, LL. D., 1902. The board of trustees is : Hon. 
Wayne MacVeagh, LL.D., chairman ; J. J. Darlington, 



LL. D., ex-Secretary of State ; the Hon. David J. Hill, LL. 
D., first assistant secretary of state ; the Hon. Stanton J. 
Peelle, L.L D., judge of the United States Court of Claims ; 
the Hon. Willis Van Devanter, assistant attorney general ; 
the Hon. Hannis Taylor, LL. D., ex-minister to Spain ; the 
Hon. John Barrett, ex-minister to Siam; the Hon. Martin 
A. Knapp, LL.D., chairman interstate commerce commis- 
sion; the Hon. Carroll D. Wright, LL. D., commissioner of 
the Department of Labor; the Hon. William A. Maury, LL. 
D., member Spanish treaty claims commission ; the Hon. 
Ainsworth R. Spoft'ord, LL. D., assistant librarian of Con- 
gress, and the Hon. William T. Harris, LL.D., commissioner 




COLUMBI, 



UNIVERSITY. 



LL.D.. John B. Lanier, Thomas R. Jones. < His T. Mason, 
LL.D., J. < Irmond Wilson, Colonel M. M. Parker, Theodore 
W. Noyes, Hon, \Y. S. Shallcnberger, David A. Chambers, 
Lev. Samuel II. Greene, D.D., LL.D.; Samuel W. Wood- 
ward, President Edward M Gallaudet, William F. Mat- 
tingly, LL.D., Eugene Levering, John Joy Edson and ( ieorge 
1 1. Manning. 

There arc connected with the university as members of 
the faculty and as lecturers public nun, among whom are the 
follow ing: the Hon. John M.I [arlan, LL. D., and the Hon. 
David J. Brewer, LL. D., associate justices of the Supreme 
Court of the United Slates: the Hon. rohn \Y. Foster, 



of education: many other distinguished men and educators 
lecture and teach in its departments. 

President Needham, since entering upon the presidency 
in June. [902, has effected a reorganization of the university 
by which the college, the Corcoran scientific school, and 
the school of graduate studies are merged in the depart- 
ment of arts and sciences. The curriculum has been brought 
into a closer correlation with the high school system of 
the United Stales, making the standard of requirement for 
admission to the department of arts and sciences a cer- 
tificati of graduation from an approved high school. The 
regular undergraduate course for a degree, consisting 



THE CITY OF WASHINGTON. 



sixty units of credit, may be completed in three years of 
twenty hours per week, instead of in four years of fifteen 
hours per week, thus fulfilling- the requirements in a shorter 
time by increasing and intensifying the work. A further 
saving of time is effected for students continuing their 
studies in the professional departments by accepting the 
first year of professional studies to the extent of ten hours 
per week as a part of the third-year electives in the under- 
graduate course. Thus the time required for liberal and 
professional study is shortened by two years without in- 
volving sacrifice of culture or professional training. 

The bulletin of the university, issued in February 



143 

days have brought a still widening outlook which ■ 

the fulfilment of President Monroe's propli 

bian: " This institution, if it 1 

encouragement, can not fail to be eminently useful to the 

nation." 

Charles Willis Needham, LL. D., president of The 

Columbian University, was born at Castile, Wyoming 

county. New York, September 30, 1848. His father, Charles 

Rollin Needham. was a son of Calvin Needham, wh 

in the war of [812, and a grandson of Joseph Needham, a 

soldier of the revolution, who was known as 

seph, the fighter." His mother, Arvilla Reed, was a daugh- 




COLUMBIAN HOSPITAL 

1903, in an enlarged and attractive form sets forth the 
details of this new organization and exhibits the strong, 
progressive spirit that places this old institution in the fore- 
front of educational thought and method. Plans have been 
adopted looking to a new location and the erection of acl 
ditional buildings. The history of Columbian, beginning 
in the early clays of Washington, is closely parallel with the 
history of the city. There were long years of faithful 
service, of adversity, of slow development. Then at a 
time when Governor Shepherd found Washington a 
and left it a city, Columbian College, through the t 

Corcoran, was becoming a university. And these la 



ter of the Rev, [ames Reed, who was prominently identified 

with the Baptist denomination. He was married '. 

j. [870, t<> Caroline M. Beach, and lias two son- and two 

daughters. 

Veedham's education was all thai 
schools and the acadeim of thai da 
age of seventeen he began tin il 
of the leading practitioner of the town, at 

years he entered the Albam I 

versity. He graduated in Ma; 



144 



THE CITY OF WASHINGTON. 



October was admitted to the liar of New York State, imme- 
diately forming a partnership with his former icgal pre- 
ceptor. The Middle West was then the favorite field for the 
young lawyer, and Dr. Needham, in 1872, removed to Mor- 
ris, Grundy county, Illinois, where some of his relatives had 
preceded him. In four years he had achieved such success 
as encouraged him in making a more important change — 
that of taking up his residence in Chicago. There he rap- 
idly rose to the foremost rank of his profession, and in 1890, 
when forced by i'.l-health to seek a milder climate, he was 
regarded as one of the leading lawyers of Chicago and of 
the West. Washington has been his home for the last 
twelve years. 

Although the demands of his professional work have 
been nnen his. Dr. Needham, ever interested in education, 
has alwavs found time to devote much thought and 
attention to educational matters. He brought about re- 




forms 
of the 
of the 

in the 



po 

lb 

i' Hi n-ls 

ami in 



line 



CHARLES WILLIS NEEDHAM, LL. D. 

in the public schools of his home, and was a mcmbei 
board of trustees of the old ( hicago University, also 
Morgan Park Seminary. IK' was of great assistance 
organization of (he new University of Chicago, and 
■vices mi tiie board of trustees continued until his 
in from thai city. 

[893 lie became a trustee of The Columbian Uhivcr- 
lis identification with this institution was the turning 
1 his career; fur. although he was actively engaged in 
ictice hi law until [902, his first thought and his best 
,vere devoted to the upbuilding of the university, 
897 be began his career as an educator. From that 
nl be assumed the presidency, Dr. Needham lec- 
ihe law school upon the subjects nl" classification 
law. equity, jurisprudence and trusts and trades 
lie gained immediate success a- a lecturer, and 



when the il'-health of the dean, Judge Walter S. Cox. made 
necessary the appointment of a successor. Dr. Xeedham was 
the choice of the board of trustees. Under his administration 
the law school prospered as never before in its history, and 
attamed the fifth rank of the law schools of the country. For 
several years he advocated the establishment in Washington 
of a school of comparative jurisprudence and diplomacy, in 
which the American college and law school graduate could 
pursue the study of higher jurisprudence and attain a knowl- 
edge of diplomatic history, together with a training in the 
procedure before international tribunals and the ethics so 
essential to a diplomat ; st and the international lawyer. In 
1898 his efforts were crowned by the establishment, as a de- 
partment of The Columbian University, of the school of com- 
parative jurisprudence and diplomacy, which was then the 
onlv institution of its kind outside of Paris. As dean of 
this school, Dr. Xeedham secured the cooperation and 
services of many well-known officials of the Government 
resident in Washington, and within a remarkably short time 
won for it a world-wide reputation. 

Flis success with this untried educational venture, ami 
his development of the law school, led the board of trustees 
to tender him the presidency of The Columbian University in 
June, 1902. He assumed the duties of his new office at once, 
and at the fall meeting of the corporation he presented a 
carefullv conceived plan for the reorganization of the aca- 
demic departments of the university, which was unanimously 
adopted by the facu'ties and the board of trustees, lie has 
introduced other much-needed reforms, ami has aroused an 
interest in Columbian that presages well lor its development 
along national lines. He retains the chair of trusts ami 
trades unions in the law school, and the chair of interstate 
commerce and transportation in the school of comparative 
jurisprudence and diplomacy. President Mckinley, in 
1900, appointed Dr. Xeedham a dele-ate to the Congres 
International de Droit Compare, also a de'egate to ike 
Congres International des Chemins de Fer, while the Com- 
missioners of the District of Columbia appointed him a dele- 
gate to the Congres International D'Assitance Publique at 
de Bienfaisance Privee; all of which congress..- met in 
Paris. The University of Rochester and also the George- 
town College Kentucky, conferred the degree of doctor oi 
laws upon him in June. 190I. 

The Catholic University of America. The estab- 
lishment of an institution <>i higher learning in the United 
States under the direction of the hierarchy of the Catholic 
Church was suggested at various limes toward the middle 
of the last century. Many recognized the importance of 
a university of high rank, in which both clergy ami laity 
might have opportunity for the highest intellectual devel- 
opment. Ii was not until the second plenary council of 
Baltimore, 18"''. that a formal expression was given to the 
earnest desire of the bishops that there should exisl in 
this country a university "in which all branches of litera- 
ture and science, both sacred and profane, should be taught." 
Large sums of money for buildings ami endowment would 



THE CITY OF WASHINGTON. 



be required, and as these were wanting at that particular 
time, the establishment of the university was delayed. Dur- 
ing- the years that followed there was constant discussion 
as to the necessity for a university and the benefits resulting 
from it, as also touching the character which it should 
assume. The third plenary council of Baltimore, Novem- 
ber, 1884, took the final step. It was encouraged to do this 
by the munificent gift of $300,000 from Miss Mary Gwen- 
doline Caldwell, now the Marquise des Monstiers de Merin- 
vi 1 le, whose desire, in her letter of bequest, was to found, 
for the higher education of the clergy, a great theological 
seminary, which should be " the nucleus of a great uni- 
versity." Her gift was accepted, and an organization, 
under the presidency of the Archbishop of Baltimore, was 
immediately formed. May 7, 1885, the committee appointed 
by the council chose the name, and selected Washington 



The corner stone of the first building, named Caldwell 
Hall, in honor of the foundress of the univi 
by Cardinal Gibbons May 4. 1888, in the pr< - 
and representative gathering, prominent an.. 11- u! 
the Hon. 1 and. President of th< 

with members of bis Cabinet. Right Rev. John I.. Spalding. 
D.D., of Peoria, preached tin- sermon, Tin 
tion and opening of tin- building to studenl 
November 13, [889, at which ceremony Hon. Benjamin 
Harrison. President of the United States, ai I I 
Archbishop Satolli, the representative ..i the Po| 
dinal Gibbons, of Baltimore; Cardinal Tascl 
bee; the members of the board of ti 

the great universities of the world, and a representative- 
body of the clergy and laity, were present. Till ' 
Chapel, the gift of .Miss Lina Caldwell, now the Baron 



Jk 






I IIS. " 





CALDWELL HALL. 



as the site of the university. After considering various 
locations, purchase was made of the Middleton estate, com- 
prising seventy acres of high rolling land north of Wash- 
ington and beside the Soldiers' Home Park. Oct. .her i~. 
1886, Right Rev. John J. Keane, D.D., Bishop of Rich- 
mond, Va., was chosen rector, and with Archbishop Ireland, 
went to Rome with the draft of the constitutions to be 
submitted to the Pope for his approval. April to, 1XS7. 
the university was canonically approved by Pope Leo XIII, 
and raised to the dignity and endowed with all the preroga- 
tives of a pontifical institution. That same year it was 
incorporated under the laws of the District of Colum 
with the title The Catholic University of America. 
project was submitted to Pope Leo XI 11, who in 
dated October 20, 1885. solemnly approved and blesse 
the work. 



ess von Zedtwitz, was blessed by Cardinal Gibl 

pontifical mass was celebrated by Archbishop Sat. .Hi. The 

sermon in the chapel was preached I 

mour, D.D., of Cleveland, and the sermon I 

outside h\ Rev. Fidelis Stone, 1 

was organized with Mgr. Joseph 5 

first dean. The fathers of St. Snip 

the discipline, and Very Rev. P. J 

chosen vice rector, which office he held unli 

to the see of Sioux City. May, 

tral building 56 feci fr. 
giving a total fn 

. pth. At the • 

which, with it- man 
architectural gem. Tin 
manesqui 



146 



THE CITY OF WASHINGTON. 



a neat face work of broken rock, trimmed with sandstone, 
and is five stories high. The theological library is under the 
chapel, while the first floor of the main building is devoted 
to lecture rooms, academies, reading room, prayer hall and 
dining room. Closely connected with the dining room is 
a separate building, occupied by the Sisters of Divine Provi- 
dence, who have charge of the household department of the 
building. 

April 8, 1891, the board of trustees received from the 
Very Rev. Mgr. James McMahon, of New York, the mag- 
nificent gift of his New York properties, for the purpose of 
establishing, according to his expressed wish, the schools of 
philosophy, letters and science, thus giving to lay and clerical 
students opportunities for university development. This en- 



faculty of philosophy, Hon. Wi'liam C. Robinson, L.L.D., 
the first dean of the law schools, and the institute of the 
technological sciences was established in 1896, under the 
direction of Dr. Daniel W. Shea, head of the department 
of physics. 

Keane Hall, a residence for lay students and profes- 
sors, was erected in 1896. and opened in January, 1897. 
Right Rev. Thomas J. Conaty, D.D., J. CD., was appointed 
rector of the university November 20. 1896, succeeding 
Right Rev. John J. Keane. D.D., who became Archbishop 
of Dubuque in 1900. June 2, 1897. he was promoted 
by the Pope to the dignity of domestic prelate, and Novem- 
ber 24, 1901, he was consecrated titular Bishop of Samos. 
The university has associated with it a number of affiliated 




(EANE HALL. 



abled the trustees to erecl and equip tin- building which bears 
bis name. The cornerstone of McMahon 1 [all was laid April 
27, iX<)2. Tin- ball is of granite. Romanesque in style. 250 
Feet in length, with a depth varying from 70 feet to 105 
Feet. The first floor hallways are of mosaic, with iron stair- 
ways leading from the first floor to the top of the building. 
'I'll,' aula maxima of the university is in this building, and 
is used for reunions, public lectures, conferring of degrees 
and other fun. lions of the institution. The law schools, 
the scientific departments, the school of letters and tin- school 
of die technological sciences occupj differenl parts of the 
hall. Ii was dedicated October 1. 1895, and the schools 
of philosophy, law, science and letters were opened. Verj 
Re: l dward V Pace, Ph.D., D.D., was the first dean of the 



colleges, which are scholasticates for the religious orders 
which occupy them — the Paulists, the Marists, the Holy 
Cross, the Franciscans, the Sulpicians, and the Dominicans. 

These colleges are houses of study for these differenl re- 
ligious congregations, who are privileged to send to the 
university such students as are prepared to follow its courses. 

\ new college for the apostolic mission house will soon be 
erected upon land leased to ii by the university, and located 
near Keane Mali. The Dominicans also have plans for a 
very laree building:, to act as a novitiate and house of 



igical librai 



ry valuable library, in which a 
igical and historical works. I 
has 20,000 volumes, while ea 



THE CITY OF WASHINGTON. 



\: 



department has its special library, and many of the pro- 
fessors have very rich and extensive private collections ; so 
that altogether more than 75.000 volumes are available to 
the students. The work of the university is confined to 
" those courses of study which are of dignity and grade 
appropriate to a university so called." No collegiate nor 
preparatory work is done by the university, nor is there 
in it any seminary preparation for the priesthood. Its theo- 
logical students are required to have made a complete 
seminary course, while the laymen entering the different 
schools of philosophy, science, letters and law are obliged 
to have completed a college course, or to be otherwise 
equipped for university courses. Thus opportunities are 
offered to all classes of post-collegiate and post-seminary 
students to advance themselves upon purely university lines. 
The following are the regular publications of the university : 
The Catholic University Bulletin, appearing quarterly, under 
the direction of Very Rev. Thomas J. Shahan, D.D. ; the 



discipline and financial transactions. Then 
twenty-five professors, equally divided between clei 
and laymen, all of whom arc university trained men. emi- 
nent in their different specialties. The buildings 
ratories and halls are all in keeping with the latest educa- 
tional ideas, and the advantages offered in the lines already 
established are equal in value to those of any . .tl" 1 
learning in the United States. The ' ersily of 

America has the distinction of being the only university 
m the country doing purely post-graduate '.vork, as it alone 
has no collegiate departments. As an evidence "i" the work 
done by the Catholic University since its establishment, in 
1889, notwithstanding the fact that its circle of students i* 
limited by nature of its advanced work ami its conditions 
for entrance, 241; different students haw received its de- 
grees, — 123 received that of master ami licentiate, and 22 
the doctorate in theology, philosophy, science and law. The 
theses for the master and licentiate degrees, and the 1« >• >ks 








§fpf tftiijjji i i i 



U Utll II II 




Pittonia, a scientific journal, published by Dr. Edward L. 
Greene, and containing his researches in the department of 
botany, and the University Year Book, published in April. 
The university has been fortunate in having friends 
whose generous donations have enabled it to erect and equip 
its buildings and endow many of its professorships. At 
present there are fifteen professorships endowed, tun fel- 
lowships and twenty-one scholarships. The trust funds 
of the university amount to nearly $1,000,000, while UK- 
buildings erected represent fully $1,250,000. The u.nversii 
is governed by a board of trustees, consisting of Ins Emi 
nence Cardinal Gibbons, who is chancellor nf the umversn 
and president of the board; seven archbishops, six bishops 
and three laymen, who meet annually for the transaction 
and direction of all matters pertaining to the uiuvers 
administration of the institution is vested in th 
a rector and vice-rector, who reside on the ui 
and have the immediate care and management 



uiids 



written for the doctorate have all been of a char 
add to the Mini total of knowledge. The Catholic University 
is a member of the Association of American Universities. 
organized to stud) the problems connected with graduate 



boai 



The following is th 
tees of the univcrsit; 
es I 'ardin 
e, chancellor -1 the 
•d; Most Rev. John 



li>t of names of the 
as at pr< - 

Gibbons, Archbishop of Balti- 
tiniversity and pi 
. Williams. D.D.. Archl 
Boston, vice-president; Right Rev. Camillus P. Maes. D.D., 

of Covington, secretary; Mr. Thomas 
Washington, treasurer: Mosl Rev. P. J. Ryan. D.U 
bishop of Philadelphia; Mosl Rev. John Ireland, 
Vrchbishop of St. Paul. Minnesota; Mosl R 
„ele D.D, Archbish. p 

.).. Archbishoi 

-I).. Archbisb 



c 4 8 



THE CITY OF WASHINGTON. 



Iowa; Most Rev. John M. Farley, D.D., Archbishop of 
New York; Right Rev. John L. Spalding. D.D., Bishop 
of Peoria, Illinois; Right Rev. John S. Foley, D.D., Bishop 
of Detroit, Michigan; Right Rev. Ignatius F. Florstmann, 
D.D., Bishop of Cleveland, Ohio; Right Rev. Thomas J. 
Conaty, D.D., titular Bishop of Samos, rector; Right Rev. 
Mathew Harkins, D.D., Bishop of Providence, Rhode Island; 
Mr. Michael Jenkins, Baltimore, Maryland; Mr. Michael 
Cudahy, Chicago, Illinois. 

Right Rev. Thomas J. Conaty, D D., rector of the 
Catholic University since November 20, 1896, was born in 
Ireland in 1847. and at three years of age came to America 
with his parents, who settled in Taunton, Massachusetts. 
Here his father had spent eight years of his boyhood, from 
1 83 1 to 1839, at which time he returned with his parents 




RT. REV. THOMAS J. CONATY. D. D. 

in [reland. After graduating Erom the Taunton scho Is, 
Bishop Conaty entered Montreal College, in 1863, and in 
1867 passed to Holy Cross College, Worcester, M-ssachu- 
setts, where he graduated in [869. Returning to Montreal 
that same year, lie was ordained priest for the Di cese of 
Springfield, December 21, [872, and entered im r.ediately 
upon parochial work in the city of Worcester, where he 
remained in active ministry until he was selected by the 
university trustees, October 22, 1896, and apro:nt:d by 
Pope I eo XI II. November 20, iSejh. to succeed Archbishop 
Keane, as rector of the Catholic University of America. 

Of the twenty four years spenl in Worcester seven 
were passed as assistant at St. John's Church, and seventeen 
• is pastor of the Sacred Heart parish, which he -1 
building and completing the church and other parochial ap- 
pointments. Me was always active in educational and 
irk, and Erom the firsl years of In- priestho "1 iden- 



tified himself with the Catholic total abstinence work, serv- 
ing two years as vice-president and two years as presi- 
dent of the national organization. He was honored many 
times by the citizens of Worcester, who elected him to posi- 
tions of trust in the municipality. For fourteen years he 
was a member of its board of education, and served two 
terms, each of six years, as a trustee of its Public Library. 
Elected an associate member of the Grand Army of the 
Republic, be was selected on several occasions as the Mem- 
orial Day orator. When leaving Worcester for his new field 
of labor in Washington he was honored by a public banquet, 
at which citizens, regardless of creed and nationality, repre- 
senting all phases of Worcester^ life, manifested their ap- 
preciation of him as a public-spirited citizen and popular 
pastor. 

Bishop Conaty was always deeply interested in the land 
movements in Ireland, and served for several years as treas- 
urer of different funds ; was a close friend of the Irish lead- 
ers and was always recognized as a great conservative 
force. In 1889, at the centennial of Georgetown Uni- 
versity, the degree of doctor of divinity was bestowed upon 
him, as one of the representatives of Holy Cross College. 
As soon as he was appointed rector of the Catholic Uni- 
versity, he was invited by Laval University to accept at its 
hands the degree of doctor of divinity and doctor of canon 
law. Interested in the educational development of the people. 
he was found among the early promoters of the Catholic 
summer school movement,' and was for four successive 
terms president of the Champlain School, at Plattsburg. 
Bishop Conaty established and conducted for four years 
the "Catholic School and Home Magazine." which was rec- 
ognized not only for its literary merit, but also for its prac- 
tical helpfulness in parochial and Sunday School work. He 
was among the first of the parish clergy in New England 
to respond to the recommendation of the Holy Father's 
encyclical on the study of the Holy Scriptures, and the re- 
sult of his parochial work in this direction appears in a 
hook published by him. entitled " New Testament Studies," 
and now in use as a text-book in many scho. .Is. lie has 
been a frequent contributor to the magazines on questions 
of temperance and education. 

Assuming charge of the university January to. [897, 
he has since that time given himself entirely 10 it- upbuild- 
ing. In 1808 he was honored by the Holy Father with an 
appointment as domestic prelate, and the insignia of this 
dignity were conferred upon him b) Cardinal Gibbons, in 
the presence of a large gathering of the bishops and priests 
of the country. While rector of the university he has la- 
bored to unite and coordinate the different part.- of the 
Catholic educational system, and under his direction con- 
ferences of seminaries and colleges have been organized 
and maintained, lie has been largely instrumental in en- 
couraging the Sisters of Notre Dame 10 establish Trinity 
College, winch, mar the university, offers t> women the 
opportunities for collegiate instruction, under Catholic in- 
fluence. 



THE CITY OF WASHINGTON. 



[49 



November 24, 1902, Bishop Conaty was consecrated 
titular Bishop of Samos, in the Cathedral of Baltimore, by 
his Eminence Cardinal Gibbons, assisted by Right Rev. 
C. P. Maes, D.D., of Covington, Kentucky, and Right Rev. 
Thomas D. Beaven, D.D., of Springfield, Massachusetts, in 
the presence of a large body of the American hierarchy. 
Bishop Conaty has been heard on many occasions on plat- 
form and in pulpit, on all questions affecting the progress 
of the church and the welfare of the people. He has always 
been a warm advocate of the people's rights, a staunch 
American, and an uncompromising champion of Christian 
education, as well as of all social and moral interests. 

Trinity College is a Catholic institution for the higher 
education of women. It is legally incorporated under the 
laws of the District of Columbia, with full college powers 



of the main building, now completed, make in thei 
an imposing structure. The ceremony of dedicati 
place on November 22, [900. 

All the collegi 
exceptionally well chosen. In the languages and arts, 
mathematics and experimental science. Uk- Ik--; 
standards have been followed, and these courses l.'.ar the 
test of critical comparison with thosi 

lege, while in the teaching of philosophy, history and 
religion. Trinity has started out on broad and splendid line- 
peculiarly her own. The method adopted at Trinil 
is partly elective and partly prescribed, greater freedom it 
the choice of studies being allowed after the freshman year. 
Entrance examinations are prescribed for all applicants 
without exception, save in the case of those who are ad- 
mitted by privilege as auditors. Facilities for the stud 




to confer degrees. The college is conducted by the Sisters 
of Notre Dame of Namur. The site of Trinity College has 
been admirably well chosen for its beauty, its healthfulness, 
and for the many advantages arising from its nearness to 
the Catholic University, the Capitol, the National Library, 
and the noted museums and art galleries of the vicinity. 
Situated as it is on one of the highest points of the city, 
Trinity commands an excellent view of the simounding 
country. The whole environment is one that si 
the sources whence a Catholic college for women destn 
to play their part in the service of country and 
as well as home, must draw faith and inspiration. 
plan of the college includes a main building - 
Hall — three hundred and twenty-live feel Ion- 
convent and lecture hall; science, music and a 
ings; a practicing school for the pedagogical departni 
library building, and a church. The convent and one-tl 



research which the college course- demand of tin 

have incn 1 

physics and botany have been fitted up at gi 
the newest apparatus. The library has gl 
thousand volumes, with special department- I 
aiK l languages. The nucleus of tin 
bequest made in 1899 b) tin Reverend John F. M 
Cambridge, Massachusetts, of his ■ 
md volumes, showing thus 
the success of the coll. 
had been laid. Valuable contributions hav. - 
bv the Trinity College associate I- 
Columbus the alumna association 

by a greal variclj of maps, 
photographs, for historical an 
,| K . best periodical literature is pro> 



THE CITY OF WASHINGTON. 



an art gallery has also been formed by the donation of 
several valuable paintings, among which may be specially 
mentioned copies of Perugino's Madonna of the Throne, 
Uffizi, Florence ; Ghirlandaio's Adoration of the Shepherds, 
Royal Academy, Florence ; Botticelli's Pallas and the Cen- 
taur, Pitti Palace; and Veronese's Supper in the House of 
Levi, Ro);al Academy, Venice. These four magnificent works 
of art are the gifts of Judge and Mrs. M. P. O'Connor, of 
San Jose, California, who intend adding many others from 
their private collection. 

The young women now following the college courses 
at Trinity come from sixteen States of the Union. Nearly 
one-half of them are graduates of the public high schools ; 
the others are from the Notre Dame schools, and those of 
other teaching orders of religious women. A few of the 
students entered the sophomore and the junior class -from 
other colleges. The apartments provided for each resident 
student consist of two bright, well-furnished rooms. With 
such restrictions as class hours and hours for study demand, 
the young women enjoy the freedom which would be theirs 
in a well-regulated home, under the eyes of wise parents 
or guardians. Life at Trinity is the ideal life of the Catholic 
girl at college. Physically, intellectually, socially, morally, 
all the best that is in her is brought to its fullest develop- 
ment. 

The proximity of Trinity College to the Catholic Uni- 
versity of, America gives it peculiar and splendid advan- 
tages which cannot be overestimated. The college courses 
in philosophy, church history and religion are under the 
direction of some of the most eminent professors of the 
university, and lectures are frequently given by the right 
reverend rector and other members of the faculty. An ad- 
visory board, of which His Eminence Cardinal Gibbons is 
president, is composed of eminent ecclesiastics and prom- 
inent educators, who meet at the college at stated intervals. 
Women active in church and educational interests form an 
auxiliary board of regents, with associate boards in all the 
principal cities of the United States, and by their zeal and 
generosity have proved themselves devoted friends of trie 
college. 

The Sisters of Notre Dame of Namur have for a hun- 
dred years been building up their reputation as teachers. 
In Belgium, England and Scotland they have besides ele- 
mentary and high schools, normal schools and colleges. 
where the required examinations are those of ( Ixford, Cam- 
bridge, or St. Andrew's. Here in America their work 

made, from Boston to San Jose, where more than thirty 
thousand pupils are being educated. 

The wonderful development of the order is ^\\w to its 
union. That, in turn, grows out of the perfect centralization 
of its whole government under a superior general, who has 
always been a woman of remarkable ability. This year, 
nineteen hundred and three, marks the centenar} of the 
order, now numbering over three thousand religious in 
Europe, Vmcrica and South Africa. The venerable lulie 



Brilliart, its foundress, was naturally and supernaturally 
endowed with qualities adapted to her grand and noble 
work. Together with her co-foundress, the Viscomtesse 
Blin de Bourdon ( afterwards Mother St. Joseph i . win i 
devoted her whole fortune to the undertaking, she set the 
work of teaching at once on the satisfactory basis which 
has been the secret of its success. The life of the venerable 
Mother Julia, written by a Sister of Notre Dame (London. 
1898 j, and A. M. Clark's Life of the Hon. Airs. Edward 
Petre, in religion Sister Mary of St. Francis (London, 
1899), give an idea of the development of the order and its 



Georgetown University may justly take pride in nei 
age, in her site and in her development from such modest 
beginnings. It is now over one hundred and seventeen 
years since the plan for the formation of a college at 
Georgetown was first projected by Rev. John Carroll. In 
a circular issued in 1786 it was stated that " agreeably to 
the liberal principle of our constitution, the college will 
be open to the students of every religious profession," and 
with this introduction the first Catholic col'ege in the coun- 
try began its existence. 

The college proper is situated on the He : ghts of 
Georgetown, at a distance of two and one-half miles from 
the Capitol. At the foot of the eminence on which the 
college is built flows the Potomac, and as this river winds 
its way around Analostan Island and down past Long 
Bridge, to empty its waters in the far-off Chesapeake, it 
offers a view from Georgetown Tower that is well-nigh 
v.nriva'led in beauty. For a number of years Georgetown 
was but a college, growing yearly in numbers and in repu- 
tation. In 181 5 an act of Congress was passed and ap- 
proved by President Madison giving to Georgetown the 
right to grant the usual college degrees. In 1833 the privi- 
lege of granting degrees in philosophy and theolog) was 
given to Georgetown by the Holy See. and thus George- 
town was admitted into the family of European universities. 

The year 1842 marked the erection and equipment of 
the astronomical observatory made famous by the labors 
of bathers Secchi, Curlev and in our own day, I lagen. In 
1857 came the school of medicine, which now. after years 
of earnest effort, may boast of its excellent course of studies, 
its list of accomplished teachers, and its long roll of hon- 
ored graduates. The law school was started ill 1*7,1. and 
in a few years it sprang into prominence and made the repu- 
tation for careful scholarship which it still enjoys. Three 
hundred students in all, representing thirty-nine States and 
foui' foreign countries, were on the roll last year. In 01 1] 
a dental school was opened, and already this department 
bids fair to add new honors to the university. 

Gradual growth has been aimed at in all departments. 
Constant attention to .1 high standard in all courses, and the 
insistence upon the attainment of ibis high standard as a 
qualification for a degree ma) be looked upon as the dis- 
tinguishing feature- of Georgetown University. 



THE CITY OF WASHINGTON. 




GEORGETOV 



Georgetown Convent of the Visitation of the 
Blessed Virgin Mary.— Long ere Washington was aught 
but a straggling little town, through which stretched one 
street, whose chief characteristic was a plentiful supply 
of black mud, a trio of noble women, driven :oni France 
by persecution, came to this country and be I in < George- 
town, and founded the convent, the subject of this sketch. 
This was in 1792, and the three ladies n 'erred to were 
Marie cle la Marche, abbess of the Order of St. Clare; 
Celeste La Blande de la Rochefoucauld, and Marie de St. 
Luc, who escaped from their native country in disguise, 
md arriving here found themselves strangers in a strange 
laid and penniless. It was at the time of the Reign of 
Terror, when churches and convents alike were pillaged 
ai'd devastated. Prior to this a little band of Jesuit Fathers 
lv 1 obtained a charter from Congress and laid the foun- 
.r.lion for a university, now known the world over as 
C-oigetown University, and it was these fathers that lent 
a Id to the exiled abbess in procuring a little home in which 
die nucleus of the convent was formed. Equally well 
known to the outside world is Georgetown Convent, whic 
has grown from the little academy then founded to be 
one of the most distinguished educational institutions for 
little girls and young ladies in the world. 

This massive brick structure, pleasantly 
Georgetown, is not especially attractive from 
view, yet behind its solid walls an enclosure so cb 



and idyllic is to be found that one can readil) un 
the strong ties that hind its graduates to the old 
Its beautiful corridors and clean white floors, bright, cheer- 
ful study rooms and chapels, through which slant 
lights and shadows from stained glass windows, are tr 
versed by many nuns in whose lowly, pure fac 
fleeted the noble and useful life they have chosen. With 
out is to be found tiers of pleasanth shaded |wrches front 
ing upon delightful hits of garden, grass} plots, 
archways and romantic walks, overhung by br< 
shady trees that stand as sentinels about tl 
and ever restful spot. The early histon 
Convent was fraught with many vicissitu 
heroic fortitude its founders rose to th< 
matclv succeeded in placing it upon a sol 
The three pioneers in founding this old in.«liluli< 

, 1 by Miss Alice Lalor, a young Irish 
companion of Madame de la Rochefoucauld, who. 
to all accounts, was a most unusual character. 'I hi 
.„„! adjacent property was sold to Vrchbishnn I 
[806, a year after the death of Abbe- dc la Mai 

ie clc la Rochefoucauld and Madai 
when they returned lo France. I >n A 
erlv was'deeded to Mis- Lalor and ; 

dc. and with tl 
\ isitation nuns had it 

irdcr 01 Visitati 



152 



THE CITY OF WASHINGTON. 



scattered all over the United States, but although following 
the same rules, they are in no way connected, even those 
in the same city being distinct; yet owing to its priority 
and its historical associations, Georgetown will always be 
looked upon as the rooftree of the order in this country. 
When the three young women took charge of the 
convent, and finding additional room badly needed, they 
secured another building, which they made their dwelling 
house, and used the former home as an academy. These 
buildings disappeared long ago, however, and their sites 
are included in the beautiful convent grounds. Step by 
step the convent grew into favor, and additions were made 
from time to time until it reached its present proportions. 
As an educational institution Georgetown Convent is un- 
surpassed. The names of hundreds of women who have 
taken a prominent place in the worlds of society, art and 



1828, when President John Ouincy Adams conferred the 
prizes upon the pupils and delivered the address to the 
graduating class. Upon the records of the convent are 
many interesting facts relating to both the order and the 
history of the house. Within its cloistered precincts have 
lived and died many illustrious women. Miss Lalor, the 
first superioress, lived to be 80 years old, dying on Septem- 
ber 19, 1846. On June 18, 1817. Archbishop Xeale, who 
did so much towards furthering the success of the convent, 
died and, in accordance with his request, was buried in 
the vault under the convent chapel. 

Academy of Visitation. — This educational institu- 
tion, patronized by the most exclusive families of this and 
other cities, occupies that block on Connecticut avenue 
(Washington's most fashionable thoroughfare) bounded by 




GEORGETOWN CONVENT OF THE VISITATION OF THE BLESSED VIRGIN MAR1 



belles-lettres have graduated From there, and always refer 
to their Stay within its peaceful walls as the happiest periods 
of their lives. The course of instruction is divided into 
several departments, including elementary, intermediate, oi 
three classes, and four senior classes. The curriculum em- 
braces all branches, by which its pupils when graduated 
are eminently fitted to shine in any position in the world 
thai the) maj elect to enter. Especial attention is given 
to both music and needlework, which strikingly illustrates 
that equal attention is bestowed upon the young ladies 
entrusted to the sisters' care in preparing them for a life 
of usefulness as well as an artistic one. 

One of the most interesting events connected with the 

-1 Georgetown Convent was the commencement 

exercises and annual exhibition held in the summer of 



1. and De Sales streets, northwest. The Academy of Visita- 
tion was founded in 1850. At that time it was found 
expedient to establish another icademy with a more central 
location of the city, and the signal success with which the 
parent house had met left no doubt as to the future success 
of the offspring. While belonging to the same order, and 
being an offspring of ( ieorgetown Convent, the Academy of 
Visitation is a separate ami distinct institution, with its 
own superioress, and the owner of its property. The 
institution was founded upon the advice of Father Mathcw 
who was widely known and beloved at that time. When 
first started it was exclusively a day school tor those patrons 
who wished their children instructed by the noble women 
of this order. Now, and for the last few years, a limited 
number of boarders are taken. The academy was first 



THE CITY OF WASHINGTON. 



' 53 



started with three dwellings at Tenth and G streets, but in 
1877 the present property was purchased. The original 
tract embraced the entire block from L to M streets, but 
finding it more than their needs required, these ladies first 
opened De Sales street through the center of their block 
and presented it to the city. 

Three sisters were detailed from Georgetown Convent 
and three from the Academy of Visitation in Baltimore 
to conduct the affairs of the newly founded school. Sister 
Juliana, a niece of Father Mathew, was its first superioress. 
She was a woman of a rarely beautiful character, and lived 
to a ripe old age. Several sisters now connected with the 
academy were with her throughout her regime, and refer 
most reverently and affectionately to their mother. 

On September 24, ^1900, the academy celebrated its 



Academy of the Holy Cross.— The question of edu- 
cation is a most perplexing one for parents, and one upon 
which the most widely differing opinions are constantly 
expressed. Each well established househol 
nucleus of ideas upon the conduct of life. The father and 
mother are supposed to have settled their poinl 
more or less clearly: the question for them is to form the 
point of view for the children. Material f: 
important as they are commonly accepted to be. 
way of looking at things after it is firmly planted in the 

mind bears the most potent influence for g 1: and the 

person that has it is prett) sure to gel what he - 
to seek. No more suitable institution exists, f.ir tl 
training of the minds of little girls than the Acadcim 
The Holv Cross, on Massachusetts avenue. Here c 




golden jubilee, at which time several ladies, the first grad- 
uates of the academy, were present and participated in the 
exercises. At present there are about one hundred day 
scholars and twenty boarders upon its roster. The classes 
are divided into primary, intermediate and senior courses. 
The greatest care is exercised in the instruction oi the 
scholars,, especially in music, art and the languages. 

While the government of this institution is mild and 
maternal, and everything is done for the promotion and 
happiness of the pupils, the sisters charged with the super- 
vision of the young ladies are vigilant in exacting discipline 
and polite deportment. Pupils of all religious denoimn 
tions are received, and no influence is exercised oxer t 
in matters of religion. All are expected, however, to co. 
form to what the regulations of the academy n 



■ VISITATION. 

are entered when a I a tender age. and step I)) Step they are 
taken through the various stages of education, ever undi 
the watchful eves of the noble band of sislerlv 
they are graduated, ready to take their prop 
world, and to adorn an) social coterie they maj 
enter. 

Earlv in the war 1868 Rev. 1 .1 Whifc 
Matthew^ Church, applied to Mother Angi 
of the Sisters of Hob 

,1 U . school in connection with bis church. Si 
anc l Nativity, both now dead. Nut living in Hi 

.,■ manv a Washingtonian. wen 
Vncjela for the new field of labor in th. 
c-u.ital The growth of the 

111 for and l.n: I 



THE CITY OF WASHINGTON. 




ACADEMY OF THE HOLY, CROSS. 

Sister Nativity, who was wisely and successfully directing 
the M street school, was recalled to Indiana by the superiors, 
who hoped the change of climate would repair her shattered 
health, but shortlj after sin- passed away. Sister La Salette 
succeeded Sister Nativity as superioress. Owing to her 
masterly abilities the school not onlj flourished, but also 



Through the life-inspiring energy of Sister La 
that noble institution of learning, the Academy ol 
Cross, sprang into existence. In the spring of [8 
ground on which the academj stands was purchas 
Si [,ooo. The Rev. Dr. While died before the foui 
bul his words: " Put up a building worthy- 
Church and of your community," were literally fi 
Rev. Francis Boyle, who succeeded Dr. White as 



of St. Matthew's ratified the work 
and encouraged the workers. The 
massive building, which is of red 
brick, with handsome stone trim- 
mings, cost >j r o.ooo. It was com- 
pleted, occupied, and chartered in 
1879. Since '79 this school has 
continued to give substantial proofs 
of its usefulness and efficiency, but 
the scholastic year just closed has 
been the most successful in its his- 
tory. Besides the senior, prepara- 
tory, junior, and minim departments 
the course of studies embrace the 
useful and ornamental. Before 
graduating the young ladies must 
not only have followed the studies 
peculiar to each class, but they must 
also have passed a creditable exami- 
nation in the higher mathematics, 
logic, natural and mental philoso- 
phy, literature, history, astronomy, 
chemistry, botany, geology, rhet- 
oric, criticism of authors, and book- 
keeping. French. Latin. German, 
and the rudiments of drawing and 
vocal music form a part of tin- gen 
eral course. The musical reputa- 
tion of the academy is unsurpassed 
by that of any institution in the city. 
The art department, too. is worthy 
of its name. There are twenty sis- 
ter, at Hol} Cross: thirteen are en- 
gaged in the work at the academy, 
three have charge of St. Matthew's 
Institute on K street, and four of 
St. Augustine's school for colored 



The Columbia Institution for the Deaf and Dumb 

was incorporated b) Congress in an act approved February 

Mi, 1S57. under the name of the Columbia Institution for 
the Instruction of the Heal and Dumb and the Blind. This 
art of incorporation was secured at the instance 01 Hon. 
Amos Kendall, who had become interested in the educa- 
tion of deaf and blind children in tin- District. Mr. Ken- 
dall was made president of the provisional board of trustees. 
and this board secured the establishment of a school for 
the ileal' and the blind in premises consisting <'i two acres 
of -round and a small house which were donated by Mr. 
Kendall. Additional -rounds and buildings were rented by 
the directors and the institution was I'ormalK opened 011 
the [3th of June, [857, uniler the superintendency of Ed- 
ward Miner Gallaudet. During the first year twelve deaf- 
mutes and six blind children were received and taught. 



THE CITY OF WASHINGTON. 



155 



The act incorporating the institution allowed one hundred 
and fifty dollars per annum from the United States Treas- 
ury for each indigent pupil from the District of Columbia. 
This amount proving insufficient for the support of trie 
school, Congress was induced to increase its appropriation, 
and in 1859, Mr. Kendall erected at his own expense a 
substantial brick building at a cost of eight thousand dol- 
lars on the lot originally donated. 

In 1S62, Congress appropriated nine thousand dollars 
for additions to the buildings of the school, the number 
of pupils having increased to forty-one. In 1864, at the 
instance of Mr. Gallaudet, the superintendent of the school, 
Congress passed an act authorizing the institution to exer- 
cise collegiate powers and to confer collegiate degrees. A 
few months after the passage of this act. Congress appro- 
priated twenty-six thousand dollars for the purchase of 
grounds and buildings adjoining the property of the insti- 
tution to provide enlarged accommodations. The directors 



soon became a national institution in • rapid. 

Congress provided for the admission of deaf-mute 
young men and women from all parts of the country, with- 
out charge for board and tuition where it was ma 
that these young men and young women were unable to 
meet their expenses. Course.-, of study havi 
fully pursued in the arts and sciences, and 
of the college have taken positions of honor and us> 
which they would have been quite unable to till but for the 
education they have received in the college. Tin 
for the deaf of the District of Columbia has been well pro- 
vided for by Congress, and in honor of the man wh- 
its establishment, ii has received the name of "The Ken 
dall School." The collegiate department has bi 
a name in honor of the founder of deaf-mute education 
in America, Rev. Thomas Hopkins Gallaudet, win 
fished the oldest school for deaf-mutes in the coui 
at Hartford, Connecticut, in 1817. and is now known and 
designated as "Gallaudet Colli 




COLUMBIA INSTITUTION FOR THE DE 



at that time proceeded to establish a college for the deaf, 
with a course of study laid out leading up to degrees in 
the arts and sciences. The college was publicly inaugu- 
rated, and upon the suggestion of Amos Kendall, who had 
been president of the board of directors up to this tune. 
the board elected Mr. Gallaudet as its president. Mr. Ken- 
dall retiring to a seat at the council board of the directors. 
In 1865 Congress enacted that the blind children of the 
District of Columbia should be thereafter provided for 
and educated in the Maryland School for the Blind, the 
number being regarded as too small to justify the m 
tenance of a separate department in the Columbia Institu- 
tion and the name of the institution was changed to the 
Columbia Institution for the Deaf and Dumb. In the years 
following liberal appropriations were made by ( 
for the erection of buildings and the further enlargement 
of -rounds, so that the development of th- 



ine grounds of the institution, compri 
dred acres, have been tastefully laid out 
with plans devised by Frederick Law l Hn 
of the buildings were designed by Fred. 1 
of New York. One of the more re< 
mitory for the boys of the Kendal: 
by Olof Hanson, of the State of W; 
of t h e college in the vcar 1889, who has b 

ars a successful architect in the I 1 
tion at Kendall Green is open to • 

,ine o'clock in the morning until tin 
n00I1 Hie method of instruction pi 
combined system, which includes all i 
, the education of the deaf. 

peak well and to read from tli 
are taU ght to do this. Those who h: 
training and tr. 



156 



THE CITY OF WASHINGTON. 



it to the highest possible degree of usefulness. Manual 
methods are made use of where they seem to be better 
fitted than others to develop the capabilities of the pupils. 
The directors of the institution have adopted this system 
after careful examinations of many schools for the deaf 
in this country and in Europe, and the.'r experience leads 
them to believe that results are attained under this broad 
system much superior to any that can be reached by the 
employment of any single method. 

Gunston School for Young Ladies was established 
by Mr. and Mrs. Beverley R. Mason, of Virginia, in 
Georgetown, D. C. in September, 1892. For three years 
it remained in Georgetown, taking two houses the sec- 
ond, and three houses the third year. In September, 
1895, the school was moved to its present location, tak- 
ing the two houses 1212 and 1214 Fourteenth street, 
northwest, and later it added the house 1409 Massachu- 
setts avenue, to accommodate the increasing number of pu- 
pils. In September, 1900, the home department was moved 
from 1409 to 1401 Massachusetts avenue, bringing the whole 
school into three adjacent buildings, with communicating- 
doors on every floor, making a most elegant and commodious 
home for young ladies. The name of the school is taken 
from " Gunston " Hall of Fairfax county, Virginia, the 
home of George Mason, author of the Virginia " Declara- 
tion of Rights," great-grandfather of Mr. Beverley Mason. 

Mr. Mason was graduated at a university preparatory 
school in Virginia, and was professor of mathematics and 
Latin in a military school in Xew York. In 1879 he held 
the same position in tlie Archer Institute for Young Ladies, 
at 1 40 1 Massachusetts avenue, northwest, and continued 
as head, teacher of Latin and mathematics at the same place 
in the Norwood Institute until 1892, when he founded 
Gunston School, in Georgetown, returning in 1895 to the 
original site of the Archer and Norwood Institutes. In 
early life Mrs. Mason was principal of a successful church 
school for young ladies in \ irginia. She is a descendant 
of Genera] Thomas Nelson, of Yorktown, Virginia, ami a 
sister of Bishop Nelson of Georgia. 

I - ;ecure and retain permanently as teachers ladks and 
gentlemen of high social position, of moral worth and in- 
tellectual capacity of a high order is essential to the suc- 
cess oi a school — not financial success necessarily, for that 
is a secondary consideration with the earnest teachers who 
would accomplish the best results in training and caring 
for the young people entrusted to their keeping. Gunston 
is singularly fortunate in fulfilling ibis condition. The 
principals are proud of their splendid corps of teachers 
and give them full credit for maintaining the high standing 
of (iunslon. Besides the principals, there are eight resi- 
dent lad} teachers and a lady in charge of the housekeeping 
department, who look-, after the comfort and health of the 
pupils. Besides these there are twelve visiting teachers 
for the various departments of art, music, languages and 
science, of whom live are gentlemen and seven ladies, mak- 
ing a total of twenty teachers. The number of pupils en- 



rolled for the past session was ninety-seven, and the present 
session will be about the same. 

The associate principal, Miss Edith M. Clark, is an Eng- 
lishwoman, and a graduate of the University of St. An- 
drew's, Scotland. She studied at Oxford, and spent sev- 
eral years in Berlin and Paris, and made a special study 
of the school system of Germany. She has also taken spe- 
cial studies at Queen's College. Kingston. Ontario, and at 
Cornell University. She was head teacher at Norwood 
Institute, this city, for five years: was principal of " Bishop 
Hopkins Iiall " School for Girls, at Burlington, Vermont, 
for five years. She then traveled and studied in Europe for 
two years, and makes a specialty of conducting art and 
history tours through Europe during the summer vaca- 
tion. Miss Pauline Bristow, teacher of elocution, studied 
her profession in the best schools of Cincinnati, Paris and 
Leipzig, spending several years in Europe. Miss Bristow 




is also an accomplished linguist. Miss Hunter was prin- 
cipal oi a church school in Maryland, and has been for the 
las! eight years at Gunston doing excellent work as teacher 
of English, and chaperone for sightseeing parties. Professor 
'I ill. »n. head of the mathematical department and science, is 
a graduate of Phillips-Exeter, Dartmouth, New Hamp- 
shire. Miss Susan K. Cooke, teacher of mathematics and 
Latin, was 1 rained al \\ ellesiex College. Miss Anne Dehon 
Trapicr lias been leachei of literature and histor) since 
Gunston was first established, and her influence has been 
a power in the school. M. Xavier Teillard. professor of 
French, is a graduate of the Sorbonne, Paris, and has been 
in Gunston seven years. Mile. Marie Lambert. French 
-ranunar and conversation, is a native of Paris; does good 
work, and has been with the school for seven years. Dr. 
Anton Gloetzner, pianist, graduate of Munich Conservatory, 



THE CITY OF WASHINGTON. 



has been with Gunston for ten years. Miss Beulah Cham- 
bers, teacher of piano, was a teacher for five years in the 
College of Music, Cincinnati. Mr. Herman C. Rakemann, 
teacher of violin, is a gradaute of the Royal High School 
of Music, Berlin. Mr. Walter T. Holt is the teacher of 
guitar and mandolin. Mme. cle St. Clair Buxton has had 
charge of the vocal department for eight years, and is an 
excellent teacher. Miss Emma Rathbone Smith, teacher 
of the German language, studied for several years in Stutt- 
gart and Dresden, and speaks German like a native. She 
has taught in Gunston with great success for six years. 
Miss Lucy Mason, teacher of physical culture and Del- 



teacher, and with an interval of three year- for study abroad, 
has taught in Gunston since it was first established. 
To have such a corps of teachers permanently coi 
with a school, and giving to it the best work of their live-. 
is a sufficient guarantee of the character of the institution, 
and of its claim upon the patronage of those win 
not only the best instruction, but tin 
their children. 

The National Correspondence Institute. W 

ton is freely acknowledged to be the educational, 

as the political, center of our country. The public schools, 

the colleges, universities, and Government scientific and 




GUNSTON SCHOOL FOR YOUNG LADIES. 



sarte, was a pupil of Dr. William G. Anderson, Dr. Eliza 
Mosher and Mrs. E. M. Bishop, at Chautauqua. Miss 
Virginia May, a resident teacher of English, in charge oi 
the study hall, has been with the school for ten years ; she 
is a fine executive officer. Miss Ella Reese has charge oi 
the primary school, and has been with Norwood Institute 
and Gunston continuously for more than twelve years. Miss 
Catherine C. Critcher, teacher of art. has just returned from 
Paris, after a course of instruction in the Julian Acad 
where she received the first honors in her cl 
Critcher is also an exhibitor in the Paris salon. 
an international reputation as an artist. 



technical bureaus 
class and emplo\ the b si ii 
to be found in America. It i 
responclencc instruction, whid 
vaiice i" educational methods in tin 
tury. has also, in this 

the high wale 

hi'o-h ( . v 

Kiiilev and hi 



i58 



THE CITY OF WASHINGTON. 



observe. The National Correspondence Institute was es- 
tablished by Dr. McKinley in 1893, and soon after that date 
was incorporated as an educational institution, thus sep- 
arating itself by law, as well as by principle and educational 
standards, from the great number of private business con- 
cerns and stock companies which go under the name of 
business colleges, correspondence schools, and the like. In 
consideration of this distinction, the Institute has the au- 
thority of Congress to grant all the usual academic degrees 
upon those who satisfactorily complete its prescribed courses 
of study. Our city, then, is the home of the only institution 
in the world which gives to every ambitious man and woman 
the opportunity of receiving a complete college education 
in the home. No distinctions of age, color, race, sex, resi- 
dence, etc., are made. The only entrance requirements 
are the ability to read and write the English language and 
a desire to learn. From this lowly beginning any person can 




advance, through a proper use of his spare moments, to 
the highest branches of learning. Courses of instruction 
are given in bookkeeping and business, shorthand, type- 
writing, journalism, short-story writing, magazine litera 
hire, English, law, the various branches of engineering, 
architecture, drafting, ancient languages, modern languages 
(including graphophone method), teachers' review, normal 
courses, modern sciences (about 150 different branches), 
preparation for college, army. West Point, Annapolis, con- 
sular service, and civil service examinations, etc. The lim- 
itations of correspondence instruction are fully realized, 
however, and no attempt is made at this school to teach 
laborator) courses in medicine, dentistry, and similar 
branches, nor is instruction given to primarj scholars. It 
is Dr. McKinley 's policy Lo co operate with and supplement 
1 1 1. work of the best resident schools and not to antagonize 



them in any way. The cost of courses at the Institute is 
such a small fraction of the cost of resident school work, 
and there are so many persons who cannot afford the time 
or money to attend resident schools, that no attempt is 
made to secure as students those who are in a posi- 
tion to attend high grade colleges. The National Cor- 
respondence Institute is endeavoring to secure the greatest 
good for the greatest number. The rates of tuition arc 
placed at the lowest possible figures, and the fees may be 
paid in small monthly installments, purchasing life scholar- 
ships, which entitle the holders to instruction in their 
courses without regard to the time required to complete 
them. These scholarships are non-forfeitable and trans- 
ferable. Text-books are furnished by the school without 
extra charge, and in fact, there are no extras of any kind. 

The institute bears on its rolls thousands of students 
in all parts of the world and thousands more are added 
every year. Its success is due to its thorough methods, 
competent instructors, and its fair-dealing, combined with 
an enterprising management. Correspondence instruction 
is individual. A greater percentage of high grade work is 
done in the Institute's courses than in resident schools 
because each student is in a class by himself. He does 
all the work of the course, recites every lesson, and is 
obliged to master every principle before he is permitted 
to take up advanced work. This system necessarily unves 
the student a better equipment than is possible by oral 
instruction where each class numbers ten, twenty, thirty, 
a hundred, or even more students, and some students may 
pass through a whole year's work without being called on 
for a recitation. The correspondence student does not 
come in personal touch with his instructor, and ma\ lose 
the education which this contact may give, but so far as mas- 
tery of principles and the acquiring of knowledge is con- 
cerned, the correspondence method has no equal. 

The members of the Institute's faculty are graduates of 
the leading universities from Maine to California, who bring 
to this school the best methods of them all. They are 
men of practical experience as well as theoretical training, 
are selected for their special litness for the work, ami 
are numbered among the leading educators of this city. 
The faculty of more than fort) persons is composed of 
those who arc giving individual instruction to students 
and not merely supervising work which is done by others. 
It has taken a manager of unusual ability to gather such 
a faculty and to place in successful operation a school 
which accomplishes such worldwide results. It is only 
h\ years of perseverance ami untiring devotion that Dr. 
McKinley has organized and brought to such a high degree 
of perfection this institution, which holds a unique position 
in the world and offers an exceptional opportunity, par- 
ticularl) to those who have been deprived of school privi- 
leges 111 early life, for pressing forward intellectually from 
year to year and accomplishing that which "is a universal 
possibility, a universal privilege, as well as a universal 



THE CITY OF WASHINGTON. 



Dr. John William McKinley is a son of Amos and 
Martha Evaline Williamson McKinley, and was born at 
Pvttsselville, Brown county, Ohio, on November 14, 1866. 
His first education was received in his native public and 
normal schools. At the age of fifteen he began work as 
an educator, and for several years taught in the public 
school during the winter, attending the normal school in 
the summer. In 1885 he took a business and shorthand 
course at Oberlin, Ohio, after which he taught in the busi- 
ness and shorthand schools in Springfield and Columbus, 
and lectured on penmanship in the Teachers' Institute 
throughout Ohio, having made this a specialty. Dr. McKinley 
took a select course in Wittenburg College in 1887-88-89 as 
a preparation for his law studies, the subjects of this course 
being selected by the late President McKinley. In January, 
1890, he came to Washington and was appointed to the 
Census Office by Superintendent Robert B. Porter upon the 
recommendation of the late President, William McKinley. 
There he served for three years while completing his three 
years course in law at the National University, receiving 
the LL.B. and LL.M. degrees, after which he was admitted 
to the bar of the Supreme Court of the District of Columbia. 
Dr. McKinley then engaged in an active practice of law, 
together with the development of the National Corres- 
pondence Institute, which he founded in 1893. The mani- 
fold duties connected with the new Institute demanded so 
much attention that he was then compelled to abandon his 
law practice temporarily. Desiring a further knowledge 
of law, Dr. McKinley became a member of the first class 
of the School of Comparative Jurisprudence and Diplomacy 
of Columbian University, from which he received the de- 
grees of D. C. L., in 1900. and M. Dip. in 1902. 

Dr. McKinley married Miss Carrie Elizabeth Brigham, 
of Marietta, Ohio, on October 22, 1891, and their union has 
been blessed with one daughter, Carrie Brigham McKinley, 
who is now ten years old, and one son, Edward Brigham 
McKinley, aged seven. 

National University —In his eighth annual message 
to Congress, President Washington called attention to the 
advisability of establishing at the seat of Government a 
National University. The suggestion met such opposition 
or indifference that no step was taken in that direction 
until in the seventies certain citizens of Washington, in 
the belief that the Federal Government might be more 
ready to follow than to initiate such an undertaking, in- 
corporated the National University under the general in- 
corporation law. The first board of trustees, among whom 
the late Justice Arthur McArthur was a leading spirit, 
and President Ulysses S. Grant the first president or 
chancellor, established as a nucleus the first of the schools 
of the University, viz.: the law school. Mr. Eugene 
Carusi was elected dean in 1879, and at the requesl ol 
the board of trustees, reorganized the faculty and course 
of study. After the reorganization the first law 
consisted of the dean, Justice Arthur McArth 
Webb, Esq., Hubley Ashton, Esq., and Hon. ; 
Claughton. The board of regents in 1S80 coi 



159 

Wm. P. Fryeof .Maine. Nathaniel I'. Hill of Colorado, John 
T. Morgan of Alabama. John Goodc of Virginia, 
Davidge, Drs. Z. T. Sowers and James I 
Arthur McArthur. President 1 la- 
Grant in the chancellorship. Succeeding Presidents of the 
United States, including Presidents 
thur and Cleveland, occupied the office of chanci 
the University until 1889, when it became obvious that 
Congressional aid in establishing the Universit) 
not be forthcoming. Such, however, had been tin 
of the law. and later of the medical ami dental 
established under the old charter, that in this \. 1 
new articles of incorporation were filed under tin 




i6o 



THE CITY OF WASHINGTON. 



incorporation law. The new incorporators were Samuel 
F. Miller, Arthur McArthur, Matthew G. Emery, Eugene 
Carusi, Willim H. Chase, S. S. Baker, William B. Webb; 
Thomas Wilson, Howard H. Barker and H. O. Claughton. 
The late Samuel F. Miller, a Justice of the United States 
Supreme Court, and at that time a professor in the law 
school since 1885. was elected chancellor. In this office 
he was succeeded by the late Justice Arthur McArthur 
and he in turn by the present chancellor and president 
of the board of trustees, Hon. Richard H. Alvey, Chief 
Justice of the Court of Appeals of the District of Columbia. 
During a brief interval in 1891 Bishop John F. Hurst, late 
chancellor of the Methodist University, served as chan- 
cellor. The law school, although deprived of Government 
aid, has been very prosperous; lias included many promi- 
nent names in its faculties, and graduated in the last twenty 
years of its history more than twelve hundred students. 
from every State in the Union and from numerous foreign 
countries. The present charter of the University was 
obtained from Congress in 1896. 

Since its organization the law school has been under 
the management of Eugene Carusi, dean, and one of the 
principal professors therein. The instructors in the Uni- 
versity an- as follows: Eugene Carusi, LL. D., dean ; I Ion. 
Henry E. Davis. ex-United Stales Attorney for the Dis- 
trict of Columbia: George A. King, EL. D. ; Brigadier- 
General George I'.. Davis. United States Army, present 
Judge Advocate General, United Stales Army: James 
Schouler, EE. D., the eminent juridical writer, and lec- 
turer at Harvard and Johns Hopkins Universities; lion. 



■k 1. 



Frank E. Campbell, EE. M, 
United Stales Department of 1 
ston, EE..M.: Hon. Milton E . 
retary United Stales Treasury 
I.E. M., First Assistant Alton, 
of the Interior; David i 
( ieneral of < )hio : Frederi 
Cowles Tucker. LL. M., Henry 
Charles Francis Carusi, LL. 
LL. M., < harks II. Robb, I.I 
I.E.M.. Alexander Wolf, ELM 
and E. Richard Shipp, LL.M, 
covers a period of three years 
to the degree of bachelor of I 
graduate year, to the degree 

dc 



Assistant Secretary of the 
ie Interior; Jackson II. Ral- 
lies, LL. M., Assistant Sec- 
: 1 Ion. Samuel V..Proudfit, 
zy United Slates Department 
Watson, formerly Attorney- 



th 


■ thi 


rd ye 


ir is mo 


comm< 


n law 


studies. 


Ia\ 


v h< 


ve Ik 


■n added 


of 


tha 


yea 


. The 1 


Ri 


:hai 


1 II. 


Alvey, 1 


vi 


e-pi 


isidei 


1 ; 1 harl 


II 

Bi 


>n. 
rkei 


[ilarj 

. Ml 


A. Ilerl 

.. lobu j 



Siddons, LL.M.; Charles 
1 [aywood Classic, EE. M., 
M., 1.. Cabell Williamson, 
. M., Charles A. Keigwin. 
. Conrad II. Syme, LL.M., 
The course of instruction 
The first two years lead 
iw. and the third, or post- 
•e ..I" master of laws. While 
voted l' * a continuation 1 if the 
•s upon federal administrative 
lisiinctly post-graduate feature 
board of trustees are: 1 Ion. 
it ; I [on. Matthew G. Emery, 
ncis Carusi, I. EM., secretary: 
in, Rufus Thayer. Howard II. 
er. M.D.. Charles Lyman, Esq., 



Hon. Philip Mauro, Eugene Carusi. William C. Whittemore, 
Esq., Charles Francis Carusi, William Mercer Sprigg, M.D.. 
Col. Alexander T. Britton. 

Eugene Carusi. — One of the oldest of the more prom- 
inent members of the local bar, and perhaps the senior legal 
educator in the District of Columbia, is Eugene Carusi. Mr. 
Carusi was born in Alexandria, in the District of Columbia, 
in 1835. His education was received from a private tutor, 
and afterwards at Dr. Arnold's Seminary, and Rugby In- 
stitute. In 1856 he read law in the office of the lale William 
J. Stone, then one of the foremost members of the bar of 
the old Circuit Court of the District of Columbia. In 1800 
he married Frances Standford, second daughter of Dr. Ar- 
thur Standford, of England, and Helen Slye, of Maryland. 
Mr. Carusi has been actively engaged in the practice 




EUGENE CARUSI 



of law since 1851). In 181)3 be accepted the presidency of 
the District Title Insurance Company, from which he re- 
signed in [899 in order to devote his entire time to his pro- 
fession, and is now the senior member of the well-known 
law linn of Eugene Carusi & Sons. Mr. Carusi has long 
been identified with legal education in the Districl of Co- 
lumbia, and is the dean of the law faculty of the National 
University Law School, which, at the request of the then 
board of trustees, he reorganized ill 1870. During this 
period of nearly a quarter of a century the law school under 
his management has become one of the leading law schools 
oi tin country. In his work as an instructor he has had. 
associated with him, beside the members of tin- present Eac- 
ultv, mam eminent law \ers and judges, among whom were 
the late lusiicc Arthur MacAnhur. Hon. II. it. Claughton, 
Hon, William B, Webb, and Mr. Justice Samuel F, Miller. 



a 



CHAPTER XVIII. 



FINANCIAL INTERESTS. 




HE first bank in the District of Columbia 
was chartered by an act of the general 
assembly of the State of Maryland, De- 
cember 23, 1793, as the Bank of Columbia, 
" for the purpose," as stated in the pre- 
amble, " of promoting- the agricultural and 
commercial interests of the State, and 
facilitating the preparations for the perma- 
nent residence of Congress within the Ter- 
ritory of Columbia." Ten thousand shares 
J of $too each was the amount of the capitai 

stock, and the limitation of existence was until " Congress 
shall exercise jurisdiction in and assume the government 
over the Territory of Co'umbia. and until they shall by law 
annul the charter hereby granted." 

No other bank was authorized until February 15, 181 1. 
when Congress incorporated the Bank of Washington. Six 
years later, March 3, 181 7, Congress authorized the incor- 
poration of six banks, namely, the Farmers and Mechanics' 
Bank of Georgetown, the Central Bank of Georgetown and 
Washington, the Bank of the Metropolis, the Patriotic Bank 
of Washington, the Franklin Bank of Alexandria, and the 
Union Bank of Alexandria. By the same act was prohib- 
ited any unchartered bank, company, association, partner- 
ship, or individuals from doing a banking business in the 
Territory. Of the banks here named three are still in 
existence : The Bank of Washington, now called the Na- 
tional Bank of Washington ; the Bank of the Metropolis, 
now the National Metropolitan Bank ; and the Farmers and 
Mechanics' Bank of Georgetown, now the National Farm- 
ers and Mechanics' Bank of Georgetown. 

The Bank of Columbia, of Georgetown, aided the 
Government greatly during the war of 1812. General 
Jackson was ready to move his army to New Orleans, 
but the Treasury was without funds and what was worse, 
the Government had no credit. Monroe, then Secretary ol 
State, mounted his horse, rode to Georgetown and called 
upon the cashier of the Bank of Columbia, William Whann, 
to whom he pledged his honor and his personal fortune 
to the repayment of a loan, if he would make it to the 
Government. The loan was made and Jackson won the 
battle of New Orleans. 

The District Commissioners have no jurisdiction over 
any public banks in the city. All banking institutions, 



national associations, loan and trust comp 
banks, etc., within the District, organized under the author- 
ity of Congress, are. the same as the national banl • 
the supervision .>f the Comptroller of the Currency, and 
their reports must be made whenever called for by that 
officer, whi'e their books must always In- opi n t" til 
tion of national bank examiners. Banks and trus 
panies are also permit 1 

under charters granted by the States. These an subject 
to the banking laws of nted tin- 

charter, operating, therefore, as branches of banl - 
elsewhere. Private banks are also permitti ' 
in the District by paying an annual license 
trict government of fifty cents fur each one t li< .n --■ - 1 
of capital invested. 

The condition of the banking institutions of the District 
a little over fifty years ago is given in the National [ntel- 
ligencer of January (6, [836, in which it is stated that the 
various bank- were prepared t<> meet their liabiliti 
moment's notice, if necessary, in the following ratii 
of Washington. 40. S4 per cent.: Patriotic Bank of Wasli 
ington, 71.81 per cent.; Bank of the Metn | 
cent.; Union Bank of Georgetown, 78.30 per cent.: Farm- 
ers and Mechanics' Bank of Georgetown, 
Farmers' Bank of Alexandria, 43.21 per cent.: Bank of the 
Potomac, 51.85 per cent. Assets of these banks. 
dollar of their liabilities, apart from the capital stock, were 
stated to be as Follows: Bank of Washington, $3.30; Patri- 
otic Bank. $1.64; Bank of the Metropolis. $1.30 
Bank of Georgetown, S2.40: Farmers and Mechani 
1 1 leorgetown, $3.05; Farmers' Bank of Alexandi 
Bank of the Potomac. $2.32. Tin 
of the seven hank- was $964,7' 
apart from capital stock. $2,813,925 
585.52; cadi. $1,492.81 1..56: discount iv >l - 
real estate, $318 
:, surplus of $2,367,439.43- 

Reports m; 
April. [903, by the banks and trusl com]...: 
trict, show thai within the ' I 
one less bank and one more trust compau 
the hank- of Washington has more than 

a ,nounl of money available in the 
Washingi 



(161) 



162 



THE CITY OF WASHINGTON. 



thirteen banks and three trust companies, the capital of all 
was a little over $23,000,000. There is to be an addition 
of $3,600,000 to this amount during this year, when the 
capital of one of the trust companies is to be doubled, 
through arrangements with a New York city bank. 

The increase in the money available for business in the 
local banks is declared to be due entirely to the increase 
in wealthy population of the city. There are many advan- 
tageous forms of investment in the District of Columbia, 
and the banking business is profitable. Apartment houses 
have become a popular investment in the city. Many have 
recently been completed, more are in course of erection, and 
still others have been projected and capitalized. In addition 
to the national banks and trust companies, there are a num- 
ber of savings banks, the capital of which is not included 
in the statement given above. 




Riggs National Bank. No more suitable home could 
be provided for the historic old banking house, once Riggs 
& Co., bul now the Riggs National Bank, than that lately 
erected on Pennsylvania avenue, near Fifteenth street, jusl 
above its original site. Few visiters come to the National 
Capital without being forcibl) impressed by the noble pro- 
portions and exquisite adornments of this beautiful type 
of architecture, beneath the shadow of the stately United 
Slates Treasury. No better exemplification of the old adage, 
tks from little acorns grow." can be cited than this 
instance. In [836 the late George VV. Riggs, millionaire 



capitalist, man of affairs, and philanthropist, founded a 
banking business under the firm name of Corcoran & Riggs. 
Associated with him were W. W. Corcoran, whose name 
is synonymous with success and all that is beautiful in art, 
and the founder's brother, Elisha Riggs. As the business 
prospered, four years later the firm purchased the property 
at the corner of Fifteenth street and Pennsylvania avenue, 
which was owned by the old United States Bank. 

The institution immediately became a power in the 
nation*s financial world, and during the war with Mexico, 
in 1846. it took the entire loan of $5,000,000. outbidding 
all rival institutions or individuals. Out of this loan a 
large bonus was realized. Two years after this Mr. Riggs 
retired from the firm, leaving his half brother Elisha and 
W. W. Corcoran in the business, but upon their retirement, 
in 1846, Mr. Riggs again entered the concern, took up 
the reins of government, and continued actively at its head 
thereafter. The present officers of the Riggs National Bank 
are : Charles C. Glover, president : Thorn? s Hyde and Mil- 
ton E. Ailes, vice-presidents: Arthur T. Price, cashier, and 
William J. Flather and H. H. Flather, assistant cashiers. 
Directors: Charles C. Glover, Thomas Hyde, James M. 
Johnston, Arthur T. Brice, William J. Fiather. R. Ross 
Perry. Thomas F. Walsh, Henry Hurt. J< hn R. McLean, 
lames Sti'.lman, Frank A. Vanderlip and Milton E. Ailes. 

A comparative statement showing the bank's growth, 
from the time it became a national bank, in 1896. to the 
present time, can but better illustrate what proportions 
the business has reached under his able guidance. The 
following statement shows the condition of the institution 
July 14, 1896, a few days after becoming a national bank- 
Resources — Loans, discounts and investments. $1,627,- 
ySS.jo: due from banks (not reserve agents), 5403,936. 58: 
cash and reserve. $1.7(17.453.73: total. $3,829,179.01. Lia- 
bilities — Capital stock, $500,000.00: net profits, $288.03. 
Deposits— Individual. $3,267,163.36; bank. $61,727.62; 
total, $3,829,179.01. 

The following report, made to the Comptroller of the 
Currency April 9, 1903, will give some idea of the growth 
of this institution since becoming a national bank: 

Resources — Loans, discounts and investments, $5.-121 - 
620.14; United States bonds for Government deposit, $3- 
100,000.00: due from banks (not reserve agents), $760,- 
436.63: banking bouse, S343.715.S2: cash and reserve, $5,- 
[29,656.87; total, $14.755.4-''!. 4"- Liabilitie: — Capital stock, 
$500,000.00 : surplus and net profits. $553,667.26: United 
States bond account $3,100,000.00. Deposits — Individual. 
$7.1.43-875.76; bank. $457.88(1.44: United State- deposit, 
$3,000,000.00: total, $14,755,429.46. 

Charles Carroll Glover. — In recounting the success 
of Riggs & Company, its growth and expansion, the name 
of Charles Carrol! Glover, the present president of the bank, 
stands forth with greatest prominence. To his -iron- 
individuality and rare tact, to his large acquaintance with 
men who wield the greatest power in the affairs of the 
nation, to his untiring and unselfish labors in behalf of the 
improvement of the city and of the District at large, as well 



THE CITY OF WASHINGTON. 



[6 



as to a thorough knowledge of the intricacies of finance, 
coupled with an unexcelled business acumen, is unquestion- 
ably due the far-reaching influence of this great banking 
institution. Although identified with many varied business 
interests, Mr. Glover is never at a loss for time to help 
make Washington the most beautiful city in the world — 
a model for all others. It is not possible within the limits 
of this brief sketch, to do more than mention some of the 
many important public matters which he has inaugurated 
and carried to a sucessful conclusion. Opinions may differ 
now as to the importance of all these, but the future historian 
of the city will applaud the wise judgment of the man who 
secured, in these earlier 
years, the magnificent 
tract of land lying along 
the banks of the pictur- 
esque Rock Creek, from 
Massachusetts avenue to 
the northern apex of the 
District, including the 
Zoolog'cal Gardens, for 
a great National Pa k. 
The preservation of t'-e 
rugged natural beauty 
of a glen situate so near 
to the capital city, the 
binding of Congress to 
its improvement f ora 
year to year for all time, 
is in itself an achieve- 
ment sufficient to. give a 
man last'ng fame; but 
in the humble cp'nion of 
the writer, the securing 
of the adoption by Con- 
gress of definite plans 
for the extension of ave- 
nues, streets and road- 
ways throughout the en- 
tire District, in conform- 
ity with the original 
plan of L'Enfant, by 
which the city may grow 
with homogeneity to the 

very limits of the original lines north of the Potomac, 
is even a greater triumph. The building of an immense 
viaduct, instead of a bridge, across Rock Creek, on the 
line of Massachusetts avenue extended, marks another vic- 
tory for Mr. Glover before the appropriations committee 
of the Senate, and is the first step toward carrying out a 
long cherished plan to conduct the waters of Rock ( 
from that point through a culvert to the river, fill 
the unsightly gulch that now exists and reclaiming for 
the city many hundreds of acres of valuable residence ar 
business property in the popular northwest section. 
the line of Massachusetts avenue extended is locate 




site of the new Protestant Episcopal Cathedral, at the very 
crest of the hills overlooking the city, north of < leorgetown; 
and a little further out, the site of the great Methodist 
University. Location of thesi be credited t<> 

Mr. Glover, who is a trustee of both institutions. At hi> 
home, plans for the cathedral took definite shape, and ii 
was by his advice that the site firsl selected on Connecticut 
avenue extended — a part of the Sharon estati 
abandoned and the present one acquired. Here, surroundci 
by a beautiful grove of oaks is the little church of Saint 
Alban's, near to which the .ureal cathedral will be built. 
No more beautiful spot in the District could have been 
chosen, commandii 

entire city. 

The Hall of His- 
tory, of the 
i Methodist i University, 
is already built, and t" 
this building Mi 
who is treasurer of the 
University, made the 
tir-i contribution. Work 
will soon begin >>n the 
McKinlev M emorial 
1 tall. 

In l88l 
ing held al Mi • 

mutated for tli -■ 
ti. .n of the 
flats, in order 1 
form thai marsl 
into a beautiful and pic- 
turesque national park. 
After a long fighl the 

passed b\ botl 

and ap- 

• 

Cleveland on March 3. 

iS()7. it being almost the 

last official document lie 

the White House. The 
Supreme Courl has sustained the right of the city to 
property, and citizens have been reimbursed for build 
which have been razed. About four hundn 
have been reclaimed, adding greath 
f the citv, bul to ii- hcalthfulness 
an extract from the editorial columns of the Wasl 
Post of March 4. 1897: 

"The President has signed, the bill dc 
the Potomac flats to the purp 
1 1 is the consummation of a \v< 
fully unci. 1 '"" awl Sl 






.mI an 



1- in. in. 



Mr. 1 I 



164 



THE CITY OF WASHINGTON. 




GLOVER'S CITY RESIDENCE. 



has already laid the city under grave obligations by labor 
and achievement in other important directions. It is to Mr. 
1 rlover thai we owe the realizat'on of the Rock Creek Park, 
also the lasting gratitude for his potent help in the matter 
of the new Corcoran Art Gallery. It is to him that we 
are now indebted for this last and crowning achievement 
at present under discourse, against ever) unjust opposition; 
he has labored patient' y and bravely for years alone, sus- 
tained only by his personal influence and force; he has 
confronted and pievailed on the apathy and prejudice of 
Congress. Mr. Glover secured the passage of the bill, and 
it is him we have to thank for the assured park. It should 

priety, bul whatever name they give it, we shall all know 
that we are indebted for it to the unselfish and public 

des 



to merge 
to better 



country. In street railroad matters Mr. Glover 
has long been active, and was the moving spirit 
of the 'Washington and Georgetown Railroad for 
many years before it was merged into the Capital 
Traction Company, in 1895. since which time he 
has been its vice-president. He has been the 
president of the Stock Exchange, and when vice- 
president of the National Safe Deposit and Trrst 
Company it was mainly through his efforts that 
its new building was erected. 

Mr. 1 ilover was born in Macon county, North 
Carolina. November 24, 1846. but came to Wash- 
ington when eight years old to I've. His grand- 
father, for whom he was named, was one of 
Washington's most distinguished and highly es- 
teemed citizens, an honored guest at the recep- 
tion given General Lafayette by the President 
of the United States, and one of the large land- 
owners in Washington at that time. Young 
Glover was educated at Rittenhouse Academy, 
the famous school conducted by O. C. Wright. 
When sixteen years old he entered the book store 
of Frank Taylor, where he remained for three 
years, resigning his position there to enter the 
employ of Riggs & Company in a clerical ca- 
pacity. His ability, willingness and geniality 
were soon asserted, and step by step he moulted 
the ladder of promotion, until in 1873, finding 
his services indispensable. Mr. Riggs asked him 
to become a member of the firm of Riggs & 
Company. The business of Riggs & Com] any 
grew to such proportions it was found advisable 
the banking house into a national hank in order 
facilitate the handling of the large volume of 



spirited efforts of our distinguishei 


fell >w citizen, Cha 


( arroll ( Clover." 




It is, indeed, to Mr. Glover 


that the city owes 


new I lorcoran Art Gallery, for he a 


one among all the ti 


tees urged the abandonment of the 1 


,ld site and the selec 


of a new one whereon a larger ai 


d more modern gal 


could be built. It took time to ov( 


rcome the strong o] 


sition to this, but at last it was ac< 


miplished. Mr. CI, 


was aKo largely influential in secui 


ing the extension of 


water-works, now one of the most 


efficient systems in 




CHARLES CARROLL GLOVER 



the city of Washington. 



Ml 




GLOVER'S COUNTRY RESIDENCE. 



>usiness which was daily growing. On July i, t8o/>, this 
itep was taken, and Charles C. Glover was chosen president. 
Jnder his management the business so increased that it 
vas found necessary to remove to more commodious quar- 
ers. Hence its present home, one of the finest examples 
)f a modern bank building in the United States. On Janu- 
iry 10, 1878, Mr. Glover married Miss Annie Cunningham 
Poor, daughter of the late Rear-Admiral Poor. Two chil- 
lren, Elizabeth Lindsay and Charles Carroll Glover, have 
)een born to Mr. and Mrs. Glover. 

Thomas Hyde, vice-president of the Riggs National 
lank, has been connected with this institution and the 
irm of Riggs & Company, its predecessor, since 1854, and 




THOMAS HYDE 



became a partner in said firm in [874. To his 

personality and the conservative policy to which In ; 
adhered, much of the bank's success is due. 

Air. Hyde is a son of Anthoii) II 
town, who in turn is a descendant of the I! 
one of Maryland's most prominent old families. 

-Mr. Hyde is tile prrsid.nl of the RiggS I in 

Company, which is recognized as one of the 1111 
perous insurance institutions in the city, the hi 
which is to be found elsewhere, lb- is also pn sident of the 
board of trustees of the Louise Home: .1 tn - 
coran Art Gallery, and of the Protestant ; 
dral Foundation. Mr. Hyde is equally prominent in Wash- 
ington socially .and his name is to be found upon til 
of its most exclusive clubs, anion- them the Meti 
Dumbarton and Chevy Chase Clubs, of whid 
is president. 

James Marion Johnston 

of Dr. James Johnston, of the family of the J< 

of "Annandale," a surgeon in the Britisl 

who married Jean Xisl-et in 1722, and 

Andrew Johnston (born 1735, died iSoi 

of St. Andrew's University, Scotland, cann 

practice his profession, and there married B< 

[761. Dr. Andrew Johnston'- son, Janv 

died [822) married, in 1707. Marion, lb. 

George Houstoun, of Housloun, Baronet, and tin 

William I'. Johnston 1 born 1- 

at Yale, the University 

rie.l. in 1840, Mary M.. the 

Esq., of Virginia, a lawyer and, a gi 

and practiced medicine in \\ 

until In- death in 1876. < »f the fi\ 

William P. Johnston, the oldest. Dr. Williat 

lowing the family tradition, ; 

,f Pennsylvania and at Edinburgh. 



[66 



THE CITY OF WASHINGTON. 



practiced medicine in Washington from 1869 until his 
death, in March, 1902 ; and the youngest, Dr. George 
Woodruff Johnston, after graduating at Princeton, and 
taking similar professional degrees, also practiced medicine 
for some years and afterwards engaged in literary work 
connected with that profession. Dr. William Waring 
Johnston's son, Dr. William Bernard Johnston, a graduate 
of Harvard and Johns Hopkins University, has begun, in 
1902, the practice of medicine in Washington. 

James Marion Johnston, son of Dr. William P. John- 
ston and Mary E., his wife, was born in Washington, D. C, 
on February 27, 1850. After his school days at the Emerson 
Institute, in that city, and one year each at Chestnut Hill 
School, near Baltimore, and at Lawrenceville, New Jersey, 
he entered Princeton College in 1866, graduating and re- 
ceiving the degree of A.B. in 1870, and A.M. in 1873. While 
in college ho became a member of the Delta I 'hi fraternity. 




!ION JOHNSTON 



in. Wal 



< hi leaving college he studied law in the offio 
ter S. Cox (afterwards a justice of the Supreme Court of 
the I (istrict of Columbia), and at the Columbia Law School, 
graduating at the latter and being admitted to the bar in 
1S72. During ibis period lie also took the course at the 
Spencerian Business College. After spending about a year 
in European travel he practiced law in partnership with Mr. 
John F. llanua From 1S74 until the hitter's death, in 1SS5. 
and then in partnership with .Mr. Calderon Carlisle until 
March, iSSS. when he retired from practice and became a 
member of the linn of Riggs X- Company, hankers. W'asli- 
ington, I ). ( '. He remained in that linn until its diss* ilution, 
in [8q6, when he became the second vice president and a 



The Riggs \; 



ink 



the purp 



of 



from al 



business he resigned, in I >ecemb 
:cond vice-president, but still a 



tinues as a director in that bank. In addition to these offices, 
Mr. Johnston was for some years second vice-president and 
director in the National Safe Deposit, Savings and Trust 
Company, and is still a director in the Arlington Fire Insur- 
ance Company, the Columbia Fire Insurance Company, and 
the Columbia Title Insurance Company. Besides this he has 
been for some years and still is the treasurer and one of the 
trustees of the Louise Home, a trustee of St. John's Or- 
phanage, and a trustee, and at one time president of the 
Children's Hospital. Mr. Johnston is also president of 
the Princeton Alumni Association of the District of Colum- 
bia and the Southern States and has been, from time to time, 
interested in public affairs, being especially concerned in 
the passage of the bill establishing the Rock Creek Park, 
and having prepared the original draft of that bill which, 
as amended, was finally passed by Congress. 

Mr. Johnston married, in 1 886, Miss Sophy Carr, and 
has a son, James Marion Johnston, Jr., and two daughters. 
Sophy Stanton Johnston and Eleanor Dallas Johnston. 
Mrs. Johnston and her family are. also, closely identified 
with Washington. She is the daughter of Captain ( Iverton 
Carr. United States Navy, who was born in Washington, 
and was long stationed there before and after his marriage. 
Captain Carr's father and grandfather also resided in Wash- 
ington, the latter being one of the "original proprietors" 
who granted the land which is now the District of Columbia. 
Mrs. Johnston's mother was the daughter of Hon. William 
Wilkins, of Pennsylvania, a judge and our Minister to 
Russia, and resided in Washington while her father was 
a Senator from Pennsylvania and while he was the Secretar) 
of War in the Cabinet of President Tyler. Judge Wilkins' 
wife (Mrs. Johnston's grandmother), was the daughter of 
Hon. Alexander J. Dallas and the sister of Hon. George 
M. Dallas. Mrs. Johnston's great-grandfather, Hon. Alex- 
ander James Dallas, lived in Washington while editing 
" Dallas' Reports " of the decisions of the Supreme Court 
of the United States, and as Secretary of War and Sec- 
retary of the Treasury in the Cabinet of President Madison. 
Mrs. Johnston's great uncle. Hon. George M. I 'alias, also 
lived in Washington when Vice-President of the United 
Slates. Mrs. Johnston's sister has also resided in Wash- 
ington. She is the widow of Edwin L. Stanton. Esq., who 
was a son of the Secretar) of War in President Lincoln's 
Cabinet, and who was a prominent member of the Washing- 
ton bar. 

Arthur Tilqhman Brice, cashier of the Riggs Na- 
tional Rank, is a member of an old and distinguished family 
whose names are closel) and prominently identified with 
the history of more than one state. Mr. Brice is a son oi 
Richard Ti'ghman Brice, of Maryland, and Julia Frances 
Shaft, of Georgetown, D. C, and a greal grandson of lion. 
John Forsyth, of Georgia. He was born at Columbus, 
Georgia, in [850, and fifteen years later removed to George- 
town, D. C. Previous to this he attended private schools 
in Georgia. Upon talcing up his residence in the District 
of Columbia he graduated from the Spencerian Business 



THE CITY OF WASHINGTON. 



College, and later from the Columbian Law School, both 
of this city. In 1867 Mr. Brice entered the office of 
the late W. W. Corcoran, and assisted him in the man- 
agement of his vast estate until his death, in 1888, when a 
position, which he accepted, was tendered him in the bank- 
ing house of Riggs & Co. When Riggs & Co. was merged 
into a national bank, on July t, 1896. Mr. Brice was elected 
cashier and a member of the board of directors, both of 
which posts he still retains. 

On December 30, 1891, Mr. Brice married jane Fran- 
ces, youngest daughter of Honorable George H. Pendle- 
ton, of Ohio, and Alice Key. daughter of Francis Scott 
Key, composer of the immortal " Star-Spangled Banner," 
thereby linking the names of two of Maryland's most 
distinguished families. Of this union there are three chil- 
dren — Arthur Tilghman Brice, Jr., born September 11, 
1892; Alice Key Pendleton Brice, born December 20, 1893, 
and Julia Frances Brice, born August 22, 1896. 




TILGHMAN BRICE 

William J. Flather, assistant cashier of the Riggs 
National Bank, is a most valuable acquisition to that insti- 
tution. Like Mr. Brice, Mr. Flather is also descended 
from a Maryland family. A son of Alfred and Sarah C. 
Hepburn Flather, he was born in Baltimore city on May 7. 
1859. After attending the public schools of Baltimore 
county and Washington, D. C, he entered the office of 
a broker and there remained for two years. On Febru- 
ary 4, 1877, Mr. Flather entered the office of Riggs & Co. 
as a messenger, and by dint of perseverance and close atten 
tion to his duties and employers' interests he was advanced 
grade by grade until he now stands well at the top. W hen 
the reorganization took place in 1896 Mr. Flather's reward 
came in the form of another advancemenl when 
was elected a director and made assistant cashier. I 




FLATHER 



Flather is also a director in the Real Estate Title and Insur- 
ance Company and the Potomac Insurance Company. 

Mr. Flather, on ( Ictbber 14. [885, married Mis- Kmma 
Adele Felt, daughter of Mr. and Mrs. Gcorg. II 
Jackson, Michigan. Of this union one son, William 
Flather, Jr., has been bom to Mr. and Mrs. Rathe 

The National Metropolitan Bank was 

1814. Its headquarters are opposite the United 

Treasury, at No. 613 Fifteenth street. Tl 

bank are: F. Southard Barker, president: S. V, 

ward, vice-president: I. ('.ales Moore, cashier, and \Y. \V. 




E. SOUTHARD PARKER 



i68 



THE CITY OF WASHINGTON. 



W. Parker, assistant cashier, with the following directorate : 
John T. Arms, George T. Dunlop, John Joy Edson, Henry 
Hurt, John B. Lamer, E. S. Parker, Myron M. Parker, 
H. K. Wilard, James B. Wymer and S. W. Woodward. 
The growth of this institution has been steady and rapid, 
especially so since Mr. Parker assumed the helm of its 
affairs a few years ago. 

E. Southard Parker, president of the Metropolitan 
Bank, born in Mifflintown, Pa., October 25, 1839, is a son of 
Andrew Parker and Ann Eliza Doty, descendants of the 
early settlers of the State. Andrew Parker was a prom- 



of Mr. Doty, the firm was continued under the name of 
Parker & Co., until 1888, when it was merged into a national 
bank. Mr. Parker remained in Mifflintown till 1887, when 
he was called to Washington to assist in the establishment 
of the Columbia National Bank, becoming the new bank's 
first cashier and in 1891 succeeding to the presidency. For 
six years Mr. Parker continued at the head of the Columbia 
National, till in June, 1897, he became connected with the 
National Metropolitan Bank and succeeded the late John 
W. Thompson as president. In February, 1865, Mr. Parker 
married M. Isabella Wilson, daughter of William White 
Wilson, of Mifflintown. The children of Mr. and Mrs. 




THE NATIONAL 



iinn! lawyer of bis day and from 1851 in 1853 was a resi- 
dent of Washington, being then a member of the lower 
In .use of Congress. Tin- sun was educated ai the Tuscarora 
Academy, located ai Academia, Pa., and once favorably 
known as an educational center. Upon leaving Tuscarora 
Academy, Mr. Parker went In Lewistown, Pa., where for a 
year be served an apprenticeship in (be Mifllin County 
National Bank. In 1864 he returned to [vliffHntown and 
organized (he banking house of Doty, Parker & Co., com 
posed of Edmund Southard Doty, Ezra I'"i\ Parker, an.! 
E. Southard Parker, and being the first bank to be organ- 
ized in Juniata County. In 1880, upon the retirement 



Parker, whose home is at 1738 Connecticut avenue, are 
W. W. W. Parker, assistant cashier of the Metropolitan 
Bank; Edmund S., of Mifflintown: Ezra D., also of the 
Metropolitan Bank; Brainard \\ .. attorney at law, and 
Andrew: Mrs. John B. Larner; Mrs. Henry K. Willard, 
and Misses Belle and Lucy Parker. 

The National Bank of Washington. — This bank. 
the first established in Washington, bad its origin in co- 
partnership articles of association dated September 4. 1S09. 
The name assumed was "The President and Directors t>\ 
the Bank of Washington." fhe co-partnership was to 



THE CITY OF WASHINGTON. 






continue for twenty-one years unless a charter from Con- 
gress was sooner obtained. Among the signers of the 
articles of association appear the following names, familiar 
in the early history of the city : Daniel Carroll of Duckling- 
ton, William Cranch, Thomas Law, Robert Brent, Samuel 
N. Smallwood, Frederick May, Daniel Rapine, Franklin 
Wharton, Joel Barlow, Samuel H. Smith, William Prout, 
James S. Stevenson, Joseph Forrest and George Blagden. 
The capital stock was to be $1,000,000 in shares of $40 
each. 

The first meeting of stockholders was held on Sep- 
tember 13, 1809, and was presided over by Joel Barlow, 
with Samuel Fliot, Jr., acting as secretary. At this meeting 
twelve directors were elected, viz : Daniel Carroll of Dud- 



was to be erected for the use of tin- hank. A charter was 

obtained from Congress and the banl 

March 4, 181 1. The chart.: ■! on March 5. 

1811. On this day there was report 

in the hands of the cashier the following amounts in gold: 

Spanish, 85,000; I'.ritish and Portug \meri- 

can, $5,663.50. March 26, 1811, William A. |{ra< 

appointed temporarily, runner of the hank. In 1X14 he 

became discount clerk: in June. [815, 

vember, 1815, teller, and in 1819, cashiei 

the stockholders' meeting was held 

January 4. 1813, Roger C. Weightman, E. I'.. Caldwell and 

Charles Carroll of Bellview were elected : 

board. Mr. Weightman. in 1X24. was el< 




THE NATION 



OF WASHINGTON. 



dington, George Blagden, John Davids. .11, Joel Barlow, 
Robert Brent, Wiliiam Cranch, Washington Boyd, Robert 
Sewall, Frederick May, George Calvert, Joseph Forrest 
and James S. Stevenson. The directors met at Lang's 1 [otel 
on the next day and elected Daniel Carroll of Duddington, 
president. Samuel H. Smith was elected a director to fill 
the vacancy occasioned by the election of Daniel 
to the presidency of the bank. Samuel Eliot, Jr., w; 
elected cashier. Mr. Carroll erected a temporary build 
for the accommodation of the bank, 011 New Jerse) avemn 
and the first meeting of the board held there was on N< 
ber 28, 1809. On July 24, 1810, 81.805 was appropri 
to pay Mr. Carroll for a lot in Square 690, N T < 
avenue, between B and C streets, South, on which a 



this city; was re-elected in 1826 an.: ■■ 
to accepl lb-' position of cashier ..1 
Wm. A. Bradley, resigned. < h 
ish captured Washington and 

the cashier removed tl 

Maryland, where they remained in I 

5th. 

The banks of Xew York, Philadelphia an 

ing suspended spci 

viz: The Dank of Alexandria. The 1 

Bank of Washii 

Mechanic- u 

The Farmers" and Nfecl 

meeting held at the 



170 



THE CITY OF WASHINGTON. 



September 13, 1814, resolved to do likewise. In July, 1816, 
the bank subscribed for five hundred shares ($50,000) of 
the capital stock of the Bank of the United States. C )n June 
17, 181 7, a communication from the mayor requesting a 
loan for leveling the streets around the Capitol Square, 
was considered by the board and agreed to. On September 
7, 1819, Daniel Carroll of Duddington resigned the presi- 
dency of the bank, having filled the office since the bank 
was first opened for business in 1809. Since then the 
presidents of the bank have been the following: Samuel 
Harrison Smith, 1819 to 1828; George Calvert, 1828 to 
1830: Thomas Munroe, 1830 to 1835; William Gunton, 
1835 to 1880; Edward Temple, 1880 to 1888; Charles A. 
James, the present president of the bank, has been such 
since January, 1888. Cashiers: Samuel Eliot, Jr., until 
June, 1819: William A. Bradley, until July, 1827; Roger 
C. Weightman, until October, 1834; John H. Reilly, until 
November, 1836; James Adams, until July, 1870; Charles 
A. James, until January, 1888: Charles E. White, since 
January, 1888, and is the present cashier. 

In ( Ictober, 182 1, the board established a saving fund, 
permitting deposits of not less than $1 nor more than $300 
in any one year, on which interest at the rate of 4 per cent, 
per annum was to be paid. This was discontinued January 
J 3. J 835. In January, 1825, Richard Wallach was elected 
a director of the bank. On January 2^, 1827, the board 
ordered $300 to be sent to the Mayor of Alexandria to be 
distributed among the indigent sufferers by the late fire. 
In January, 1829, the bank removed from Capitol Mill to 
the National Hotel on Pennsylvania avenue, near Sixth 
street. March 10, 1829, Edward Simms was elected 'a 
director; January 5, 1830, Philip B. Key was elected a 
director. September 7, 1830, George Calvert resigned as 
president and Thomas Monroe was elected to succeed him; 
January 3, 1831, W. J. Stone was elected a director. In 
September, [831, the bank purchased its present location 
mi "Market Space, C street and Louisiana avenue," for 
$io,ooo. January 3. 1832, Johnson Hellen was elected a di- 
rector; January 7. 1833, Stanislaus Murray was elected a 
director; November 19, 1833, Major John II. Eaton was 
elected a director. April 10, 1834. thy bank suspended specie 
payments and resumed in November following. May 20, 

1834, William Gunton was elected a director; January 5. 

1835, Jacob Gideon, Jr.. was elected a director: January <>. 
[835, William Gunton was elected president. 

Il appears from the minutes of the board that onAugUSt 
-'5. [835, a majority of the board of directors was abseill 
to witness the ceremony of opening the Baltimore & Wash- 
ington Railroad. Ma> [6, 1837, the bank suspended specie 
payment and resumed the following August. January 4, 
1841, Walter Hellen was elected a director. Jul) 3, [844, 
the charter of the bank being about to expire, the directors 

Conveyed all tile assets and property of the bank I.. James 
Adams, who in turn reconyeyed them to certain trustees 
for the bank. June 17. 1X45. the board resolved that, out 

of respecl t" the memon of General Andrew |ackson. de- 



ceased, late President of the United States, " this bank shall 
not be opened for business this day." December 24, 185 1, 
Wm. E. Howard was appointed notary and paying-teller, 
and Charles A. James, receiving teller. June 7, 1853, James 
M. Carlisle was appointed attorney of the bank. September 
25, 1857, the bank suspended specie payments. March 13. 
i860, Charles A. James was appointed paying teller. On 
April 9. 1861, this entry appears in the minutes: "Owing 
to the storm no one of the trustees present to-day, except 
the president": and on April 23. 1861, "The president 
was authorized to employ additional watchmen at night, 
during the present excitement if he should deem it desir- 
able." April 28, 1868, Charles A. James was appointed 
assistant cashier. In January, 1869, by decree of Court. 
I. B. II. Smith, Alexander Provest, J. H. C. Coffin and 
Edward Temple were appointed trustees of the bank. 

On April 15, 1865, the following resolutions were 
adopted by the board: "Resolved. That we have heard 
with profound regret of the death of President Lincoln, 
by the hands of an assassin last evening, and while we 
regard this murder as disgraceful to civilization, and shock- 
ing under all its circumstances, we deplore the loss of the 
President at this most critical period in our political history, 
and unite with our fellow citizens and the world in this 
bereavement. Resolved, That as a mark of respect this 
batik be closed to-day and on the day of the funeral, and 
that the banking house be clothed in mourning for thirty 
days." 

October 8. 1867. Charles E. White was appointed clerk, 
and on May 25, 1869, teller. In January. 18S6, the bank 
organized under the National Banking Acts, as " The Na- 
tional Bank of Washington." Its present officers are: 
Charles A. James, president: James L. Norris, vice-presi- 
dent ; Charles E. White, cashier. These officers, with 
Clement W. Howard, Robert Portner and William F. Mat- 
tingly, comprise its board of directors. 

The Central National Bank occupies the triangle 

formed by the conjunction of Pennsylvania avenue, C and 
Seventh streets. The handsome brownstone structure at- 
tracts the attention of all passers by and is one of the 
most imposing looking bank buildings in the city. It has 
a large clientele, and its solid financial basfs is mainly due 
to the efforts of Mr. Clarence F. Norment, its able president, 
who is reckoned among Washington's most astute tinan- 

In 1874 the Metropolis Savings Bank was organized 
with a capital stock of $50,000.00, with Samuel Norment 
president and John A. Ruff, cashier. In 1878 it became the 
Central National Bank, with a capital stock of Sioo.ooo.oo. 

and retaining the same officers. In 1801 the president and 
cashier both died and were succeeded by the late William 
E. Clark, as president, and Mherl 1'.. Ruff, as cashier. In 
[895, upon the decease of William E, (lark. Clarence F. 
Norment, a son of Samuel Norment, the first president, 
was elected to and still retains the presidency of the bank. 



THE CITY OF WASHINGTON. 



'71 




THE CENTRAL 



In 1898 the charter of the bank was extended, but before 
doing so the capital stock was increased to $200,000, out 
of the earnings, leaving a surplus of $60,000. Since this 
time it has paid an annual dividend of 10 per cent, and 
its surplus increased to $125,000. Numbering among the 
directors of the Central National Bank, during its existence, 
and now deceased, were some of the most prominent busi- 
ness men of Washington, notably, Samuel Norment, Wil- 
liam E. Clark, Nicholas Acker, William B. Webb, James 
L. Barbour, William H. Clagett, Benjamin Charlton, George 
B. Thompson, John H. Goddard, O. T. Thompson, John 
L. Edwards, James E. Clark and James S. Edwards. The 
bank is now the depository for U. S. Government ft 
The present officers and directors are as follows: Pres 
dent, Clarence F. Norment; vice-president, Daniel Fr 
cashier, Albert B. Ruff; assistant cashier, W. Wall; 
Nairn. Directors: Horatio Browning, E. B. Evans 
Graves, Frank P. May. Theo. J. Mayer, W. K. Mendenhall 
Levi Woodbury, John Callahan and ( )dell S. Smith 

Clarence Forbes Norment, present president of 
Central National Bank, has long been a conspicuous 



in Washington financial circles. A \\ 
by birth, he is of the third generatioi 

name has been closeh identified ivith the 
growth and best interests of the rial 
and who have for at least half a cei I 
the head of matters financial. Mr. N 
son of Samuel and Mary Ellen Ward V 
His grandfather, Ulysses Ward, founded I 
Mutual Fire Insurance Company forty yeai 
on the corner occupied by the Hank of W; 
ton. and directly across the street from the ':■ 
which Mr. Norment is president. It was 
same corner that Samuel Normc 
Forbes Norment's father, went into businc 
formed the Central liank twentj yeai 

M r. Norment is now fort) si 
his « ell-knit figure, dem itiii 

indomitable energy, is a familiar si^ht in and about 
the financial centers of the city. He was ed 
at Rittenhouse Academy, this city, and the West 
em Maryland College at Westminster. Md, 
lowing his graduation from college he entei 
banking business, and, at the death of his father 
in iN<,i. he was elected to the directorate 
Central Hank, and from this time on his b 
interests have centered around that in-i I 
In [895 he was elected to the presidency of the 
bank and the business has steadily incrcasi 
grown under his wise guidance until now il 
of the leading banks of the 1 

Mr. Norment is a prominent nienil 
Washington Stock Exchange, and is 
a considerable holder in local securi 
the Washington Hankers' Vssociatioi 

ized in 1902 he was made ' 

lie is a director and a member of tl 

Committee of the American - 




72 



THE CITY OF WASHINGTON. 



Company, and is largely identified with building association 
and insurance affairs. He is trustee for several large 
estates and has large and important real estate holdings 
in the District. Aside from his business life Mr. Norment 
is a member of the Blue Ridge Rod and Gun Club and vice- 
president of the Washington Automobile Club, and is an 
enthusiastic and expert automobilist. Mr. Norment married 
Miss Elizabeth A. Smith, of Suffolk, Va. They have three 
children living and occupy a handsome apartment at the 
J '« inland. 

Daniel Fraser, vice-president of the Central National 
Hank. Although a Scotchman by birth, Mr. Fraser has 
made this country his home for forty years, and like many 
of his fellow-countrymen, has become a power in the com- 
munity he elected to make his home. As the president and 
treasurer of The Xorris Peters Company, photo-lithograph- 




DANIEL FRASER 

ers, with a large and growing plant at 458 Pennsylvania 
avenue, Mr. fraser has so directed the affairs of the con- 
cern that in an incredibly short space of lime its business 
capacity has been quadrupled. Daniel fraser was born at 
Inverness, Scotland, on July 7, [840, and was educated 
at the parish school of his native town. Electing lithograph) 
as the pursuit he wished to follow, he learned the business 
with the linn of Gilmour iv Dean, at Glascow, Scotland. 
There he remained until January. i8(>2. when he made a 
contract with Major & Knapp, of New York, and removed 
to that city. This was his first glimpse of the new world, 
and after continuing with that linn for five years he resigned 
to take charge of the printing department of the Clark 
Thread Company at Newark, X. ).. where he remained 
for several years, leaving there to come to Washington in 

September. [872, under an engagement with the late Xorris 



Peters, as superintendent of his establishment. Upon Mr. 
Peters' death in 1889, the heirs of the estate and Mr. 
Fraser formed a co-partnership, which continued until 1899, 
when the business was converted into a stock company, 
with Mr. Frazer as its president and treasurer. Mr. Fraser 
has the distinction of running the first lithographic power 
press in Washington, and while the business of which he 
is now the head, had about twenty-five employes in all 
when he was made its superintendent, it now has over 
one hundred with eight power presses. Air. Fraser is also 
a member of the executive board of the American Security 
and Trust Company and a director in the Norfolk and 
Washington Steamboat Company. In politics Mr. Fraser is 
a Republican, but because of his residence in the District 
of Columbia has never taken an active part in political life. 
He is a thirty-second degree Mason and an Odd Fellow, 
being a past grand officer of the latter organization. He 
is also a director of the Casualty Hospital, and a member 
of the Blue Ridge Rod and Gun Club. In 1862 he married 
Miss Agnes Fu'ton, of Glascow, Scotland. 

The Second National Bank of Washington city was 
organized July 14. 1872. The first president was John C. 
McKe'den. The first cashier was Col. D. L. Eaton. The 
fo lowing well-known business men of Washington were the 
incorporators : D. L. Eaton, James L. Barbour, Joseph B. 
Bryan, Thomas L. Tullock, George W. Cissel. W. H. H. 
Cissel, John C. Parker, H. F. Zimmerman & Son, F. H. 
Gassaway, E. E. White. Z. Richards, R. M. I fall. W. W. 
Burdette, L. R. Tuttle, George W. Ballqch, John ( ). Evans, 
Lewis Clephane, George F. Gulick, Francis Prott, Nicholas 
Acker, Thomas L. Hume, Francis H. Smith, I'.. 11. Warner. 
Wil'iam L. Wall, J. C. McKelden, William A. Richardson 
and John II. Wheeler. 

The bank was formally opened September n. 1872, and 
its business carried on in a building on the north side of 
F street near Seventh, northwest. Two mouths afterwards. 
on November 26, 1872. Mr. Thomas L. Tulloch, from the 
committee on building, offered a resolution recommending 
the purchase of the premises No. 509 Seventh street, north- 
west, opposite the Post ( M'tice Department. This resolution 
was adopted, and a new iron building tone of the first 
in Washington) was constructed, and is still occupied b} 
the hank. At the first annual election, held on January 14. 
1873, the following directors were chosen: I. ( '. McKelden. 
J. L. Barbour, Thomas L. Tullock. George W. Balloch, W. 
W. Burdette, (i. f. Gulick, Francis 11. Smith. Lewis Cle- 
phane. Thomas P. Hume. X. W. Fugitt and John 0. Evans. 

Mir Second National Bank was hardly launched before 
it encountered the furious financial storm that swept over 

fay Cook & Company. It weathered the storm, which 
carried down many older and supposedly stronger hanks. 
In 1S77. Mr. McKelden having resigned the presidency of 
the institution, the lion. Matthew (1. Emery, who had 
recently finished his term of office as mayor of Washington, 
was elected to the vacancy, and the hank became recognized 



THE CITY OF WASHINGTON. 



1/3 




THE SECOND NATIONAL BANK. 

as one of the best financial institutions of the national cap- 
ital. On the death of Mr. Emery, October 12, 1901, William 
V. Cox was chosen president. The bank has been particu- 
larly fortunate in its cashiers, who have been men of units 
ability. Col. D. L. Eaton, the first cashier, died Februar) 
16, 1873, and H. C. Swain, who was chosen his suc- 
cessor on July 15, 1874, died March 29, [893, when John 
E. Eckloff, the present cashier, was elected. Jacob Scharl 
is the assistant cashier. Of the original board of director 
W. W. Burdette, vice-president of the bank, alone rema 
Two of the first board — Gen. George W. Balloch an 
H. Smith, president of the Union Savings Bank 
alive and in active business in Washington. 



Since its organization, the bank has paid in the 
stockholders dividends to the ainoui 
Among the correspondents of the banl 
National Hunk of New York, the Cirard ' 
Bank of Philadelphia, the first N. 
Cincinnati, the Merchants' National 1 
more, the National Hank of L'ommerc 
the First National Kank of San Ira:.. 1 
mans' National Hank of Boston. 

The present directors are: William \ 
\V. W. Burdette, William [•'. 
Pearson, Simon Wolf, Charles Schneider, '•'. 
Clephane, James B. Lambie, Somerset i 
A. II. Stephenson, and Charles Graff. 

William Van Zandt Cox was bom 1 

ville, Ohio, on June 12, 1852, and is ' 
Thomas J. Cox. C. S. V.. who died during I 
war at Nashville, Tenn. Through his fathei 
descended from Gen. James Cox, who fought with 
Washington at Monmouth and C.ermantow 
later represented New Jersej in I 
mother's family, the Van Zandts, is of earl) I 
Dutch origin. In [863 he joined his fathei 

11I ville. to perform the duties of an orderly. 
education was in the pub 1 
Q State, and later he entered the Ohii 
versity, and was for a time one ol 
college paper, gradu; I 

study of law under Judge M. M. Granger 
ville. and was admitted to practice b) the 
court of ( >hio in r877. The same y< 
an office in tin- < 'hio Senate. i I 
respondent ol the ' incinnati Enquire 
ducting the Zanesville Daily Democrat. 
while visiting his uncle. Hon S - 
ington, he met Dr. c. Browne I 
sonian Institution, who offered him 
on his stall in the I". S. National M 
accepted. Vn indefal -able worker. 
he developed so evident an ability I 
administrative work that he wa 
the National Museum. 

With an unusual aptitude 
facility for despatching publi< 
perform man) other dut es. 
1 tion with expos 
tional fisheries Exhibition held in I 
secretary and disbursing n 
He was also identified with the 1 
leans Cincinnati and Louisville, lb 
sonian Institution at the Minncapoli 
|he Centennial Annivcrsan of the Ins 

• as Coventor -I the Xorthv 
et ta He was the financial officer of lb 
Institution and National Museum at the \V. 1 
in 1893. at 

International 



l.eim 



in (. h: 



174 



THE CITY OF WASHINGTON. 



Ga., in 1895. Mr. Cox was the unanimous choice of the 
Government Board for secretary and executive officer at 
the expositions held in Nashville, Term., in 1897, in Omaha, 
Neb., in 1898, and in Buffalo, X. Y., in 1901. At the Buf- 
falo Pan-American Exposition he also served as secretary 
of the jury of awards. He is at present secretary and 
executive officer of the Government Board of the St. Louis 
World's Fair, to be held in 1904. In the autumn of 1886 
he married a daughter of the Hon. Matthew G. Emery, 
who was the last mayor of Washington. A year later 
he took up his residence in Brightwood, and at once iden- 
tified himself with local improvements. He was made 
chairman of the committee on legislation and postal facil- 
ities of the Brightwood Avenue Citizens* Association, and 
performed the duties with such satisfaction that a year 
later he was made president of the association, which 




-IDT COX 



iffice 



important improvements in tin- northern part of the Dis- 
trict. Meanwhile he bad become a member of the Wash- 
ington Board of Trade, where his strong views mi the 
preservation and improvement of the parks of the District 
led i" his being assigned in the committee mi public parks 
and grounds, <>f which he became secretary. Me has 
been a persistent advocate of the improvement of Rock 
Creek Park, and his efforts towards continuing the na- 
tional features. of that park have manifested themselves 
in his desire to secure the preservation of Fort Stevens. 
The vacancy caused among the directors of the Board 
of Trade by the death of Colonel A. T. Britton was tilled 
h\ the selection of Mr. (ox. whose broad interest in 
all local matters marked him as a desirable addition 1,. 
that governing body, before which comes every phase of 
the complex affairs of the District, lie is now vice presi- 



dent of the Board of Trade. On the death of Mr. M. W. 
Beveridge, he was e'.ected to succeed him as a director 
of the Second National Bank of Washington and to this 
trust, as with others, he has given his most zealous atten- 
tion. On the death of Matthew G. Emery, president of 
the bank, Mr. Cox succeeded to that position, having re- 
signed his office in the National Museum. He is a director 
in the American Security and Trust Company and the 
Washington Title Company, being also an executor of the 
M. G. Emery estate, and vice-president of the National 
Safe Deposit, Savings and Trust Company and the Wash- 
ington Market Company. Mr. Cox served as vice-chairman 
of the Dewey reception committee, and had immediate 
charge of the more important details which made that event 
so complete a success. On the death of Mr. Lawrence Gard- 
ner, Mr. Cox was selected to be his successor as secretarv of 
the Citizens' Committee, and was later chosen as secretary of 
the Joint Committee composed of the Senate, House of Rep- 
resentatives, Governors* and Citizens' Committees, and had 
charge of the celebration in 1900 of the one-hundredth 
anniversary of the establishment of the seat of Government 
in the District of Columbia. He is vice-chairman of the Shep- 
herd Memorial Finance Committee. Besides various Govern- 
ment reports, Mr. Cox is the author of " The Settlement 
of the Great Northwest : " biographical sketches of Dr. 
G. Brown Goode and Matthew Gault Emery ; and joint 
author of the " Life of Samuel S. Cox." He edited the 
report on the reception of Admiral Dewey in 1899, and 
also compiled the memorial volume on the National Capital 
Centennial Celebration of 1900, which has been printed 
by Congress. He is also the author of " Defenses of Wash- 
ington " and other historical papers, including " When Lin- 
coln Was Under Fire," and a series on the battle of Fori 
Stevens, History of Rock Creek Park, etc. He is a member 
of the Cosmos Club, and of the District of Columbia Com- 
manders' of the Loyal Legion, lie has held the office of 
vice-president in both the Societ) of the Sons of the Revo- 
lution and the Society of the Sons of the American Revo- 
lution, and is a member of the Council of the Society of 
Colonial Wars in the District of Columbia. 

Walter W. Burdette, vice-president of the Second 
National Bank, was one of the organizers of this hank. Juh 
24. (872, was elected one of the directors at that lime, and 
has been re-elected every year continuously up to the pies 
cut time, and January [2th, [898, was elected vice-president 
of the same. .Mr. Burdette was born in the State of Mary- 
land in the Count) of Howard, May jisl. [830. He is 
the son of \Vcslc\ Burdette, who was a farmer, and whose 
ancestors were of the old English and French stock who 
came to this country in the seventeenth century, lie received 
all the advantages of an education which that part of the 
COimtrj afforded at that time. I laving a desire .11 quite 
a youthful age for commercial pursuits, he came to Wash 
in-ioii and was engaged by some of the largest dry goods 
and carpet houses from [853 to iS;u, at which time he 
commenced the dr) goods and carpet business for himself. 
II,. retired From active business in [889, hut previous to 



THE CITY OF WASHINGTON. 



his retirement, and subsequently, he has been connected 
with many financial and charitable institutions. In the 
year 1865, Mr. Burdette married Susie E. Helmick, daugh- 
ter of William Helmick, who was a member of Congress 




WALTER W. BURDETTE 

from the State of Ohio, representing the Fifteenth Congres- 
sional District. In religious faith, he is an Episcopalian, 
and a member of the Ascension Church, and was vestryman 
and treasurer of the church for many years. Mr. Burdette 
was one of the incorporators of the Episcopal Eye, Ear 
and Throat Hospital, which was organized in 1897, an 
institution which has been conducive of very much good. 
He was elected one of the governors of the institution, 
was appointed a member of the finance committee, and 
elected chairman of the committee. He is a member of 
the Board of Trade, and has served on various committees, 
is also a member of the Business Men's Association, and 
in 1890, was elected a member of the Washington Slock 
Exchange, and has subsequently been engaged in financial 
affairs generally. 

Lincoln National Bank.— This estimable banking in- 
stitution received its charter on March 5, i8<)0. and opened 
its doors for business at the corner of Ninth and I) streets 
on March 25 in the same year. Its incorporators were wise 
in the conclusion that a bank was needed in that immediate 
vicinity, since its success was instantaneous, with a daily 
growing list of depositors. The first officers of the Lincoln 
Bank were: John A. Prescott, president ; H. Bradle 
son, vice-president, and Frederick A. Stier, cash; 
Prescott was succeeded in the presidency by tin- 
president, Mr. Jesse B. Wilson, while the other 
now are R. A. Walker, vice-president; K. A. Stier, 
The directors are: Andrew Archer, Charles II. 
Michael J. Colbert, Floyd E. Davis, Willis S. fr!o ; 



)avid 

Mr 


resen 
fiieer 


ishier 



madge A. Lambert, Peter Latterner, Arthur Peter, fohn 
C. Parker, William I). Sullivan. Frederick A. T- 
Frank H. Thomas, Richard A. Walker. G 
Jesse B. Wilson. The healthy and flourishing condition 

of the bank's finances was clearly demonstrated by tin- 
last statement published, in which, with a capita' - 
$200,000, a surplus, together with the undivided 
amounted to $45,000. Alter remaining at : ' - 
for four years the bank was removed to its pn 
the handsome brownstonc structure at tin- corner 1 I 
and D streets. 

Jesse B. Wilson, pr<>id. -nt of the Lincoln Bank, lias 
had a life fraught with romance, to which in his declining 
years he refers with a pride justly deserved in 
men. The son of Nathaniel and Elizabeth Si 
Wilson, he was born in Prince George county, Md. When 
but a small boy his parents removed to Howard county, Md. 
After a brief residence there, both died, leaving the orphan 
boy in the care of relatives. When, bul 
this boy feeling his dependence, and with but fifty cents 
in the pocket of his little round jacket, to which I 
tionately refers, he struck out alone to carve hi- future. 
After a weary walk of nearly thirty mile- he reached 
Washington, footsore and weary, and applied for work 
in a grocery store. Mis boyish face appealing to the pro- 
prietor, he was taken in and bis first step in tin- 
world was made. There lie remained and aftc 
four months was paid the munificent salan of 
day. His indomitable will, courage, close applicatioi 




Tall- 



business and hi 

bin in n 1 ' ' 






THE CITY OF WASHINGTON. 



ablisliment was on Pennsylvania avenue between 
Sixth and Seventh streets, where he remained for twenty 
entecn years Mr. Wilson was the president 
of the Mutual Fire Insurance Company, and upon the 
resignation of Mr. Prescott he became the president of the 
Lincoln National Bank and has since continued at its head. 
» Ither enterprises with which Mr. Wilson is identified in- 
clude the Northern Market Company and the Washington 
National Building and Loan Association, being president of 
both institutions. 

Mr. Wilson married Miss Annie Scrivener, of Wash- 
ington, and the;, have eight children, still living. Mr. and 
Mrs. Wilson reside at 1823 Phelps Place, N. W. 

Richard Alfred Walker, vice-president of Lincoln Hank, 
is another striking example of the self made man. one 
who \>.as forced at a tender age to strike out in the world 
for himself, and by dint of unceasing work, integrity and 
straightforward business tactics, has earned for himself 
a hjgh niche among the prominent men of affairs of Wash- 
Descended from an old and honorable family, 
anion- the earliest settlers of Southwest Washington, Mr. 
Walker doubtless inherits those qualities which go Far 
toward making nun. who. in turn, make the nation's history 
and its bcsl citizens. Richard Alfred Walker is a son of 
William Bradley ami Maria Martin Walker, and was horn 
on Jttnc jo. 1839. IIU father for many wars was the 
superintendent of the old Washington Arsenal, a position 
he filled with honor and integrity. I lis maternal -rand- 
father. Tobias Martin, a machinist by trade, came to this 




in this 



RICHARO ALFRED WALKER 

then known as 

hi came at once 

■ of the first printing 

- publ ;h< v, of ihe 



"National Intelligencer." His contract was for two of 
these machines, but before starting work on the second 
one he was murdered in cold blood, in his wife's presence. 
by De Van-ban. who afterwards met his just deserts on 




LINCOLN NATIONAL BAh. 



e -allows at Alexandria 
the District of Columbia. 

line 1 if seven sons, and a 
itil he was sixteen year: 
was that he was compel 



hrst mai 



mng 
Young Walker was the fourth 

er attending the public schools 
old. his father died. Then 
■d to start out into the world 



and cam his livelihood and contribute his little mites toward 
the maintenance of his widowed mother and the little ones 
at home, lie elected the trade of a painter and worked at 
this for four years when he engaged in the grocery business 
for himself oil 4' . Street. His business grew and prospered 
and shortl) after he removed to 1600 Seventh street, north- 
west, where he still is. entering now upon his twenty-fifth 
year at this stand. Mr. Walker's influence was soon felt 
in the business world, and he holds varied interests aside 
from his grocer) business. He is a director, vice-presi- 
dent and one of the - if die Commercial Fire 
Insurance Company. He helped to organize the Lincoln 
National Bank and is its vice-president, and one of the 



THE CITY OF WASHINGTON. 



177 



directors. A peculiar coincidence is that the 
president of the Lincoln Bank, Mr. Jesse B. Wil- 
son, also made his start as a grocer. Mr. Walker 
is also prominently identified with many other in- 
stitutions, such as building and loan associations, 
assisting in the organization and since in the con- 
duct of their affairs, as well as with fire and life 
insurance companies. So assiduously has Mr. 
Walker devoted himself to his business cares that 
he asserts, "I started to work when I was sixteen 
years old and I have had but little rest since." 
Mr. Walker is a member of the Beacon Lodge, 
I. O. O. F., the duties of his lodge. seemingly his 
only diversion from the dull care of business. In 
1865 he married Miss Allen, of this city, and 
eleven children of this union are still living. Mr. 
and Mrs. Walker occupy a beautiful home at 1101 
P street, northwest. 

Frederick A. Stier, cashier of the Lincoln 
National Bank, has also been with the bank in his 
present capacity since its inception. A son of 
Hamilton and Harriet Hammond Stier, he was 
born in New Market, Frederick county, Md. 
After receiving an education afforded in the coun- 
try schools, he came to Washington in 1859, and 
became a clerk in a dry goods establishment. 
W T hen the Second, National Bank was organized 
in 1873, Mr. Stier went with that institution in 
the capacity of a runner, and there remained for 
sixteen years, filling the various positions in the 
bank to which, from time to time, he was pro- 
moted. There he remained until 1890. When 
the Lincoln National Bank was organized he was 
appointed its cashier, in which capacity he continues. Mr. 
Stier married Miss Ann Dorsey, of Howard county, Md., in 
i860, and with his wife resides at 1828 Ninth street, N. W. 

The Farmers and Mechanics' National Bank of 
Georgetown, D. C. — The present venerable institution — 
The Fanners' and Mechanics' National Bank of George- 
town — had its origin in the early part of the last century, 
when we find a company or limited partnership in exist- 
ence, by the name or style of the President and Directors 
of the Farmers' and Mechanics' Bank of Geo-getown, 
transacting a general banking business in that town. 

The minutes of a meeting, held February 15, 1814, dis- 
close the following facts : Directors present, William Mar- 
bury, James Melvin, George C. Washington, Thomas Tur- 
ner, Romulus Riggs, T. B. Beall, John Lee, Leonard H. 
Johns, Thomas Robertson and Charles W. Goldsborough. 
William Marbury was duly elected president and Clement 
Smith, cashier. A committee was appointed " to prepare 
a memorial to Congress, requesting an act of Incorpora- 
tion." Proposals were invited for " a banking house or 
site for the bank." " That the amount of the first install- 
ment paid upon the stock of this institution be invested 
in treasury notes." 

At the following meeting, held on March 1st, 1814, 
we find recorded that " the proposal of Mr. John Peter, 




FARMERS AND MECHANICS' NATIONAL BANK. 

to sell his house, corner of Bridge and Congress streets, 
for $14,000, was submitted and accepted, and the necessary 
improvements, alterations and additions to the building 
directed to be made." This property, so purchased, has 
ever since remained the home of the bank. 

On March 3, 1817, there was passed by Congress an act 
providing " That from and after the passage of this act all 
those persons who shall hold any share of the joint stock or 
funds, created in pursuance of certain articles of association 
made and entered into on the first Monday in February, in 
the year 1814, between sundry persons forming a company 
or limited partnership, under the name and style of the Presi- 
dent and Directors of the Farmers' and Mechanics' Bank of 
Georgetown and their successors, being stockholders as 
aforesaid, shall be, and they are hereby incorporated and 
made a body corporate and politic, by the name and style 
of the ' Farmers' and Mechanics' Lank of Georgetown,' 
and as such shall continue until the first day of January, 
1822." 

By subsequent acts of Congress the existence of the 
bank was continued to different dates, and finally on Janu- 
ary 15, 1872, it became a national bank, and as such it has 
since remained. 

During its existence of nearly one hundred years many 
severe financial storms have swept over the country, carry- 



23 



7 



THE CITY OF WASHINGTON. 




TRADERS' NATIONAL BANK. 

" i" destruction numerous supposedly strong mon- 

titutions; bul al no time has this bank " closed 

•' suspended payment," or declined to honor, 

promptly, when presented, every check properly drawn 

against it. 

Tlie bank has a capital of $252,000; surplus and undi 
ind deposits of $1,185,378.55. 
nitiR with February, 1814, the following 
mc " h;r presidents: William Marbury, from 

1817: Thomas I', Bcall. 1817 to ] 
Smitn - 1 I 1839 to 1858: Roberl 

c Shoemaker, (863 to 1867; 
[896; S. Thomas Brown, 1896 

Tl "' ; bank are: Directors, M. \. 



Cissel, A. B. Jackson, William King, J. Edward 
Libbey, Samuel C. Palmer, and Louis D. Wine. 
Cashier, Edgar B. Bern-; assistant cashier, Charles 
W. Edmonston. 

The Traders' National Bank, at the corner 
of Tenth and D streets and Pennsylvania avenue, 
northwest, although a comparatively newly organized 
institution, has made rapid strides, and is now reck- 
oned among the most solid and healthy of the city's 
national banks. Organized on March 3. 1S90. the 
Traders' began business at 916 Pennsylvania avenue, 
with George C. Pfenning, the present head of the 
bank, as its president. The need of a bank in this 
locality was soon made manifest, and, with the rap- 
idly increasing number of depositors, it was incum- 
bent upon the officers of the bank to seek more 
modern and commodious quarters. This they did. 
and after a year at the initial stand they moved to 
its present quarters. As its business grew apace 
and daily increased, it was again found necessary to 
make more room to properly conduct the bank's 
affairs, and improvements have been made which 
more than doubles the floor space of the bank 
proper, while in appointments and interior decora- 
tion it is second to none in the city. 

Some idea of the magnitude of the bank's busi- 
ness, so ably managed by Mr. Henning. may be 
gained from the statement issued at the close of 
business on November 25. 1902: Assets— Loans and 
discounts. §610,927.13; U. S. bonds to secure 
circulation. S50.ooo.oo: premium on U. S. bonds. 
Si. 000.00: other stocks, bunds, etc., §8,655.06; 
banking house, furniture and fixtures, §159,325.00; 
redemption fund with U. S. treasurer, §2,500.00; 
due from reserve agents, §103,786.50; due from 
other bank-. S01.071.2N: checks and cash items. 
§7,764.92; exchanges for clearing house. §14,624. 55; 
legals and specie. §99,700.75; total, §1,149,354.99. 
Liabilities Capital stock, S200.000.00: surplus fund, 
S6o,ooo.oo: undivided profits, net, §29,117.18; cir- 
culation. S49.500.oo: deposits — individuals. §775,1 
bunks. §34,794.51; total, §1,149,354.99. 

Nu officers of the Traders National Hank arc: George 
C. [ienning, president; William A. Gordon, vice-president, 
ami John C. Athey. cashier. The following are its direc- 
tors: E. F. Droop, tsadore Saks. Samuel Maddox, Beriah 
VVilkins, Richard E. Pairo, George C. Henning, Emil 1 1. 
Shafer, Emmons S. Smith. John Quinn, William Barnum, 
W. V Gordon, S. S. Shedd, John T. Varnell and llcnn 
P. Blair. 

George Custis Henning, president of the Traders 
National Bank, was born in Washington, D. ('.. on Feb- 
ruarj 3, [833. He is the son of George W. and Sarah 
1 ustis (Lewis) Henning. In 1X47 Mr. Henning embarked 
in mercantile pursuits, and later engaged in the clothing 
business, under the firm name of George C. Henning & 



THE CITY OF WASHINGTON. 



179 



Company, where he continued for some years until he 
entered the firm of Saks & Company as a partner. He 
continued in this firm until 1890, when he engaged in 
the organization of the bank, whose affairs he has so suc- 
cessfully since piloted. 




GEORGE CUSTIS HENNING 

Mr. Henning 'was a Union man and served in Com- 
pany A, National Guard, on March 4, 1861, the day of 
President Lincoln's inauguration, but was shortly afterwards 
mustered out of service. Mr. Henning has married three 
times. He resides at 1728 Twentieth street, northwest. 

Citizens National Bank.— Directly opposite the Unit- 
ed States Treasury, at 615, Fifteenth street, stands the im- 
posing structure of white marble, the home of the Citizens 
National Bank. About this institution are associated the 
early recollections of the national banking system of the 
United States. The building was erected in 1863 by the 
late Jay Cooke and occupied by the First National Bank 
of Washington, which was one of the first national banks 
chartered by the United States Government. The Citizens 
National Bank was 'organized in 1871 at Hagerstown, 
Maryland, with a capital stock of $50,000. By a special 
act of Congress in 1874 the charter was transferred to this 
city, the capital stock increased to $200,000, and a short 
time thereafter to $300,000. The affairs of the bank were 
successfully presided over by the late Jacob Tome, of 
Port Deposit, Maryland, a man of great wealth and sound 
financial judgment; thus was the foundation well laid. 
Mr. Tome was succeeded as president by Mr. J. A. J. Cres- 
well, who, in turn, was followed by the late E. Kurtz 
Johnson, to whose efforts the present success of the bank 
is largely due. At the death of the latter, the presidential 
mantle fell upon his brother, Mr. E. S. Johnson, then one 
of the prominent business men of Maryland. 



Early in March, 1903, the control of the Citizens Na- 
tional Bank was purchased by Mr. Frederick C. Stevens, 
president of the West End National Bank of Washington, 
and his associates, and on April 23d Mr. Stevens was elected 
president of the Citizens National Bank and Mr. John H. 
Moore, vice-president of the West End National Bank, was 
elected vice-president. The capital of the Citizens National 
Bank was increased to $500,000, the increase being used 
to purchase the assets of the West End National Bank, thus 
bringing about a harmonious consolidation of these two in- 
stitutions, so that to-day the Citizens National Bank stands 
pre-eminently among the leading" financial institutions of 
the national capital. Its management is strong and con- 
servative, and its future is brilliant. The statement re- 
cently published shows the capital of $500,000; surplus 
and undivided profits, approximately $300,000 ; and deposits 
of about $2,500,000. The present officers of the bank are: 
Frederick C. Stevens, president; John H. Moore, vice- 
president ; N. H. Shea, second vice-president ; R. A. Ches- 
ter, cashier; and the directors are: William A. H. Church, 
H. Bradley Davidson, Charles Jacobsen, William S. Knox, 
John H. Moore, Allison Nailor, Jr., Cuno H. Rudolph, T. 
E. Roessle. Jackson H. Ralston, Hugh Reilly, N. H. Shea, 
Frederick C. Stevens, William A. Wimsatt, Charles P. 
Williams and Walter R. Wilcox. 

Elbridge Smith Johnson.— Mr. E. S. Johnson was 
born on the Eastern Shore of Maryland, in Dorchester 
county, February 25, 1848, and is a son of Alward and 
Mary L. (McNamara) Johnson. He received a common 




ELBRIDGE SMITH JOHNSON 

school education in his native county, and upon reaching the 
age of maturity he engaged in mercantile pursuits for the 
next ten years. Following this Mr. Johnson was appointed 
secretary and treasurer of the Dorchester and Delaware 
Railroad, and there remained until the road was absorbed 



THE CITY OF WASHINGTON. 




CITIZENS NATIONAL BANK. 



by the Pennsylvania Railroad. In [887 Mr. John 

-.■I organized tin Choptank Steamboal Company 

of Baltimore City. In thi> company he demonstrated a 

ht int.. business affairs, ami inainK by his efforts', 

' Mr. John VV. Woodland, of Baltimore, 

built and a line established betwi 

mi Shore and along the l hop 

tank Ri idcul of this company Mr. Johnson 

11 with ilic lat 

■ astute financiers and capi- 

multi-millionairc, who was then the president of 

At tin- death of his brother, E. 

of the I iitizens 



National Bank, and shortly following was 
made president. Mr. Johnson has ever been 
a wise counsellor and a cool, level-headed, 
and unprejudiced business man, and one 
ever ready to lend a helping hand to those 
wIki daily seek his aid and counsel. Mr. 
Johnson is also a director in the National 
Safe 1 'eposit, Savings, and Trust Company. 
of Washington; a director and vice-presi- 
dent of the Guarantee Building and Loan 
Association, and vice-president of the Far- 
mers' Trust, Banking, and Deposit Com- 
pany, both of Baltimore. Md., as well as 
being interested in a number of smaller in- 
stitutions. His love of the country is in- 
herent, and he still takes much pleasure 
in agricultural pursuits, and is largely in- 
terested in such in his native county of 
Dorchester. Mr. Johnson married Mar- 
garet H., daughter of the late John Web- 
ster, of Dorchester county. 

National Safe Deposit, Savings, 
and Trust Company. — Washington's 
pioneer in the safe deposit business, as 
well as one of its oldest and most substan- 
tial savings institutions, is the National 
Safe Deposit. Savings, and Trust Com- 
pany, whose magnificent building at the 
corner of Fifteenth street and New York 
avenue is one of the most ornate in the 
city, as well as being a model in construc- 
tion, pursuant to the safe guarding of its 
own. as well as its patrons' funds and val- 
uables. Step by step this institution has 
grown, and by enlarging and broadening 
its charter and adding new features to its 
original state it has grown to be one of 
Washington's most powerful institutions. 
1 ; company was organized as a sate de 
posit company on January 22. 18(17. with 
a capital stock of $200,000. and the orig- 
inal board of directors included George 
W. Riggs, Henry A. Willar.l. II. 1 ). Cooke. 
George II. Plant, William. S. Hunting- 
ton, George O. Evans, Nathaniel Wilson. 
I. M. Plowman, ami P.. I'. Snyder. Since that time the 
names -1 Washington's foremost and most solid citizens 
have been identified with this company either as officers 
or as members of the directorate. The success of the coni- 
ng assured from its inception, it was decided three 
years later, or in 1S70. to enlarge the scope of the insti- 
tution, ami a savings hank feature was added and the hoard 
of directors chosen included Henry A. Willard, William 
Stickney, Hon. Andrew Wylie, .Matthew I ,. Emery, Hon. 
Joseph Casey, J. II. Lathrop, and William 11. Philip. Again 
finding that the trust ami savings features were so popular 
with the patrons of the institution, another radical departure 
mplated, ami on April 21, [891, the trust feature 



THE CITY OF WASHINGTON. 



181 



was added with the capital stock increased 
to $1,000,000, fully paid up, which imme- 
diately prospered and nourished in a man- 
ner commensurate with the success of the 
other departments, thus the title which in- 
cludes each of the salient features of the 
institution's departments was taken, and the 
concern became known as the National Safe 
Deposit, Savings, and Trust Company, and 
as such it became incorporated by an act of 
Congress, approved on February 18, 1892. 
Among the presidents of the company when 
it was exclusively a safe deposit company 
were George W. Riggs, George H. Plant, 
and Benjamin P. Snyder, and after the sav- 
ings feature was added the names of Henry 
A. Willard, William Stickney, and Benjamin 
P. Snyder. 

In 1897 Mr. Snyder was succeeded in 
the presidency by the present chief execu- 
tive, Mr. Thomas R. Jones, whose broad 
and liberal policy in the conduct of the in- 
stitution's affairs, and a strong personality, 
coupled with a thorough knowledge of mat- 
ters financial, has earned for him the pro- 
motion justly bestowed. Mr. Jones became 
connected with the savings bank feature of 
this institution as its cashier in 1872, and 
there remained in that capacity for twelve 
years, and in 1892 was elected third vice- 
president and executive officer, succeeding 
to the presidency at the death of Mr. Sny- 
der. The other officers of the National 
Safe Deposit, Savings, and Trust Company 
at the present time are: E. Francis Riggs, 
vice-president; William D. Hoover, second 
vice-president and trust officer; George 
Howard, treasurer; Charles E. Nyman, sec- 
retary; Frank W. Stone, assistant treasurer. 
Executive committee: Thomas R. Jones, 
chairman; Woodbury Blair, Henry Hurt, E. 
Francis Riggs, William D. Hoover. Directors : Woodbury 
Blair, S. Thomas Brown, William V. Cox, George T. Dun- 
lop, William E. Edmondston, George W. Gray, Christian 
Heurich, Samuel B. Holabird, William D. Hoover, Henry 
Hurt, Elbridge S. Johnson, Thomas R. Jones, S. H. Kauff- 
man, Henry Orth, George H. Plant, Jr., William F. Quick- 
sail, E. I^rancis Riggs, Benjamin P. Snyder, Henry A. Wil- 
lard, Horace Wylie. 

A brief description of the building proper can lint 
prove interesting in illustrating the care and money ex- 
pended in equipping this institution with all the modern 
appliances towards rendering it both fire and burglar proof. 
The building stands at the northeast corner of New York 
avenue and Fifteenth street, and covers a lot 65 by 130 
feet in area. The construction is entirely of fire proof 
material. A huge safe is erected within the massive walls, 
reinforced with cement and steel supports. This safe is of 




NATIONAL 



immense strength ; its foundation and walls are of massive 
brick and stone, the whole lined with " Franklinite " iron 
and high ply welded steel and iron facings. The double 
doors are of great strength, made to resist the force of the 
highest known explosives, and are supplied with Sargent 
& Greenleaf time locks, making entry impossible except 
during office hours. The main outside door weighs four 
tons and was erected at a cost of $5,000. A large force of 
watchmen, keen and alert, are ever on duty, which together 
with electric connections, automatically adjusted, this insti- 
tution stands as solid and impregnable as Gibraltar. The 
vaults and improvements for the storage of family plate, 
clothing, pictures, relics, paintings and bronzes are dry, 
spacious and fireproof. 

The magnitude of the scope of the business included 
in the charter of this company may best be expressed by 
dividing it into six departments as follows: 1. Deposits of 



C82 



THE CITY OF WASHINGTON. 



are received in sums of 10 cents and upwards, on 
which interest is allowed. The company does not discount 
mercantile paper, but confines itself to loans on standard 
collaterals and first mortgages upon real estate, active busi- 
ounts not being received. 2. Securities and valu- 
,.,1 on deposit for safe keeping at moderate 
: Renting safes, for which is assumed the greatest 
liability imposed by law. 4. A trust department, the com- 
>r, administrator, committee, or guar- 
dian of 1 states, assignee, receiver and trustee under appoint- 
ment bv the courts, corporations or individuals. 5. Col- 
lect ion of income as agent and attorney in fact for manage- 
states for parties, who from illness or other reasons 
n agent. 6. As agenl for the registration and trans- 
fer of loans and .-locks of corporations and in payment 
registi red interest, or dividends. 




Some idea ..i the growth and magnitude of this insti- 

ibtaini (I 1.-. a -lane,- hark ward at the deposits 

nmpam during the past five years, which show a 

rapid advancement. These deposits for the respective years 

1, 1 No;. $1,981,000; Jul) 1. [898, $2, 1 

1 [900 $3, I.94, ; July 1. 

fuh 1. [902, $4,623,000. 

rhomas K. Jones, president of the National Safe 

I rusl < bmpany, is a Pennsylvanian 

been born in Northumberland county of the 

\ftci attending the count) schools he 

md graduated with the class 

llowing his graduation he responded 

roluntccrs, and was made captain 

olunteers. In 1865 he came 

iiintanl in the United 

remained until 1872. In the 

: of law at the 



Columbian University, from where he graduated with the 
class of 1868. In 1872 lie became the cashier of the Na- 
tional Savings Bank, where he remained until 1884. At that 
time Mr. Jones severed his connection with the institution, 
at whose head he now is. to become the manager of the 
New York Branch of the American Baptist Publication 
Society, in which capacity he remained until 1892. At that 
time he was chosen third vice-president and executive 
officer of the National Safe Deposit. Savings and Trust 
Company, continuing in that office until 1897, when he 
became its president in June of that year. Mr. Jones was 
elected a member of the Washington Stock Exchange on 
July 20, 1897. 

Robert Newton Harper in his life and attainments 
exemplifies the wisdom of having a purpose and an end 
to gain. His purpose, taken in early boyhood, has been 
manifest throughout his busy life, and he has ever pressed 
forward tow-ard that point the attainment of which registers 
the successful man and the useful citizen. Mr. Harper's 
career has been one that could be studied with profit by 
those searching for an aim, and should be emulated by 
those desiring success. Xot rich by inheritance, save in that 
priceless quality, determination, he has won, by close appli- 
cation of time and talent to his chosen profession, and the 
concentration of a well-poised will, that served where many 
failed, a measure of success that has placed him in the 
front rank of Washington's most substantial citizens. 

Born near Leesburg, Loudoun county, Virginia, on 
January 31, 1861, he is the son of Robert and Mary Amelia 
(Newton) Harper. He was educated at private schools 
and the Leesburg (Va.) Academy, and in [884 graduated 
from the Philadelphia College of Pharmacy. In 1878 he 
entered the drug store of Dr. R. II. Edwards, in his home 
town, where he remained four years, when, in 1882, he 
accepted a position with the house of John Wyeth & Bro., 
druggists, of Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. He remained 
with this firm until the fall of [886, having attained the 
position of chief clerk, when he resigned and moved to 
Washington, where he engaged in business for himself, 
locating at 609 Pennsylvania avenue, northwest. Here 
he successfully conducted an up-to-date pharmacy, and the 
name " Harper" Oil package or phial — whether the com- 
pounding of a prescription or goods in quantity — was a 
guarantee of purit) and safety. By his devotion to business 
and conscientious and painstaking care, Mr. Harper won 
many friends and attracted to his ever increasing business 
hosts of satisfied customers. In a word, his business re- 
ceived the stamp of success from the outset. In relinquish- 
ing the drug business, on Februar) 7, [903, b) sale, it was 
to continue in the manufacture of his specialties, which 

have attained world-wide re]. illations and reached phe- 
nomenal sales. "Harper's 1 ephalginc." the famous head- 
ache cure — a boon to millions of sufferers — in its journey 
ig has carried comfort into the families throughout 
civilization, and Mr. Harper has in his possession letters 
of commendation on its efficac) from members of the royal 
families of Europe. Mr. Harper can afford to feel proud 



THE CITY OF WASHINGTON. 



183 



of this popularity, inasmuch as it is entirely the result of 
merit, there having been no extravagant or boasting claims 
spread in advertising the preparation. 

In all matters looking toward the business interests 
of the city and its better development, Mr. Harper is and 
has been conspicuous by his activity. He was prime mover 
and organizer of the American National Bank, Washington's 
new financial institution, and was, at the meeting of stock- 
holders on March 7, 1903, unanimously elected its presi- 
dent. Following is the board of directors : William H. 
Saunders, R. H. Lynn, Robert N. Harper, Joseph E. Wil- 
lard, Blair Lee, J. Thillman Hendrick, Benjamin S. Minor, 
Gist Blair, George E. Walker, Irwin B. Linton, J. Miller 
Kenyon, Langbourn M. Williams, George Howard, Edward 
O. Whitford, Charles A. Douglass, R. E. L. Yellott, W. T. 
Galliher and J. H. Cranford. 




ROBERT NEWTON HARPER 



This bank, whose directorate contains the names of some 
of Washington's most distinguished men of business, is lo- 
cated at 610 Fourteenth street, northwest, the building inte- 
rior and exterior having been thoroughly renovated and re- 
modeled to accommodate the banking business. Mr. Harper is 
also president of the District of Columbia Pharmaceutical 
Association ; president of the N. A. R. D. of Washington ; 
Commissioner of Pharmacy of the District of Columbia ; 
treasurer of the Washington Wholesale Drug Exchange, an 
enterprise he organized, doing a business of a quarter of a 
million dollars annually: treasurer of the National Pure 
Food and Drug Congress ; member of the Washington 
Board of Trade, and chairman of its committee on com- 
merce and manufactures ; member of the National Col- 
lege of Pharmacy, and was Druggist to the Poor of 
Washington until after disposing of his business, when 
he resigned. Mr. Harper has dealt to a considerable 



extent in real estate, and is the owner of manv valuable 
properties, among which may be mentioned the impos- 
ing structure known as " The Loudoun," one of the finest 
apartment houses in the city, located on East Capitol 
street, near the Library of Congress, and the Harper 
building, a five-story office building, containing large audi- 
torium, on C street, between Four and a Half and Sixth 
streets, northwest. Mr. Harper has several out-of-town 
business interests. He was owner of The Mirror, a weekly 
newspaper published at Leesburg, Virginia, and in Januarv, 
1903, it was consolidated with the Washingtonian of the 
same place, the two now being published as the Washing- 
tonian-Mirror, under the firm name of Harper & Lvnch, 
his associate being Captain William B. Lynch, former pro- 
prietor of the Washingtonian. He owns a fine farm near 
Leesburg, and is much interested in raising pure bred 
stock ; is president of the " Horse and Colt Show Asso- 
ciation of Loudoun County. Virginia," and is a director of 
the Loudoun National Bank of Leesburg. 

In politics Mr. Harper is an ardent Democrat, has 
always manifested a keen interest in the welfare of the 
party, and been active in its support. He has repeatedly 
been urged to accept the nomination for Congress from 
his district in Virginia, but preferring an active business 
career, always declined the honor. He is president of the 
Virginia Democratic Association of this city ; was delegate 
to the Democratic National Convention held at Kansas City 
in 1900: is surgeon-general on the staff of Governor Mon- 
tague of Virginia, and lias represented his county in nearly 
every Democratic convention, both State and district, for the 
past ten years. 

Mr. Harper has found life too busy to enable him to 
devote much time to matters social, and' has identified 
himself with but few fraternal or social organizations. He 
is, however, a master Mason, and member of New Jerusalem 
Lodge, No. 9. Mr. Harper married on February 25, 1892, 
Carolyn Jackson Roush, of West Virginia, and resides at 
29 B street, northwest. Mr. Harper maintains a delightful 
summer home on his farm, in Loudoun county, Virginia. 

The Washington Savings Bank.— No savings in- 
stitution in Washington has made the rapid growth during 
the first five years of its existence as the Washington Sav- 
ings Bank. Incorporated December, 1897, it began business 
in its present handsome building at the corner of Twelfth 
and G streets, northwest, January t, 1898, with a capital 
of $50,000. The bank's success has been quite remarkable 
from the first. Shortly after its organization it declared 
a dividend of 5 per cent, per annum upon its capital stock, 
and has maintained that ratg of dividend up to the present 
time. The volume of its business having increased, it was 
found expedient to raise the capital stock to $100,000, 
which was accordingly done on October 5, 1901. As an 
evidence of this institution's prosperity, it will only be 
necessary to compare the net earnings for the first year of 
its existence, which were $1,214, with the net earnings for 



THE CITY OF WASHINGTON. 




WASHINGTON SAV 



1 ember 31, [902, which were $7,916. 

The banl al the end of the first year were 

while al the 1 lose of the year eliding December 

Prominently identified with the institution's rapid 

growth arc the names of Mr. I.. M. Saunders, who suc- 

irtly after the organization of 

■in. I Mr. Charles 11. Davidge, treasurer and cash- 

'1 with the institution since its organization. 

' .111.I sterling integrity. Under their 

hington Savings Bank has become 

I confidei 

communii \ DJ ,i,; s institution is 

doi s a gen- 
iid "ii all 



savings accounts at the rate of three per 
cent per annum, and is also allowed on 
certificates of deposit at the rate of three 
per cent per annum, where the amount re- 
mains on deposit for one year. The bank 
owns the building in which it is located, 
and its facilities for doing business are un- 
surpassed. The burglar and fire-proof 
vaults and safe deposit boxes are of the 
latest devices. 

The officers of the Washington Sav- 
ings Bank are L. M. Saunders, president: 
< ). (1. Staples. Judge T. H. Anderson, J. 
Louis Loose, and P. B. Chase, vice-presi- 
dents: Charles H. Davidge, treasurer and 
cashier, and J. F. B. Goldney, assisant 
cashier. The directorate is composed of 
the following names, prominent in the bus- 
iness affairs of Washington: L. M. Saun- 
ders, lawyer, retired: O. G. Staples, pro- 
prietor of the Riggs House and National 
Hotel; Hon. T. H. Anderson, justice 
of the supreme court of the District of 
Columbia: C. \V. Ridley, manager Mount 
Vernon and Marshall Hall Steamboat 
Company; C. H. Davidge, treasurer and 
cashier; R. S. Lacey, attorney at law; 
Samuel Knox, of the United States Treas- 
ury Department: P. B. Chase, proprietor 
of Chase's Theaters; J. Louis Loose, tlorist: 
R. H. Graham, physician: R. J. Tracewell, 
comptroller United States Treasury: Sam- 
uel! Ross (of Barber & Ross), hardware: 
11. II. Darnielle, District assessor: Thos. 
E. Waggaman', real estate: 'Thomas H. 
Hall, confectioner, and S. I!, liege, agent 
Baltimore and Ohio Railroad. 

Lorin M. Saunders. The District 

of Columbia owes much of its prosperity 

and attractiveness to the business qualities 

and social gifts of its wealthy citizens. 

Prominent among those who have ever put 

the welfare oi the people above private considerations is 

Mr. lorin M. Saunders, the well known banker, lawyer, and 

real estate dealer, of this city. 

Mr. Saunders was born on a farm in the town of 
Leon, Cattaraugus count), in the State of New York in 
the early forties, and obtained bis early education in the 
common schools and academy ^\ his native county. After 
teaching school for a short period he became imbued with 
a higher ambition to go out into the great wide world and 
earn for himself place and fortune among men. Mr. Saun- 
ders from early youth was accustomed to rely upon his own 
judgmenl as to what course was best for his own personal 
and when be bad formulated his plans he set to 
work to carry them into execution. With thirty dollars in 
his pocket he left his bumble home in Western New York 



THE CITY OF WASHINGTON. 



185 



to seek his fortune in the city of Washington. He obtained 
employment in the Treasury Department of the United 
States. This was near the close of the civil war, in the 
winter of 1864-65. He soon thereafter entered upon the 
study of law, and took a full course of legal studies in the 
Columbia University, and in due course graduated with 
commendable honors. 

He resigned from the Government service in 1870, and 
at once entered upon the practice of his profession in the 
District and federal courts. In the year 1881, after ten 



the late Ohio National Bank, corner Twelfth and G streets, 
northwest, becoming director and for a large part of the 
time its acting president. He retired from its management 
in 1895. He was one of the first directors and treasurer 
of the Washington National Building and Loan Association 
of Washington, but retired from all connection therewith 
in 1895. He is also a director of the Business Men's Asso- 
ciation of the District of .Columbia, and always takes a 
prominent interest in all things that pertiin to the growth 
and best interests of the capital city. In 1899 Mr. Saunders 




IDEHS' RESIDENCE. 



years of successful practice of the law, Mr. Saunders be- 
lieving in the future greatness of the city of Washington, 
and the consequent increase in real estate values here, 
abandoned the active practice of law and promptly opened 
an office for real estate business at the corner of F and 
Eleventh streets, northwest, and rapidly built up a large 
and lucrative business; but as his ambition led him to still 
higher pursuits, Mr. Saunders gave up very largely the real 
estate business and became interested in establishing here 



was elected president of the Washington Savings Bank, now 
located at the corner of Twelfth and G streets, northwest. 
His success there in building' up a strong financial insti- 
tution is most creditable to his zeal and high standing in the 
community where he has so long resided. 

He is a Mason and a past master of one of the strong- 
est lodges in the District of Columbia. Mr. Saunders is a 
member of the society of the Sons of the American Revo- 
lution, being descended from a distinguished officer of the 






THE CITY OF WASHINGTON. 




independence. Mr. Saunders is a Republican in 
politics, and was an early and devoted advocate for the 
nomination and election of William Mc'Kinley to the Presi- 
de is married and has one young son, and resides 
at the corner ol i and Wyoming avenue, north- 

Washington's mosl beautiful suburbs. 

Charles Henry Davidge was born in [ndianapolis, 

Indiana, Februan 25, 1843, : "" 1 is :i son of Charles limn 

and Sarah ^gnes (Sanders) Davidge, of thai city, 

life was spcnl in [ndianapolis, where he attended 




HENRY DAVIDGE 



the graded schools and high school, subsequently entering 
the Northwestern Christian University, now the Butler" 
University of that city. His first experience in business 
was gained in Indianapolis. During the war he served 
throughout the winter of 1863. in the quartermaster's de- 
partment, being located at Helena. Arkansas, subsequently 
returning to Indianapolis. In 1866 he went to Atlanta. 
1 leorgia, and served for four years as chief clerk in the as- 
sessor's office of internal revenue of the fourth district of 
1 lei >rgia, and two years as general bookkeeper in the Georgia 
National Bank, of Atlanta, then returning to Indianapolis to 
take a position in the First National Bank. Later he came to 
Washington, D. C. with the Hon. John C. New, who was 
the Treasurer of the United States, and entered the 
Treasury Department as chief of division, where he re- 
mafned eleven years. In 1885 he resigned his position and 
went to Crawfordsville, Indiana, to accept the cashiership 
of the First National Bank of that city. In 1891 he returned 
to Washington and accepted a position as cashier of the 
( >hio National Bank, remaining with that institution during 
its earlier history. On January I, 1898, he was appointed 
treasurer and cashier of the Washington Savings Bank, 
where he has remained up to this time. 

Mr. Davidge is a member of the Society of the Sons 
of the American Revolution. He was married December 31, 
[868, to Miss Elizabeth E. Sloan, of Crawfordsville. Indiana. 
and resides at No. 1736 Fifteenth street, northwest. 

The American Security and Trust Company was 

incorporated on October 12th. 1880. under the general 
ration laws of Virginia and organized November 
nth, [890, under the act of Congress, approved October 
ist, [890, and entitled "An Act to provide for the incor- 
poration of trust, loan, mortgage, and certain other cor- 
porations within the District of Columbia." The authority 
of the compail) to transact business under said act of 
Congress, and Us full compliance with the requirements 
thereof, is evidenced by the certificate of the Comptroller 
1 urrenq of the United States, dated November 
ifdi. 1890. rii>' continuous growth of the business of this 
company, since it was established in October, [889, has 
made it necessary, from time to time, to largely increase its 
facilities. During the summer of [895 the compail) added 
an annex, facing on Fourteenth street, which follows the 
same style of architecture as the original imposing marble 
structure on G street. The old and new wing.- of the 
structure join at a point over a hundred feet in the real 
of the two entrances on G and Fourteenth streets, and 
here a large apartment rising to a dome fifty feet above 
gives a view down both buildings, and an excellent idea 
of the magnitude of the establishment, as well as its 1 
lent architectural treatment. The executive offices of the 
company, safe-deposit vaults and trust department are 
located in the Fourteenth street wing as well as the ladies' 
department, which is conducted exclusively for their use. 
This company was the first institution outside of New 
York Cit\ to open a department for the exclusive use of 



THE CITY OF WASHINGTON. 



187 



ladies. In the G street wing are located the banking de- 
partment and the real estate department. This company 
enjoys the distinction of having more floor space than 
any other trust company south of Philadelphia. In making 
the Fourteenth street improvement great pains were taken 
to add to the convenience of the many patrons of the safe- 
deposit department of the institution, and the immense 
vault, weighing 68 tons, offers the greatest protection to 
the safe keeping of valuables. On the side, and separated 
from the great mass of steel and safety vaults by a wide 
passageway, are a number of well-lighted private rooms, 
which are at the disposal of safe depositors, where they 
may transact their business without any interruption and 
with the same freedom from annoyance that they would 
enjoy in their residences. The accommodation for ladies 
consist of a teller's window for their exclusive use and a 
waiting-room equipped with all the facilities for the trans- 
action of business and private correspondence. The board 
room on the second floor is also placed at the disposal of 
ladies' societies and other organizations for their meetings, 
free of charge, and a competent stenographer for the taking 
down of the proceedings of such gatherings is also sup- 
plied, if desired. 

The company is empowered under its charter to act 
as executor, administrator, trustee, receiver, assignee, guar- 
dian, committee and generally in any trust capacity, and 
to undertake the management of estates and property gen- 
erally ; and it has' been exceptionally fortunate in having 
been made the executor, etc., of a large number of estates. 
It is also trustee for various persons, who are thus relieved 
from the responsibility of investing their funds, which in 
these days of trusts and reorganizations, such as railways, 
etc., makes it most difficult for an individual to determine 
what is a thoroughly sound investment. The company also 
acts as financial agent in the matter of countersigning and 
registering the certificates of stocks, bonds or other obliga- 
tions of any corporation, association, State or public author- 
ity. 

For persons contemplating moving away from the city, 
either temporarily or permanently, the company offers spe- 
cial inducements, in case they have any personal or real 
property which needs attention during their absence. Many 
persons are thus enabled to leave the city knowing that their 
interests will be carefully guarded in case the company is 
placed in charge of their affairs, and that such matters 
as would require their personal care while present would be 
properly attended to in their absence. The company also 
owns and manages most successfully the largest storage 
warehouse in Washington. Its buildings are located at 1140 
Fifteenth street, northwest, one and a-half squares north 
of McPherson Square. The fire-proof warehouse of the 
company has been in successful operation for over ten years. 
During this period four large additions have been added 
to the original building, making it the largest fire-proof 
structure for storage purposes south of New York. 

Since the organization of the American Security and 
Trust Company the banks have shown greater growth than 




THE AMERICAN SECURITY AND TRUST COMPANY. 

at any other period prior thereto, notwithstanding the fact 
that this company's deposits are greater to-day than the 
deposits of any two local national banks in 1890. The 
growth of the company has been rapid and substantial. Its 
policy has always been a conservative one, and the great 
confidence shown in its management reflects how thor- 



1 88 



THE CITY OF WASHINGTON 



oughly it is appreciated by its customers and stockholders. 

In ncl earnings from 1890 to December 31, 1902, were 

over $1,384,000, from which sum it paid out to stock- 

.^784,385. Its capital is $1,250,000, 




ancl ''- ■ ; urplus and undivided profits are over 

I In- company enjoys the distinction m being 

011I3 four institutions of the United Slates which is 

under die direel supervision of the Comptroller of the 

Currency, whose officers make periodical examination of 

die company's assets. This insures to its depositors and 

ders die same safeguards and watchfulness that 

i> given t" the management of all national hanks. 

Tin- board of direct..,-, has just approved the plan for 

die increase of the capital -lock of this companj to $3, 

.--and the surplus to $1,500,006. In case the stockholders 
approve the action of the hoard, this institution will enjoj 
the distinction of having the largest capital of any trust 
companj south of Philadelphia. 

I he present officersof the American Security and Trust 
Companj are: Charles J. Bell, president; Henrj V . Blount, 
denl : lam,-, |«\ ||,„„|. secretarj : J. VV. Whelpley] 
r; W. A. McKenney, attornej and trusl officer; 
"*""• auditor; Charles E. Howe, assistanl secre 
rd S. Reeside, assistant treasurer. The 
^include: Charles J. Bell, Henrj p. Blount, 
Burdelt, Albcrl Carry, William .\l. Coates, Wil 
lonovan, Robert Don, 
fohn E. Ilerreil. George F Hull 
fohn A. Kas 
el. I Milne, Clarence F. Nor 
•n M. Parker, f-Ienn E. Pel- 
Umi A. 
nry A. Willard .,,,.1 Joseph 



Charles James Bell, the present president of the 
American Security and Trust Company, a Washingtonian 
by adoption, has, by his marked business ability and versa- 
tility, assumed an important and honored place among the 
city's most successful financiers. Mr. Bell is a son of 
David C. and Ellen Adine (Hyland) Bell, and was born in 
Dublin, Ireland, on April 12, 1858. After finishing a course 
at Wcslcyan Connexional College he came to America and 
entered the Imperial Bank of Canada, in 1875. Four years 
later he resigned to engage in the telephone field, at which 
time rare and flattering opportunities were awaiting men 
of business acumen, brains and energy. In 1880 he took 
part in the organization of the National Telephone Corn- 
pan)-, of England, and was the general manager of this 
company for two years, opening all the exchanges in the 
Xorth of England. Two years later Mr. Bell resigned this 
position, came to Washington, and formed the' banking 
house of Bell & Co., of which be is still the senior member. 
In 1893 he was made the president of the American Security 
and Trust Company, in which capacity he has so ably and 
efficiently since continued. Mr. Bell finds sufficient time, 
despite the manifold duties ancl responsibilities of his finan- 
cial engagements, to enter into Washington's social life, 
and his name is to be found on the rosters of the Metro- 
politan, Cosmos, Chevy Chase, and Adirondacks League 
Clubs. On April 23, 1887, Mr. Bell married .Miss Grace 
B., daughter of Honorable Gardiner G. Hubbard, of New 
York. Mr. and Mrs. Bell have four children — Helen A. 
Bell, Grace H. Bell, Gardiner H. Bell and Robert W. Bell. 




=!Y FITCH BLOUNT 



Henry Fitch Blount. Although a comparative new- 
comer to the District of Columbia, Mr. Blount, the venerable 
and sagacious vice president of the American Security and 
1 ompany, has already made his presence keenh felt 



THE CITY OF WASHINGTON. 



189 



in the financial, scientific, and social worlds of the national 
capital. Mr. Blount was born at Richmond, Ontario county, 
New York, on May 1, 1829. He is a son of Walter and 
Rebeckah (Ripley) Blount, his father having been a suc- 
cessful wool merchant. Referring to the acquirement of 
his education, Mr. Blount states, " I was educated in a little 
red school house and in my own library." For awhile after 
reaching manhood's estate, he engaged in various mercan- 
tile pursuits, and in 1849 went West. In i860 he engaged 
in the manufacture of agricultural implements at Evansville, 
Ind., and there remained until 1886, when with his family 
he went abroad, spending two years in Europe, the major 
portion of the time being passed in France and at Geneva, 
Switzerland, to better perfect both himself and members 
of his familv in the French lanp'uage. In 1888 Mr. Blount 



and Elizabeth, now Mrs. Eugene R. Shippen, of Dorchester, 
Mass., and the sons, Harry and Walter, are at present stu- 
dents at Cornell University. Mr. Blount's residence, " The 
Oaks," on Georgetown Heights, he purchased in 1891. 
The imposing old structure formerly of the purest colonial 
type, has been altered to meet the needs of its present 
owner, and by the addition of a mansard roof it more 
closely approaches the Rennaissance in style. It is sur- 
rounded by a park of more than twelve acres, the superb 
old gnarled and rooted oaks, that have stood as sentinels 
for generations,. being among the finest in the District. The 
property is a portion of an original grant to the Beverlys, 
of Virginia, and the present house was built in 1805. From 
this family it passed into the hands of John G Calhoun and 
his brother in 1823, who held it until 1829 and during their 




came to Washington and from the inception of the Ameri- 
can Security and Trust Company was one of its directors, 
being made its vice-president in 1891. He is a member 
of the Cosmos Club, and is closely and prominently identified 
with the Geographic, Philosophic, Geological and Archaeo- 
logical Societies of Washington. He is also vice-president 
of the Emergency Hospital and a member of the board 
of managers of the Reform School. Mr. Blount has twice 
married. His first wife, whom he married in 1854, was 
Martha Baird, daughter of Stephen Baird, of Kentucky. 
Of this union there are two children. Fred. R. Blount, now 
of New York, and Mrs. Rose B. Nisbet, of Kalamazoo, 
Mich. In 1864 Mr. Blount married Lucia Eames, of Kala- 
mazoo, Mich. They have four children still living — two 
daughters and two sons. The daughters are Mary Blount 



BLOUNT'S RESIDENCE. 

occupancy was the famous headquarters for Congressional 
committees and politicians of the Calhoun school. Tradition 
lias it that during the visit of General Lafayette to this 
country that patriot was entertained beneath its sloping 
and hospitable roof. The Calhouns sold " The Oaks " to 
the Mackalls who in turn sold it to the Linthicums, who 
held it in their family until purchased by Mr. Blount. In 
adding the third story Mr. Blount did so to provide for a 
modern, complete and most approved little theatre, which 
comfortably seats 200 persons, and which has been the 
scene of many delightful functions. 

James Franklin Hood was horn in the village of 
Gratiot. Licking county, Ohio, on August 2, 1851. His 
father was Thomas B. Hood, M.D., born 1829, died 1900, 
who was the son of James Hood, M.D., born 1802, died 1874. 



tgo 



THE CITY OF WASHINGTON. 



educated at the common schools in Newark 
and Mount Vernon, Ohio, graduating from the liicjli school 
of the I ' d then attended two years at I iberlin 

College. He came in 1869 to Washington, where his 
father had taken up residence after the war of the rebellion, 
and in 1870 received an appointment in the office of the 
of the Interior. Bj successive promotions he 
became chief of the appointment division of the Interior 
Department in 18S0, having in the meantime graduated 
from tin Law Department of the Columbian University 
in [876. He resigned his office in 1885 and engaged in 
the practice of law, making a specialty of the law of real 
estate and of equity and probate causes. After ten y< ars 
at the bar, during which he attained prominence in his 
!:. he was tendered and accepted the position of 
secretary of the American Security and Trust Company, 




JAMES FRANKLIN HOOD 

involving the management of the ver) considerable real 

of the company, an office which he still 

the peri..d of his active practice ai the bar 

: ' '1 the Bar Association of the District 

associated as an officer or director 

with man) local corporations. He is now president of the 

il Estate and Banking Con 

of the Washington Real Estate Exchang 

the Pacific < (ffice Building Company, 

I ncl Building Association, and 

bcr of financial, real estate, insurance 

and indi [, was a member of the board 

from 1893 '" '898; 
<■( All Souls' 

md has been its curator from 



organization. His private collection of books, prints, 
maps and general material relating to the history and 
progress of the national capital is unsurpassed in value 
or extent by any similar collection in the city. He is 
a member of the Blue Ridge Rod and Gun Club and of 
the Columbia Golf Club. Was one of the organizers of 
the Columbia Athletic Club, serving on its first board of 
governors, and afterwards for two years, during the height 
of its prosperity when it had over one thousand members, 
was its president. Is a member of the first class (by 
inheritance) of the Military Order of the Loyal Legion, a 
life member of Albert Pike Consistory No. 1 of the Ancient 
and Accepted Scottish Rite of Freemasonry, and life mem- 
ber of Washington Commandery No. 1, Knights Templar. 
He has been identified with a number of public and private 
charities, and is recognized as one of Washington's best 
citizens. 

The Washington Loan and Trust Company was 

organized and commenced business in 1889. At that date 
it was the first trust company to do business in the District 
of Columbia. A number of business and professional men 
in Washington, early in that year, were satisfied that Wash- 
ington was a good field and that the necessity existed for 
the character of business conducted by trust companies. 
Trust companies had been organized and were doing busi- 
ness in Philadelphia and elsewhere for upwards of twenty- 
five years, and they had, without exception, been remarkably 
successful. While they conduct a banking business, it is 
not commercial banking. Interest is paid on deposits on 
monthly balances. They do not loan on commercial paper. 
but only upon approved marketable collaterals and real 
estate. The important feature of the trust company busi- 
ness is acting as executor, administrator and trustee in the 
place of individuals. At first, when this business was organ- 
ized in Philadelphia, great opposition was manifested on 
the part of the courts. lawyers and business men generally. 
But time has demonstrated unmistakably that it is the best, 
safest and most reliable method ever devised for admin- 
istering estates successfully in the highest degree and for 
carrying out trusts. It is a fact well known that in Phila- 
delphia, where trust companies have been in operation for 
nearly forty years and handled estates and trusts involving 
hundreds of millions of dollars, no estate has ever suffered 
a loss. No more convincing argument could be advanced 
respecting the real merits of the system. 

When it was determined to organize a trust company 
in Washington, there was no law on the statute books 
providing for the organization of trust companies in the 
District of Columbia. It was. therefore, found 1 
to organize under the laws of one of the slates, and 
was obtained August 15. 1SS0. in West Virginia. Septem- 
ber otb following, the company commenced business. Steps 
were immediately taken, however, to earefulh draft a bill 
providing for the organization and government of trust 
companies in the District of Columbia, to be introduced 
and pas>ed i>\ Congress, fhe bill provided that trust com- 



THE CITY OF WASHINGTON. 



panies should be under the immediate super- 
vision of the Comptroller of the Currency 
and subject to the same inspection by the 
national bank examiners as the national 
banks; and that no trust compan}' could be 
organized with a capital less than $1,000,000. 
The bill became a law October 1, 1890. 
Application was made and a charter was 
granted under the new law on December 1.3, 
1890. Mr. Brainard H. Warner, who took 
the principal part in the movement to organ- 
ize the company, became its first president, 
which position he held until 1894, when he 
withdrew and was succeeded by Mr. John 
Joy Edson, the first vice-president. The 
trust companies in the District of Columbia 
are the only ones in the United States char- 
tered under an act of Congress and account- 
able to, and under the supervision of the 
Government. This is a distinct advantage 
and an additional guarantee of stability. 
The capital stock of Si. 000, 000 of the 
Washington Loan and Trust Company was 
promptly taken by over seven hundred sub- 
scribers. 

The company commenced business on 
the northwest corner of Tenth and F streets, 
in an old building, in a room of about 16 
by 50 feet, which building ten years after- 
ward was replaced by a new structure. The 
organizers of the Washington Loan and Trust 
Company, realizing that it should properly 
have a permanent place in which to do busi- 
ness, in a good locality, purchased a lot. at 
a cost of |2oo,ooo, on the southwest corner 
of Ninth and F streets. It is about as near 
the center of population as any point in 
Washington, and in the center of street 
railway traffic. It was concluded to erect 
a modern, fire-proof building, with every 
convenience for transacting the business of 
the company, and for office purposes. The 
erection of the company's nine-story mas- 
sive granite building, at a cost of 1400,000, was the result. 
It has proven to be a good investment and a wise move on 
the part of the company. It is one of the great land marks 
in Washington. 

The more the methods of handling estates by trust 
companies are understood, the more people avail themselves 
of the privileges which they furnish. Experience has shown 
at this early date, the same as in Philadelphia, and elsewhere, 
that the interests of estates are protected in the highest 
degree and the very best results obtained, where tine trust 
company acts as executor, administrator or trustee. The 
Washington Loan and Trust Company pays on monthly 
balances to all depositors 2 per cent, interest. As an 
indication of the importance of that feature, the amount 
paid out for interest to depositors has grown from $44,593.99 




THE WASHINGTON LOAN AND TRUST COMPANY. 

in 1894, to $85,826.44. This makes $25,826.44 more paid 
to depositors last year than was paid in dividends to stock- 
holders in 1902. The company has also a safe deposit 
department, with fire and burglar-proof vaults in which 
boxes can be rented at a cost of $3.00 per year, and upwards. 
Valuable papers and articles can be safely kept, and are at 
all times accessible during office hours. It avoids great 
risks of loss or destruction of papers and valuables by 
fire or theft, when kept at home in unprotected places. 
Great injury, and often entire loss, are thus avoided at a 
small expense. Over 1,300 boxes are at this date rented. 
A large amount of real estate has come into the possession 
of the company through its acting as executor, adminis- 
trator, trustee, etc., necessitating the organization of a real 
estate department, which is fully equipped and prepared to 



I 9 2 



77//; CITY OF WASHINGTON. 



take charge of and handle real estate to the best advantage 
in every respect, that such property may be made productive 
as possible for beneficiaries and to keep it in good condition 
and preservation. 

The following statement of deposits, loans and surplus 
and profits will indie.; h and success of The 

Washington Loan and Trust Company since 1893: 



DEPOSITS. 

1*9^ £1,212 10S.46 

6S.397-54 

1895 1,738,258.99 

1896 1,637,095-47 

2,180,371.99 

2,616,925.38 

,743.345.46 

1900 3,895,676.25 

19°' I,5I2,97I.95 

5,192,568 75 

SURPLUS AND UNDIVIDED PROFITS, 

5170,973.26 189S 

l8l.l39.3O 1S99 

I92.I04.3S I9OO 

206,696.02 I90I 

i;<97 222,896.12 1902 



LOANS. 

1893 51,550.570.64 

1894 1,703,114.54 

1895 1,^47.291.50 

1896 1,744,662.75 

IS97 2,250,222.29 

I898 2,476,256 21 

IS99 3,268,056 91 

1900 3.318,647 56 

1901 3.606 884 70 

1902 3,898,078.37 



. 



f24;,6S7.2S 

274.20S.8S 

316,933.95 

372,122.81 

430,165.57 

John Jo) Edson, presidenl ; John A. Swope, vice-presi- 
dent; Ellis Spear, second vice-president; Andrew Parker, 
treasurer; Brice J. Moses, assistant treasurer; Thomas 
Bradley, real estate officer; John B. Larner, general counsel. 
Directors: Charles I'.. Bailey, A. L. Barber, Wm. E. Barker, 
John 1\. Carmody, John M. Clapp, Augustus Crane, Jr., 
J. J. Darlington, John Joy Edson, A. P. Pardon. John A. 
Hamilton, Philip Hichborn, Martin A. Knapp, John B. Lar- 
ner. II. I). Mirick, John Cammack, Watson J. Newton, 
Theodore W. Noyes, Saml. L. Phillips, \. II. Shea. Louis 
I'. Shoemaker. Thomas \V. Smith. Ellis Spear. John A. 
Swope, George Truesdell, B. Ii. Warner, A. A. Wilson, 
Louis I). Wine. S. W. Woodward, A. S. Worthington, II. 
K. Willard. 

John Joy Edson, president of the Washington Loan 
and Trust Company, is one of the city's public spirited 
'i I one who has ever taken a prominent part 
in its affairs. Honors richly deserved have been heaped 
upon him. all of which he has borne with the same modest 
mien that has characterized his course from the outset. 
\t the last inauguration of President McKinley, Mr. Edson 
de chairman of the inaugural committee. Mr. 
|usl at the prime of lite, having been born at Jef- 
»hio, 111 [846. Mthoilgll he holds office in several 
■ns, | ie has never SOU ght office, public or 
I : - - looked upon as a man thoroughly 
capable and all institutions with which he 

been highly successful. lie is 
011 man and has grown up with the 
Until the outbreak of the civil war in 
hi what education he could in the 
of fifteen he enlisted in the 
nd served in the \nm 
B, McClellan and Gen. 
participated in the Virginia and Maryland 
dine the Peninsula campaign and the hat- 
In 1863 he was dis 
A this city, and later 



through Senator Benjamin F. Wade, of Ohio, who lived in 
Mr. Edson's town, was appointed to a clerkship in the 
Treasury Department. 

For ten years Mr. Edson filled a position in the office 
of the Comptroller of the Currency, in the meantime pur- 
suing the study of law at the Columbian LJniversity. from 
which he graduated in 1868. He then resigned, and with his 
brother, J. R. Edson, formed a partnership in the patent 
business, which continued until 1881. From that time until 
1886 he was engaged in the management of several building 
and loan associations. In 1S79, upon the organization of 
the Equitable Building Association, he was elected secretary, 
serving as such until 1898. when he was elected president, 
which office he still holds. He was one of the incorporators 
of the Washington Loan and Trust Company, chairman of 
the building committee and first vice-president, and upon 
the retirement of Mr. B. IT. Warner, in 1894. was elected 




JOHN JOY EDSON 

president. He was also one of the incorporators of the 
Columbia National Bank and is now a director in the Na- 
tional Metropolitan Bank, lie is a director in the Potomac 
Insurance Company, treasurer of the Washington Sanitarj 
Improvement Company, and of the Columbian University. 
He has been a member of the Columbia Historical Society 
and the Cosmos Club, of tin. National Geographic Society, 
and the Associated Charities for many years. He was for 
many years treasurer of the Homeopathic Hospital and also 
its president, until appointed h\ Presidenl McKinlej as a 
member of the board of charities. He has been a member 
of the Washington Board of Trade for many years, and 
has served his second term as president ,<\ thai bod] Hi 
served as chairman of tin- citizens' executive committee 
of the ('.rand Army of the Republic encampment here in 
1892. In 1899 he was elected presidenl of the Columbian 
1 fniversit, Uumni Association. 



THE CITY OF WASHINGTON. 



193 



Mr. Edson served on the executive committee and as 
chairman of the auditing committee at Gen. Harrison's 
inauguration in 1889, and was also a member of the execu- 
tive committee upon the inauguration of President Cleveland 
four years later. In 1897 he served as treasurer of the 
executive committee at the inauguration of President Mc- 
Kinley, and as chairman of the executive committee of the 
second inauguration of President McKinley in 1901. In 
1893 President Harrison tendered Mr. Edson the position 
of Commissioner of the District of Columbia, and upon 
the expiration of the term of Mr. John B. Wight, in 1901, 
he was again offered the position by President McKinley. 
In both instances he was obliged to decline the honor, on 
account of business obligations. 

John Augustus Swope.— There is no more vener- 
able or a more picturesque figure in Washington's financial 




JOHN AUGUSTUS SWOPE. 

world than Mr. John A. Swope, who has been actively 
engaged in the banking business for more than half a cen- 
tury. Although having passed man's allotted three score 
years and ten by half a decade, Mr. Swope, vice-president 
of the Washington Loan and Trust Company, is to be 
found at his office every morning, rain or shine, and dis- 
poses of the manifold commissions and duties attached to 
his important post with all the ease and capability of one 
half his years. John A. Swope is a son of George and 
Margaret (Smyser) Swope, and was born at Gettysburg, 
Pa., on December 25, 1827. After a preparatory education 
in his home school he entered Princeton, which was then 
a college, and graduated with honors in the class of 1847, 
and is still one of the alumni. After leaving Princeton Mr. 
Swope entered the University of Pennsylvania and there 
took a degree in medicine and returning to Gettysburg en- 

25 



gaged in a general practice. This vocation he abandoned 
after a few years, when he went to Baltimore, Md., and en- 
tered a general business there. In the meantime Mr. Swope 
succeeded his father to the presidency of the Gettysburg Na- 
tional Bank, which post he still holds and is now the third 
generation of his family at the head of this institution. Mr. 
Swope came to Washington in 1884 as the representative of 
the Nineteenth Congressional District of Pennsylvania. He 
was chosen to serve an unexpired term and at its expiration 
he was re-elected and again returned to the House, serving a 
full term, but declined a renomination. Having become 
attached to the national capital and desirous of having his 
daughters complete their education here, Mr. Swope deter- 
mined to make Washington his future home, and cast about 
to elect a business with which to occupy his attention ; his 
previous life having been one of too much activity to admit 
of so earl)' a retirement from the financial world. He 
became interested in the organization of the Washington 
Loan and Trust Company, was one of its incorporators 
and was chosen its second vice-president and a little later 
succeeding to the first vice-presidency. Mr. Swope had 
been a life long Democrat until the candidacy of President 
McKinley, for whom he voted. He has twice married. 
His first wife was Miss Emma C. Wirt, of Hanover, Pa. 
Of this union there are three daughters living. His second 
wife was Miss Blanche Mitchell, there also being three 
daughters born of this union. Mr, Swope and his family 
occupy a handsome residence at 1312 N street, N. W. 

Hon. Ellis Spear was born at Warren, Me., October 
15, 1834. His father James Marston Spear, was a descendant 
of one of the old Scotch-Irish families who emigrated to 
New England early in the eighteenth century. His mother, 
Nancy Cushman Spear, was a descendant of Robert Gush- 
man, one of the leaders of the Leyden and Plymouth colo- 
nies. He graduated at Bowdoin College in 1858; taught 
school and pursued his studies until August of 1862, when 
he entered the military service of the United States as cap- 
tain of Company G, Twentieth Maine Volunteer Infantry, 
a regiment assigned to the Third Brigade, First Division, 
Fifth Army Corps, and served in that brigade to the close 
of the war. He was promoted to major of the regiment 
after the battle of Fredericksburg for good conduct in that 
battle. He succeeded to the command of the regiment in 
the fall of 1863, and first commanded it in battle at Rap- 
pahannock Station, November 7 of that year, and there- 
alter during the winter of 1863-4. lie commanded the 
regiment in every battle in the campaign of [864, with one 
exception, and at the battle of Peebles Farm, September 
30, 1864, he was placed in -command of the brigade, for 
service at which battle he was brevetted. He was subse- 
quently twice again brevetted for services in battle, finalK 
as brigadier-general, and received also from his State the 
commissions of lieutenant-colonel and colonel. He served 
for a brief period as inspector of division. He was mus- 
tered out of the service in July of 1865. 



■■)\ 



THE i //')' OF WASHINGTON. 



Entering civil service in November of the same year, 
he filled the position of assistant examiner in the l nitcd 
States Patent Office, [865-1868; examiner, [868-1872; ex- 
aminer-in-chief in the same bureau, [872-1874; civil service 
examiner for the Interior Department, and of Assistant 
Commissioner of Patents, 1874-76. He resigned in [876 to 
in private business, but in January. [877, accepted 
the appointment of United States Commissioner of Patents, 
holding that office until November, [878. 

He has since leaving the Patenl • >ffice practiced as an 
attorney at law and solicitor of patents; has been a trustee 
of the public schools of the District of Columbia, and a 
director of the Washington Board of Trade, and commander 
of the Military Order of the Loyal Legion of the District 
of Columbia, lie i- second vice-president of the Wash- 
ington Loan and Trust Company, a director of the Equitable 
Co-operative Building Association, and president of the 




HON ELLIS SPEAR 

alional Socieh of Mount Pleasant. He married. 

first. Susie Wilde (daughter of Rev. John Wilde), who 

•'i''' 1 '" l8/3: and. second, Mrs. Sarah (Prince) Keene, 

A Major Samuel T. Keene. of the Twentieth Maine 

' Infantry, who was killed by his side al Pctcrs- 

1864. 

Merchants' l>ansfei and Storage Company. No 

tthal the intelligent direction of unlimited 

lish is to be found in the I ij 

and phenomenal 

.urtccn vcarsof the old Mer- 

vhich recently has been 

Transfer and 

From an 

gons engaged in 

,hc ,irl "" "I Hie Citv for merchants tile 



business has developed into wonderful proportions with 
numerous ramifications, and now it is one of the foremost 
business enterprises south of New York, and its usefulness 
is ever en the increase. The firm recently erected and is 
now occupying the finest and most modern fireproof storage 
warehouse south of New York which money or science can 
devise and put up. 

The storage branch of the business is the most prom- 
inent ami the facilities afforded for the safekeeping of 
household furniture of every description are most complete. 
The building contains 840 separate locked rooms, varying 
in size, but having a decided similarity. With their huge 
fireproof doors, it suggests itself to one, going through the 
long corridors, that he is in a jail, so dominant is the sim- 
plicity and solidity. The art room, where pianos, large 
pictures, statuary, etc.. are kept, is on the first floor, and 
besides being thoroughly ventilated, an even temperature 
is maintained in this room during the winter months to 
insure against any possible injury to contents. Next, a 
special room is fitted for the storage of trunks and luggage. 

This room immediately joins the ladies' waiting r 11. 

thereby affording every convenience to those who, having 
goods stored, desire to examine them. Burglar-proof vaults 
tor silverware and valuables are also to be had : and. in fact. 
the company affords unsurpassed facilities for the storage 
of household and personal effects of even description. 

The company has in its employ a large force of reliable. 
expert men for packing furniture, china, bric-a-brac, etc., 
and shipments are received and forwarded to foreign coun- 
tries or to any city in the United States. The large moving 
vans are in charge of careful and experienced men. and 
everything pertaining to the storage business is complete 
to the smallest detail. 

It has one of the best equipped stables in the city, and in 
keeping with the motto which appears upon all of their vehi- 
cles and advertising, "We Move Anything," it keeps ij; 
teams constantly engaged, from a limited beginning it has 
reached out continually for the business of delivering small 
packages for merchants, until to-day many of the prominent 
houses have abandoned their own delivery service. With 
the thirty wagons that are now constantly engaged in this 
work a record of [,200,000 packages delivered was recorded 
last year. I he big warehouse building containing the general 
offices of the company is located al 920 and 922 !•'. street, 
northwest, and extends back to a broad alley in the rear 
where several additional lots are covered with a widening 
ol the building. The structure is one of the most substantial 
in the city and is built from designs outlined by the New- 
bold Brothers, who manage the company's entire affairs. 
flu offices occupy the E street front of the ground floor, 
with a long hallway on the west side of the building for 
the use of employes who have business in the office. The 
mam counting room occupies the central portion of the 
I street front with the president's office opening into it, I'.. 
(he rear is the office of the secretary and treasurer, while 
back of that is a neatlj fitted up waiting room for visitors. 
It is equipped with eas\ chairs, desks, and writing material. 



THE CITY OF WASHINGTON. 



[95 



H I 





MERCHANTS' TRANSFER AND STORAGE COMPANY. 

magazines and other reading matter are to be found on the 
tables ; in fact every possible convenience for its patrons. 
From the inception of the enterprise the delivery of 
parcels for merchants has always been given special atten- 
tion. The growth of the business has been marvelous, and 
so systematized in the last year that its patrons are given 
four deliveries daily to every section of the city, and at most 
reasonable rates. In addition to the parcel delivery and 
storage business the company also does a large business in 
the lines of heavy hauling, erecting and hoisting, and freight 
and theatrical transfer. The stables of the company are 
located at the corner of Third and B streets, southwest, and 
cover 33,000 square feet of ground. 



The directorate of the Merchants Transfer and Storage 
Company is composed of the following well-known business 
men: Mr. John E. McLeran of the firm of Heiskell & Mc- 
Leran ; Mr. Frank B. Noyes, of the Evening Star ; Mr. J. 
Herbert Corning, merchant; Mr. G. Thomas Dunlop, attor- 
ney ; Mr. John L. Prosise, at the head of the E. Morrison 
Paper Company; Mr. Paul Starrett, general manager of the 
George A. Fuller Company, and the Messrs. Newbold. The 
capital of the company is $150,000. The corporation has 
many of our prominent citizens interested in its welfare, 
among whom are: Thomas Hyde, of the Riggs National 
I lank : John A. Swope, vice-president of the Washington 
Loan and Trust Company ; S. H. Kauffman, president of 
The Evening Star Company ; Emil G. Shaeffer, of the firm 
of E. G. Shaeffer & Co. ; Carl A. Droop, of the firm of E. F. 
Droop & Co. ; F. M. Detweiler, of Judd & Detweiler ; D. C. 
Phillips, Arthur G. Peter, of the firm of Marsh & Peter, 
architects; G. T. Dunlop, president of the Capital Traction 
Company, and many others. The business, however, is 
under the direct management of Messrs. John L. Newbold 
and Thomas R. Newbold, who are the president, secretary 
and treasurer, respectively. It was the idea of the above- 
named gentlemen to give to the public a downtown storage 
building. " for the storage of household furniture," etc., 
one that would not only be modern and absolutely fire- 
proof, but centrally located, right in the heart of the busi- 
ness section of the city, and for this reason their present 
location, on the south of E street, northwest, between Ninth 
and Tenth streets, was selected. No enterprise in Wash- 
ington has progressed with such enormous strides, and this 
company is certainly destined to become one of Washing 
ton's strongest institutions, and is, in fact, the largest busi- 
ness of its kind not only in this city, but in this part of the 
country. 

The Equitable Co-operative Building Association 
may justly be termed the pioneer of its kind in the District 
of Columbia. Its organization, upon the soundest business 
principles and financial foundation, a combination which 
as may be expected has brought it up to its present high 
degree of excellence and prosperity, was effected at a 
meeting held at Martin's Hall, on E street, on November 
4, 1879. At that meeting James Ii. Saville and John Joy 
Fdson were elected president and secretary, respectively. 
Mr. Saville was succeeded in the presidency by Alexander 
( iardner, and Thomas Suinmerville in turn, when in 1898. 
Mr. Edson, who had continued as secretary from its organ- 
ization, was elected to the presidency, Mr. Frank P. Reeside 
succeeding to the secretaryship, he having been connected 
with the company since 1884. That the success of the 
Equitable was instantaneous is shown by the amount of 
the loans, which for the first month amounted to $4,800. 
and for the period extending over twenty-three years they 
aggregate a sum total of $11,157,400. This record, which 
is unsurpassed in the history of loan associations, may be 
attributed to the activity of its members, who take advan- 
tage of the practical co-operation methods of this associa- 
tion. The Equitable Association has no real estate holdings 



t 9 6 



THE CITY OF WASHINGTON. 




THE EQUITABLE CO-OPERATIVE 



ING ASSOCIATION 



Ilit- handsome building in vvhicli it has its home 
VV., which ii purchased in [886 for 
n ;i-iii tlcniand for more room 
home, in which to more readily cai 

business. The policy 

pted particular! crsons of 

md income. Ii offers no inducements to 

invite their investments. Ii is con- 

ii iation principles, 



and has never deviated from them, which policy 
lends an added confidence to the small investor. 
Its statements show the result of small savings on 
shares, made promptly and regularly every month. 
By this method there are hundreds of families scat- 
tered in and around Washington who are happily 
occupying their own homes, so made possible by the 
methods of this company. Many of these, profiting 
by their experience in acquiring their own homes, 
have purchased additional property through this 
means, and have gradually become powerful and 
influential property holders in the community in 
which they live. 

Men of long experience are engaged in the 
management of the Equitable's affairs, and their 
purpose has ever been to adhere to that policy 
whereby equable and beneficial results would follow. 
Its fundamental principle is to instill into the recip- 
ient of a salary, no matter how small, the virtue of 
laying by a portion of it each month and thus 
judiciously turn it over until that person is made to 
feel with what little sacrifice this can be accom- 
plished. The officers of the company are all men 
occupying high positions in their respective voca- 
tions, and through their efforts the successful opera- 
tions of the Equitable have been assured. 

The officers are: John Joy Edson, president; 
Dr. A. J. Schafhirt. vice-president; George \V. Cas- 
ilear, treasurer, and frank P. Reeside. secretary. 
The directors are Ellis Spear, George W. Fisher, 
P. B. Turpin, Job Barnard, John \V. Schaeffer, 
A. M. Lothrop, Marcus Baker, George II. Harries, 
and John 1!. Lamer. 

Lewis Johnson and Company, one of Wash- 
ington's oldest private banking establishments, has 
ong occupied an honored and important place 
among the financial institutions at the national cap- 
ital, founded in 1S5X by Lewis Johnson, who "as 
the president of the Washington City Savings Bank, 
until its dissolution the same year, the firm consisted 
oi its founder, his grandson. Lewis Johnson Davis, 
the present head of the firm, and David Walker. 
I he firm then occupied offices at the corner of 
Pennsylvania avenue and Tenth street. Mr. Johnson 
died in 1N7.?. Mr. Davis and Mr. Walker remained 
in the firm and associated with them Charles N. Wake 
as junior member of the concern. Alter remaining 
at the first stand for forty years, and apprei 
that the tide ol business was moving up town, 
the linn moved iis quarters to its presenl location, 1315 
I streel V \V., where ii occupies the first floor of the Sun 
Building. The presenl members of the firm associated 
with Mr. Davis are I. William Henry and William Andrew 
Menus, both comparatively young men. men of sterling 
integrity and business capacity. The counting room and 
private offices, ai the disposal of the large clientele of 
the hank's depositors and those who conducl their stock 
transactions through this house, are comfortabl) and hand- 



THE CITY OF WASHINGTON. 



197 



somely equippec 
banking: house. 



the appurtenances of 
a private New York 



a first-class 



Lewis Johnson Davis, senior member of the firm of 
Lewis Johnson & Co., may justly he termed the dean of 




LEWIS JOHNSON DAVIS 

Washington bankers. While there may be mam- men still 
active in the city's financial centers that are Mr. Davis' 
seniors in years, there arc none from the standpoint of a 
continued and honored service. Mr. Davis was born in 
Washington on July 21, 1834. He is the son of George 
Madison and Georgeanna Davis, his father having been 
teller of the Bank of the Metropolis for over thirty years. 
Mr. Davis was educated in the school of Arnold and Girault, 
leaving there in December, 1848, when he entered the em- 
ploy of R. W. Latham & Co., and remained with them 
until September, 1850, when due to ill health he resigned 
his position, went to Belair and resumed his studies under 
the tutelage of Dr. Edwin Arnold. 

In August, 1851, Air. Davis, with his health restored, 
returned to Washington and entered the Washington City 
Savings Bank, then conducted by his grandfather, Lewis 
Johnson. This institution dissolved in 1858, and the firm 
of Lewis Johnson & Co. was formed, in which Air. Davis 
was one of the partners, and of which firm he has for many 
years been the senior member. Mr. Davis was a Union 
man during the war and has always been Republican in 
his sympathies. His name has figured prominently in the 
charitable institutions of the city and he has given much time 
and energy in promoting the city's best interests. He was 
formerly vice-president of the Garfield Hospital, one of 
the incorporators of the Children's Hospital and a director 
of the District Historical Society, as well as senior warden 
of Epiphany P. E. Church, where he has been a member for 
fifty years. Mr. Davis has been a member of the Washing- 



ton Stock Exchange since 1883 an( l was ' ts president in 1896. 
He was chairman of the sinking fund commission of the 
District of Columbia under the act of the Legislative As- 
sembly of August 19, 1871, and while in that capacity dis- 
bursed millions of dollars. Clubs and societies of which Mr. 
Davis is a member are the Chevy Chase and Metropolitan 
Clubs ; the Archaeological, American Historical and Colum- 
bian Historical Societies ; ex-president of the Sons of Revo- 
lution, and a member of the St. Nicholas Society, of New 
York. 

Mr. Davis married Miss Margaret Jane Keller, daugh- 
ter of Charles M. and Alary Knowles Keller, of New York 
city, on October 12, 1854. Air. and Airs. Davis have no 
children. 

John William Henry, a comparatively young man, but 
who has taken an important place in the financial and social 
affairs of Washington, is next in rank to Air. Davis, in the 
firm of Lewis Johnson & Co. Mr. Henry's business career 
has been exclusively confined to the present house, of 
which he is a partner, he having entered its employ as a 
bookkeeper, when fresh from College. He is the eldest 
son of the late Captain James L. M. Henry, U. S. Army, 
and Kate Kearney Henry, daughter of the late fleet surgeon, 
John A. Kearney, U. S. Navy. Air. Henry was born at 
Ranelagh, Prince George county. Aid., in October, 1865. 
His early education was acquired at Maryland's historic 
old school, Charlotte Hall Military Academy, in St. Mary's 
count)'. After graduating from there with class honors 






JOHN WILLIAM HENRY 


and as capt 


tin cif a company, corps cadets, Mr. Henry took 


a course at 


Columbia University, and in the fall of 1887 


entered up< 


in his duties in the banking house of Lewis 


fohnson & 


Co. Eleven wars later Mr, Henry's faithful 






77//;' CITY OF WASHINGTON. 



acumen were- rewarded with admis- 
sion to the firm. He has ever been prominent in Wash- 
ington's social life and is a member of the Metropolitan, 
i hase and Dumbarton I lubs, also the treasurer of 
i olonial Wars, a member of the Sons of the 
Revolution, and the Society of the War of 1S1 2. Mr. Henry- 
married Miss ['"ranees Brockcnbrough Barber, of George- 
town, D. C. Oi this union there are two children, a son 
and daughter. The\ reside in a handsome house at 3241 
\ street, \. W. 




WILLIAM ANDREW MEARNS 

William Andrew (Vlcarns, the junior member of the 
firm of Lewis Johnson & Co., is also a young num. but 
• •in- whose business integrity lias gained him recognition, 
and who occupies an important place in the District's finan- 
cial field. Mr. Mcarns is the son of Robert K. ami Martha 
Mearns, and was born in Philadelphia on July 
i'.. 1870. Mr was educated at tin- Chester, Pa., high school. 
With his family In- removed to Washington in [888 and 
entered a law class : ,i the Columbian University, graduating 
with th<- class of 1892, and was immediately admitted to tin 
District bar. For ten years Mr. Mearns was in the emplo) 
11 -V Mel 'artney, leaving them in June. [898, t<> enter 
i Johnson X ( o. Mr. Mearns is president of 
director in the National 
nd I rust 1 'ompany, secretary of the 
lion, treasurer of the Columbian Historical 
and a member of the New York Stock Exchange. 
men, her of the Phi Kappa Psi Fraternity, and of 
111 ' iolf Clubs. In November, 
iarv 15. Chambers, of 
I 11 California 
two children. 



Crane, Parris and Company, bankers, with com- 
modious offices at 604 Fourteenth street, northwest, has 
long enjoyed the patronage of Washington's most represen- 
tative and influential men. This firm, composed of Augus- 
tus Crane, Jr., and Albion K. Parris, was organized in 
1883, and has steadily increased its clientele until it is 
now regarded as one of the must successful and conservative 
private banking institutions in the District of Columbia. 

Augustus Crane, Jr., senior member of the firm of 
Crane, Parris & Company, came to Washington in the 

spring id' 1881. He was twenty-eight years of age at the 
lime, having keen born in New York City on October 27. 
1853. I lis early education was received at the Highland 
Military Academy, of Worcester, Massachusetts, and later 
he was a student at the University of the City of New 
York. His business education was acquired in the Wall 
Street Banking Uou.se of I lone. Nicholas eS; Company. 
Mr. Hone is Mr. Crane's brother-in-law, and the firm was 
very well known, as Mr. Hone had been brought up in the 
office of his uncle. August Belmont, and Mr. Nicholas was 
the protege of the late William R. Travers. Mr. Crane left 
New York in 1870 to accept a confidential position a! 




AUGUSTUS CRANE. JR. 

Savannah, Georgia, in the large shipping house of W'ii- 
liams Y Crane, who were the agents •>!' Williams & Guion, 
of London and New 'York. A few years later, however, 
he decided thai his talent and inclination la\ more in the 
line of business i u . i K i,i 1',,-si worked out for himself, and 
coming to Washington, he entered into a partnership with 
Mr. Whion 1\. Parris, under the firm name of Crane. Parris 
\ Company, and the style of the firm has continued un- 
changed. Mr. Crane has for many years been a director ol 
the Washington Loan and ["rust Company. 



THE CITY OF WASHINGTON. 



Albion K. Parris, member of the firm of Crane, Par- 
ris & Company, is one of the few bankers now doing- busi- 
ness in Washington who is a native of the District of 
Columbia, his birthplace being within a stone's throw of 




his present place of business. His ancestors were of New 
England stock, and the family name is well known, espe- 
cially in Maine, where Judge Albion K. Parris was several 
times governor, and among other positions was one of 
the organizers and the first president of the Portland Sav- 
ings Bank. Mr. Parris received but the usual common 
school education, and his first experiences in the banking 
business were gained at the age of seventeen. lie has 
remained continually in the banking line, with the excep- 
tion of about a year (1877-78), when he served as secretary 
on the United States flagship Powhatan, making a cruise 
through the West Indies. He has been a member of the 
firm of Crane, Parris & Company since its organization 
in 1883. Mr. Parris enjoys a remarkably extended ac- 
quaintance throughout the District of Columbia and the 
East, and is a close student of statistics, and much inter- 
ested in political economy. He is connected with several 
corporations and philanthropic institutions, and takes pleas- 
ure in an active membership with Masonic and patriotic 
organizations. In respect to service he is one of the oldest 
members of the Washington Stock Exchange, and. with 
his firm, is a member of the Bankers' Association of the 
District of Columbia. 

William B. Hibbs and Company. Washingtonians 

may justly feel proud to know that in their midst is a bank- 
ing and brokerage business conducted along such able and 
modern lines as that of William B. I fibbs & Co., at No. 1419 
F street, northwest. Few, if indeed anv, establishments south 



of New York are so fully equipped with all the necessary 
appurtenances, requisite to place their patrons in touch 
and in momentary communication with the stock exchanges 
and marts throughout the United States, as is that of Mr. 
\\ illiam B. Hibbs, senior member and founder of the 
firm which bears his name. Private wires connect his 
Washington banking house with his branch offices in New 
York, the New York Stock Exchange, Chicago Board of 
Trade, as well as all the leading and important stock centers 
of the country. Mr. Hibbs, although a comparatively young 
man, by the closest application to his business and by years 
of hard work has mastered his profession in its minutest 
detail and is regarded as one of the shrewdest operators 
of the South. His phenomenal success is attributable alone 
to his own efforts, which after all is man's best reward. 
He was born in Gordonsville, Va., in 1864, just after the 
close of the civil war. Mr. Hibbs is a son of John W. and 
Susan (Reed) Hibbs. Educated in the common schools 
of the District, having been brought to this city in his 
infancy, he secured a position in a brokerage office when 
but a lad. Learning- the intricacies of the business and 
becoming attached to it, he early strove to make a name 
and place in the world for himself. How well he suc- 
ceeded is amply attested by the proportions his business 
has since assumed. His first venture in business on his 
own account was as the junior member of the firm of 
I!. K. Plain & Co., in 1882. A few years later he purchased 
a seat on the New York Stock Exchange, and the Chicago 
Hoard of Trade, shortly after which the present firm of 
W. B. Hibbs & Co. came into existence. In i8qo Mr. 
Hibbs was elected a member of the Washington Stock- 
Exchange, was made its president in [898, and served 




three successive terms. His firm is the Washington repre- 
sentative of several of the largest and most influential houses 
throughout the country, and is also the correspondent of 
the International Hanking Company. Associated with Mr. 



THE CITY OF WASHINGTON. 



I-Iibbs in business arc Samuel A. Drury, as special partner 
and Jobn Taylor Arms, manager. 

Socially, Mr. Hibbs has ever occupied a proud position 
in Washington. A keen sportsman, an excellent judge of 
h and a thorough man of the world, he reckons 
his friends by the hundreds and is one of the most uni- 
vcrsall) popular men in Washington and New York club- 
dom. He is a member of the Chevy Chase, Columbian 



Golf and Century Chilis of Washington and the New 
York and Lambs Clubs of New York city. 

In 18S5 Mr. Hibbs married Miss Mollie Smith, daugh- 
ter of Judge Walter TT. Smith, of Mounl Vernon, Ohio. 
who was Attorney-! ieneral in the Department of the Interior 
under President Grant. One daughter, Helen, now fifteen 
years old. was born to Mr. and Mrs. Hibbs. They reside 
in a beautiful home at 1618 1 8th street. N. W. 



INSURANCE. 



The Potomac Insurance Company of the District 
of Columbia Organized in 1831. This company was 
chartered b\ special acl of Congress, approved March 2, 
1831. The acl was signed by " Andrew Jackson, President 
of the United States; John C. Calhoun. Vice-President of 
the United Slates and President of the Senate, and Andrew 
Oil, Speaker of the House of Representatives." It 
provided ■'That subscriptions be opened in Georgetown, 
in the District aforesaid, under the direction of Francis 
Dodge, Raphael Semmes, Walter Smith. John Kurtz. Wil- 
liam S. N'icholls, L. G. Davidson, John Marhury. Joel Crut- 
tenden, O. M. Linthicum, James Dunlop, William G. 
Ridgcly, Samuel Humphreys, and William [layman, as 
commissioners, or a majority of them, for raising the 
capital stock of two hundred thousand dollars, divided 
into eighl thousand shares, of twenty-five dollars each." 
\grceablc to the terms of the charter, these gentlemen met 
and decided that seventy five thousand five hundred dollars 
should he the amount of capital subscribed for at that time, 
it] >• >i) which was paid five dollars |>er share, and the paid-up 
capital of the company remained at fifteen thousand one 
hundred dollars for several years. 

The firsl president was John Kurt/. Esq.. and from 
the old records, il appears thai the first meeting was held 
on Monday evening, April 11. [831, "in the council chain 
bcr " of the board of common council in Georgetown, and 
those pies, 111 were John Kurtz, president; Robert Read, 
William S. N'icholls, William I layman. John Marhtin. 
Raphael Semmes, John Barcroft, C. V Burnett, and Wil- 
liam W . Corcoran. \i this meeting ii was decided to adopt 
" the polic) of the Franklin Insurance Company," which had 
hem incorporated l>\ a special act of Congress, in [818. Mr. 
rvcfl as president until July, (850, and was suc- 
ceeded b\ Mr. John Marhury, father of the former presi 
d.ni of the 1 Hdcsl Inhabitants Association. Mr. Marhury 
!■ nt unlil June 10. 1S7 |. Dr. Joshua Riley, 
who had In-. 11 appointed president pro tempore on Januai") 
lected president to succeed Mr. Marhury. 
rved until his death in February, 1875, when 
: d b\ Mr. Adolphus 11. Pickerell. Upon the 
death of Mr. Pickerell in May, 1879, Mr. Henry M. 
1 ieorgelown. was elected 
the failing health of Mi. Sweeney, 
W . Riley Dceble was elected vice- 
In Id nun! the death of Mr. 
hen Mr. Dceble was elected 



president of the company, and served as such unlil after the 
purchase of and merger with the Lincoln Fire Insurance 
Company of Washington, in July, 1899. ( )n October 10 
of that year Mr. Deeble resigned the presidency to be 
succeeded by Mr. John Taylor Arms, formerly president 
of the Lincoln Fire Insurance Company. Mr. Deeble was 
then elected vice-president, this action of the board being 
in conformity with the terms upon which the purchase and 
merger were made. Mr. John Taylor Arms is now the 
president of the company. 

Benjamin Flomans was the first secretary, being suc- 
ceeded April 6, 1833, by William J. Goszler, Esq. Mr. < ios- 
zler served as secretary until April 1. 1841, when he in 
turn was succeeded by Henry King, Esq. Mr. King's 
health failing. Mr. James W. Deeble was elected secretary 
August 28, 1865. and at this meeting Mr. King was elected 
assistant secretary, with permission "to be absent from 
the office whenever he may think his health may be pro- 
moted by so doing." Mr. King's death occurred shortly 
after. Mr. Deeble served as secretary until his death in 
August. 1887. Hi s successor was Mayhew Plater, F.s<|. 
Upon the resignation of Mr. Plater in May, iSoj. Mr. 
Joseph II. Bradley was chosen. Mr. Bradley served until 
the Potomac-Lincoln merger, when he was succeeded b\ 
Mr. Elkanab X. Waters. Mr. Waters resigned as secre- 
tary December, [901, his successor being Mr. Jefferson 
Pearce, the present secretary. 

Mr. W. W. Corcoran was one of the most indefatigable 
workers for the early success of the company. \ ver\ 
ardent co-worker was Lewis Johnson. Esq., the founder of 
the hanking firm of Lewis Johnson & Company. Raphael 
Semmes, one of the incorporators, was the father of Ad- 
miral Semmes. of civil war fame. Robert Read, one of the 
first directors, was for many years president of the Farmers 
and Mechanics Rank of Georgetown. 

It is interesting to note that much of the original stock 

of the Company is still held by the descendants of the 

original incorporators, notably by the families of Messrs. 

John Kurt/.. Robert Re. id and John Marhury. We find 

that on Jul) 26. [831, the amount of insurance carried was 

but on Jul) 30. [832, it had been increased to 

quite a respectable showing for a company but 

fifteen months old. The first dividend appears to have been 

declared Jul) 3. 1S32, a little over one year after the orga'n 

i/.ation of the company. This dividend was ,> per cent. — 

lit. to surplus and 6 per cent, to stock holders. In 



THE CITY OF WASHINGTON. 



January, 1833. a 14 per cent, dividend — g per cent, to 
surplus account and 5 per cent, to stockholders — was de- 
clared. In July, 1833, 12 per cent, dividend was declared 
— 5 per cent, to stockholders and 7 per cent, to surplus 
account, thus showing that the tendency of the directors 
to declare large dividends was quite pronounced in the 
early history of the company. At the first annual election, 
August 1, 1831. the directors chosen were: ( ). M. Linthi- 
cum, Clement Smith, William L. Nicholls, Charles A. 
Burnett, William Hayman, Raphael Semmes, Joel Crut- 
tenden, W. W. Corcoran, Robert Read, John Marbury, 
Lewis Johnson and John Kurtz. In the minutes of April 
19, 183 1, we find that the "board met for the first time, at 
their new office on Bridge street, adjoining the Farmers 
and Mechanics Bank," and ordered stated meetings " for 
every Tuesday, at candle light." 

The charter of the company has been amended several 
times. On November 19, 1833, a special meeting was called, 
and it was ordered that application be made to Congress 
for an amendment to the charter to allow the insurance 
of lives and marine risks. In March, 1837, it was amended, 
and the name changed to the " Potomac Insurance Company 
of Georgetown," the original corporate name having been 
the " Potomac Fire Insurance Company of Georgetown." 
In this act it provided that " In addition to the powers, 
privileges and immunities granted to the said company, 
in and by their original act of incorporation, the said com- 
pany shall have full power and authority to make insurance 
on vessels, merchandise, freights, and all other interest 
in or touching property at sea, or going to sea, and on 
all kinds of marine risks, whatsoever; to make insurance 
on lives, to grant annuities, to receive endowments, to 
contract for revisionary payments :: " ft was 

further amended, January 2J, 1851. By this amendment 
the double liability clause was inserted, and the life of the 
company extended "to the first day of March, in the yeai 
1870, and until the end of the next session of Congress 
which shall happen thereafter." A further amendment was 
granted on March 25, 1870, permitting " the removal of the 
office to Washington." and making the charter perpetual. 
In 1900 a further amendment was granted authorizing the 
increase of the capital stock to $1,000,000, and the enlarging 
of the board of directors. 

Since the company was organized one hundred and 
thirty-eight dividends have been paid. The amount paid 
in on the capital stock, $5.00 per share, was not increased 
until about the year 1850, when the remainder of the §J^.- 
500 was paid up. Upon the purchase of and merger with 
the Lincoln Insurance Company, in 1899, the capital stock 
was increased to the sum of $200,000, as provided in the 
original charter, and from the proceeds of the sale of 
$100,000 of this stock the purchase of the Lincoln was ac- 
complished. The remainder, $24,500. was distributed to 
the stockholders of record at that time as an extra divi- 
dend. The company appears to have had its ups and 
downs, quite prosperous at first, and suffering severe losses 
shortly after. Upon the election of .Mr. James W, Heebie 

26 



as secretary the assets were in round figures $80,000. At 
this time the assets of the company, per statement of De- 
cember 31, 1902, are $575,000. The company is now fully 
equipped for and doing an extensive agency business (the 
premium receipts for the past year, 1902. having exceeded 
the amount of the capital stock), with every prospect of a 
bright future. The merger with the Lincoln Company 
was made because the then president realized that to main- 
tain the company as a purely local organization with its 
principal office in that section of the City of Washington, 
formerly known as " Georgetown," meant but the gradual 
decline of the company, and its final extinction. By reason 
of the merger new life was infused into it and modern 
methods were adopted, and the result thus far would indicate 
the absolute wisdom of the course pursued. 

In the applications for insurance in the earlier days, 
which were always made to the board of directors, many- 
interesting ones were found. Among others were those of 
Mr. Corcoran ( then beginning the foundation of his for- 
tune, afterwards tised in such a noble and philanthropic 
way) for " $700 insurance on his household furniture and 
books in Mr. Bronough's boarding house," and George 
Washington Park Custis for insurance on his home known 
as " Arlington." 

The present vice-president of the company has been 
continuously associated with it since October to, 1876, hav- 
ing entered its employ as a boy. and resigned as its presi- 
dent on the twenty-fourth anniversary of his original em- 
ployment, October 10, 1899, t0 accept the position of vice- 
president in accordance with the conditions of the Potomac- 
Lincoln merger. Its present president. Mr. John Taylor 
Arms, formerly president of the Lincoln Company, has been 
long and favorably known in this community as a successful 
and prosperous business man. and the management of the 
company in his hands thus far has been such as its directors 
can point to with pride, and its future is assured as long 
as be consents to continue in charge. 

We find among the early lists of directors, the name 
of Peter llagner, the father of Justice Hagner, who was 
elected a director in August, 1839. but served only a short 
time. Judge Walter S. Cox was a director from August 
5, 1863, until the merger. Dr. William 1'. Johnson was 
elected a director in 1845. and remained such until his death. 
Among the interesting things in the minute book- kept dur- 
ing the early history of the company, we find that an 
underwriters association on a small scale was in vogue, 
as a request, probably the first of its kind ever made in the 
District, was received from the firemen's Insurance Com- 
pany on February 12. 1840, "to meet and fix rates," indi- 
cating that competition at that time was disastrous. The 
first agent appears to have been Mr. Nicholas Calkin, who 
was appointed agent for Washington City at 5 per cent, 
commission, " lie to make no contracts to bind the com- 
pany." During several semi-annual periods "no losses were 
reported." In August. 1858. the removal of the company's 
offices to the Masonic Hall Building on Thirty - second 
(High) street, in Georgetown, was authorized. From there 



THE CITY OF WASHINGTON. 



it was moved to what is now known as No. [219 Thirty- 
second street, formerly the residence of Mrs. Mosher, which 
had been purchased by the company for an office building. 
Upon the merger of the Potomac Insurance Company and 
the Lincoln Fnsurance Company the principal offices wen 
removed to the Washington Loan and Trust Building, 
where they arc now situated, and Mr. Joseph II. Bradley, 
tin- former secretary of the Potomac, was placed in charge 
of an agcnc) at the old home office in < ieorgetown. 

John Taylor Arms. Prominenl in the financial world 
of Washington is John Taylor Anns, who, a New Yorker by 
birth, has made Washington his home since [872. Mr. 
Anns was 1>i >rn in Lansingburgh, New York, in 1X4(1. and 
ai the rarly age of fifteen years gained his first insight into 
as a clerk in the importing department of the 
mammoth establishment then conducted by the late A. T. 
Stewart, in New York Citv. There he remained until he 




JOHN TAYLOR 



' I he employ of s. 15. Chittenden S i 

lie same city. Not caring for that line of business, 

Mr. \n the banking business in New York 

City, but fro,,, this he retired because of failing health. 

■ ashington. I h ;< ured an appointment in 

nl under the first civil service rules. 

he resigned two years later to engage in 

-. investing largely in Washington 

Vrms was elected a member of tin 

hange, and has sin 

in 1897 was chosen its presi 

banking firm of W. B. Hibhs 

contact with the most 

uul is regarded as an 

In insur- 



ance circles he is equally prominent, and joined in the 
organization of the Lincoln Fire Insurance Company in 
1890, and became its president in 1891. and in 1899 was 
mainly instrumental in bringing about its consolidation with 
Potomac Fire Insurance Company of Georgetown, accept- 
ing the ] (residency of the consolidated company, for the 
purpose of doing business throughout the United States, 
lie also took an active interest in bringing about the con- 
solidation of the Real Estate and Columbia Title Insurance 
Company, accepting the presidency of the former for this 
purpose. Furthermore, Mr. Arms is a member of the firm 
of Arms & Drury, established in 1N74. and a director of 
the National Metropolitan Bank. 

In 1879 Mr. Arms married Miss Kate Corcoran Wat- 
kins, of Baltimore. Maryland. Two children, a daughter 
and a son. have been born to them, and with their parents 
reside at 1408 M street, northwest, the residence Mr. Arms 
built about fifteen years ago. 

The Franklin (Fire) Insurance Company of 
Washington, D. C. (Chartered by Congress April ninth, 

eighteen hundred and eighteen). — The Franklin (Fire) 
Insurance Company is the oldest organization of its kind 
in the District of Columbia. It was the first fire insurance 
company established at the national capital. The name of 
Franklin was selected in honor of Benjamin Franklin, the 
great philosopher, patriot, philanthropist, statesman and 
diplomat, in recognition of that eminent gentleman's sterling 
integrity. The Franklin Insurance Companv was incor- 
porated under a charter by Congress April 9. 1818. The 
original act of Congress provided that the act creating 
the company should continue in force for and during the 
term of twenty years. This act bears the signatures of 
I lenry Clay. Speaker of the House of Representatives, John 
Gaillard, President of the Senate, pro tempore, and lames 
Monroe, President of the United States. At the expiration 
of tin- original term of twenty years, there was a renewal 
of the act of incorporation for another period of twenty 
years, terminating in 1838. This renewal hears the signa- 
tures of three other eminent men. who filled conspicuous 
places in the history of our Government — James K. Polk. 
Speaker of the I louse of Representatives. Richard M. John- 
son. President of the Senate, and Martin Van P.uren. Presi- 
dent of the United States. Since [838 renewals have been 
made at periods of twenty years, viz:— 1858, [878, and 
1898. I'lie act creating the company provided that a sub- 
scription lie opened in the city of Washington under the 
direction of John Davidson, Satterlee Clark, Uexander 
Kerr. R, C. Weigluman. Benjamin ( i. Orr, William Brent, 
Samuel Miller and William Doughty, or a majority of 
them, for raising a capital Stock of two hundred and fifty 
thousand dollars ($250,000), in shares of twenty-five dol- 
lars ($25.00) each, and that each person, upon subscribing, 
pa) to the persons above-mentioned five dollars ($5.00) 
upon each share so subscribed for; and that the remainder 
of the said twenty-five dollars ($25.00) shall be secured 
by negotiable notes, signed and endorsed to the satisfaction 



THE CITY OF WASHINGTON. 



of the above-named gentlemen, or a majority of them. 
This, in brief, was the starting point of the Franklin Insur- 
ance Company. The original act also further provided 
that as soon as five thousand (5,000) shares had been 
subscribed for, the stockholders would proceed to the forma- 
tion of the company by the election of officers, and a board 
of directors of twelve (12) shareholders. It is a notable 
fact that the company was formed with but twenty-five 
thousand dollars ($25,000) actual cash in hand, and, while 
one hundred and twenty-five thousand dollars ($125,000) 
in stock had been subscribed, one hundred thousand dollars 
($100,000) of this amount was in negotiable notes, the 
capital stock at no time having been in excess of one hun- 
dred and twenty-five thousand dollars ($125,000), although 
Congress provided that it might, if necessary, be made 
two hundred and fifty thousand dollars ($250,000). 

When the Franklin Insurance Company was estab- 
lished, in 1818, the insurance business in the United States 
might be said to have been in its infancy. The population 
of the District of Columbia was then extremely small, not 
exceeding 20,000. The Company was founded by some 
of the leading men of that time, embracing all of the various 
lines of industry as well as the professions. The original 
subscription list, which is in a fine state of preservation, 
is among the archives of the company, and shows the names 
of many who were foremost in the early days of the na- 
tional capital, whose descendants have been, and many of 
whom now are, prominent in advancing its interests and 
beauty. The historic name of Van Ness is in this original 
list. Also the Bradleys, Holmeads, Lenoxes, Brents, Coyles, 
Yarnums, Cutts, Taylors, Belts, Kerrs, Randolphs, Gardi- 
ners, Knoblocks, McCormicks, Greshams, Ingles, Glovers. 
Orrs, Fendalls. Shoemakers. Dawsons, Davidsons, Archers, 
Mays, Stengers, Gales, Seatons, Callans. Hobans, Pairos. 
Lees, Davis, McClerys, Grahams, Xourses, Briscoes, Wat- 
ers, Brookes, Appiers, Tuckers, Gassoways, Winns, Ma- 
graths, Walkers, Hewitts, Whetcrofts, Danas, Gouldings, 
Grammers, Laws, and hosts of others who contributed much 
in the early days toward making Washington the progres- 
sive capital of the young republic. The historic name of 
Carroll figured in the formation of the Franklin Insurance 
Company, as it did in the promulgation of the Declaration 
of Independence, of July 4, 1776. To that document ap- 
peared the name of " Charles Carroll of Carrollton." In 
the original subscription of the Franklin Insurance Com- 
pany is the name of " Daniel Carroll of Duddington," so 
written by the subscriber. Peter Lenox and Matthew 
Wright were the two largest subscribers to the stock of 
the Franklin Company, each taking two hundred shares. 
There were numerous subscriptions for one hundred shares, 
the lowest being for five shares. The notes executed were 
all properly endorsed, one subscriber endorsing for another. 
When the company was established, capital was not as 
plentiful as it is to-day. The formation of a company with 
twenty-five thousand dollars ($25,000) cash, was then re- 
garded as a financial enterprise of considerable magnitude. 
To-day the amount named in millions is an every day affair. 
The names of many men distinguished in the history of 
the country figure, also, in the Franklin Insurance Com- 
pany. In 1821, John Ouincy Adams, then Secretary oi 




^.mIhK'* !""«'■ itll" 



FRANKLIN IFIRE) INSURANCE COMPANY. 

State, bought stock in this company, and continued pur- 
chasing while he was President of the United Stales. His 
son, Charles Francis Adams, the elder, also became a stock 
holder, and. at one period, the two owned about one-third 
of the entire capital stock. It was sold by their heirs, in 
1888-89, at nnle times the original cost. John Ouincy 
Adams took great interest in the affairs of the company, 
serving several years as a most active director, and was 
ever mindful of its welfare and advancement. Another 
notable fact in connection ' with the Franklin Insurance 
Company is that it began paying dividends within the 
second year of its existence, they ranging from four and 
a-half per cent, to twenty-five per cent, semi-annually until 
1890, when a change in the system was brought about. < >n 
November to. 1890, the board of directors, by unanimous 
vote, declared a dividend of twenty dollars ($20.00) per 



THE CITY OF WASHINGTON. 



204 

share to be paid to each stockholder, the company surren- 
dering to the stockholders, or their heirs, the original notes 
for twenty dollars ($20.00) per share executed in [818, 
then held by the company, and ordered one hundred thou- 
sand dollars ($100,000) of the surplus camel by the com- 
be passed to the capital, thus making the cash 
capital one hundred and twenty-five thousand dollars ($125.- 
000), Iron, [871 to [891 a semi-annual dividend of twenty 
cent, was paid on all the original cash capital 
of twenty-five thousand dollars ($25,000). Since (891 
a fi V e per cent. (5^ 1 semi-annual dividend has been paid, 
.■Hid is now being paid on the present cash capital of ont 
hundred and twenty-five thousand dollars ($125,000). 
Quite a large portion of the stock of the company is still 
in the hands of the heirs of the original corporators. Out 
of the original one hundred and ten subscribers, only six 
were living in November, [864, and it is believed thai all 
died before 1872. 

Following is a list of the officers from the organization 
to the presenl time: President — 1 818, John Davidson; 
1825, Peter Lenox; [833, G. C. Grammer; 1X57. John P. 
Ingle; 1863, William A. Bradley; [869, .Matthew G. Emery: 
1870, Henrj Bradley; [876, Dr. Daniel B. Clarke. Sec- 
1818, Charles Clover: [825, A. Bradley, Jr.; 
1 *_<*.' Joseph II. Bradley; 1836, Abram Bradley: 1838, 
fames lioban; [841, William Stettinius; 1X44. Charles 
Bradley; 1881, I. Fenwick Young; [892, Will P. Boteler; 
itjoi, Dr. W. P. Young. The present officers are: Presi- 
dent, Dr. Daniel B.Clarke; vice-president, James L. Norris; 
treasurer, Charles S. Bradley; secretary, Dr. W. P. Young. 
\\ I aylor Birch, Ralph L. Gait, Benjamin W. 
Guy, S. II. Kauffmann, Alexander Porter Morse, James !•'. 
leorge Ryneal, Jr., Thomas E. Waggaman, George 
Wright. 

\t the close of business December 31, [901, the books 
of the compail) showed: Assets — Cash on hand and in 
bank, $5,755.70; real estate owned by the company. $72,- 
038.20; mortgages (first lien on real estate), $160,150; 
m'd bonds 1 market value 1. $56,207.89; hills receiv- 
able, $200; premiums in cms, of collection. $1,333.68; 
ntcrest, $3,062.39 ; total, $298,747.86. Liabilities- 
Cash capital, $125,000; unearned premium reserve, S 1 4.- 
017.93; reinsurance premiums, $152.24: unpaid dividends. 
net surplus. S 1 59,5 1 5. 1 <t : total. SjoS.747.St.. 
i,. said to tin credit of the Franklin Insurance 
t ompany. and it is doubtful it' a like statement can he truth- 
lull) made b\ an) other similar organization, that, during 
the eighty- four years of its existence it has never been sued. 
It has met all obligations promptly, and has never con 
tested a claim to the extent of going into court for settle 
incnt. This, indeed, is a most remarkable record, ami one 
thai speaks volumes for the integrity and splendid methods 
oinpany. Hie original offices of ihe company were 
located in what was then known as Davis's Tavern, on the 
north side of Pennsylvania avenue between Sixth and 
. northwest. They were subsequent!) re 
mi in 1 iadsby's I lotel, on Sixth street, a short 
distance north of the Wenuc, ami thence to the south side 
of Pennsylvania avenue, at some point between 
a Half ami Sixth streets, the exact location of which is 
now unknown. loiter the were located in the building 
nl 111' the National Bank of 



the Republic, at the southwest corner of Seventh and D 
streets, northwest, where they remained many years. In 
1895 the company purchased the handsome brick building 
at 419 Tenth street, northwest, which has since been their 
headquarters. 




IIGGS FIRE INSURANCE COMP/ 



THE CITY OF WASHINGTON. 



205 



Riggs Fire Insurance Company. — Occupying com- 
modious quarters on the first floor of its own beautiful 
building at 708 Fourteenth street, N. W., adjoining the 
American Security and Trust Company's building, the Riggs 
Fire Insurance Company, although years younger than 
many of its competitors, is reckoned among Washington's 
soundest and most flourishing insurance institutions. Or- 
ganized under the laws of the District of Columbia, May 
31, 1883, this corporation, named for George \V. Riggs, 
one of the District's soundest financiers, opened its doors 
for business on June .1, the same year, with quarters at 
1331 F street, with the late M. W. Beveridge as president, 
and the late Francis P>. Moline", secretary. Its capital was 
$100,000, divided into 20,000 shares, with a par value of 
$5 each. The success of the new company was assured from 
the start, paying a dividend of 6 per cent, four years after 
it started, which has since been increased to 8 per cent. 
The original trustees of the company were M. W. Bever- 
idge, Thomas Hyde, N. W. Biirchell, John Jay Knox, 
William FI. Morrison. T. M. Hanson, F. S. Hutchinson, 
John Sherman and William S. Thompson. At the death of 
Air. Beveridge, W. S. Thompson, the well-known druggist, 
succeeded to the presidency, and under his capable manage- 
ment the company continued to thrive and expand until 
now it has an accumulated surplus of $75,000. 

At the death of Mr. Thompson in 1900, Mr. Thomas 
Hyde, the first treasurer of the company, was made its pres- 
ident, which office he still holds. The present secretary, 
Mr. Harry C. Birge, was appointed at the death of Mr. 
Moline, in 1893. The present officers of the Riggs 
Fire Insurance Company are : Thomas Hyde, president ; 
Ward Thoron, vice-president, and Harry C. Birge, sec- 
retary. Following are the present trustees : Thomas 
Hyde, T. F. Schneider, William H. Saunders, Charles W. 
Handy, Albion K. Parris, John L. Weaver, William Cor- 
coran Hill. Robert Portner, John C. Davidson, Herman E. 
Gasch, Henry W. Reed, L. O. DeLashmutt, Ward Thoron, 
John L. Xewbold. 

Washington Title Insurance Company, organized 
on March 23, 1889, has taken a foremost place in the ranks 
of title insurance institutions of this city. Founded the latter 
part of the year 1889, it opened its doors for business on 
December 1, the same year, with temporary offices in the 
Guntori Building, at 472 Louisiana avenue. Its success was 
instantaneous, which was assured by the integrity displayed 
in the selection of its general officers and trustees. 

The first officers and trustees of the company were: 
Wiiliam R. Woodward, president; William Redin Wood- 
ward, vice-president ; William Burris, secretary, and Thomas 
Dowling, George T. Dunlop. Matthew G. Emery, Horace 
J. Gray, Frederick W. Pratt, Thomas W. Smith, and (iil- 
bert B. Towles, trustees. On February 1, 1893, the com- 
pany moved its offices to Xo. 464 Louisiana avenue, which 
offices it occupied until May 1. 1895, when it purchased 
and moved into its present building, Xo. 507 E street. 
X. W. Mr. William R. Woodward was president of the 
company until March. 1895, when he resigned the office 



to retire from active business. He was succeeded by Wil- 
liam Redin Woodward, his son, who held the office until 
his death in June, i8c;8. Mr. Ashley M. Gould was then 
elected president, which office he held until February, 1899, 
when he was appointed Assistant United States Attorney 
for the District of Columbia. Mr. Thomas P. Woodward, 
the present president of the company, succeeded him. The 
officers and trustees for T902 are: Thomas P. Woodward, 
president; Ashley M. Gould, vice-president; George R. 
Linkins, secretary and treasurer; Edward W. Donn, George 
T. Dunlop, Jesse L. Heiskell, William V. Cox. John E. Her- 
rell, J. II. Liehliter, George W. Linkins, A. J. Schafhirt. 
Charles S. Shreve, Samuel II. Walker, William F. Warren 
and William R. Woodward, trustees. 

Thomas Pursell Woodward, son of Mark R. and 
Martha J. (Pursell) Woodward, was born in Washington, 
D. C, on August 5, 1865. He was educated in the public 
schools of the District of Columbia. His first insight into 




THOMAS PURSELL WOODWARD 



the business world was gained as ai 
in the Government Printing Office, 1 
positor, where he remained until ill 
when he entered the office of William 
Woodward and began the study oi 
from the law school of Georgetowi 
admitted to the bar on February 
Washington Title Insurance Compai 
Woodward was appointed its exami 
he remained until 1S93, when he 1 
general law practice. ( >n July 7, 
vice-president of the above compai 
1S00, succeeded lion. Ashley M. I 
Mr, Woodward has ever been an a 
because of his family's continued re 



ipprentice at a case, 
jr becoming a corn- 
latter pari of t886, 
. and William Redin 
,iw . He graduated 
University and was 
. [890. When the 
was organized, Mr. 
-, in which capacity 
igned to engage in 
198, he was elected 
and on .March 2^, 
lid as iis president. 
cm Republican, but 
ence in the District 



THE CITY OF WASHINGTON. 



of « blumbia, for four generations, has never taken an active 
part in politics. 

< In November 20.1895, Mr. Woodward married Miss 
Annie Virginia Applcman, daughter of Mr. and Mrs. John 
!'. Applcman of Washington. Mr. and Mrs. Woodward 
haw no children. 

Columbia Title Insurance Company. When title 

insurance was firsl introduced into the District of Columbia 

nick to realize what a boon 

this 1 vation would become to them in allaying all risks, 

whereby an) Haw could occur in tin- title of their holdings. 
Springing into immediate favor this form of insurance lias 
now reached sucb proportions thai few, if any. transfers 



Arms, Judson T. Cull, William E. Edmondston, George E. 
Emmons, William A. Gordon, Benjamin F. Leighton, James 
II. Saville, E. J. Stellwagen and H. EC. Willard. The first 
officers were William E. Edmondston, president: William 
A. Gordon, vice-president; Henry EC. Willard, treasurer, 
and John D. Coughlan, secretary. The personnel of the 
officers remained unchanged until July, 1902. when Air. 
Gordon retired from the vice-presidency, to be succeeded 
by -Mr. Coughlan, while Walter E. Hilton was made secre- 
tary, to be succeeded shortly after by the present incumbent. 
George G. McElwee. Last July the Columbia Title Insur- 
ance Company entered into a joint arrangement with the 
Real Estate Title Insurance Compan) for a term of five 
years which gives it a combined capital of $350,000, the 




TITLE INSURANCE COMPANT 



arc recorded withoui the aid of a title insurance 

company. Foremost in the ranks of this industrj is the 

Columbia Title Insurance Company, whose home is at 

Ihc northwesl corner of l-'iflh and K streets, where a large 

and well-trained corps ,,1" clerks are employed to care for 

iug business. The policy of insurance title 

elsewhere has been to examine, cer- 

iml insure the titles to realty, and whereas 

ed on much the 

same line-, yel in one respect H differs from its competitors, 

in 1h.1t ii ncitln title where the 

lumbia ritlc Insuran 

lu.nhia in Feb- 
fohn T. 



original capitalization of the Columbia being Si 50.000, all 
paid in. Some idea of the magnitude of the corporation's 
business ma) be gleaned when the books show a record 
ol 60,000 cases. 

I lie Columbia Title Insurance Compart) was first in- 
stalled in the old Columbia Law Building on Fifth street. 
between 1) and E streets, shortl) afterwards purchasing 
the site and building its present imposing home ai a cost 
of $40,000. The trustees of the Columbia Title Insurance 
Company are Henry K. Willard. B. 11. Warner. William 
V Gordon, William E. Edmondston, John S. Swormstedt, 
.Mien C. (lark. Bernard II. Johnston, John D. Coughlan, 
James M. Johnston, Walter R. Wilcox, M. M. Parker. Ben- 
jamin F. Leighton, Frank T. Rawlings and John Cammack. 



CHAPTER XIX. 






REAL ESTATE INTERESTS. 







nection 
Americc 



[LLIAM II. SAUNDERS, born in 1S56, is 
a member of a very ancient family, one of 
his early paternal ancestors having been 
Sir Harlowen Saunders, an Austrian by 
birth, who derived his pedigree from Rob- 
ert, Lord of Insbruck, brother of Rodolph, 
Count of Hapsburgh, afterward Emperor 
of Germany. Harlowen Saunders emi- 
grated to England about the year 1270, 
and authentic English annals bring the fam- 
ily by direct descent from him to its con- 
ith the American branch. Mr. Saunders' first 
ancestry lived in North Carolina, from which 
State his paternal ancestor, of the fourth generation, James 
Saunders, a planter and slaveholder, moved to Loudoun 
County, Virginia, where his branch of the family have 
lived for nearly two hundred years. His great-grand- 
father, Henry Saunders, was a soldier in the war of the 
revolution, and his grandfather, Everett Saunders, was 
one of ten sons, nearly all of whom, with him, were 
soldiers (several of them officers) in the war of 1812. 
His father, Henry Saunders, is a retired planter in his 
native county. His paternal grandmother was descended 
from the Battenbergs, of Hessen, Germany, and a Hugue- 
not ancestor named Bashaw. His mother, nee Sarah Fran- 
ces Hawling, is the daughter of a prominent family of 
English extraction. 

His principal education was derived from ten years 
study under an uncle, Valentine C. Saunders, an accom- 
plished educator, a special course in law under Prof. John 
B. Minor, at the University of Virginia, and instruction 
in vocal culture and expression under several rhetorical 
masters, including Dr. Robert Irving Fulton and Profs. 
Thomas C. Trueblood and S. S. Hamill. He taught school 
in Virginia for two years, and after a short term of travel 
in the United States, he was elected special lecturer in 
elocution and literature at Washington and Lee University, 
Virginia, which position he held for five years, until he 
resigned in 1887 to enter the real estate business in Wash- 
ington, D. C. His rise in business, and the confidence of 
the community in which he lives has been rapid, and much 
of the progress of the sections in which he has been active 
has been due to his enterprise. His work in his special line 
of business has absorbed much of his attention, but he is 



public spirited, is a prominent member of several public 
organizations for the advancement of the city's interests, 
a member of a number of societies, among which are The 
American Association for the Advancement of Science. 
The National Geographic Society, and The Columbia His- 
torical Society; he is a member of The Washington Board 
of Trade, one of the Governors of the Washington Real 
Estate Exchange, one of the organizers and first vice- 
president of the American National Bank, a director in 
the Riggs Fire Insurance Company, and several business 




SAUNDERS 



d fin 



institutions, and trustee lor a number oi est; 
cial organizations. 

In 1884 Air. Saunders married Golda Calhoun, daugh- 
ter of the late Henry DeButts Morris, of \ irginia, a planter 
and civil engineer, whose construction of railroads in Mex- 
ico, Cuba. Central and South America, save him an inter- 
national reputation. Edna Bach and Marie Frances are 
the two children by this union. Mr. Saunders is a Demo- 
: crat by training and affiliation, but has never been active 
; in politics, and is not a member of any secret organization. 
(207) 



James B. Wimer. Tl 

vhidi Washington 1 
i quarter of a century, and 
v " without streets " one of 



THE CITY OF WASHINGTON. 
wonderful development ; 



experienced during the 
lich has made out of a 




JAMES B. WIMER 

tlit world, is to a ven large degree dt 
.iml enterj)rise of its real estate broker 
op|x>rtunily to pass which might contrib 
tifying and enlargement ol the nation's 
.-. miplish this end, it was necessary th; 
hought, sold and exchanged real estate i 
i ulumbia should not onl\ liave ample iiv 
posal, but ii required men of foresight, 
attention to business. Mr. James 
of the few in Washington who has been 
business for alxnil I went) years and has < 
lime and besl efforts to the interests of 
who b\ doing this with exceptional fideli 
who have added to 



ins al their tlis- 

onservatism and 

i. Wimer is one 

n the real estate 

.•v.. u-d his entire 

his clients, and 

y and conscrva- 

thc valuation oi 

Washington's real estate. His commodious and well-equip- 

oi (J street, northwest, where he con- 

tate brokerage business, and combines 

with it, loans and insurance. Mr. 

Iphia, I'a.. on March 6, 1845. 

Wimei el) identified \ 

ism of Washington, be being the 1 

n small sheet, The American Telegraph, 
15, 1851, which turned out i" be the founda- 
Star. 
Mr. \\ imer 1 ducaliou at ' i< 

al the old ( 'olumbian College. 
C in which he 
In 1883 he left 



Wimer wa 
His father • 
ilh the carl 
ditor and one o 
American Teleg 



Til 111 

James 
airnal- 



business, and shortly after dial time took particular interest 
in that portion of Washington which is now called Wash- 
ington Heights. IK- exercised every effort in the accom- 
plishment of the extension of Connecticut avenue ovei 
Washington Heights, ensuring for that part of the city by 
his untiring energy and perseverance the beautiful section 
which it is to-day. Mr. Wimer is at this time, and has 
been since its reorganization, a director of National Metro- 
politan Hank, a director of the District Tit'e Insurance 
Company, and is a director of the National Union Fire 
Insurance Company. He is a member of the Board of 
Trade, the Real Estate Exchange, and a numbei of other 
organizations. Although taking an active part in every- 
thing that pertains to the welfare of the city and its inhab- 
itants. Mr. Wimer has never solicited public honors. Hi- 
entire time is devoted to his business and interests of his 
numerous clients. Mr. Wimer lives on Wyoming ave- 
nue, in a handsome residence, in the original Washington 
Heights sub-division, lie is one of the founders and con- 
tinuous workers in St. Margaret's Episcopal Church on 
Connecticut Avenue Heights, being the senior warden 
therein, from its beginning to the present time, and has 

exhibited a spirited interest in all that pertains to the g 1 

of our people and city. 



James E. Fitch, of 

real estate brokers, and 
this city in April, 1864. ji 
1 le joined a firm compost 



he firm of Fiuii. Fox ec Brown, 

Hell & Co.. hankers, came to 

si before the close of the war. 

1 of his father. William Fitch, 




tin 



JAMES E. FITCH 

Lemon 1.. Iline (afterwards a Commissioner of the I >is 

trict), and John Fox, of Cniontown, who were engaged 

neral claim business and were especialh interested 

in claim- for damages by the troops. Congress taking 



THE CITY OF WASHINGTON. 



adverse action on these claims, the firm was soon after dis- 
solved, and Mr. Fitch continued the claim business alone, 
adding to it that of a real estate broker, there being then 
but two or three firms in the latter business. In Novem- 
ber, 1865, he associated with him Mr. Robert C. Fox, now 
deceased, their real estate business soon developing into 
one of large proportions. In 1872 Mr. Edwin C. Cutter 
purchased an interest in the business of the firm, and the 
name became Fitch, Fox & Cutter, and so continued until 
March, 1879, when Mr. Cutter sold his interest to Mr. 
George W. Brown, and the firm name became as at present, 
Fitch, Fox & Brown. In addition to the real estate business, 
the firm, in connection with Mr. Charles J. Bell (now presi- 
dent of the American Security and Trust Co.), established 
the banking house of Bell & Co., which continues to do 
business under that name. Mr. Fitch is a trustee as well 
as secretary and treasurer of the Mutual Protection Fire 
Insurance Co., of the District, which was organized and 
a special charter obtained from Congress in 1876, through 
his efforts. He is also a director in the American Security 
and Trust Company ; a trustee, and the treasurer of the 
Church of the Covenant ; a member of the board of trustees 
of the Reform School of the District, and also connected 
with several charitable organizations. 

William Corcoran Hill.— One of the leading real 
estate men of Washington comes of a wealthy and influ- 
ential family, but what is most unusual in such cases, he 
has made his own name and position. He was born in 
Baltimore in the year 1847, where his parents had gone 
from Washington to reside, his father, a noted Baptist 
clergyman, the Rev. Steven P. Hill, D.D., having been 
called to a church in that city, originally coming from the 
North, his birthplace being Salem, Mass., where he lived 
most of his life. After coming to Washington he met 
and married Miss Ellen Corcoran, sister of the great phi- 
lanthropist of this city. The Rev. Dr. Hill was pastor 
of the First Baptist Church of Washington for a number 
of years. William Wilson Corcoran, Mr. Hill's uncle, all 
Washington must share with pride, for there are few such 
men in a generation. His reputation was national, and 
seldom achieved by any private citizen. The accumulation 
by him of wealth was not for greed, but as a sacred trust 
for the benefit of knowledge, truth, charity and art. What 
he has done for Washington is too well known to repeat 
here and his private and smaller charities are too numer- 
ous to be counted. It was Mr. Corcoran who made the 
first sale of American securities in Europe. After the 
year 1837, and on his return to New York, he was greeted 
by everyone with marked expression of approval of his 
success, it being a great relief to the money market, the 
securing of exchange in favor of the United States. Mr. 
Hill's grandfather, Thomas Corcoran, was one of the lead- 
ing citizens of Georgetown ; was a native of Ireland, and 
came to this country when he was 27 years old ; landed 
in Baltimore in the year 1783, and began life in America 
as a clerk, with his uncle, William Wilson, the great East 

27 



India merchant, and in 1788 he came to Georgetown and 
there took up his residence, that being the principal place 
before Washington came to be of importance. He was 
mayor of Georgetown for a number of years. 

William Corcoran Hill was educated at Burlington 
College, and leaving there at the age of eighteen years, 
his uncle, W. W. Corcoran, secured him a position in 
the banking house of Riggs & Co., in which institution he 
served for some years. In 1877 he married Miss Sallie 
Phenix, daughter of the late Thomas Phenix and Rebecca 
Smith, who is the daughter of the late John A. Smith, 
who was clerk of the District courts for forty years. When 
the real estate boom came on in Washington, Mr. Hill de- 
cided then to start in that business, in which he has won 
a reputation through honesty and good judgment, and now 
the business house of William Corcoran Hill ranks as one 
of the foremost of real estate firms. He was named after 
his uncle, W. W. Corcoran, and in many respects resembles 




ILLIAM CORCORAN HILL 



him, having the strict business qualifications, integrity, 
force of will, and generous impulse to help his fellow man. 
Mr. Hill was one of the trustees of the large Corcoran 
estate ; he is also one of the trustees of the Riggs Fire 
Insurance Company; one of the trustees of the Louise 
Home ; one of the trustees of a fund for the poor of 
Georgetown, and holds numbers of other small funds of 
trust of various kinds. He is one of the governors of 
the Real Estate Exchange, and is much interested in a 
Workingman's Club of St. John's Church, and has done 
good work in that line. 

Mr. Hill is a devoted lover of music, and possesses 
a fine voice, that might have brought him a handsome 
income upon the stage, but preferring the practical busi- 
ness life, he has pursued it with greater success than usually 
comes to most men. He is a man of striking personal 
appearance; he is athletic and fond of all outdoor sports f 



THE CITY OF WASHINGTON. 



a man of superb physical health, domestic in all his tastes, 
rind can be found most any evening in his own home enjoy- 
of the valuable hooks he has accumulated — for 
he is a great reader — or enjoying music with his friends. 
nassuming in manners, and makes everyone feel 
at home in his most hospitable of homes; he is clean 
and honest in ail the transactions of life; his friend- are 
numerous and enemies none; he enjoys the confidence 
of all classes of people, and numbers among his friends 
from the workingman to the most distinguished men of 
Washington, lie is very progressive, and believes in a 
great future for Washington, he being one of the men who 
have helped to make it what it is. lie is still a young man, 
and we predict for him even greater success. 

Hon. Myron Melvin Parker, for thirty-five years, has 

been identified with the post-bellum progress of Wash- 
ington. lb' is one of the most prominent citizens of the 




H 





GLOVER BUILDING. 



net. 



.TLANTIC BUILDING. 



belongs to the exclusive coterie, which - - 
entirely independent of politics and the changing com- 
plexions of national administrations — devotes unselfish ser- 
vices to the betterment of municipal conditions in the nation's 
capital. When the civil war broke out. Myron M. Parker 
was a student at Fori Edward Institute. New York. In 
November, 1862, when a mere boy. he enlisted in Co. M. 
First Vermont Cavalry, taking part in many of the engage- 
ments up to :1k- close of the war. two horses having been 
shol under him. For four years he was aide-de-camp, with 
the rank of colonel, on the staff of the ( lovernor of Vermont. 
Upon the restoration of peace Mr. Parker was appointed 
a clerk in the War Department. lie was advanced to 
several positions of greater trusl and responsibility, and 
during this period of his career, his leisure was 
bj ''" stud} of law. In [876, he was graduated from die 
law department of the Columbia University, bavin-" been 
awarded one of the graduation prizes. Mr. Parker's interest 
in his alma mater has remained unabated. The annual 
graduate class is the tribute he pays 



THE CITY OF WASHINGTON. 



yearly to the institution, and is named after the 
donor. In 1S76 he married Miss Nellie Griswold, 
a niece of the late General Spinner, who for many 
years was Treasurer of the United States. Mr. 
Parker was the first president of the Board of Trade, 
to which office he was three times elected. It was 
during this time that the Board of Trade originated 
and prepared the bill for the extension of streets 
and avenues, and through which many of our im- 
portant streets and avenues have been extended. 
Under Mr. Parker's direction the Board of Trade 
took up the question of sewer extension. It was 
also largely through its efforts that liberal appro- 
priations were made for street and other municipal 
improvements. 

Up to this time very few conventions or organ- 
izations had met in Washington. Mr. Parker be- 
lieved that the gathering together in the national 
capital of the people from all sections of the coun- 
try would be of great benefit to the capital city. 
To this end he appointed a committee to promote 
and encourage conventions and all organized bodies 
to meet in Washington. The efforts of this com- 
mittee met with signal succes, the first distinguished 
gathering being a meeting here of the governors of 
nearly all the States, and other prominent and dis- 
tinguished people, to consider the proposition of a 
World's Fair. This convention concluded with a 
notable banquet, and out of this meeting sprung the 
World's Fair, held in 1893, in Chicago. This con- 
vention was soon followed by the wagonmakers of the 
United States, the inventors, and other large and 
influential organizations, all of which were received 
and entertained by the Board of Trade. Mr. Par- 
ker was chairman of the triennial committee to 
entertain the Grand Encampment, Knights Templar 
of the United States, and was chief marshal of the 
parade on that occasion. He was vice-chairman of 
the Harrison inauguration committee in 1889, com- 
manding the fifth division of the inaugural parade. 
For two years he was grand master of Masons for the Dis- 
trict of Columbia, officiating as such, at the dedication of the 
Washington Monument. For several years Mr. Parker 
was actively engaged in the real estate business, in which 
he was very successful. In 1894, he went out of the real 
estate business, giving his entire time to corporations. In 
1893 Mr. Parker was appointed by President Harrison 
one of the Commissioners of the District. This appoint- 
ment was given Mr. Parker without solicitation or recom- 
mendation, and was accepted with some reluctance, owing 
to extensive business connections. Having been actively 
identified with the development and growth of what is 
known as " New Washington," Mr. Parker accepted the 
office, and during his incumbency thereof gave his best 
thought and energy to the betterment of municipal affairs. 
At the centennial celebration of the laying of the corner 
stone of the United States Capitol, at which President 
Cleveland presided, Mr. Parker delivered the address on the 








Ei-Jl 
HI 



UNION BUILDING. 

part of the Commissioners for the District of Columbia. 
Mr. Parker's club life is confined mostly to that which 
gives him out-door exercise, health and pleasure, being a 
member of the Woodmont Rod and Gun Club of Maryland ; 
the Blue Mountain Hunting Club (Corbiu Park) of New 
Hampshire ; the Tobique Salmon Club of New Brunswick, 
and the Chevy Chase Club. He is also a member of the 
New York Club, the Reform Club, the Century Club, and 
the Megunticook Golf Club of Camden, Maine. Mr. Parker 
is now president of the following named corporations: 
The Alaska Banking and Safe Deposit Company, Nome, 
Alaska: the Grant Manufacturing Company; the Union 
Building Company; the Glover Building Company, and 
the Washington Fertilizer Company. All of these corpora- 
tions are local, except the bank. In addition to these, he 
is first vice-president of the Colonial Fire Insurance Com- 
pany, and a director in the National Metropolitan Bank, 
American Security and Trust Company, Columbia Fire In- 



THE CITY OF WASHINGTON. 



surance Company, and the Columbia Title Company : also 
a director in the Cincinnati Reduction Company, the Greene 
Consolidated Copper Company, the Mitchell Copper Com- 
pan y j an( ] i „,M and Silver Company of Mexico. 




member of the Washington Stock Exchange, also a 
trustee of the Columbian University, Providence Hospital, 
Columbia Hospital for Women, the Washington Hospital 
for Foundlings, and the Washington Training School for 
Nurses; also secretary of the Washington Memorial Asso- 
ciation, and is a member of the Sons of the American Revo- 
lution, lie was appointed by the late Senator Sherman 
• me of his executors without bond, and is now a member 
of the National Republican Committee. 

Francis H. Smith, president of the Union Savings 
Bank, presidenl of the F. II. Smith (real estate) Company, 
president of the \Y. II. West Company, ami a prominent 
officer in many other large corporal,- and business enter- 
leader in church ami charily work in the District, 
ami a famous stenographer of the old times, half a century 
ire the art was generally known, is one of the most 
interesting personalities, as well as one of the most im- 
portant men. in the capital city. 

ii on March i i, 1829, at \\ ashington, 

Litchfield COlllH It. Hi- father'.- name was 

Samuel Mansfield Smith, and his mother'- maiden name 

I Wheeler. Mr. Smith was educated in the public 

"couple of winter.- at the academy," after 

the mam sons in New England at that time. 

al his home, and has always 

il, so that he 

■nan. 1 le studied phonography at 

the Win • r the principal of the .-.-ho,,]. 

Mr- Hem II, one of the first proficient 

raphers in the 1 to aftet he ca 



from New England, teaching school in the family of a 
Virginia planter, occasionally teaching classes in phono- 
graphy, as it was then called almost entirely. 

In 1850 Mr. Smith came to Washington and was 
engaged by his old instructor, Mr. Rockwell, then on the 
reporting force of the Senate, to aid him in his work. 
Mr. Smith recalls that during the first day's work he wit- 
nessed the famous fight on the floor of the Senate between 
Thomas H. Benton, of Missouri, and Senator Foote, of 
Mississippi. He also remembers with interest that the 
first speech he reported was one of Daniel Webster's. For 
a quarter of a century, until 1875, Mr. Smith was a sten- 
ographer in the Senate and House, during that time practi- 
cally creating the present system of exact stenographic 
reports of the proceedings of the two houses of Congress. 
During the last ten years of this period he was official 
stenographer of the House. Mr. Smith did much phono- 
graphic work in Washington, outside of the Capitol, report- 
ing the impeachment trial of Andrew Johnson, and also 
much important work outside of the city. He also reported 
for the old Associated Press the trial by court-martial of 
those implicated in the assassination of President Lincoln, 
and the later trial of John H. Surratt after his arrest in 
Rome and his return to the United States. He reported a 
hundred or more courts-martial during the civil war. Mr. 
Smith gave up the work of stenography in 1875. and says 
he has hardly made a crooked mark since that time. 

After resigning his position at the Capitol he was 
appointed by General Grant a member of the Board of 




FRANCIS H. SMITH 

Indian Commissioners, which at that time had supervision 
of the entire Indian service. As the sccrelarx of this hoard 
and chairman of its executive committee, he traveled all 
over the United States, visiting ncarh every Indian agency 



THE CITY OF WASHINGTON. 



213 



and other places of interest from Canada to Mexico. He 
held this position for three years. Since that time he has 
been building up his general business interests and con- 
nections in this city. 

In an article of this scope it is hardly possible to do 
more than mention the business, religious, charitable and 
social organizations of first importance with which Mr. 
Smith is identified. He is the president and directing spirit 
of the Union Savings Bank, an organization with over 13,000 
depositors and a million of deposits. He founded and has 
built up to a prominent position the F. H. Smith Company, 
dealers in real estate. He is also president of the W. H. 
West Co., an insurance firm, and is a director and one of 
the founders of the Colonial Fire Insurance Company of 
this city, and vice-president of the International Building 
and Loan Association. He is a member of the Board of 
Trade, of the Business Men's Association, and a member 
of the Board of Fire Underwriters. 

Mr. Smith formerly lived at Hyattsville, Maryland, 
and was instrumental in obtaining a charter for that town, 
and was for several years the president of its first board of 
commissioners. He is a director and member of the execu- 
tive committee of the Columbia_ Hospital for Women, and 
a director and member of the executive committee for 
Howard University. He has lived fifty-two years in Wash- 
ington, and in that entire time has been officially connected 
with nearly every general religious and benevolent organ- 
ization in the District. He is a Royal Arch and a Master 
Mason. He was married forty-five years ago to Miss Anna 
Birge, of Middlebury, Vermont, the daughter of Cyrus 
and Adeline Birge, and whose death occurred in 1896. 
He has four children — Frank B., E. Ouincy, Adalyn S. 
(Mrs. A. R. Holden) and Louis Percy. The latter was 
an assistant surgeon in the United States Army during the 
Spanish war, and died in the Philippines in 1901. 

Walter H. Acker.— By giving strict attention to every 
detail in his profession as a lawyer and discharging his 
obligations to his clients with promptness and conscientious- 
ness, Mr. Acker has built up an excellent practice in the 
District of Columbia. His specialty is real estate law 
and matters pertaining to the collection of mercantile 
accounts, rents of property, the investment of funds and 
management of estates. Being a native of Washington, 
he is thoroughly familiar with the values of property, and 
conservative in his judgment. He occupies a suite of 
handsome offices in the business center of Washington, 
704 Fourteenth street, N. W. Mr. Acker is a native of 
this city, being born in October, 1S59. He received his 
preparatory education at the Emerson Institute in Wash- 
ington, whence he went to Princeton, New Jersey, and 
graduated from the famous University of that historical old 
town in 1882. After his graduation he returned to Wash- 
ington and commenced to study for the legal profession 
under H. O. Claughton, Esq., at that time one of the leading 
members of the Washington bar, and also entered the law 
school of the National University of the District of Colum- 
bia. He graduated at the law school in 1885 and was ad- 
mitted to the bar in the same year. He immediately opened 



an office in his native city, and has ever since had his 
time fully engaged with legal business. His natural ability 
and conscientious work has made him successful and won 
him the confidence of his clients. His services are sought 
for outside of his actual practice in the courts, and in 
giving of legal office advice. He is as successful in his 
undertakings outside of his profession as he is as a lawyer. 
He is a large property holder in this District and is a direc- 
tor in the Potomac Insurance Co., the District Title In- 
surance Co. and a number of other enterprises. He is a 
Mason, being a member of Lebanon Lodge, No. 7. He is 
one of the sons of the late Nicholas Acker, who was a 
prominent citizen of this District. In 1889 Mr. Acker mar- 
ried Miss Mary Reinicker, daughter of William J. Rein- 
icker, Esq., of Baltimore, Md. Out of this union there 
are two children, Nellie and Swope. The family residence 
is at 1657 Park street, N. W. 




Samuel H. Walker. — No individual is more promin- 
ently identified with the development, improvement and 
general progression of northeast Washington than is Major 
Samuel H. Walker, real estate promoter and general life 
and fire insurance agent, with offices in the Walker Build- 
ing, at 458 Louisiana avenue. For thirty years Mr. Walker 
has been in business on Louisiana avenue. The march of 
time has seen East Washington grow, expand and improve, 
and many of these improvements are attributable to his 
efforts and farsighted instinct. Samuel H. Walker, son 
of Johnathan T. and Amelia Benson Walker, was born 
in this city on June 7, 1844. After attending Richards 
School at Fourteenth street and New York avenue, he 
entered Columbian University, then a college. His edu- 
cation complete, Mr. Walker immediately launched into 
a life of activitv and usefulness. In 1861 he entered the 



77//; CITY OF WASHINGTON. 




MR. WALKER'S RESIDENCE 



iffice, city hall, in charge of land records. Mr. 
ifterwards engaged in the real estate and insurance 
Hi i — - was immediate, and his business 
steadily grew until it has reached its present large pro- 
I Mir t ions. Mr. Walker formed the National Capital In- 
vestment Company, ami was made its president. This 
company built and owns the District Building, which it 
i- in the Districl government, lie has also been a 
in the National Capital Hank since its organization, 
ami was the organizer of the Capital City Benefil Society, 
its kind in Washington. Mr. Walker has 
buill many beautiful buildings in East Washington, notably 
hem his own residence at the corner of Fifth and 
••ture both ornamental and commo- 
style all its own, and designed after plans 
of Mr. ceplion. 

Mr. Walker served three days, without enlistment, in 

1 ton during the civil war. and has 

1 1 ing been presented 1 1 e\ i i ) 

tes, beginning with Presidenl 

'i and superintendent of the Police 

l88o. \s a Mason his record 

. he having received every 

..nd Scottish 1 ree Masonry, 

lember of the Sigma 



lie L. Brad) 

Mr. and Mrs 



■ it* Benning 
Walker hav( 



living. 




THE CITY OF WASHINGTON. 



215 



Waggaman. — The Waggaman family figured conspic- 
uously in the history of the Eastern Shore of Maryland 
more than one hundred and fifty years ago. We read in 
the records of the court that Captain Ephraim Waggaman 




THOMAS E. WAGGAr 



was commissioned as sheriff of Worcester county in 1752. 
His brother. Captain Henry Waggaman, was elected as 
delegate from Somerset county for four successive terms. 
In fact, from 1752 to 1794 members of the family repre- 
sented the counties of Worcester, Dorchester and Somerset, 
Mr. Henry Waggaman having been appointed as one of the 
delegates from the State of Maryland to accept the Consti- 
tution of the United States. The Waggamans intermarried 
with the families of Woolford and Ennalls, and the old 
home at Monie still stands and is now used as the county 
almshouse. The family subsequently removed to Fairview 
in the vicinity of Cambridge. The sons of Henry Wagga- 
man were George A. Waggaman, who settled in Louisiana 
and after filling various high positions in the State of his 
adoption was elected to the United States Senate in 183 1; 
Dr. Henry Waggaman, of Dorchester county, and Thomas 
Ennalls Waggaman, who married Martha Jefferson Tyler, 
a sister of the President. Of the three sons of this 
marriage Major George G. Waggaman, of the United 
States army, and Purser Floyd Waggaman died without 
issue. John H. Waggaman the elder lived to an advanced 
age in Washington, of which his four sons are now resi- 
dents. Mr. Thomas E. Waggaman is widely known as a 
capitalist, a patron of art and a public spirited and benev- 
olent citizen. Dr. Samuel Waggaman, after serving with 
Mosby's Rangers, devoted himself to the healing art in its 
various branches and is one of the founders of the National 
College of Pharmacy. Mr. Henry Pierpont Waggaman is 
extensively interested in the development of the most beau- 
tiful suburban districts around the Capital. John Floyd 
Waggaman, besides his wide business interests in Wash- 



ington and other cities, has invested largely in the Eastern 
Shore of Maryland. Though the owner of a beautiful 
home in the Capital, where he and his charming wife dis- 
pense princely hospitality, he purchased some years ago 
a portion of the old Duvall property on South River, near 
Annapolis, and erected a shooting lodge which is the scene 
of many festive gatherings. He is also the chief property 
holder of Ocean City, Maryland, which owes its great de- 
velopment of late years principally to his energv and lib- 
erality. 

Davidson and Davidson. — Quite the most active 
and progressive real estate firm in Washington, composed 
of young men, is that of Davidson & Davidson, with com- 
modious offices on the first floor of the handsome office 
building promoted and built by them, and which bears 
their name, at 1413 G street, N. W. H. Bradley Davidson 
and John C. Davidson comprise the firm. Upon finishing 
their collegiate courses these young men, in 1883, entered 
the real estate field, this city, with an office at + l / 2 and 
D streets. Later they moved to the LeDroit Building, 
where they remained some time, again moving to 1338 
F street, in which quarters they continued until the com 
pletion of the handsome Davidson Building in the spring 
of 1900, which they now occupy. The progressive as 
well as aggressive tactics of these enterprising young men 
soon placed them upon a solid and substantial footing, and 
in an incredibly short space of time the name of Davidson 
& Davidson figured more and more prominently in large 
and important transactions, until now the}' devote their 
attention almost exclusively to promoting large deals. 
Prominently among these may be mentioned the Bond 
Building, the large and handsome office structure which 
they promoted and built, interesting Mr. Charles B. Bond, 
after whom the building was called and to whom they sold 
their entire interest upon its completion. The}' are now 
financing the improvements on the old McLean Square and 
are building a handsome row of seventeen three-story resi- 
dences, fronting on S street, between Nineteenth and Twen- 
tieth streets. 

Associated with Davidson & Davidson is Luther S. 
Fristoe, who looks after the details of the renting and 
collection departments of the business. Mr. Fristoe has 
so enlarged this department that he practically controls 
the rentals attached to the apartment houses of the city, 
and has twenty or more of these edifices upon his books. 
Mr. Fristoe has been with the Messrs. Davidson about ten 
years. 

H. Bradley Davidson, the eldest brother, was born 
on August 30, i860, at Bethesda, Montgomery count), 
Md., and is a son of Dr. James H. and Sarah S. Bradley 
Davidson. His earlier education was received at Hunt's 
Academy, afterwards graduating from the class of 1880 of 
Princeton University. Returning to Washington, Mr. Da- 
vidson took a degree in law at Columbian University, in 
the class of 1882. A year later, 1883, he founded the firm 
of Davidson & Davidson. Mr. Davidson is a Democrat, 
but placed himself on record as voting the straight Repub- 



THE CITY OF WASHINGTON. 




DAVIDSON 



H4VIDSOS 



■ in In >ili ill.- William Jennings Bryan campaigns. 
ni ili'- Potomac Fire Insurance * iompany, 
ill N'ational Bank, Potomac Brick Company, and 
'■ . Building and Loan Association. Mr. I i 

■ ol the Chevj Chase Club, and the Young 
and an elder in the Bethesda 
twice married. I tis 
.of Baltimore, and one daugh- 
ivcd her mother. His seen,! 
wife bel 

. Jr.. and Richard Por- 



ter Davidson, are the fruits of this union. Mr. and Mrs. 
Davidson occupy a handsome home at Bethesda. Md. 

John C. Davidson is less than three years his brother's 
junior. He, too, was born at the family homestead 
at Bethesda, Md., and attended Rittenhouse Academy and 
afterwards Columbian University. Fresh from the uni- 
versity he entered into partnership with his brother, and 
at once launched forth as a successful business man. Re- 
siding in the District of Columbia since he attained his 
majority, Mr. Davidson has had no voice in politics. He, 
too, has taken a prominent place in the directorates of 
various successful enterprises, among which may be men- 
tioned the Riggs Fire Insurance Company and the Wash- 
ington Title Company. Mr. Davidson is a member of the 
Capital Bicycle. Columbia Golf, and Bachelors' Tennis 
Clubs, and is also a member of the Young Men's Christian 
Association and a vestryman of St. Thomas Protestant 
Episcopal Church. He married Miss Minnie R. Chichester, 
of Falls Church, Virginia, on November 29, 1889. There 
are three children living, Xellie C, John H.. and Heath 
D. Davidson. Mr. and Mrs. Davidson reside at 1807 O 
street, northwest. 

Tyler and Rutherford Incorporated). — Foremost 

among the concerns conducting a real estate business in 
Washington is Tyler & Rutherford, Incorporated, of which 
Captain Richard Wolsey Tyler is president. The business. 
consisting of real estate, mortgage loans and insurance, 
was established in 1872 by Major William Burns and 
Captain Tyler under the firm name of Burns & Tvler. 
Major Burns died in 1874, after which Captain Tyler 
continued the business alone until 1877, when Colonel 
Robert G. Rutherford was associated with him, and the 
firm of. Tyler & Rutherford was formed, and the business 
carried on under the firm name of Tyler & Rutherford until 
1901, when it was incorporated, in order to give the younger 
men connected with the office official status and more prom- 
inently associate them with the business, as well as to 
insure its continuance in perpetuity. The officers of the 
corporation are: Richard W. Tyler, president: Robert 
G. Rutherford, vice-president and treasurer; Richard K. 
Tyler, second vice-president, and Charles ( i. Warden, sec 
retary and cashier. 

B) strict attention to the interests of their patrons and 
clients, and the maintenance of an unsullied record for busi- 
ness probity, Tvler & Rutherford, Incorporated, have grown 
to be one "I the most solid and reliable institutions in the 
District. While the) make mortgage loans and the real 
estate business paramount, they do a general insurance 
business, representing a number ^\ the strongest of the 
American and English tire and marine insurance companies. 
They have been active in the insurance business For more 
than thirt) years, and are held in high esteem as under- 
writers b) the leading insurance companies throughout the 
country. The) make a specialty of real estate and mort- 
.-. and were f'u'M to bring outside capital i" Wash- 
01 investment, and always upon the most favorable 



THE CITY OF WASHINGTON. 



217 



terms. While their loans during the last twenty-five years 
run into many millions of dollars, they have seldom had 
occasion to foreclose a mortgage, and, as a matter of fact, 
have not made a loss for a lender nor have they even one 
property taken in at foreclosure. Their real estate depart- 
ment is under the management of Mr. William W. Herron, 
who has been actively engaged in the real estate business 
in Washington for many years, and is devoting his entire 
time to this branch of the business, and in this connection, 
it may be said truthfully that no one has, so far as they 
know, any grievance on account of any investments made 
by them through this office. 

Richard Wolsey Tyler was born in Wayne county, 
Michigan, January I, 1842, in what was known as "the 
Tyler Settlement," near the village of Wayne. He is the 
second son of Heman Tyler and Mary Knickerbocker, his 
wife, and was reared upon a farm, receiving a common 
school education. He enlisted as a volunteer for the sup- 




RICHARD WOLSEY TYLER 

pression of the rebellion, December 26, 1861, at Detroit, 
in Company K, one of the three Michigan companies of 
Berdan's First Regiment United States sharpshooters. He 
was promoted sergeant at once; second lieutenant May 25, 
1864, and first lieutenant August 4. 1864. He resigned on 
account of wounds November 9, 1864, and accepted a 
lieutenantcy in the Veteran Reserve Corps ; was promoted 
captain of volunteers by brevet March 13, 1865, for gallant 
and meritorious services in the war, and was mustered out 
of the volunteer service October 15, 1866, and the same 
day accepted a first lieutenancy in the 44th Infantry (regu- 
lar army), to date from July 28, 1866. He was retired from 
active service with the rank of captain December 15. 1870, 
for disability incurred in the line of duty, and loss of left 
arm. He was brevetted captain in the regular army for 
28 



gallantry at the battle of Deep Bottom, Va., and promoted 
from the Volunteer Service to a higher grade in the regular 
army at the close of the war by General U. S. Grant, upon 
his exceptionally brilliant military record alone. A record 
of his service is as follows : In field with troops from 
1861 to 1865; with troops in Washington. D. C, and on 
special duty at War Department from 1865 to 1868; with 
troops at Norfolk, Virginia, part of 1869, and on special 
duty at War Department during 1870 until retired ; was 
sent by direction of General Grant to inspect Bull Run 
battle field in 1866, and afterwards in charge of a corps of 
men to gather up the remains of the Union dead, there and 
remove the same to Arlington National Cemetery, where 
they were placed in what is now known as the " Tomb of 
the Unknown;" was detailed for special duty between Bal- 
timore and Washington for the apprehension and arrest 
( if found ) of J. Wilkes Booth, after the assassination of 
President Lincoln, and afterwards on duty as officer of the 
day and guard at the trial of the assassins, and also at the 
trial of " Wirz," who was convicted by a military com- 
mission, convened at the United States Capitol, and hanged 
for cruelty to Union prisoners at Andersonville. He par- 
ticipated in upwards of thirty battles and skirmishes in 
which the regiment was engaged ; received gun-shot wound 
through left leg below the knee (bone fractured) at second 
Mull Run; also gun-shot in left arm at second Deep Bot- 
tom (Deep Run), resulting in amputation at middle, third, 
above elbow. He was sent to Judiciary Square Hospital, 
Washington, after second Hull Run. and to Turner's Lane 
Hospital, Philadelphia, after second Deep Bottom. By a 
suit in his own behalf commenced in 1881, Captain Tyler 
made the principal arguments in the United States Court 
of Claims, also in the United States Supreme Court, wa> 
established the right of officers of the army to reckon time 
after retirement the same as active service, in computing 
longevity pay. These cases are reported in 1,6th C. C, 
22$ and 105, U. S. S. C, 244. He was admitted to practice 
in the United States Supreme Court in May, 1887. 

In February, 1867, he was married to Eleanor heavy, 
of Lexington. Kentucky-, a descendant of Colonel George 
Nicholas, Robert Carter Nicholas, James Trotter, and Wil- 
liam H. Leavy, and daughter of John F. Leavv and Marga- 
ret Trotter, his wife. His family consists of his wife, one 
son and two daughters, all of age. The son, Richard Knick- 
erbocker, graduated from Dartmouth College in the class 
of 1890 and later on from Columbia Law College, and is 
a member of the bar of the District of Columbia. Captain 
Tvler is a member of the Washington, D. C, Hoard of 
Trade, the Military Order of the Loyal Legion (Washing- 
ton, D. C, Commander)'), the Grand Arm)- of the Republic, 
the Army and Navy Clubs of Washington, D. C, and 
New York City; the .Michigan State Association, and the 
Masonic fraternity. He is a resident of Washington. D. C. 
but by reason of his status as a commissioned officer of 
the army, though retired from active service, he still main- 
tains his legal residence and right to vote in Michigan. 



THE CITY OF WASHINGTON. 



Robert Gedney Rutherford, vice-president and 
' e well-known house of Tyler & Rutherford, 
Incorporated, was born and reared in New York city, 
receiving his education mainly in private schools and from 
private tutors. He is the youngest son of Robert Ruth- 
erford, who was a prominent importing merchant of New 
York, and grandson, on the maternal side, of Roberf Ged- 
ney, who was also a prominent merchant of New York 
and largely interested in the South American trade. At 
die breaking oul of the greal war of the rebellion, he 
was a member of the Ninth Regiment, New York State 
militia, which organization volunteered " for three years 
of the war." and was known as the Eighty-third Regiment, 
Xew York State Volunteers; appointed second lieutenant 
of Company F, May 20, (86i : he was on recruiting duty, 
enlisting men. equipping them, drilling them and conduct- 
ing them to the regiment in the field, from that time until 




ROBERT GEDNEY RUTHERFORD 

Novcmlxir mi. 1861, when he was mustered into the ser 
the l nitetl States as second lieutenant 83d Regi- 
■• York Volunteers. The above duties were per 
formed for a period of six months at his own 

lulj with troops in the field from November 19, 
i, 1862; on staff of second brigade, 
trim corps, afterwards third brigade, 
ion, twelfth anm corps, serving successively with 
Mat ill m, ' ;corge II. 1 lordon and 
• 1 amp to Brigadier 
Villianis. commanding first division, twelfth 
lieutenant 83d Regiment Xew 
human 7. [862; promoted to cap- 
State Volunteers, November 
■ I u in jo. [863, hud 



up at Frederick City, Md., and at Xew York City, suffering 
from effects of contused wound of right knee joint ; hon- 
orably discharged and mustered out of the service of the 
United Slates on surgeon's certificate of disability Febru- 
ary 26, [863, as captain 83d Regiment New York State 
Volunteers, on account of injuries received in the line of 
duty in the field. September 19. 1863, reported for duty 
with the Veteran Reserve Corps at Depot Camp, near Wash- 
ington, I). C, having been appointed a captain in that 
corps by President Abraham Lincoln : on duty with troops 
at Washington, D. C. and doing duty as officer of the 
guard at the "Old Capitol" and " Carro'l Prisons." from 
September 19, 1863, to March 4, 1864: March 5, 1864, com- 
manded expedition sent from Washington. D. C, for relief 
of Cherrystone on the Eastern Shore of Virginia, which had 
been raided by the rebels. March 12 to July 11, 1864, 
on duty with troops at Washington. D. C, and doing duty 
as field officer of the day for the defenses of Washington 
every seci ind day ; was on duty as field officer of the day 
for the defenses of Washington at the time the rebel gen- 
eral. Early, made his attack on the national capital in 
July. 1864, and participated in the battle in front of Fort 
Stevens, near Washington, D. C. and in the cam- 
paign that followed; August 15. 1864, to July 12. 1865, 
was in command of the " Central Guard House." then 
used as a military prison. He was brevetted major and 
lieutenant-colonel for " gallant and meritorious services 
in the battle of Rappahannock Station. Virginia," and for 
" meritorious services during the war." ( Ictober 4 to De- 
cember 7. 1865; he was on duty with troops at Camp Car- 
rington, [ndianapolis, Indiana: May 1. 1807. mustered out 
of volunteer service as captain and brevet lieutenant-colonel, 
and mustered into service as second lieutenant 4 7. 1 1 1 Regi- 
ment of Infantry, United States \rmy. same day, commis- 
sion dating from March 7. 1867; promoted to first lieu- 
tenant and captain by brevet, same date, in regular army 
for " gallant and meritorious services in the battle of Rappa- 
hannock Station. Virginia," and for "meritorious services 
during the war"; Ma) 8, [866, to November 3, [868, on 
"reconstruction duty," last station. Burkeville, Nottowa) 
county, Virginia; was "military commissioner" for the 
counties of Nottoway, Lunenberg, Mecklenburg and Bruns- 
wick; November 14. 1868, to March 25, [869, on general 
comt martial dut) at Washington, D. C; Jul) 30, 1869, 
to 1 ictobei 10. 1S70. on dut) at Fort Columbus, Governor's 
Island. Xew York Harbor, as post quartermaster, post com 
missan of subsistence, depot treasurer and company com- 
mander: June 28, 1S7S. retired from active service Oil 
account of injuries received and disease contracted in the 
line of duty in the field, lie took part in the Shenandoah 
Valley campaign, 1862; General Pope's campaign from 
t'edar Mountain to Washington, t862, and campaign in 
defense of Washington, [864; participated in battles of 
Winchester. Rappahannock Station. Beverly's Ford, Sul- 
phur Springs, Second Bull Run and Fort Stevens; received 



THE CITY OF WASHINGTON. 



219 



contused wound of right knee joint at Rappahannock Sta- 
tion, Virginia, and contracted rheumatism in the field, caus- 
ing great and continuous suffering, and resulting in the 
distortion of both feet. 

Colonel Rutherford married, in 1866, Miss Elizabeth 
McKean King, youngest daughter of William Whetcroft 
King, Esq., of Washington, D. C, and has two children. — 
a daughter, who is married to a nephew of the late Bishop 
Whittingham, of Maryland, and a son who is a first lieuten- 
ant in the 24th Regiment of Infantry, United States Army, 
and who has just returned from the Philippine Islands, 
where he has been on duty for nearly three years. The 
Colonel is a companion of the first class of the Military 
Order of the Loyal Legion of the United States ; a member 
of the Society of the Army of the Potomac ; a member 
of the Society of the Twelfth Army Corps ; a member of 
the Veteran Association of the 83d Regiment New York 
State Volunteers ; a member of the Military Service Insti- 
tution of the United States ; a member of the Army and 
Xavy Club of New York ; was first vice-president of the 
Washington Real Estate Exchange for the year 1902, and is 
a member of the Washington Board of Trade. He is well 
known in Washington, having resided here since 1877, 
though retaining his vote in his native city of New York, 
by reason of being an officer of the army, though retired 
from active service. 

Thomas Garret Hensey was born in Rochester, N. Y. 
His father was John Hensey, and his mother Margaret 
Welch, natives of Massachusetts and Maine. He was 
educated in the common schools of New York City, and in 
the preparatory school of Columbia College ; read law in 
the office of Henry Nichol of New York City, but was 
interrupted by the breaking out of the civil war ; resumed 
law studies in 1869 in Columbian University, Washington, 
D. C, graduating in 1872. He was engaged in the dry 
goods importing and jobbing business in New York City, 
and engaged for four years in the coal business in the 
same city. He is a Republican in politics, and voted for 
Abraham Lincoln ; is president of the District of Columbia 
Suffrage Association, No. 2 ; was employed as a bookkeeper 
for fourteen years in the Treasury Department ; established 
the present law, real estate and insurance business of 
Thomas G. Hensey & Co. in 1885. Mr. Hensey entered 
the service of the United States in the ship "Shepherd 
Knapp" in 1861 as ship's yeoman, and served in the West 
Indies until the following spring, when he was discharged 
on account of injuries. A few weeks later he entered the 
army in the First New York Mounted Rifles in the ranks ; 
was promoted for services at the battle of Black water, Ya., 
and at the siege of Suffolk ; was on outpost duty on the 
peninsula; was with Kautz and McKenzie in the cavalry 
division of the Army of the James, in the battles before 
Petersburg and Richmond ; served on the staff of General 
Sumner in the raid on the Roanoke and Seaboard Railroad 
in North Carolina; resigned at Abingdon, Va., in ( )ctober, 
1865. 



He is a member of several fraternal and beneficial 
societies, among which are Lafayette Lodge, No. 19, F. A. 
A. M. ; the military order of the Loyal Legion of the 
United States ; the past regent Oriental Council, Royal Ar- 
canum, and a director in the Business Men's Assocaition. He 
was an active member of the Methodist Episcopal Church for 
twenty-five years, and is connected with other societies. 
He was married twice, his first wife being Miss Aminta 
M. Dupignac, to whom he was married July 11, i860. She 
died February 16, 1895. Her parents' names were Alexander 
Dupignac and Phebe Travis. Mr. Hensey is the father 
of Alexander Thomas Hensey, Melville Dupignac Hensey, 
Walter Russell Hensey, and George Newman Hensey. He 
married a second time to Mrs. Ruth A. Bolway, whose 
maiden name was Miss Rodbird. 




THOMAS GARRET HENSE1 



Colonel Robert Isaac Fleming. Washington is 
particularly fortunate in having the honor and privilege of 
calling as one of her own Colonel Robert I. Fleming, the 
well-known architect ami philanthropist. He is a blessing to 
the community and his many deeds of kindness have en- 
deared him to all classes of people without regard to race, 
color or creed. He is a benefactor in the fullest sense of the 
term, and in the dispensation of his kindness he has the 
rare tact of avoiding ostentatiousness and publicity. Colonel 
Fleming, ever since he made Washington his home, has 
taken the deepest interest in all questions pertaining to 
the welfare of the city and jts inhabitants. By those who 
have had dealings with Colonel Fleming he is looked upon 
as the impersonation of honor, trustworthiness and sterling- 
integrity, and he has in his possession autograph letters 
from hundreds of prominent public and business men in 
all parts of the country endorsing his rare business abilities 
and scrupulous honesty. Colonel Fleming is one of the 



THE CITY OF U'ASHIXGTOX. 




COLONEL FLEMINGS RESIDENCE. 

' ■•■ tli, who, soon after tin 

""" "i '>'• ms, adopted the national 

■ ho has b\ his brave and honorable 

; and esteem of nol only the 

of his former foes. < >f the 

romiucntly mentioned in con- 

ioncrship made vacant 



by the death of Commissioner Ross, none 
struck the chords of the great popular heart 
so strongly as his, and his endorsement by 
the most prominent business men of the 
community, as well as the Central Labor 
Union, shows conclusively the high esteem 
in which he is held by his fellow-citizens. 

Colonel Fleming is a native of Gooch- 
land County, Ya.. where he was born on 
January 15, 1842. He is the son of John 
Malcolm Fleming, of Aberdeen, a descend- 
ant of Sir Malcolm Fleming of the historic 
families of renown in Scotland, and a rela- 
tive of Colonel William Fleming, the hero 
of the battle of "Point Pleasants." in Sep- 
tember. 1774. No name is perhaps more 
common in the rolls of the revolutionary 
war, and in civil service it is distinguished 
as well. His mother was Eliza A. Fleming. 
of the old Robertson family of Virginia, 
who, according to recent discovery of his- 
toric documents, are believed to be lineally 
descended from Duncan. King of Scotland. 
Colonel Fleming received his early educa- 
tion at the hands of private tutors, and 
when only nineteen years old. and when the 
bugles sounded the call to arms in the great 
struggle between the States, he enlisted on 
April 25, r86l, in that famous old battery. 
the Richmond Fayette Artillery. That he 
was worthy even of his gallant associates is 
proven by the fact that he participated in 
thirty battles, rising through the grades of 
corporal, sergeant, and sergeant-major to 
the lieutenantcy. which he received June 3, 
1864. on the battlefield of Cold Harbor, in 
recognition of distinguished gallantry. But 
with Lee's surrender came the end. and. re- 
turning to Richmond, the young soldier was 
paroled April r8, 1865, and soon after began 
in that city his business career as an archi- 
tect and builder, and was shortly honored 
by being appointed assistant city engineer, 
lie longed, however, for a wider field ^i 
usefulness and activity, and early in [867 
located in Washington, where he soi 

ends, and was in iX;_- elected a inein- 

bei ol the District legislature, under the ter- 

^^^^^^^^ ritorial form of government then prevailing, 

and his fellow-Democrats also honored him 

with a seal in the national convention which 

nominated Horace Greeley for the presidency. In [870 he 

entered the District National Guard as paymaster, and was 

afterwards elected captain, commanding Company D, First 

Regiment National Guard. District of Columbia, rising 

from that grade to that of lieutenant-colonel and colonel, 

respectively. He was for three years senior officer com 

manding First Brigade, X. G., D. C. Colonel Fleming was 



THE CITY OF WASHINGTON. 



always energetic and with this virtue he combined intel- 
ligence and liberality. When the Confederate Soldiers' 
Home at Richmond, Va., saw that it could not afford 
accommodations sufficient for the old veterans, Colonel 
Fleming generously donated the amount necessary to build 
an additional story, which, in honor of the donor, bears 
his name, ami Governor " Fitz " Lee formally accepted 
the keys of the building and thanked Colonel Fleming in 
behalf of the camp and the Southern people in a beautiful 
speech. 

Colonel Fleming has always been prominently identified 
with every movement to promote the growth, prosperity 
and grandeur of the capital city, and his generous disposi- 
tion and high public spirit have drawn around him many 
warm and influential friends from all parts of the country. 
Many of our most beautiful stores and residences have 
been erected under his direction ; immense sums have been 
paid to his employes, all of them union workmen, and he 




COLONEL ROBERT ISAAC FLEMING 

has always favored liberal wages and short hours, thereby 
showing his wisdom as well as his liberality, for every one 
conversant with the subject knows that a satisfied workman, 
interested in the welfare of his employer, will perform more 
and better work in eight hours than the underpaid, over- 
worked employee will in ten. He always used his influ- 
ence when president of the Master Builders' Association in 
behalf of the just claims of organized labor, and the re- 
duction of hours. As real estate agent for former Vice- 
President Levi P. Morton, he has just finished extensive 
improvements at the Hotel Shoreham, aggregating $350,- 
000, and is expending over a million of dollars annually 
in building operations in the city. Colonel Fleming has 
repeatedly been called the pioneer architect and builder of 
the capital city, and his works, which can be found in 
all parts of the city, are masterpieces of thoroughness and 
skill. He not only designs the buildings entrusted to him, 



but he also gives personal supervision, and guarantees a 
strict accounting- of all moneys entrusted to him. Among 
the structures designed and erected by Colonel Fleming 
are : Series of buildings at the Howard University : " Stew- 
art Castle," Judge C. J. Hillyer's residence, residence of 
the Misses Patten on Massachusetts avenue, British Em- 
bassy, Department of Justice (now torn down), the first 
fireproof building in the District : Church of the Covenant 
(reconstructed after the fall of the tower) ; residence of 
the late Justice Walter S. Cox ; residences of A. B. Stough- 
ion, A. Pollock's, now Senator Lean's ; house of the late 
Dr. W. W. Johnson, National Safe Deposit and Trust Com- 
pany's building, corner of New York avenue and Fifteenth 
street ; All Souls Church, stores and houses for the late 
Colonel William H. Phillips; Hon. George M. Robeson, 
Secretary of the Navy, at Sixteenth and O streets ; residence 
of L. P. Morton, Fifteenth and Rhode Island avenue ; resi- 
dence of the late Senator Pendleton, of Ohio, 13 13 Six- 
teenth street ; residence of the late Mr. Nordhoff, K street, 
between Sixteenth and Seventeenth streets ; residences of 
A. H. Humphreys, F. P. B. Sands, 1222 and 1224 Connecti- 
cut avenue; M. Goddard, Connecticut avenue and Hillyer 
place ; Judge Davis, of the Court of Claims ; Paymaster 
Hoy, of the Navy ; Judge Drake, John W. Field, Paymaster 
General Cutter, of the Navy ; Charles Payson, the late 
Senator McPherson, Representative Hitt, Mr. Ashton, 
Scottish Rite Hall, Third and E streets; Major Wheeler, 
Paymaster Allen, of the Navy; Mrs. Ellen M. Ware, Dr. 
Lindleberger, U. S. N. ; Seaton Public School, Sumner 
School, Senator Gibson's residence, and those of Commo- 
dore Davis and Lieutenant Selfridge, U. S. N. ; Captain 
Manley, U. S. N. ; Senator West, Commodores Queen 
and Wells of the Navy ; David King. Admiral Taylor, 
Commodore Franklin. Paymaster Deering, two houses for 
Tudge Hillyer on Twenty-first street, between O and R 
streets ; residence for Mr. Andrews, the artist ; Commander- 
Davis, U. S. N.; Robert Isaac Fleming's residence, at 
1406 Massachusetts avenue: the Fleming Building, on 
G street ; Judge Kimball's building, on G street ; the 
Thompson and Kellogg buildings ; the latter four office 
buildings, and many others, too numerous to mention. 

Colonel Fleming has in his possession a large number 
of letters from people for whom he erected buildings in 
which they expressed their gratitude for his thoroughness 
in the construction of his work, and his honesty and 'relia- 
bility in settling of accounts. Vice-President Morton 'made 
Colonel Fleming a personal gift of $2,500 as an evidence of 
the former's gratitude for orders faithfully executed, and 
work well done. Colonel Fleming is prominent in Masonic 
circles, being a thirty-third Scottish Rite Mason of the 
southern jurisdiction. He is also a member of Almas 
Temple, Ancient Arabic Order Nobles of the Mystic Shrine. 
Colonel Fleming is an Odd Fellow and a member of the 
order of Knights of Pythias. On October 27, i886,iColo- 
nel Fleming was married at Washington, D. C, to Miss 
Bell Vedder, the beautiful and accomplished daughter of 
Colonel Nicholas Vedder, United States Army, who was 



THE CITY OF WASHINGTON. 



General Sherman's chief paymaster. He now has two 
children, a daughter, Endia-Bell Fleming, born October 
3, 1887, and a son, Robert Vedder Fleming, born Novem- 
ber 3, 1890, and enjoys all the comforts of a happy and 
beautiful home. Colonel Fleming spends his summers at 
Oak View, the former summer residence of ex-President 
Cleveland, which he purchased ten years ago. He was 
nstrumental in the development of that magnificent 
residential section of the District, particularly by the location 
there of a number of important educational institutions. 
Ili- city residence is at [406 Masachusetts avenue North- 
west, and in both of his elegant homes (whose walls are 
adorned with .-.ketches of many of the line buildings which 
he has erected) he loves to display the delightful, warm- 
hearted, open-handed hospitality for which Virginia and 
Virginians have ever been noted. 

John Southey Larcombe. < >ne of the fraternity of 

builders who has been eminently successful, and who 
has built up a practice which extends not only in this 
city bul in many cities of the United States, and who 
has largel) contributed to the beautifying of the nation's 
capital, is John Southej Larcombe, the well-known real 
broker and builder, with offices at 808 Seven- 
th nth street, northwest, lie is one of the pioneer builders 
in this city, having started in the profession eighteen years 
ago. Mi. Larcombe was horn in Washington, D. C, on 
< Ictober .}. [850, being the son of John and Catherine Smith 
(Parker) Larcombe. He received his education in public 
and private schools in this cit) and after having finished his 
courses, entered the banking firm of Riggs & Company to 
learn the banking business in all its branches. After stay- 
ing with this well-known firm eight years Mr. Larcombe 
could not resisl his natural inclination and aptitude to 
.uier the real estate brokerage and building business, and 
aboul eighteen years ago started out on an independent 





LARCOMBE'S RESIDENCE. 



JOHN SOUTHED 



basis on his future calling, which he is following to-day 
with such signal success. 

Among his prominent building operations are: Riggs 
National Bank, Franciscan Monastery. Marist College, St. 
Vincent's Orphan Asylum, dormitory of the Catholic Uni- 
versity, Dahlgren Chapel, Georgetown University, St. Cath- 
erine's Home (Capitol Hill), Mr. Glover's (president of 
Riggs National Bank) town and country residences. Col. 
Blunl 1 Engineer Corps) residence, and the following private 
residences: Gen. Ernst, United States Engineer Corps; 
Mrs. \1111a ( ;. I hint. Twentieth street and Massachusetts 
avenue: Map Gen. Corbin, Twenty-second and R streets; 
Dr. C. R. Shepard, Twenty-first street and Massachusetts 
avenue; the lion. John Dalzell, 1705 New Hampshire ave- 
nue; J. Maury Dove, 1740 New Hampshire avenue ; 11. C. 
Stephen-. Sixteenth near Corcoran street; the lion. T. J. 
Coffey, 1713 K street: addition to German Embassy; the 
1 Ion. James W. Wadsworth, eighteen residences tor the 
Riggs estate: addition to the residence of the lion. Bellamy 
Storer, and alterations and improvements to the residence 



THE CITY OF WASHINGTON. 



223 



of Gen. Draper, and many others. Mr. Larcombe takes 
a deep interest in everything that pertains to the welfare 
of the city. He is public spirited and is very liberal in 
assisting in the amelioration of the condition of the poor 
and needy. He is a trustee of the Children's Hospital ; 
treasurer of St. Vincent's Orphan Asylum ; treasurer of 
St. Vincent de Paul Society ; trustee of the Columbia Insur- 
ance Company, director of the Capital Traction Company, 
member of the Historical Society of the District of Colum- 
bia, and the Forrestry and Irrigation Society, and others. 
On December 19, 1876, Mr. Larcombe married Mary 
Alice Griffith, daughter of Ulysses Griffith and Julia 
(Riggs) Griffith, of Montgomery county, Md. There are 
three children, John S. Larcombe, Jr., Alice Larcombe 
Stringfellow, and Griffith Larcombe. Mr. Larcombe dur- 
ing the winter and social season occupies his town house 
at 1817 H street, northwest, and in the summer months 
lives at his country home at Washington Grove, Mont- 
gomery count}-, Aid. 

Louis Peirce Shoemaker.— No names are more 
closely identified with the history and affairs of the District 
of Columbia than those of Peirce, Carbery and Shoemaker, 
which are embodied in the subject of this sketch. Air. 
Louis Peirce Shoemaker, real estate broker, promoter and 
operator in realty, has been engaged in this business, with 
offices at 920 F street, N. W., since 1876. From that 
to the present time Mr. Shoemaker has manifested a public 
spirit, and has ever been a live and prime factor in those 
movements wherein the best interests of the community in 
which he lives were involved. The son of Peirce Shoe- 
maker and Martha Carbery, lie was born at Cloverdale, 
or Peirce's Mills, on Rock Creek, on July 2, 1856. The fam- 
ilies, both on the paternal and maternal side, are among 
the oldest in the District of Columbia. Mr. Shoemaker 
has still in his possession many interesting old documents, 
among them the original patents and grants to the property, 
a portion of which he still owns, which, by many years 
antedates the founding of Washington as a city. The tract 
of land surrounding Peirce Mills, which are still standing 
in Rock Creek Valley, was originally owned by Isaac 
Peirce, the building having been erected in 1801. This 
grant was made to the Peirce family in 1764, the original 
papers, countersigned by the Chancellor of England, being 
among Air. Shoemaker's most cherished possessions. By 
direct descent the property has been handed down to Air. 
Shoemaker. A portion of this tract, or about 350 acres, 
was purchased from Mr. Shoemaker and is included in the 
Rock Creek Park. Mr. Shoemaker was educated at St. 
John's College, this city, and took his degree in law at 
Georgetown University. His education complete, he started 
in the real estate business, and devoted much time to the 
improvement and development of the property held in his 
family, lying in the suburbs. Mr. Shoemaker is identi- 
fied with many other enterprises, among them the Potomac 
Insurance Company, Washington Loan and Trust Com- 
pany, Columbia National Bank, and Brookland, Building- 



Association, in each of which corporations he is a director, 
and is a director and vice-president of the Washington 
Cerberite Manufacturing Company. The Brightwood Citi- 
zens' Association has made itself felt all over the District 
mainly through the efforts of Mr. Shoemaker, who is its 
president. He was one of the organizers and is -president 
of the Takoma Club and Library. His liberal policy and 
public spirit have been made manifest in the conduct of the 
affairs of the Northwestern Suburban Association, the Me- 
ridian Hill and the Lanier Heights Associations, of which 
he is chairman of the respective executive committees. The 
executive ability of Air. Shoemaker was clearly demonstrated 
during the last Grand Army of the Republic Encampment 
in this city, when as vice-chairman of the committee of 
arrangements he performed the arduous duties of that 
important post with ease and celerity. Mr. Shoemakefr in- 
herits his interest in public matters. His father served 




LOUIS PEIRCE SHOEMAKER 

in the levy court under the old form of government of the 
District of Columbia. His granduncle, Thomas Carbery, 
was mayor of Washington City in 1822. and one of its largest 
property owners. Mr. Shoemaker's grandfather, Louis Car- 
bery, was connected with the local government of George- 
town, then an incorporated town, where he resided. He 
served also for many years as public surveyor for the Dis- 
trict of Columbia, being a civil engineer of marked ability. 
A'Ir. Shoemaker married Miss Kate Gallaher, of Augusta, 
Ga.. and one son, Mr. Abner Claud Peirce Shoemaker, 
now a student at Young's Academy, is the result of this 
marriage. Air. and Mrs. Shoemaker reside on Brightwood 
avenue, where their country seat, comprising about twenty 
acres, is one of the most beautiful around Washington. 
The spacious lawns of ten acres are dotted by every known 
variety of ornamental shrubbery, many of which are im- 
ported. 



224 



THE CITY OF WASHINGTON 



Wolf and Cohen. This well-known firm of insur- 
es is composed of Simon Wolf, Myer Cohen, and 
Adolph G. Wolf, with offices in their own building at No. 
926 I street, northwest, where they have been located for 
the pasl twenty years, Theirs is one of the busiest offices 
in Washington, representing the Pcnn Mutual Life Insur- 
mpany of Philadelphia and a dozen or more of the 
mosl powerful foreign and American fire insurance com- 
rhis firm has been and is now regarded as one 
of the leaders in insurance interests in the District of 
Columbia, in lit'.- and fire branches, and is one of the best 
equipped offices to be found anywhere, with a complete 
system and a corps of trained and intelligent assistants. 
All three members of the firm are practicing lawyers, caring 
for and conserving a large practice in the civil courts. Mr. 
Simon Wolf, the senior member, is a man of brilliant attain- 
ments and marked versatility, possessed of great public 
spirit a- manifested b\ his connection with all of the impor- 
tant charitable institutions of the District of Columbia. 




successful law practice and claims business. He has since 
continuously resided here and has been identified with 
every movement for the advancement of the city's interests, 
the care of the needy and distressed, and the spread of 
free education to those of all creeds and sects. He held 
public office as Recorder of Deeds from 1869 under Presi- 
dent Grant until 1878 under Mr. Hayes. At that time he 
resumed the practice of law and founded the insurance 
business which has grown to such large proportions. In 
1881 he served as United States Consul-General at Cairo, 
Egypt. 

He is very well known as having taken part in po- 
litical campaigns for the Republican party and as having 
been personally acquainted and usually the friend of every 
occupant of the White House since he. became a member 
of the community of Washington. He is generally recog- 
nized as one of the leading Hebrews of the United States, 
and has been identified with every movement for the bet- 
terment of the Jews ; he has also been frequently consulted 
by the various heads of the State Department concerning 
the international relations of the Hebrews in other coun- 
tries, and notably Russia and Roumania. On all hands 
he is conceded to be a many sided man and one of the leaders 
in thought and action of the city of Washington. He en- 
joys vigorous health, and displays a remarkable energy in 
all of his undertakings. He founded the Hebrew Orphan 
Home at Atlanta, Georgia, of which he is still the head: 
is the president of the Ruppert Home for Aged and Indi- 
gent, an unique institution, near Anacostia ami adjoining 
the German Orphan Asylum (with which institution Mr. 
Wolf is also connected I : is connected with the Garfield 
Hospital, a member of the Board of Charities, and the 
author of "The American Jew as a Patriot, Soldier and 
Citizen." 

Mver Cohen has been connected with the business 
since [88i and a partner since r888. lie is a young man. 
in the prime of life, and has many friends and admirers. 

Adolph G. Wolf is the junior member of the firm, 
becoming a member thereof 111 [897, -00,1 after his return 
from completing his education at the University of Berlin. 



Simon Wolf 1- one of ||„. noted citizens of Washing- 
ton, where he ha- lived for more than forty years. lie is 
a brilliant orator, and a man whose magnetic personality 
him hosts of friends throughout the world. 1 le 
was hon, in German) in [836, coming to Ohio with bis 
grandparents in 1848, and was early inducted into , 
tile life. ( if an ambitious turn of mind, however, and being 
he studied law. and was admitted in New 
I uly, iSfSi. being then in his twenty- 
h\ his forensic powers the 
brilliant future before him. After practicing law at the 
admitted for one year, he removed 
rtnership with I aptain 
1 upon a 



Hon. George Tmesdell is a native of New York ; 

was educated as a civil engineer at Michigan University; en- 
listed a- a private in [2th Ww York Volunteers in May. 
[86l : was promoted to lieutenant and captain, ami in June. 
1862, while in command of his company, was badl) wounded 
at the battle of Gaines .Mill. \ a. : taken prisoner and con- 
fined in Libbey prison. After his regiment was mustered 
out of service in 1863, he was appointed major and pay- 
master in the Army, serving in this capacit) until [869. 
lie received brevet rank of lieutenant colonel for meri- 
torious service: practiced his profession of civil engineer 
in Xew Jersey for two wars, and then took up his resi- 
dence in Washington in [872, where he has since resided: 
organized the Eckington and Soldiers Dome Railway Co. 
in iSSS. and was president of same for live years; laid out 



THE CITY OF WASHINGTON. 



225 



the subdivision of Eckington ; was appointed a Commis- 
sioner of the District of Columbia in 1894, and served 
out his term and until his successor was appointed in 1897 ; 
was president of the Washington Traction and Electric 
Co., and its constituent companies, during the period of 
reconstruction ; is a director in the Columbia National 
Bank, the Washington Loan and Trust Co., and the Wash- 
ington Railway and Electric Company ; a vestryman of 
Epiphany Parish ; a trustee of the Protestant Episcopal 
Cathedral Foundation ; a member of the Grand Army of 
the Republic; Military Order Loyal Legion, and a member 
of the Army and Navy and Chew Chase Clubs. 




ARTHUR DULAN-l 



Arthur Dulany Addison, one of Washington's most 
active and successful real estate brokers, has long been of 
the opinion that the business tide was rapidly moving to 
the northwestern section of the city, and with the courage 
of his convictions removed from F street to his present 
commodious quarters at 808 Seventeenth street, northwest, 
where he is in close touch with his large clientele, which 
is mainly composed of the residents of that fashionable 
locality. A. D. Addison was born on April 24, 1852, in 
Prince George county, Maryland, the Addisons being of 
Maryland's oldest and most aristocratic families. Fie is 
a son of Anthony and Mary J. Thompson Addison. His 
education was attained at his home, Charlotte Hall Acad- 
emy, and later at Wight's School, this city. Upon its com- 
pletion Mr. Addison returned to his home and there assisted 
his father in the management of his farms. Coming to 
Washington a few years later, he received an appointment 
in the surgeon - general's office of the War Department, 
where he remained twelve years. Seeing the possibilities 
offered in the real estate field, Mr. Addison resigned his 
position and formed a partnership with John S. Larcombe, 

29 



under the firm name of Addison & Larcombe, with offices 
at 1304 F street, northwest, where they conducted a general 
real estate and insurance business. A few years later Addi- 
son & Larcombe moved to 808 Seventeenth street, where 
they remodeled the office building, which they still occupy, 
although having dissolved partnership some years ago. 

Mr. Addison has made many important sales in this 
section of the city, among them the property upon which 
has since been erected the New Grafton, and the southwest 
corner of M street and Connecticut avenue. He also con- 
ducts a large fire insurance business, representing the Fire- 
man's Fund Insurance Company of San Francisco, Cali- 
fornia, and the Fireman's Insurance Company, of Washing- 
ton. D. C, he being a director of the latter company. He 
is also a director of Union Trust and Storage Company of 
Washington. Mr. Addison and his family occupy an envi- 
able position in Washington's social world, he being a 
member of the Metropolitan Club. His wife was formerly 
Miss Caroline H. Steele, of Washington. Mr. and Mrs. 
Addison reside at 2009 O street, northwest. 

W. Riley Deeble. — Prominently identified with the 
real estate interests oi Washington is the firm of Deeble & 




W. RILEY DEEBLE 

Company, with offices on the first floor of 13 19 F street, 
northwest. Mr. \Y. Riley Deeble, the founder of this firm, 
and at present the only member, is one of Washington's 
most active and progressive operators, ami one who by 
his industry, sterling integrity and straightforward methods 
has gained an enviable reputation for himself and a large 
business clientele. 

Mr. Deeble is a son of James William and Nicea Pat- 
terson Fuller Deeble, and was born in Georgetown, District 
of Columbia, on April 21, iXoo. lie was educated in public 
and private schools of Georgetown, and the preparatory 
department of Columbian University, On October 10, 



226 



THE CITY OF WASHINGTON. 



left school and entered the employ of the Potomac 
Insurance Company of Georgetown. On May i. [886, he 
established the branch office of this company and a real 
estate and insurance business at [319 I' street, northwest. 
Mn January 7. [890, he was elected a director, and on 
lanuarj :. [896, vice president, and on September 11. 
[896, he was made presidenl of said company. He suc- 
ceeded in enlarging the capital stuck to tin- limit author- 
ized b) the charter, when granted in [831, and with 
; lb,- sale of tin- additional stock effected 
the purchase and merger of the Lincoln Fire Insurance 
Company, of Washington, I >. C, and on October i<>. [899, 
the merger having been completed, he resigned as president 
and was immediately re-elected vice-president of the en- 
ompany, which office lie now holds. Mr. Deeble 
is a bachelor of laws. < olumbian University, 1882. and a 
member of the District bar. lie was until January 19, 1903, 
a director and second vice-president of the National Safe 
Deposit, Savings ami Trust Company, and has been con- 
ith the First Co-operative Building Association 
organization, May 23. 1882. as a member of its 
valuation committee. .Mr. Deeble was made a member of 
the Washington Stock Exchange October 8, 1884. and 
has served as secretary, and two terms as vice-president; 
.1 nomination for the presidency, and is now- one 
of the governing committee. Furthermore, Mr. Deeble is 
a membi icil of administration of the Hankers' 

Association of the District of Columbia. 

Mr. Deeble resided in Georgetown from his birth until 
tin death of his father, in [887. Me has always evinced a 
lively interest in all that pertained to Georgetown, and 
while not living there since [887, has never failed to ad- 
far as possible, its material interests, lie was one 
ounders, and is at present a member of the Dum- 
barton < lub, one of Georgetown's most exclusive organ- 
izations. On February 8, r888, Mr. Deeble married Miss 
Cora I'.. Beggs, of Wilmington, Delaware. Mr. and Mrs. 
Deeble have four children — Elizabeth, Dorothy, William 
Riley, Jr., and Margari 1 

John F. Donohoe and Son. This enterprising and 

ive firm, with offices at 308 East Capitol street, con 

md lucrative real esiatr. loan and insurance 

and. while confining its attention almosl exclu- 

■ tion of Washington, its far reaching 

been made manifest, and ii is today reckon,-,) 

and reliable real estate 

founder. John F. Donohoe, has lived on 

five years, and knows even inch of 

and there is possibly no man in the 

on realty valuations in East Wash 

in he. 

Hid Mary Donohoe. John I I lono 
11 Albany, \*e\\ .3, ,839. 

the public sclv 

in the grocery business 
•iimued for twet 

• I (onohoe has been 



actively engaged in the real estate business, in which line 
he has made an unparallelled success. Prominent among 
the large transactions with which he has been identified 
may he mentioned the 30.000 feet of ground, of which he 
was a part owner, since absorbed in the opening of Lincoln 
Park. Mr. Donohoe has been a lifelong Democrat, his 
protracted residence in the District of Columbia alone pre- 
venting him from taking an active part in his party's af- 
fairs. During the civil war Mr. Donohoe was a sutler, and 
saw a number of the battles along the Potomac River, and 
was connected with the Fifth Army Corps headquarters. 
< In < tctober 28, 1875, at Si. Peter's Church. Mr. Dono- 
hoe married Miss Emily I'., daughter of Mr. and Mrs. John 
'/.. Jenkins. Of this union live children were horn to Mr. 
and Mrs. Donohoe. as follows: Clarence P.. Katharine D.. 
Milburn }., James A., ami S. Dolan Donohoe. Mr. and 
Mrs. Don,, hue reside at 22n Second street, southeast. 




DONOHOE 



Ben B. Bradford. Synonymous with the very rapid 
growth of Washington and the giant strides of progress 
ii has mad,-, particularly in its real estate valuations, ma\ 
he mentioned the name of Pen 1',. Bradford, one of the city's 
o and prosperous real estate men. who occupies 
a handsome suite of offices in the Manhattan Building, 
Fourteenth street, near F street. Mr. Bradford has been 
actively engaged in this city since 1884. and has seen many 
changes in the city, and in many instances has recently 
figured m transactions where the price involved amounted 
to more than fifty limes as much as it would have brought 
when In- first came to the city. Mr. Bradford is a son of 
Dr. R. P.. Bradford and Elizabeth P. (Eddy) Bradford, 
of Si. Louis. Mo., where he was born. His father spcnl 
much time in study and travel abroad, and was once hon- 
ored with the appointment as ambassador at St. i'eters- 



THE CITY OF WASHINGTON. 



227 



burg, although lie did not accept the post. At a tender 
age Mr. Bradford went abroad with his parents, where 
he received exceptional educational advantages, entering 
the Universities at Heidelberg and Stuttgart, Germany, 
and later- Ecole des Beaux Arts, Paris, France. There he 
remained until he was twenty-one years old. Returning 
to this country he spent a year in traveling through the 
West, when he came to Washington and engaged in the 
practice of architecture, until 1884, when he launched into 
the real estate business, which he has so successfully con- 
ducted ever since. Mr. Bradford is a member of the Sons 
of the Revolution, but indulges little in club life. He 
married Miss Nellie Irene Harvey, daughter of Dr. Gran- 
ville Harvey, of St. Louis, Mo. 




BEN B. BRADFORD 

H. Rozier Dulany. — Rarely do we find men who 

are so peculiarly adapted to the real estate business as is 
Mr. Dulany, who, together with a wide range of experi- 
ence in this business, is a mining engineer as well, and 
one who has engaged in his profession in the far West with 
headquarters at Salt Lake City. Mr. Dulany occupies a 
handsome suite of offices on the first floor of the Dulany 
& Whiting building at 1320 F street, northwest. He is 
a son of H. Grafton Dulany and Ida ( Powell) Dulany, and 
was born at ( )akley, Fauquier county, Virginia, in 1857, 
the Dulanys of Virginia being one of the ( )ld Dominion 
State's oldest and proudest families. After graduating at 
the University of Virginia, .Mr. Dulany took a post grad- 
uate course at Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, after 
which he became an instructor of mathematics in the well 
known preparatory school for boys conducted by George 
Carey, in Baltimore. 

Mr. Dulany came to Washington from the West in 
1885, and became a member of the firm of Dulany & Whit- 



ing, real estate operators, and is considered an expert in 
northwestern extension realty. On February 15, 1892, he 
was elected a member of the Washington Stock Exchange, 
and has since continued as an active member of that organ- 
ization. Mr. Dulany is a member of the Metropolitan Club 
and is also a director of the Columbia Fire Insurance 
Company. 




ROZIER DULAN1 



Moore and Hill. —A noticeable feature of the per- 
sonnel of the most successful real estate men in Washing- 
ton, and those occupying the highest niche in this field, is 
that they are in almost every instance young men. In 
this category may be prominently mentioned the firm of 
Moore & Hill, which, while comparatively young in years, 
has already achieved a most enviable reputation. The offices 
of Moore & Hill, located at 717 Fourteenth street., N. W., 
are among the most complete in the city, and upon entering 
them one can at a glance discern from the large corps of 
clerks busily employed and the general businesslike air that 
pervades the whole office that this firm is thoroughly equip- 
ped to most efficaciously handle its large volume of busi- 
ness. The firm of Moore & Hill was organized on January 
1. 1900. by David Moore and William A. Hill, which concern 
was in reality a successor to the business previously con- 
ducted by David Moore. As the business grew and thrived it 
was deemed advisable to incorporate it, which was clone 
on January 1. 1902, with David Moore, president; William 
A. Hill, vice-president and treasurer, and Charles W. Simp- 
son, secretary. By the terms of its incorporation the 
newborn concern is empowered to engage in a general real 
estate, loan, renting and insurance business. The firm's 
specialtv is in providing homes, and in this line they far 
eclipse the majority of their competitors who have been in 
business many years. 



228 



THE CITY OF WASHINGTON. 



Moore & Hill are also the exclusive agents for the 
Moore and Barbour addition to the Bloomingdale tract, and 
incidentally it maj be mentioned that .Mr. Moore's ances- 
tors there lived long before Washington became a city. 
The firm has been specially active in disposing of parcels 
of property in this tract and have sold more than all other 
rival brokers combined. Mr. Simpson, secretary of VIoore 
& Hill, confines his attention almosl entirel} to business 
property, and has been most successful in this line. Only 
the broker, sold to James II. Rowland, of 
Baltimore, the property at Fourteenth and G streets, for 
'tare tout, which stands on record as being the 
third highesl price per fool ever obtained for a piece of 
Washington property. 

David Moore was born on April 19, 1867, '" this 
city, and is a son of James F. and Sarah C. (Wise) Moore. 
Alter finishing his education Mr. Moore entered the Gov- 
ernment Printing 1 Iffice and learned the printing trade, re- 
maining .here for mx xear... While there he completed 

a course '" dentistry, bul finding the work confining 

I"' abandoned hi. practice and engaged in the real estate 
business, with the late linn of Barnes & Weaver. Later he 
cnt er«1 into partnership with Mr. Barnes under the firm 
" ; ""'-"' W.H. Barnes & Co. This concern was dissolved 
m 1898, and Mr. Moore continued in business alone until 

"ciated Mr- Hill with him. Mr. Moore is a director 
:ens Xational Bank, Potomac Insurance Corn- 
eal Estate Title and Insurance Compam 



William Alexander Hill was born in Prince George 
county, Maryland, on April 23. 1875. and is a son of Samuel 
beth B. Bowie Hill. After attending 
ve county. Mr. Hill entered St. fohn's 



C. and the late El 

the M-hool. of his n 





DAVID MOORE 

and is a member of tli 



minis. Mr. Moo,-e 
. of which union 
3. Moore reside at 



WILLIAM ALEXANDER HILL 

College, this city, afterwards going to Rock Hill College, 
Elhcott City, Md., a most admirable institution conducted 
by Christian Brothers. Electing a mercantile life he took 
a course at the Spencerian Business College, this city. Mr 
Hill's first venture into the business world was' in the 
counting ,-oon, of Woodward & Lothrop. Preferring the 
real estate business he secured a clerical position in this 
'■ne in which he continued until he entered the present 
'"'"' oi Moore & Hill. Mr. Hill married Miss rosephine 
daughter of the late Bishop W. Perkins, of Kansas. Mr. 
H j j " in haVC 0ne son ' and reslde at Washington 

Stone and Fairfax. Perhaps no real estate firm in 
asungton has enjoyed greater success and prosperity 
" lan lbe well-known linn of Stone & Fairfax, whose offices 
Contain even convenience and lacditx for handling the 
,! 1S1 " eSS entri,s ted to them. They are locate! at \os. 806-8 
street northwest, having two large front offices on the 
ground floor fronting on this prominent thoroughfare. 
Although the co-partnership between Mr. Charles P.Stone 
»»d Mr. Charles W. Fairfax was formed in ,807. the firm 
leai ; ecl lnl " Prominence and is „ ow regarded as leaders 
in the,,- business. Mr. Stone, the senior member of the firm 
lias been engaged in the real estate business in this city 
since 1885, and Mr. Fairfax was formerl 3 connected with 
Ins office prior to the .late of forming the co-partnership. 
lllcv are both young men and close students of the man- 
n« '" their business, and with the numerous com- 



THE CITY OF If 'ASHING TON. 



229 



petent employes assisting, every detail receives careful atten- 
tion, with beneficial results to their clients. They were 
pioneers in the development of Columbia Heights and 
Bloomingdale, two of the foremost adjacent subdivisions 
to this city, and have sold more property in those localities 
than any other firm. The rental department receives the 
personal attention of a member of the firm, and they also 
have a well established insurance business, and a carefully 
managed loan department. 




CHARLES P. STONE 

The record for sales made by this firm has been phe- 
nomenal, and during the years of 1901 and 1902 they have 
consummated over 600 sales, aggregating several millions 
of dollars, and embracing business and resident properties 
in every section of the city. Many of their recent sales 
have been to non-residents, who have selected Washington 
as a home, where they will invest capital. Such a condi- 
tion will surely continue and be a great help to improve this 
city. 

Charles P. Stone, senior member of the firm, is a 
son of David D. Stone, and was born at Norfolk, Virginia, 
in 1861. After attending the public schools he finished 
his education at Tuscarora Academy, Pennsylvania. He 
then served as an apprentice in a printing office until he 
mastered the intricacies of the case. Abandoning his trade 
he entered a mercantile business in Mifflintown, Pa., until 
he left for New Mexico, where he became interested in 
mining pursuits. Returning to Washington in 1887, he 
joined his father in the real estate business, who was then 
in the same offices now occupied by Stone & Fairfax. Tlie 
business was conducted by the Messrs. Stone for ten years, 
when, in 1897, at the retirement of the elder Mr. Stone, 
Mr. Fairfax, who had been with them some time in a cler- 
ical capacity, was taken into the firm. Mr. Stone is a 



director in the Real Estate and Title Company, and inter- 
ested in various other enterprises. He married Miss Emma 
Strayer. of Mifflintown, Pa., and with their three children, 
Muriel, Pauline and Charles Parker Stone, Jr., Mr. and 
Mrs. Stone reside at Fourteenth street and Kenesaw avenue. 

Charles Wilbur Fairfax, son of Arthur W. and Lucy 
J. Arundel Fairfax, was bom in Fairfax county, Va., on 
June 9, 1873, and is a member of the distinguished Fairfax 
family that settled in this country on a large grant of land 
ceded by the English crown. After attending the public 
and high school in the District of Columbia, Mr. Fairfax 
took a degree in law at the National University Law School. 
His education complete, he embarked in the real estate busi- 
ness in a clerical capacity with the firm of which he is now 
a member. This was on September 15, 1890, and on June 
9, 1897, he was taken into the firm. 

Mr. Fairfax is a member of Hiram Lodge, Eureka 
Chapter, Washington Commandery, and of the Almas Tem- 
ple, Mystic Shrine, of Washington, D. C. On November 
16, 1898, Mr. Fairfax married Miss Lillie M. Bowen, daugh- 
ter of James G. and Rosalie Bowen, of Washington, D. C. 
Mr. and Mrs. Fairfax have one daughter, Beatrice Bowen 
Fairfax. 




CHARLES 



WILBUR Ft 



The B. H. Warner Company, real estate brokers and 
property managers, although only incorporated in 1899, 
is one of the oldest established -and best known real estate 
firms in the capital city, and also one of the most respected 
and generally relied on. The business was established by 
Mr. B. H. Warner in 1869 and it became the firm of B. H. 
Warner & Company in 1887. In common with many other 
large and important firms with wide interests and con- 
tinuing responsibilities it was incorporated three years ago. 



Mr. Warnei 



of the firm, sold his interest in 



23 



THE CITY OF WASHINGTON. 



i ers, and retired from all 

connection with the business in May. [902. The present 

; the corporation are: George W. F. Swartzell, 

1 pence B. Rheem, ' til and treasurer; 

, T. Hensey, secretary, and J. J. Darlington, 



Naylor. He has three children. John Naylor, Eliza- 
Henrv Rodley. He resides at Chew Chase, Marv- 




rZELL 



George W. F. Swartzell, the presidenl of the firm. 
is "iic- ..f die besl known and nmst substantial business 
mm in Washington. Mr is among the Foremost men in 
business in the city and in addition is con- 
nected with several of its financial institutions, lie is 
also .111 important figure in religious and charitable work. 
Mr. Swartzell was born in Mifflin county, Pennsyl- 
vania, "I, Februan 4. 1857. He is the son of John Swartz 
■ II. his mother's maiden name having been Sarah Murphy. 
Me was educated in the public schools and at the Lewistown 
(Pennsylvania) Academy. Me began his business career 
with the banking linn of Doty, Parker & Company, at 
Mifflintown, under the tutelage -1" K. S. Parker, who has 
since that time become one of the foremost banking men 
in tin- District, and is the prescnl president of the National 
Metropolitan Hank. Me came to Washington and entered 
the firm of I'.. II, Warner in 1876, when he was only nine- 
< I le became a member of the linn eleven 
1X87. Me i. ;, director of the Washington 
lire* tor in the Potomac ln- 
II. is a trust,,- of the I [aniline Methodist 
h, 1 member of the hoard of managers of 
Training School, a trustee of the 
1 director of the 
I le was married in 

liss Minnie E \a\loi\ daugll- 
D.D., and 1 



Adams 
beth and 

land. 

Clarence B. Rheem, the vice-president of the com- 
pany, was born in this city on March 5. 1862. His father 
was Mr. John Andrews Rheem and his mother's maiden 
name was Catherine ( i. Schneider. He was educated in 
the public schools of this city and graduated from the 
Washington High School, with its pioneer class, in 1878.* 
a class to which belonged many men that have since become 
prominent in the city. He was secretary of the hoard 
of trustees of the public schools from 1880 to 1885, and 
resigned to accept a position with B. H. Warner & Co. 
He became a member of the firm in i88y. He has con- 
ducted the negotiations of some of the largest loans on 
real estate ever made in the District of Columbia, and 
has financed many large operations. He is director in the 
Real Hstate Title Insurance Co. and the Potomac Insur- 
ance Company ; secretary of the Criswell Chemical Com- 
pany; trustee of the Industrial Home School: member 
of Harmony Lodge Xo. 17. F. A. A. M. ; member of the 
Board of Trade, Capital Camera Club and man) other 
organizations. Mr. Rheem was married November 2 1. 1888, 
at Washington to Miss Eulalie Domer, daughter of the 
late Rev. Samuel Domer. D.D.. and Lydia L. Domer. He 
has one child, Edmund Domer Rheem. He resides in 
Washington. 




CLARENCE B RHEEM 

Alexander T. Hensey, the secretary of the company, 

v.. is horn in New York city on April 24, [861. He is a 
sou of Thomas < i. Hensey, the well Known real estate man 
and capitalist of this city. Mis mother's maiden name was 
Aminta M. Dupignac. He was educated in the public 
schools of the cit\ and was als,, a member of the first 



THE CITY OF WASHINGTON. 



23] 



class of the Washington High School, of which Mr. Rheem 
was a member. Mr. Hensey was financial clerk of the 
Washington city post office under Postmasters Tulloch and 
Conger. He engaged in newspaper work from T889 to 
1894. as proprietor of the Washington Sunday Herald. He 
went into the real estate business in r8i)S, and since that 




iDER T. HENSEY 



has been actively engaged in it. He has devoted his atten- 
tion especially to the negotiation of large transactions in 
the sale and exchange of realty, in which he has been 
eminently successful. He became secretary of the B. H. 
Warner Co. in 1901. He is a member of the Board of 
Trade, Loyal Legion, and a number of other local organ- 
izations. Mr. Hensey was married February 19, 1885, at 
Washington, to Miss Louise R. Rheem, daughter of the 
late John A. Rheem and Catherine G. Rheem. He has 
one child, Clarence A. Hensey. He resides in this city. 

Allen Whittaker Mallery was born on Long Island. 
New York, on August 27, 1862, and is a son of Reverend 
Richard and Anne E. Pitman Mallery. His early education 
was received at Milford Academy, Milford, Delaware. Com- 
pleting his education, Mr. Mallery entered the emplo} of 
the Milford Basket Company as a bookkeeper, remaining 
with that concern nearly six years, when he returned to New 
York. Next he became connected with the Newburgh 
Steamboat Company as a purser, resigning this position to 
take charge of the books of the Wallkill hat works, of 
Middletown, New York. Shortly afterwards he came to 
Washington, and launched into the real estate business, in 
which he has met with great success. 

It is to Mr. Mallery that the honor is due of first 
exploiting the possibilities of a Greater Washington. First 
by precept, and then by example, he led the small contingent 
of local business men who were far-sighted enough to be- 
lieve that Washing-ton was merely in its infancy, as far 



as population, improvement and general importance were 
concerned. The difficulty of interesting capital in the devel- 
opment of the city made the beginning of Mr. Mallery's 
campaign for the Greater Washington a rather uphill fight. 
Money for the furtherance of his plans was. however, finally 
obtained in New York. Great tracts of land were purchased 
in that section of the District now known as Kenilworth ; 
streets were laid off, trees were planted, and one of the first 
suburban neighborhoods of Washington was placed on the 
market. Previous to this time real estate advertising in 
this city had always been on a small scale, but Mr. Mallery 
used large spaces. Whole pages and half pages of the local 
newspapers were employed in acquainting the people with 
the advantages of Kenilworth for residence purposes, and 
in an incredibly short time this beautiful suburb was dotted 
over with elegant villas and cottages, and so great was the 
demand for lots that the syndicate had to secure adjoining 
tracts for subdivision purposes. This marked the first real 
development of Washington suburbs. Since then many oth- 
ers have followed Mr. Mallery's example, and now all sec- 
tions of the district are building up with handsome homes. 
Within a few years after the beginning of his undertaking- 
Mr. Mallery built an electric road connecting Kenilworth 
with the Columbia Electric Line, and enabling those who 
lived in his subdivision to ride to any point in Washington 
for one car fare. Not content with the merely local ex- 




ALLEN WHITTAKER MALLERY 

ploiting of Washington's suburbs, Mr. Mallery was the 
first to recognize the possibilities of the city from a national 
standpoint, and in the advancement of this idea spent large 
sums in advertising Washington property in the New \ ork 
World and other papers of wide circulation. The result is 
that many wealthy people from all over the Union have 
been apprised of the delightful residential qualities of Wash- 
ington, and arc rapidly converting the capital of the nation 
into a city of palaces. 



232 



THE CITY OF WASHINGTON. 



Mr. Mallery, with his wife, who was formerly Miss example of this is found in an arrangement originated and 
Place, of Fishkill-on-the-Hudson, New York, and their three copyrighted by this firm, for the perfect lighting of the 
daughters and one son, occupy a handsome home at Kenil- dining room. This arrangement stands as one of the great- 
worth, !' county, Maryland, at which place est achievements of modern architecture in the problem 

Mr. Mallery has taken an active part in Republican politics. of home building on an inside lot. completely overcoming 

the usual difficulty of the dark dining room, when built 
between party walls, and presenting one of the prettiest 
interior effects ever obtained on a citv lot. 

Ray E. Middaugh was born at Portville, New York. 
April 28, 1870. He received his preliminary education in 
the high school of that place. He was principal of the 
State Line public school, of State Line. Pennsylvania, and 
studied law in the law office of VV. V. & J. K. Smith, of 
Olean, New York. lie then entered Cornell College under 
a scholarship secured by competitive examination from Al- 
leghany and Cattaraugus counties, and after graduating 
removed to Washington, where he engaged at once in the 
real estate business, finishing his course of law in the office 
of George Kern, of this city. He was admitted to the bar 
of the Supreme Court of the District of Columbia December 
22, 1893. 

William E. Shannon was born in Baltimore, Md., April 
2, [875, and came to Washington with his parents, lames 
and Alary Laura Shannon, in 1 88 r . He was educated in 
the public schools here. His first work was as a page [or 
the United Press, stationed on the floor of the Senate and 
House of Representatives; later he was employed in the 
editorial rooms of The Evening Star as a messenger. Then 




IIDDAUGH 



Another exemplification 
young man. and tin 



Middaugh and Shannon. 

of the thrift and energy of the 

prominent place he takes in the affairs of the District, is 
embodied in the linn of Middaugh & Shannon, promoters 
and builders, of which Raj E. Middaugh and William E. 
Shannon arc members. Selecting thai portion of K street, 
northwest, easl of Second street, in which to direel their 
energ) towards improving and building up. they mel with 
scarcely paralleled in the histor) of Washington 
I he territory selected is in a high, health) location, 
•"" l immediate!) became eagerl) sought l>\ those in search 
of homes, a- the operations of these two young men ex- 
tended, 

Mthough a formal partnership was n«'t enterci 

tween these young men until recent years, their 

identified since turn 

" '" ibis section of the city. In fact, il 

- since the partnership was formed 

Middaugh 8 Shannon began to make it 

1 world. \nd how it has grown! Still in 
ml a more wi lelv known linn 
-"-nil of the, 

b nine rapidlv 1 op 
en ■■ i. with 
in has invariabl 

' private homes. 
r the marked advance 
n this city. \ striking 



I into be 

It isiness 
ng their 
was bul 

ami the 




hi 



:arncd the printers' trade, and later connected himself 
with .1 leading real estate firm of this city, after which he 
conducted a lucrative real estate business of his own. His 
business interests have been closel) associated with that 
of Mr. Ka\ E. Middaugh since [896. 



THE CITY OF WASHINGTON. 



233 



William 0. Denison, one of the most successful and 
prosperous real estate operators in Washington, with spa- 
cious offices at 923 F street, N. W., now stands in a position 
where he can look back upon a life of activity and useful- 
ness from his earliest boyhood, and feel that the great 
success achieved is alone due to his indomitable will and 
his own efforts. Born on March 15, 1832, he has now 
passed his threescore and ten years, but despite his active 
life time has dealt gently with Mr. Denison and he is still 
hale and hearty and possessed of those faculties which have 
enabled him to make a name both honored and respected 



his realty business, and for several years was a director 
in the Lincoln National Bank, and is now the treasurer 
of the Mutual Investment Fire Insurance Company of 
Washington, D. C. 

On July 7, 1857. Mr. Denison married at Cleveland, 
Ohio, Miss Ruth, daughter of Judge Wyatt Carr. There 
were no children by this union. Mr. Denison's first wife 
died about three years ago, and he has since married his 
cousin, Miss Georgeana Booth, daughter of the late Edwin 
Booth, who was at one time editor and proprietor of the 
Columbia Times, of Cincinnati, Ohio. 





RESIDENCE. 



for himself. Mr. Denison is a son of Oliver and Laura 
Booth Denison, and was born at Elmira, X. Y., and was 
educated at Dundee Academy, Dundee, Yates county, New 
York. When at the age of twenty he engaged in the 
printing business in Dundee, where lie learned his trade. 
From there he went to Cleveland, ( )hio, and published the 
first city directory issued in that city. After this he removed 
to Louisville, Ky., and there became identified with the 
Daily Courier, and remained there until 1862, when he 
came to Washington, D. C. Being a Republican 111 polities. 
he received a position in the Treasury Department, which 
he retained until 1878, when he embarked in the real estate 
business, in. which he has since continued. 

Mr. Denison has been active in the development of 
the Metropolis View and South Brookland syndicates, and 
owns a beautiful home in the center of the former, his 
residence being at 2900 Seventh street, N. E., corner of 
Galena Place, in Metropolis View. Mr. Denison recruited 
with the Treasury Regiment during the civil war, and 
served in the defense of Washington when Breckenridge 
and Early's forces advanced and attacked the city, fie 
is also identified with many interests without the pale of 

30 



John Hartley Soule, the senior member of the firm 
of Soule & Co.. is descended from sturdy Mayflower stock. 
Fie was born in Randolph, Massachusetts, and was educated 
in the public schools of Portland, Maine, and where the 
greater part of his youth was passed. At the age of eighteen 
he moved to Rochester, Minnesota, and in 1864 was offered a 
position in the Interior Department, which he accepted, and 
came to Washington to reside. This position he held until 
l &73, when he resigned to engage in departmental practice, 
in which he has been eminently successful, and has built up 
a flourishing business, one of the most extensive in that 
line in the country. His offices were established at the cor- 
ner of Eighth street and Market Space, and were located 
there for seventeen years, but in 1894 he removed to hand- 
somer and more spacious offices, embracing the entire second 
floor, in the National Bank of Washington Building, where 
a corps of capable clerks is employed in attending to his 
large and varied interests. In 1901 Mr. Soule added real 
estate as an adjunct to his success, and already this branch 
has expanded to phenomenal proportions. He has made 
suburban and country properties a special feature, and has 
probably the largest list of desirable country homes, farms 



234 



THE CITY OF WASHINGTON. 



and colonial estates to be found in this section, many of 
which have been sold to the advantage of both owner and 

Mr. Soule has also figured prominently before the public 
as a newspaper proprietor, having in [889 purchased the 
"Washington Sunday Herald." which he conducted with 
marked ability and success 1 nder his management the 
paper enjoyed an era ol popularity especially gratifying to 
its owner, and was recognized as the leading Sunday paper 
of Washington. He disposed of the paper in [894, in order 
to confine his attention exclusively to his extensive depart- 
mental practice. Another publication in which Mr. Soule 
was identified a> owner and manager for fifteen years was 
•■The I'nited Slates Gazette." which was well edited and 
conducted and had a large circulation. 




JOHN HARTLEY SOULE 

Mr. Smile married into one "i" Washington's oldest and 

iinincnl families, his wife being the daughter of the 

ckner Bayliss, al one time the leading real estate 

h 

\1llm1 I mini II Randle comes from old revolution- 

k, which, in a measure, may ace, mil for the will 

and energy which infuses all the enterprises in which he 

interested. Success of an unbounded degree has 

rts and none mere notable than the 

and building up of thai beautiful and model 

town known a^ Congress Heights, which when 

Mr. Randle was a farm. 

Mr - ' Eliza C. ] iwrence 

in Vrtesia, Mississippi, on January 

randparents, Rev. \ 

and Man V Rump 

1 irolina. His father's 

iuia and Sarah [om- 



linson of North Carolina. A great-grandfather. Colonel 
William Randle, served with distinction and honor during 
the revolutionary war. Educated at public and private 
schools at Artesia. Mr. Arthur E. Rand'e later attended 
Shortledge's Academy at Media, Pennsylvania, and finished 
his education at the University of Pennsylvania. After 
leaving college. Mr. Randle. instead of following his am- 
bit- >ii i" be a lawyer, owing to his ill health at that time, 
took np m its place a business career, the crowning achieve- 
ment of which will always stand as a monument to his 
memory as a man of resourceful energy — the building 
up of that beautiful section of the District of Columbia 
known as Congress Heights. 

The Washington Post, March 17. 1900. in commenting 
on the wonderful growth of Congress Heights said : "The 
growth of Washington can be seen in every direction. The 
northwest has mighty forces at work for that section, but 
Mr. Randle has been alone in building up Congress Heights. 
In 1890 when he bought John Jay Knox's farm, which he 
sub-divided and named Congress Heights, that section of 
the District was the most neglected around Washington, 
but by energy and unrelenting work he has placed it ahead 
of any other suburb of Washington. He built the Capital 
Railway during the panic, when its rival, the Anacostia 
road, had him engaged in a struggle, either in O ingress 
over its charter rights, or before the Commissioners, with 
every conceivable obstruction, or in the courts with injunc- 
tions. For eighteen months the struggle continued, but M r . 
Randle finally won, and when the great railroad consolida- 
tion took place in Washington. Mr. Randle sold his road 
for a large sum. with a guarantee of first-class sewi'e to 
his town, Congress Heights, over the great system of street 
railroads, so Congress Heights can now be reached over a 
$20,000,000 system of railways fur one fare. In addition 
to this he secured an appropriation from Congress for a 
$21,000 school building, which is located in the center of 
his town, and is now occupied by five teachers and 250 
scholars. He has the streets lighted, postoffice established. 
churches built, police protection, and a number of other 
improvements, which assures a great future for Congress 
Heights. He has fulfilled every promise made to Congress, 
the I bmmissioners, and the citizens." 

Mr. Randle's latest enterprise is the development of 
East Washington Heights. This section of the country 
today is a wilderness — not a house is on Pennsylvania 
avenue east of Minnesota avenue and it has no street rail- 
v..r. facilities. Mr. Randle has acquired the controlling 
interest in the charter of East Washington Heights Traction 
Compan) and has been elected president of the same. 
Since acquiring control of the charter. Mr. Randle has 
secured from Congress the right to build an electric railroad 
across the Pennsylvania avenue bridge, which right the 
original incorporators of the company failed to obtain, and 
the charier was on the eve of being forfeited when Mr. 
Randle purchased the same. He has also bought large 
tracts of land along Pennsylvania avenue, which this road, 
when built, will develop. Mr. Randle donated the ground, 



THE CITY OF WASHINGTON. 



235 



and his wife, who was the daughter of the late Dr. Sam- 
uel H. Shannon, built the Episcopal Church at Congress 
Heights, dedicated to the memory of her mother, Esther 
Shannon, who was from Schuylkill county, Pennsylvania. 
Mr. Randle's father was a cotton planter, and had a 




ARTHUR EMMETT RANDLE 

family of nine children. All except Mary Fredonia, John 
Shu'.er, Charles Clement and William Henry Randle died 
in infancy. The first named married Dr. O. C. Brothers, 
a retired physician in Mississippi. They had two children, 
O. C. Brothers, Jr., and Mary Lula Brothers, the latter 
marrying Thomas C. Kimbrough, an attorney. John Shu- 
ler Randle and Charles Clement Randle died when about 
thirty years old, neither of them being married. William 
Henry Randle is a physician in Philadelphia, and inter- 
married with Mellie Lippincott Harmer, daughter of the 
late A. C. Harmer, who at the time of his death was the 
Father of the House of Representatives, having been in 
Congress for about thirty years. Dr. Randle has only one 
child, Elizabeth Harmer Randle. Mr. and Mrs. A. E. 
Randle have no children. 

Mr. Randle is a Democrat and still retains his citizen- 
ship in Mississippi, where he has been repeatedly urged 
to run for Congress. Governor Longino of Mississippi 
has recently appointed him on his staff as colonel of cavalry. 
He is a member of the New York Chamber of Commerce 
and the Washington Board of Trade. 

Joseph Ignatius Weller is another young Washing- 
tonian who launched early into the real estate and insurance 
business, and after several years of close application and 
hard work has built up a well paying and steadily increas- 
ing business, which is handled by a large and efficient 
corps of clerks at his well appointed offices, 602 F street, 
northwest. 



Joseph I. Weller, son of Michael I. and Rita (Repetti) 
Weller, was born in Washington on October 26, 1873. 
After attending the public schools he entered Georgetown 
University and there took his degree of B.A. in the class 
of 1893. He then entered the law offices of Edwards & 
Barnard, the former now dead and the latter justice of the 
Supreme Court of the District of Columbia, and there read 
law, the while attending the law lectures of the George- 
town University, receiving his LL.B. in 1895. Mr. Weller 
was immediately admitted to the bar and began practice 
with offices at the present location. In the course of his 
practice he had many occasions to figure in real estate deals, 
and deeming' this business more attractive and remunerative 
than the law, he devoted his whole attention to this new 
field. That the step was a wise one is evinced by the many 
important transactions Mr. Weller has put through. He 
has sold many large and important tracts to both the United 
States and District government, among them the recent 
sale of four large city blocks for the proposed extension 
of the Washington Navy Yard, and the present site of the 
Business High School at Eighth and Ninth streets, Rhode 
Island avenue and R streets, and that of the McKinley 
Manual Training School, at Seventh street and Rhode 
Island avenue. Many other transactions of equal magni- 
tude and importance have been made by him. 

Mr. Weller is a member of the Knights of Columbus, 
Columbia Golf Club and of the Di Gamma fraternitv. He 




is also identified with many other business enterprises and is 
a director of the District Tile and Insurance Company. .Mr. 
Weller is married, and with his wife, who was formerly 
Miss Charlotte L. McCarthy, of Prescott, Ontario, and their 
little son and daughter, reside at 503 Fast Capitol street. 



236 



THE CITY OF WASHINGTON. 



Charles E. Wood.- « >ne of the most active and pro- 
operators in Washington realty, both city and 

suburban, is Charles E. VV I, senior member of the firm 

of Wood, Harmon & Company, with Washington offices 
al 525 Thirteenth street, northwest, while the home offices 




CHARLES E. WOOD 



are in the Home Life Insurance Building, New York City. 
Mr. Wood is a son of William and Aseneath Wood, and 
was born in Lebanon, < )hio, in (851. Mr. Wood's education 
was received in the town of bis birth, after which he engaged 
in business, following several vocatipns before finally em- 
barking in the real estate business. Forming a partnership 
with Messrs. W. I'"., and C. B. Harmon in Cincinnati, Ohio, 
in 1887, the firm of Wood, Harmon & < bmpany began busi- 
ness in a very modest way. Since then the business has 
so prospered and expanded thai they are now operating in 
of the largesl eastern cities, adjacent to which 
developed nearly one hundred distinct suburban 
towns. Their most important operations at present are 
being vcrj successful and extensively conducted in New 
'hiladelphia, Baltimore, Buffalo, Pittsburg, and 
Washington. In Greater New York they now control about 
two fifths of the choicest of the whole of 
Brooklyn's undeveloped territory. Aside from being the 
senior member of the firm of Wood, Harmon & Company, 

Mr. Wood is the president of the \\ 1 Harmon Bond 

Company; the first vice-president of the United Cities 
orporation. and is a director and large stockholder 
in the Greater New York Development Companj and 
ipmenl Company, all of which corporations 
the laws of the State of New York, 
with headquarters in the Home Life Building of New York 
also large mining and real estate 
well as being connected with sev- 
eral large and al enterprises in Was 
The firm rmon S Companj lias the distinction 
and is well kne 

I is quite a prominent Mason. 
1 hapter, Wash- 



ington Commandery Xo. 1, and Almas Temple, and also 
belongs to a number of prominent clubs of Washington and 
other eastern cities. 

Mr. Wood married Miss Eurnie I. Cuming, of Franklin, 
1 )bio, and their residence is at 2031 Florida avenue. 

Percy Hickling Russell. — There is no better exam- 
ple of an enterprising, industrious and successful young 
real estate operator in Washington than Percy H. Russell, 
who launched into business for himself about four years 
ago, and who now occupies a well-appointed office at 913 
G street, northwest. Mr. Russell has already secured a 
large clientele, whose implicit faith he has gained by his 
sterling integrity and straightforward business methods. 
Born on August 25. 1875, Percy H. Russell is a son of 
Dr. William R. and Pauline Fleurv Russell of this city. 
After attending the public schools of Washington he entered 
the Business High School (taking the night course), from 
which he graduated in 1894 and afterwards entered George- 
town Law School. His first and only position prior to em- 
barking in business for himself was with H. Clay Stewart 
& Son, real estate, brokers and insurance agents, by whom 
be was employed for eight wars. So well did he acquaint 
himself with the details of the business, thereby gaining the 
confidence of his employers, that in a short while he was 
managing the entire business during Mr. Stewart's absence 
in Europe. 

In 1898 Mr. Russell decided to start for himself and 
opened an office at 1206 G street, where he remained for 
eighteen months, afterwards removing to his present quar- 




CKLING RUSSELL 



ters. lie conducts a general real estate. loan and lire 
and life insurance business, representing the New England 
Mutual Life Insurance Companj of Boston, Mass.. the Sun 
Life Insurance Companj of Canada, the Scottish Union 
and National of Edinburg, and the Riggs Fire Insurance 



THE CITY OF WASHINGTON. 



237 



Company of this city, and is the Washington representa- 
tive of the Pittsburg- Mercantile Trust Company. Other 
interests with which Mr. Russell is identified include the 
Standard Stone Company of Washington, with offices at 
810 F street, N. W., of which he is president. This com- 
pany manufactures an artificial stone extensively used in 
the residence and apartment house construction. Air. Rus- 
sell is a member of the Board of Fire Underwriters, a 
notary public and a registered patent attorney. 




new undertaking. Mr. Gannon was born in Long Island 
City, Queens county, New York, November 9, 1875. His 
father is Frank S. Gannon, late third vice-president of 
the Southern Railway, and his mother's name was Mari- 
etta Burrows. He was educated at the Staten Island Acad- 
emy, Lehigh University, and graduated from Yale with 
the class of 1899. taking the degree of civil engineer. He 
began business life that year in the president's office and 
the general operating department of the Metropolitan Street 
Railway Company of New York City. He continued in 
that position for two years, and in September of 1901 ac- 
cepted the position of resident engineer of the Atlanta and 
West Point Railroad and Western Railway of Alabama, at 
Montgomery, Ala. He was with this company for a year 
and then formed his present partnership with Mr. Sum- 
mers. He is a member of the Theta Delta Chi and Theta 
Nu Epsilon college fraternities. He was married on Sep- 
tember 20, 1899, to Alary E. Donnelly of New York, in 
New York City. 

John Kostka Summers was born in Prince 
George county, Aid., November 13, 1880. His father is John 
Kostka Summers, Si\. and his mother's maiden name was 



Gannon and Summers. -< >ne of the most success- 
ful of the newer real estate and insurance firms of the 
District is that of J. W. Gannon and J. K. Summers, of 1422 
F street, northwest, formed September 1, 1902. Both mem- 
bers of the firm are young men, but both have had valuable 
business experience and are already well-equipped for suc- 
cess. Messrs. Gannon & Summers hold the agencies for the 
Philadelphia underwriters ; Franklin Insurance Company of 
Washington, D. C. ; Baltimore Insurance Company, ot 
Baltimore, Maryland; the Union Insurance Company of 
Philadelphia; Philadelphia Casualty Company, Manhattan 
Life Insurance Company, and are representatives of the 
American Surety Company, of New York, and the United 
States Fidelity and Guaranty Company of Baltimore, Alary- 
land. 

John Walter Gannon, the senior member of the firm, 
is a civil engineer by profession and has had a training in 
this line which he finds invaluable in his new business. 
He is a college man and has many friends in this city and 
New York who predict that he will make a success of his 




Alary Regina Hill, lie was educated at Bald Eagle School. 
Maryland, and the Business High School of this city. He 
began his business life in March, 1807. with the E. F. 
Droop Son's music firm and remained with them a year. 
In the following year he was with C. E. Clifford & Com- 
pany, the brokers, and from February, 1900, until September, 
1902', he was with Moore & Hill, the real estate brokers as 
a real estate salesman. He left that firm to form his pan 
nership with Air. Gannon. Air. Summers is unmarried. 



THE CITY OF WASHINGTON 




PENNSYLVANIA RAILROAD STATION. 



CHAPTER XX, 



RAILROADS. 







NEW UNION STATION, WASHING- 
ON. — The accompanying map on the pre- 
ceding page gives a very clear idea of the 
location of the proposed Union Station to 
be built by the Pennsylvania Railroad and 
the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad, together 
with the track arrangements in Washington. 
The tracks in the southwest section of the 
)*{ city are to be elevated. At Second street, 

• southwest, a new line will be construced 

for the use of trains to and from the South, connecting 
with the new station through the tunnel under Capitol Hill. 
The south end of this tunne' "'ill be at D street, west of 
New Jersey avenue. Trains entering here will emerge in 
the Union Station. The .fre'ght trains of the Pennsylvania 
Railroad and various southern connecting lines will use 
the tracks in the southwestern and southeastern sections of 
the city, exclusively. The locations of the various freight 
depots and yards are indicated on the map, along the line 
of the southern viaduct. 

Trains from the South will leave the m?in southwestern 
viaduct at Second street and Virginia avenue. Curving, to 
the northeast they will cross First street southwest, an 1 
descend rapidly beyond Canal street to the tunnel ; thence 
to the new station. The tunnel will be about forty-eight 
hundred feet in length. It will be what is known as a " twin 
tunnel " — two single-track tunnels separated, but running 
parallel to each other. The tunnel tracks will .enter the 
new station twenty feet below the level of the main track 
platform. Through trains from the South will reach the 
level of the northern viaduct by a grade from the Union 
Station to K street, north. Trains between Washington and 
the North and West, via the Pennsylvania Railroad and 
the Baltimore and Ohio will enter and leave the new sta- 
tion from the north, as indicated on the map. The new 
station is being planned by Messrs. D. H. Burnham & Co., 
of Chicago. It is proposed to divide the front of the station 
into three sections. The public entrance will be in the 
centre. A second public entrance will be at the western 
end, and the third entrance, to be known as the " executive 
entrance," wij-l be at the east end. The latter entrance 
will lead into a suite of rooms designed for the use of the 
President and his party, as well as distinguished visitors 
arriving or leaving the city. The proposed frontage of the 



new station will be about seven hundred feet. It will 
correspond architecturally with the Capitol, Congressional 
Library, and other Government buildings. 

The present plans call for twenty-two tracks in the 
main train shed and six depressed tracks to be used by 
tunnel trains, making twenty-eight in all. It is under- 
stood a new street will be constructed along the western 
side of the terminal station. The station will front on a 
wide plaza. 

Chesapeake and Ohio Railway.— Of the great trunk 
lines of the country, the Chesapeake & Ohio far surpasses 
all the others in historical and natural attractions. Con- 
sidered solely as a line of rapid and luxurious transporta- 
tion, it is outclassed by none. When to these practical ele- 
ments are added the marvelous scenic interest of the entire 
line, and the associations of colonial and civil war history, 
it surpasses all others in sustained and intense interest. It 
is a line with wide connections. With Washington and Old 
Point, Newport News and Norfolk as its eastern termini, 
its cars run on to Baltimore, Philadelphia, and New York. 
From Cincinnati they run through to St. Louis, Indianapolis, 
and Chicago, and at Louisville there is immediate connec- 
tion with the South and Southwest. 

Nature has lavishly bestowed most striking gifts over 
the whole way. From the interest of the capital or the vast- 
ness of the ocean one turns to the beauty of cultivated plain 
country, succeeded by the entrancing scenery of the Pied- 
mont Valley, as the train climbs the Blue Ridge and thence 
descends to the garden of the Shenandoah. Then follow 
200 miles of the boldest mountain scenery between the East 
and the West. The New River canyons have no counterpart 
east of the gorges for which the Rocky Mountain section 
is famous, and the ride through it is not a flashing by of 
scenic wonders, but a long-continued feast. The pastoral 
beauty of the Greenbrier Valley, shut in by lofty ranges, is 
not excelled in any portion of our land. The valley of the 
Kanawha, dominated by lesser ranges, forms a fitting de- 
scent from mountain heights to the chirms of the beautiful 
Ohio and to the Blue Grass region stretching nearly across 
Kentucky to Louisville. There is no other line in the land 
which presents such pictures as are unrolled for four hours 
in the continuing panorama of the Blue Grass country. With 
all these unexcelled natural and historical features, if the 



(239) 



24 r -> 



THE CITY OF WASHINGTON. 



trains of the Chesapeake & l Ihio were not fully up to date, 
when measured by the besl in modern railroad equipment, 
it could nol secure the patronage of the traveling public. 
All these latter-da) comforts and luxuries it supplies with 
a lavish hand, lis road-bed is as perfect as first-class en- 
gineering can make it. [ts grades and curves are less than 
upon any other mountain line of similar extent. Ever) 
modern appliance for safety is in use. Its through trains 
are vestibuled, heated by steam, lighted by electricity, and 
provided with dining cars which for table appointments and 
e rank with the best. To all these comforts is added 
thai greatcsl desideratum of an American population — 
speed. The time of its trains brings the Eastern seaboard 
and the l entral Wesl together 1 y rrarve'ous schedul s. Be- 
sides being the most directs line from the Eastern coast to 
the Wesl and Southwest, it is the only line which, both from 
the East and from the West, reaches the wonderful medici- 
nal springs region of |the Virginias. To the historical re- 
sorts, political and social, of the < >ld Smith — Greenbrier 
White Sulphur, ( lid Sweet, Sweet Chalybeate, Salt Sulphur. 
Rockbridge Alum, Red Sulphur, and others, the Chesapeake 
& Ohio has added and deve'oped a Health Resort at the 
Hot, Warm and Healing Springs, the fame of which has 
already spread beyond the United States. 

Charmingly situated in the great Hot Springs Val'.ey 

of \ irginia, at an elevation of 2,500 t'eet. with surrounding 

mountains rising 1,500 feet higher, and having a reputation 

extending over more than a century, the Virginia Hot 

Springs afford a most delightful resort for health and pleas- 

■ is all the year round. The spring, summer and fall 

c'imatc is incomparable, while in winter conditions of safety 

and comfort prevail. The scenery is hold and picturesque, 

the view from ['"lag Rock being among the finest in the 

land. The mountains are clad with verdure to the \er\ to] . 

In the early spring every shade of green delights the eye. 

while the tones in autumn take on all the range from brown 

to scarlet. The summers here are infinitely cooler than at 

man) of the popular seaside resorts, the days usuall) being 

and agreeable, while the nights are always cool 

enough to make blankets a necessity, after retiring. It is 

only in recent years that the idea has been tolerated in the 

\orih tlt.it seekers for summer comforl can find it by going 

Now, every year rapidl) increases the number of 

rom that section to the mountain resorts of the 

■ been discovered to be as comfortabli 

In W bite Mountains of New I I. imp 

e and quickness with which this resort is 

and from the W est practi 

Pullman sleeper or compartment cai from 

1 otlis ,„■ Chicago, and only eight hours from 

die man of affairs to put in several 

at the Springs without materi .1 inlerfer- 

id, which was fully completed last 
s an imp 1 , ,,,;'|, , 

of architects 
iptation. It has man, 
ol gn al length. 



The interior is a model of convenience, neatness and com- 
fort. The lobby is 150 feet long, 60 feet wide and 20 feet 
high. At night, when brilliantly illuminated and thronged 
with guests, it presents a scene of striking beauty. The 
Homestead has 400 bedrooms and 200 private baths. The 
building is divided into several compartments by fire walls 
extending through to the slate roof, with automatic fire doors 
in the corridors, after the manner of great ocean liners. The 
sanitary arrangements are perfect ; the cuisine commands 
unqualified praise. In a word, the hotel is modern in the 
strictest sense, is conducted on the broadest lines, and is 
patronized by the highest class. For those preferring more 
privacy than the hotel affords, there are a dozen attractive 
cottages, pleasantly and conveniently located, within the 
grounds. There is a most attractive golf club house, con- 
taining lounging rooms, cafe, squash court, ping-pong tables, 
etc. The golf course extends over 6,000 yards and covers a 
great variety of play. Tournaments are held here each 
spring and fall. < )ther pastimes include tennis, cycling, 
billiards, pool, etc. An orchestra selected with great care 
plays daily at the golf club, the pleasure pool and the ball- 
room. 

Among the popular features of the 'Homestead is a 
brokers's office, with a direct New York wire, and a number 
of fine shops and bazars, well equipped to supply the needs 
of guests in jewelry, bric-a-brac, souvenirs, needlework, 
to.'let articles, etc. A thoroughly equipped livery, provided 
with well-trained saddle horses, is maintained, and a com- 
petent instructor gives lessons in riding. Arrangements 
are made for the care of private horses and equipages. Thir- 
teen miles of boulevard in the vicinity, together with a num- 
ber of mountain mads, are especially attractive to those 
fond of riding or driving; while for pedestrians the numer- 
ous paths through the mountain forests have an endless 
charm, and mountain climbing is a favorite pastime. 

For more than one hundred years the virtues of these 
springs have been tried by people from all parts of the 
world. Their curative qualities have been established b) 
long and unvaried experience, and are attested by the med- 
ical profession generally. The waters are found to he espe- 
ciall) efficacious in gout, rheumatism, rheumatic gout, obe- 
sity, nervous diseases, sciatica, neurasthenia, nervous pros 
tration, dyspepsia of various forms, early stages of locomo- 
tor ataxia, old joint injuries, diseases of the liver and kid- 
neys, and disorders peculiar to women. The bath-house, 
which is connected with the hotel b) a viaduct, serving .1- 
a thoroughfare for the bather between his room and hath. 
without outside exposure, is both handsome and imposing, 
and the appointments are of the finest order. 

\ man well known in public life has said: "It is a 
great place. It is a boon to gouty and rheumatic sufferers: 
and considering it all — the magnificent hotel, the excellent 
cuisine, the interesting society, the gracious landscape, the 
healthful air. the delightful pastimes, and all the rest of 
it — I can conscientious!) say that never in my life before 
have I received so royal a return upon my investment. The 
Virginia Mot Springs should he known everywhere, li 
is an obligation of philanthropy to diffuse this gospel of 
1 nee." 



THE CITY OF WASHINGTON. 



241 




SOUTHERN RAILWAY OFFICES 



THE CITY OF WASHINGTON. 



The Southern Railway Company— Its administra- 
tion, equipment, terminals, seaport facilities and territory — A 
in Southern development. — The Southern Railway 
System is now in the ninth year of its existence. Its career 
and progress have been phenomenal, unique, a whirl of evo 
lution. lis work has not been chiefly that of a constructor 
of new railroads; hut a buyer also of old mads wasted 
by war and mined in many cases by disastrous circum 
stance. Ii rehabilitated them; and has made them safe 
rapid and first-class carriers in the public service. Starting 
from the national capital, it has taken up. one by one, mam 
lines leading to nearly every important point in the South', 
disembarrassed them of involvements and hopeless com- 
plications; rebuilt their tracks: supplied them with new 
and modern equipment; constructed warehouses and de- 
pots; and furnished to the traveler and the shipper luxurious 
and ample accommodation in up-to-date car service. These 
improvements are now continually under way along its 
nearly nine thousand miles of trackage. Its facilities are 
equal to those furnished by any other of the great rail- 
road- of the country. It not only taps every desirable 
market in the South, hut reaches important commercial 
focii in the West. Its lines extend southward through the 
ruit, grain and tobacco plantations of Virginia; 
through the Piedmont region of North Carolina and Geor- 
gia; through the rice, cane and cotton lands and broad 
savannahs of Georgia, Alabama, South Carolina and Mis- 
sissippi; through the coal fields and iron beds of Alabama, 
Kentuck) and Tennessee; with the most luxurious service to 
the palm groves of Florida, the mountain districts of the 
Carolina- ami Tennessee, and the many health resorts oi 
the entire South. It reaches the ports of Savannah, Charles- 
ton. Brunswick, Mobile and Norfolk, where ocean steamers 
load the product. f the South for Europe, Asia, Africa and 
the Wesl Indies. 

Haifa million square miles of territory, and nearly 25,- 
->' population are served by the Southern Rail- 
way directly. This territory embraces nearly 150,000.000 
fruit, -rain, garden, mineral and timber lands. 
M this immense area. [50,000,000 acres await the coming 
of the husbandman, the miner, the developer; and these 
enterprising spirits are coining into the region in ever- 
liumlx-rs. Mere the) find the richest mineral 
covering 800,000 square miles in extent, includ- 
ippcr, golrl and almost ever) other valuable 
■'■" to commerce; marbles, granites, slate, sand- 
irgill pines and hardwoods covering 
»s. infinite in variet) and of high commercial 
values; peach, apple and grape lands easily made to pro- 
'f rare quality; stock lands where 
to an extreme- 
inufacturing at the vcr\ bases of 
in even market, domestic 
il«l list can 
catccl within the past 
hen, Railway. 



conception of their phenomenal growth and numerical in- 
crease is possible, after noting the fact that these located 
industries include prosperous cotton mills operating about 
5,000,000 spindles and 130,000 looms; 200 furniture fac- 
tories, many tobacco factories, a vast number of lumber 
and planing mills, and other factories furnishing even- 
kind of mechanical employment and diversity of products. 
During the year 1901, fifty-two cotton mills, equipped with 
slightly less than 1,000,000 spindles and 14,000.100ms. were 
added to that industry in Southern Railway territory alt me. 
The manufacture of steel and iron, on various of its lines, 
has reached large proportions, and is making- unexampled 
progress. Peach and apple growing farms are expanding 
into great fruit belts.- Fine stock farms are multiplying, with 
results that prove the wisdom of selection ; the best Ameri- 
can labor is obtainable and never seriously in revolt; cost 
of living is exceptionally low: while climatic conditions, 
most favorable to longevity, health and uninterrupted labor, 
are easily found at thousands of points on the Southern 
Railway. 

The steady adherence of the Southern Railway to its 
strict policy of co-operation with every section tributary 
to its lines; its liberal and continual outlays in bettering 
the condition of its roadbeds, improving its service, adding 
to its rolling stock, building warehouses, bridges, depots, 
spurs, yards and docks, is known to its countless patrons 
and the traveling public; while the prosperous condition 
of the innumerable industries served by its various lines 
attests its fairness and its good intent. The Southern 
Railway is altogether in touch with its people; it studies 
their needs and tries to meet them: its interests are theirs; 
it searches out each lagging spot and endeavors to make it 
bloom and prosper, sharing only in what it helps to produce. 

The Capital Traction Company. The records of 
this company show that the first horse cars were run for 
business by the Washington and Georgetown Railroad 
Company on July 29, [862. This system, with varying 
success, was continued for twenty-eight years, until the 
march of progress, recognized by the business men con- 
stituting its officers and hoard of directors, supplanted it 
with modern methods. The first change was made to the 
cable system, the improvement generally adopted in street 
railway transit by the leading companies of the country. 
This was put m operation on the Seventh street division 
on April 20, 1 Son. and on the Pennsylvania avenue and 
Fourteenth street divisions August 6, [892, An imposing 
power house station was erected at Fourteenth street and 
Pennsylvania avenue, a central location. Business devel- 
oped rapidly, and good and capable management soon con- 
vinced the people of Washington of the value and import- 
ance of rapid transit. Under an act of Congress vi March 
3, 1895, the Washington and Georgetown Railroad fran- 
crises, etc., were purchased by the Rock Creek Railway 
Company, and the name of the consolidation was made 
the Capital Traction Compaii) on September 25, 1895. 
I hen was given to Washington the street railwa) system 



THE CITY OF WASHINGTON. 



243 



which is one of her proud boasts. The cable system was 
operated until September 29, 1897, on which date the large 
power house was destroyed by fire. This fire occurred at 
eleven o'clock at night. Incredible as it may seem, the cars 
started next morning on schedule time, and drawn by 
horses, were making four-minute headway. This was the 
result of a midnight meeting (the night of the fire) of 
the officers of the road, and was a fair indication of the 
material of which the board of directors was composed. 
Seven hundred horses were purchased and put in service. 
It was at once decided to install the underground electric 
system in the cable conduits on the Pennsylvania avenue 
and Fourteenth street divisions. A force of about one 



the public as this one. It is controlled exclusively by a 
body of Washington men who study, in their management, 
only the best interests of the capital city. Their best en- 
deavors are put forth to the entire fulfillment of a contract 
to perfectly serve the traveling public, and how well they 
succeed is attested by satisfied patrons. Visitors to the 
capital have noticed and commented upon the uniform 
courtesy and personal appearance of the employe ;s of this 
company, and the fact becomes more pronounced when 
compared with other cities. For the benefit of the em- 
ployees of the company there is connected a relief asso- 
ciation. The Capital Traction Relief (as it is called to-day) 
was started twenty years ago, and the company contributed 




OFFICES OF THE CAPITAL TRACTION COMPAI* 



thousand men were put at work, not in any material way 
interfering with travel, and on February 22, 1898, as it 
were in celebration of the birthday anniversary of the 
Father of his Country, the first electric cars were operated 
on the Fourteenth street division. The entire Pennsylvania 
avenue and Fourteenth street divisions were operated by 
electricity on April 20, 1898, and the Seventh street division 
commenced on May 26 of the same year. 

No city in the country enjoys a better system of transit 
than that furnished the people of Washington by the Cap- 
ital Traction Company. Indeed it is doubtful if there can 
be found in this land a road so admirably managed, and 
fitted so completely for the comfort and convenience of 



$5,000 as a nucleus. The men pay as dues one dollar a 
month, elect their own officers and conduct their meetings. 
The company supervises the investing of their money, 
guaranteeing them principal and interest, so there can be 
no loss. Any member can deposit in the fund, and is en- 
titled to interest thereon. There is over $100,000 in the 
fund now, and it is constantly 'growing. If a member be- 
comes sick he draws one dollar a day until well. If one 
dies, his wife is given $100 for burial expenses. If his 
wife dies, he receives $50. If a member leaves or is dis- 
charged, he receives back money paid in, with interest. 
If one needs a small loan, he can secure it at six per cent, 
per annum. A great saving to employees is in uniforms. 



THE CITY OF WASHINGTON. 



The company makes a contract with a large clothier in quan- 
tities and guarantees the payment; therefore a lower rate 

is given. 

n) are: George T. Dunlop, 
Cover, vice-president; C. M. Koones, 
secretar) and treasurer; D. S. 'aril, chief engineer and 
superintendent. Directors George T. Dunlop. Charles 
C. i, lover. Henry linn, Edward J. Stellwagon, William 
Manice, Maurice J. Adler, John S. Larcombe. 

Routes of the lines of the Capital Traction Company 
an- as follow.-: 

Pennsylvania avenue line — Via M street from Thirty- 
et, northwest, to Twenty-sixth street: via Twenty- 
sixth street io Pennsylvania avenue; via Pennsylvania ave- 
; and Xew York avenue, northwest; 
via Fifteenth street to Pennsylvania avenue, northwest; 
via Pennsylvania avenue to First street, northwest; via 
eel to B street, southwest; via I'. street to Second 
Street and Pennsylvania avenue, southeast; via Pennsyl- 
vania avenue to Eighth street, southeast; via Eighth street 
to \',-iv\ Yard. 

F and G streets line — Via Twenty-sixth street from 
Pennsylvania avenue, northwest, to F street, northwest; 
I strei i to Seventeenth street, northwesl : Seventeenth street 
to Pennsylvania avenue, northwesl ; thence via Pennsylvama 
avenue line to Eighth street, southeast; thence via Pennsyl- 
vania avenue to the Eastern Branch; returning b) same 
Seventeenth and G streets, northwest: thence via 
i, street to Twenty-fifth street, northwest; thence via Twen- 
u fifth street to Pennsylvania avenue, northwest. 

Fourteenth street line — Via Fourteenth street from 

Park street, northwest, to Xew York avenue, northwest; 

via New York avenue to Fifteenth street, northwest: via 

", i to Pennsylvania avenue, northwest; via 

Pennsylvania avenue to First street, northwest: via First 

northwest : via C street to Delaware 

avenue; thence by a loop around square 686, bounded b) 

i avenue, 1'.. First and C streets, northeast. 

Seventh street line \ ia Water street from P street, 

southwest, to Seventh street, southwest; via Seventh street 

to Florida avenue, northwest; via Florida avenue to C 

street, northwest; via t' street to Eighteenth street, north- 

ia Eighteenth street to Cincinnati street, northwest; 

ncinnati street to loop at Rock Creek Bridge. 

Chevy Chase line \ ia Cincinnati street from loop at 

avenue, extended; via 

i m avenue, extended, to Chevy Chase, Maryland; 

right of way to Chevy Chase Lake, 

Maryland. 

Georgi rhomaS Dunlop. 1'he name Dunlop holds 
a conspicuous place in the histon of the State of Maryland, 
and m ui name is not less 

ol business and mat- 
I lend toward the development of the besl 
ot tin- I Dunlop • it HI Of one of the 

oldesl I to tins COUIltn from 



•• Garnkirk," near Glascow, and settled in Georgetown, then 
Frederick county, Maryland, about the year 1772.. This 
family can trace their ancestry in Scotland back to the 
year 1237, and its members have always been foremost 
in patriotism, business and public spirit, both in Scotland 
and America. James Dunlop married Elizabeth Peter, and. 
settling down in his adopted State and country, became a 
prosperous tobacco exporter. He was the father of the 
Hon. James Dunlop, at one time Chief Justice of the 
Supreme Court of the District of Columbia, whose daughter 
married the Hon. Walter S. Cox, of Washington. Another 
son, Colonel Henry Dunlop, a farmer of Frederick county. 
Maryland, was o..£ of Western Maryland's leading citizens. 
He had the honor of commanding the troop of horse that 
escorted the Marquis de Lafayette to Washington on his 
triumphant visit to this country in 1824. He was the father 




GEORGE THOMAS DUNLOP 

of tin- subject of this article; was born in 1795, and died 
in 1877. Catherine Louis Ann Thomas, wife oi Colonel 
Henry Dunlop, and mother of George T. Dunlop. was of an 
o'd and distinguished family, being the daughter of Colonel 
|ohn Thomas, a citizen of Frederick county. Maryland. 
The Thomas family were of Welsh extraction, Hugh, the 
founder, coming to ihis COlUltr) from Wales in the seven- 
teenth century, lion. Francis Thomas, an uncle of George 
T. Dunlop, was Governor of Maryland in 1841. tor twenty- 
years member of Congress, and was appointed Minister 
to Peru by President Grant, lie was known as the silver 
tongued orator of the 1 louse. 

George Th mas Dunlop was lorn at Otterbum, Fred- 
erick comity. Maryland, on March 25, 1845. He was edu- 
cated in a privati school, but being ambitious to earn his 
own wa\ in the world, prevailed upon hi- father to allow 
him to tr\ bis fortune, and on SepU nber 12. [860, at the 



THE CITY OF WASHINGTON. 



245 



age of fifteen, he left home, having secured employment 
as clerk in the agricultural warehouse of his brother-in-law, 
where he labored for ten years, the first two for his board 
alone. In July, 1870, Mr. Dunlop succeeded in borrowing 
the money to buy out the business, and, taking in a 
partner, proceeded to lay the foundation of his career 
under the firm name of G. T. Dunlop & Co. The part- 
nership continued until 1878, Mr. Dunlop purchasing the 
interest of his partner, and remaining in business until 
1890, at which time he retired, having in the twenty 
years conducted a remarkably successful and lucrative busi- 
ness. He had been for several years a director of the 
Washington and Georgetown Railro.U Companv, which 



When Mr. Dunlop took charge of the Washington 
and Georgetown Railroad its capital was $500,000, with 
a bonded indebtedness of $4,000,000. One of its neighbors 
was the Rock Creek Railroad, a suburban trolley line run- 
ning into the sparsely settled northwest section of the Dis- 
trict. By an act of Congress of March 3, 1895, this little 
company acquired the right to purchase any intersecting 
line of street railway in the District of Columbia, to change 
its name to the Capital Traction Company, and to issue 
the stock of the company to an amount necessary to com- 
plete such purchase. Seeing the advantages to be derived 
by the Washington and Georgetown Railroad Company 
under the act, .Mr. Dunlop succeeded in securing the con- 




MR. DUNLOP'S CITY RESIDENCE. 



was chartered June, 1862, and, foreseeing the possibilities 
in that direction, determined to take more interest in trac- 
tion matters. Therefore, in 1893. he was elected vice-presi- 
dent and manager of that road, and acted as president until 
January, 1894, when he was elected president of the com- 
pany. While vice-president he caused to be completed the 
extension of the cable system and general construction of 
the Washington and Georgetown Railroad, which had been 
ably installed under the management of his immediate prede- 
cessor. This beginning led up to the building of the present 
perfect underground electric system of street railroads 
which was accomplished under the management of Mr. 
Dunlop, and which has given to Washington one of the 
best street railroad systems in the world. 



sent of all the stockholders of both companies, and as a 
result on September 21, 1895, the Capital Traction Com- 
pany was formed. Stock to the amount of $12,000,000 was 
issued, with which all the stock and bonds of both com- 
panies were taken up. George T. Dunlop was elected presi- 
dent, which position he has fil'ed with admirable executive 
ability and uninterrupted success to this day. The cable 
system was operated steadily until September 21 1. 1K07. 
at which time the disastrous fire, so well remembered 1>\ 
residents of the District, occurred, when the central power 
station was completely destroyed. This fire took place at 
eleven o'clock at night, and was the cause of paralyzing 
the entire system. Mr. Dunlop was soon on the scene, and 
his fertile brain was quick to grasp the situation. What 



246 



THE CITY OF WASHINGTON. 



would ha -< '1 many only seemed to spur him on 

to action, and a midnighl meeting of the employees was 
called al the Ebbitt House, at which a plan. was quickly 
devised, and Mr. Dunlop directed that cars should be run- 
ning by six o'clock in the morning. He, was laughed at. 
but he made good his word, and not on'y were cars running, 
but '.n a four-minute headway at that. How did he do it? 
By hiring horses temporarily, and later on he started in 
ind bought them day and night for a week. 
examining every horse personally, until he had secured 
over 700 head, which were afterwards sold for almost 
enough to cover the price paid for them. 

It was then decided to change the power from cable 

. and new contracts ail around were entered into. 

and materials, engines, 1. oilers, e'ectric plant, and every 

known up-to-date appliance was installed, and the entire 



He has perfected a system by which the running of a great 
traction system is made simp'e, and can easily dispose of 
the entire day's work, leaving nofhing over to the next day. 
All reports are made and receipts turned over to the treas- 
urer daily. By a simple system of comparison a record 
is kept of the receipts of each day, and of the same day 
the year previous, so at a glance he c?n tell whether there 
is a gain or a loss. 

Mr. Dunlop is prominent in many corporations and 
enterprises of the District. He is a director in the Wash- 
ington Title Insurance Company, the Union Trust and 
Storage Company, Washington Gas Light Company, the 
Fireman's Insurance Company, and also the Board of 
Trade. I le is a stockholder in many tanks and corpora- 
tions of the District, among them Riggs National Bank, 
Farmers and Mechanics Xational Bank, Merchants Trans- 




DUNLOP'S COUNTHl 



work was built, equipped and completed throughout in five 
months, and everything was in smooth running order. 
More than one thousand men were employed during this 
period, and no expense was spared by the company in get- 
ting the best thai mone_\ could procure. Mr. Dunlop, from 
the time of accepting the management, has ever had the 
t his employees at heart, and lost no time in per 
1 ling bi tween employer and em- 
mpati) employs aboul one thousand p. r- 
each o„e must pass a rigid examination before 
1,11,1 ' ' leanliness, punctuality and a 

With such people, the rest is easy. Tin 
-npany are al Union Station, 
md promptly at 9 \. m. Mr. 
Dunlop erve ,| u . , lai | v re p 0rl:s ,,,- „„. 

■ erintendents of ca( 1, division. 



fer and Storage Company. On December 18, [867, Mi 
Dunlop married Emily Redin Kirk, of St. Mary's. Mar) 
'and, granddaughter of the late William Redin, a respected 
lawyer of this city, and one of Georgetown's earliest in- 
habitants. Of this union there are six children living, as 
follows: < leorge Thomas Dunlop, Jr., a graduate of Prince- 
ton and Columbian Universities, a lawyer, and attorne) for 
the Capital Traction Company: Emily Redin Simms, Helen 
Dunlop, John Dunlop. a graduate of Princeton. and Johns 
Hopkins Universities; Grace Glasgow Dunlop and Walter 
Grafton Dunlop. Mr. Dunlop occupies as a summer resi- 
dence the old historic Dunlop homestead (Hayes), located 
in Montgomery county, Maryland, seven miles north of 
Washington, and the old house still contains die ver) 
furniture, fittings, cut glass, silverware, etc.. it did sevent) 
five years ago. 



THE CITY OF WASHINGTON. 



247 



The Washington Railway and Electric Company- 
Three years ago there were in this District twelve separate 
street railway companies. Today the greater portion of the 
same territory is served by one company. That is, in brief, 
the acquisitive record of the Washington Railway and Elec- 
tric Company. To an outsider that is sufficient summing 
up. The citizen, however, with swift recollection, can read 
between these lines enough in achievement and in results 
to make one of the most notable chapters in the record of 
the material development of the national capital. It is of 
little consequence to the average resident that millions of 
dollars were spent. What is known and appreciated in 
practically every household in the District is that the ad- 
vantages of a modern street railway system are available 
for public use. 

In the collection of the properties that passed into the 
control of the purchasing syndicate there were some with 



tern and a common water supply the unification of the old 
city and the entire District was completed. 

There were some exceptions. Perhaps the most notable 
were the street railroad lines. Acting under the authority 
of charters granted by Congress at the time when the 
conception of the entire District as the Federal city was 
not clearly realized, the street railway tracks stopped south 
of Florida avenue. A few feet away on the other side of 
this ancient boundary the jurisdiction of another company 
holding its charter from Congress began. The separation 
was not merely a question of so many lineal feet, for 
that could have been borne by the patient citizen. But it 
was a question also of another fare. And that was serious. 

There was another consequence of this attempt to en- 
cumber the limbs of the growing city with the swaddling 
clothes of childhood. The profits of the business which 
the trunk lines enjoyed, arising from the increase in the 
population which was then struggling for more room. 




OFFICES AND DEPOT OF THE WASH 

up-to-date equipment. The service on some lines, as far 
as it went, was admirable. But there was no general trans- 
fer system. There were no official relations between what 
were called erroneously city and suburban lines. The old 
Boundary street of the city, christened in modern clays 
Florida avenue, had much of the significance to the rail- 
road companies that was attached to it when it became, 
more than one hundred years ago by sanction of President 
Washing-ton, the northern limit of the new Federal city. 
In its development, however, the city of Washington had 
disregarded the old lines of a hundred years ago. The 
population flowed out and occupied the farm lands. Rows 
of houses appeared in the old-time rural districts, while 
Congress, the sole source of legislation in the District, rec- 
ognized that the city bounds and the bounds of the Dis- 
trict must hereafter be the same. So there was provided 
one municipal government for the entire District, with 
a police force and a fire department that had for their 
territory sixty-nine square miles. With one school svs- 



RAILWAY 



JD ELECTRIC COMP/ 



were not available either in whole or in part to provide 
the needed facilities beyond the old urban limits. In the 
opening period of development in the suburbs the receipts 
from the suburban lines were never adequate for operating 
expenses and fixed charges, much less dividends to stock- 
holders. What was the result? Poor equipment and poor 
service. The public suffered and so did those who put 
their money in such enterprises. .Much credit is due to the 
public-spirit of men who contributed towards the building 
up of these pioneer roads. It was the system, as is now 
seen clearly, that was at fault. 

In general this was the condition some three years ago. 
When men with foresight and with confidence in their 
judgment came and looked over the street railway situa- 
tion they saw what was needed, and they proceeded to 
carry out one of the most colossal undertakings of the sort 
that has ever been witnessed in this vicinity. It was by no 
means self-evident that these men were right. The pros- 
pect was not alluring, because of the kind and condition 



248 



THE CITY OF WASHINGTON. 



of the strecl railway properties and the entire failure on 
the pari of many of them to evince any of those qualities 
that are recognized and appreciated b) the careful investor. 
I„ the financial world their stocks and bonds, to a large 
had no standing whatever. Most of the mads were 
■ ,. :,, the principal trunk lines: others had their 
beginning ' "ter of population - from the 

places where people wanted to g and wandered off 

through the fields and « Is of the surrounding country. 

j in the city, horse-cars were still in 
■ . or two of the others the equipment 
of an underground electrical system was up to date, yet 
in the majority of cases the appliances were ineffective and 
frcquenth useless. As to the road-beds, the) served a use- 
demonstrating the topographic character of 



by men who saw the possibilities of a splendid street rail- 
way system adequate for the needs of a growing and pros- 
perous city like Washington. The result of these extensive 
series of purchases was the acquiring of the following 
properties: The Metropolitan Railroad Company, the Co- 
lumbia Railway Company, the Anacostia and Potomac River 
Railroad Company, the Capital Railway Company, the City 
and Suburban Railway of Washington, the Brightwood 
Railway Company, the Washington, Woodside and Forest 
Glen Railway and Power Company, the Georgetown and 
Tennallytbwn Railway Company, the Washington and Rock- 
ville Railway Company, the Washington and Glen Echo 
Railroad Company, and the Washington and Great Falls 
Electric Railway Company. Control was also secured of 
the United States Electric Lighting Company ami the Po- 




%wtt l -til!_ifl ( 



POWER HOUSE OF THE WASHINGTON RAILWAY AND ELECTRIC CON 



the land a- ilie\ brought i" the consciousness of passengers 
who were trying to think of other things frequent and 
painful suggestions thai the physical condition of the coun- 
i like that of the smooth and 
hard prairies of the West. Then, tod, when one -lanced 
behind or ahead of the car and saw the slender creations 

winch had beer .1: ■ ■ the Macks over 

of the picturesque suburbs, ii was 
ihle i" derive that gratification from the 
cnntcmpl; scener) which dines to the 

mind tl mi immediate causes of anxiety. 

1 the wobbling tracks 

in nowhere and ended about in the 

Hinted bonds — 

were all bought 



tomac Electric Power Company, as it was believed the) 
might be operate. 1 in harmony with the railroads. Change 
of ownership, important as it was. marked only the be- 
ginning of this realh g : gantic undertaking. Following 
the preliminary step came that era of railroad construction 
and reconstruction that ended, not merely when sonic four 
millions of dollars had been spent, hut when the finest road- 
beds possible bad been provided. Entire roads were rebuilt 
and long stretches of new lines were constructed, as for ex- 
ample, the hue to Rockville. Steel bridges were substi- 
tuted for wooden trestles, and double tracks were put down 
iii place of single tracks. Stone ballasting was done for 
miles and miles, and no item of substantial construction 
known to modem builders was omitted. Underground con- 
duits were put down, in a style that costs $100,000 per mile 



THE CITY OF WASHINGTON. 



249 



of double track. The entire system comprising 160 miles 
of railway tracks was placed in as good condition as money 
and brains could provide. In the meantime an effort was 
made to bring all these interests under one harmonious 
management, not an easy task when one considers the 




■rDERMOTT 



variety that was found in the eleven separate and distinct 
organizations constituting this system. It was a variety not 
only in methods, but in equipment. All sorts and condi- 
tions of cars were in use, with fittings that represented the 
various stages through which the appliances of the electric 
street railway had passed. There was, of course, no sched- 
ule in common, as the roads were operated without much 
regard to each other and the transfer system was still to 
be devised. 

While construction and reconstruction were being car- 
ried on, problems of administration were being considered 
with the view of having throughout the entire system such 
freedom of transfer and convenience of schedule as would 
provide the public with the best possible facilities. The 
acquisition of the properties and the construction of the 
various lines having been completed, attention is now being 
paid to the details which are essential to complete stand- 
ardization and uniformity of rolling stock and other equip- 
ment. It is not claimed that perfection has been or will 
lie attained, for if that was so, then this system would be 
out of harmony with everything else which is under the 
management of mere human beings. Progress in that di- 
rection is being made, and when consideration is given lint 
which has been done in the short space of time, it will 
no doubt be admitted that there is an extremely pleasing 
prospect almost in full view. As it is, the residents of 
Washington are able to ride from one end of the District 
to the other; from beyond Brightwood on the north to the 



heights beyond Anacostia in the south, from the eastern 
to the western borders, rapid transit is provided at the rate 
of four and one-sixth cents for each individual. There are 
other cities, no doubt, where the nickel will take a passenger 
quite as far as one of the six tickets which can be bought 
for twenty-five cents, but in no other place, with the partial 
exception of New York city, is the expensive underground 
electric system in use. The city of Washington not only 
enjoys the facilities and comforts of modern transit, but 
her streets are free from the overhead wires and the trolley 
poles which elsewhere are so obstructive and unsightly. 
Complete as is the present network of tracks, yet it 
is the belief of those who ought to know that there is still 
territory to cover. At the beginning of the present year 
an extension of the Connecticut avenue line to Park street. 
Mount Pleasant, was completed. Congress has given the 
company authority to continue the Eleventh street line 
northward into Holmead Manor. Then, too, the line which 
extends into Maryland, past Hyattsville, is connected with 
a road that goes to Laurel. Active work is now in progress 
in building an electric road between Washington and Balti- 
more, with also a line to Annapolis. The cars of this inter- 
urban road are to pass into the District over the tracks of 
the Washington Railway and Electric Company to the ter- 
minal at Fifteenth and H streets, northeast. What all this 
signifies to the business interests of the city as well as to 
the citizens in general may be difficult to express in a brief 
space. It is, however, sufficient to note that prosperity. 




with a capital " I'." so closely fo 
to demonstrate the sequence of can 
most careless. There is more busi 
opportunities for the producer, an 
choice open to the home-seeker anc 



(ARRIES 

lows such conditions as 
se ami effect even to the 
less for merchant, wider 
1 a more varied field of 
the home-buyer because 



32 



25° 



THE CITY OF WASHINGTON. 



of the existence of the facilities provided by a comprehensive 
of streel railroad with modern equipment. If prop- 
erly value- near the center of things bear no proportion to 
the lean purse and the slender income, then the street cars 
,1, to find a locality where exact harmony can 
be established between the financial " musts " and '' don'ts." 
The Washington Railway and Electric Company, which, 
while it controls all the railroads named at the outset, con- 
tains only the old Metropolitan, Columbia and Croat Falls 
Companies, also controls the Potomac Power Company, the 
source of supply of all the power needed for electric light- 
ing purposes in the cit) and nearly all necessary for the 

opcrati t the railroad lines mentioned. The Potomac 

Company, which recently absorbed the United States Elec- 
tric Lighting Company, has a great central station at Four- 
teenth and B streets, northwest, with its 15,000 horse power, 
and a plant at Thirty-third and Water streets, with 3,000 
horse power. In addition to supplying the motive power of 
160 mi!cs of street railway tracks, these plants operate in- 
nl lamp- by the hundred thousand, nearly onethou- 
sand street arc-lamps, and independent motors aggregating 
3,000 horse power. The current is transmitted through 
hundred- of ton- of copper wire laid in conduits, the lineal 
•11. 111 of which exceeds 1,250,000 duct feet. The 
rapid adoption of the electric current to do all kinds of 
work is '.ue mi' the astonishing feature- of the present 
stage of what ha- come to he called the electrical age. In 
the household, as well as for electrical purposes, the con- 
venience, economy and cleanliness of electricity are being 
cognized. It nol onl) furnishes the illumination 
fm- residences, hut ii cooks the meals, rings the hells, heats 
the irons in the laundry, gives the proper temperature to 
the curling tongs in the boudoir, runs the sewing machines 
and lends it- aid to the perfecting of the dainty concoctions 
of tin- chafing dish. \- a source of light and heat the elec- 
tric current i- becoming more and more a factor in modern 
lit',-. It is now proposed. h\ the Potomac Electric Power 
Compam to unite the force of the Potomac River with that 
of -team in tin- production of electricit) to supply the mani- 
fold local demand-. A short tinn- ago this company ac- 
quired rights in tin- Great Falls Power Company, and is 
now proceeding to develop the thousands of horse power 
which have so long gone t" waste a few miles above the 
city. Wiih such increased facilities the compart) will be 
llppl) electric power at a rate which would he im- 
if tin- production was undertaken on a limited 
lie -mall manufacturer can buy this power much 
than he can produce it. and the electric supply avail 
hich modern needs have developed will 

111 ideal city. 

At tl companies which control these in 

in I .. Mel lermott. a lawyer of 
business man of extraordinarj 

found time t<> serve his stale 
in a nuin: .id was for many 

ity. I le is a re- 



elected member of the House of Representatives from the 
seventh district of Xew Jersey. He is a great power in 
financial circles, his opinion as to intricate corporate affairs 
being much in demand, especially with regard to street rail- 
road matters. He therefore brought to the place he now 
occupies a knowledge of its duties and responsibilities which 
made it possible for him to accomplish a great many things 
most desirable in the local situation. 

He considers that he is fortunate in having the counsel 
and assistance of Gen. George H. Harries, who is the vice- 
president of the companies. General Harries acquired his 
first interest in railroads out West, and he has not lost that 
ability to hustle which is believed to be a characteristic 
of men living in that section of the country. When he 
eats and sleeps is a problem that none of those who are 
associated with him in business have been able to solve. 
The employes of the road have long ago abandoned the 
hope of ever being able to find an answer, for it is their 
experience that General Harries is likely to be met with in 
car barn or along the line at any hour of the day or night. 
When he was president of the old Metropolitan Company, 
from which time his entry into street railroad business in 
this city dates, he had the same reputation for keeping a 
sleepless eye on business. 

The other officers of the companies are H. W. Fuller, 
general manager : James B. Lackey, secretary : W. F. Ham. 
comptroller; J. T. Moffett, superintendent of transporta- 
tion; L. E. Sinclair, general superintendent, and E. S. Mar- 
low, treasurer, of the Potomac Electric Power Company. 

TELEPHONE SYSTEM. 

The Chesapeake and Potomac Telephone Com- 
pany. — Although less than twenty-seven years have elapsed 
since the invention of the telephone, modern intercourse has 
become so regulated with reference to its use that it has 
become a public necessity. From its inception in an office 
on G street twenty-five years ago. when it consisted of 
hut two lines, strung over housetops, one to the Capitol 
and the other to the office of a local newspaper, and con- 
nected by a crude switching device, the system of the 
Chesapeake and Potomac Telephone Company has devel- 
oped so that it now embraces more than 10.000 telephones 
in the District of Columbia, three general exchanges, pri 
vate branch exchanges in all the Government departments 
and in many hotels, apartment houses and places of busi- 
ness, and a splendid system of underground conduits, poles 
and wires. 

The plant, however, is still in a slate of transition, for. 
unfortunately, for many years, because of the enactment 
in isss of a law prohibiting the stringing of additional 
wires over the streets of the city, and the revocation by 
Congress shortly afterwards of the power of the Commis- 
sioners of the District to issue permits for underground 
construction, the company, which was the first in the world 
to place its wires underground, had been unable to extend 



THE CITY OF WASHINGTON. 



25 1 



its plant to the extent necessary to supply demands for 
service in many localities. But in the month of June, 
1902, Congress restored the authority of the Commissioners 
to issue conduit permits and already more than twelve 
miles of additional conduits have been constructed by the 
company in the northwestern section of the city, and it 
is planning to construct about fifteen miles more during 
the present season, partly in Georgetown and on Capitol 
Hill. This has made it possible to establish a new ex- 
change to serve the northwestern residence section, and 
one is now in course of erection at the corner of Four- 
teenth and R streets. A new main exchange building is 
also in course of erection on the site of Nos. 722 and 724 
Twelfth street, northwest The new buildings will be 
modern fireproof structures, of steel, granite, Indiana lime- 
stone and cream brick and will be ornaments to the city. 
They will both be equipped with the latest and most perfect 
type of switchboard, of 10,000 line capacity each, and all 
telephones connected with them will be operated by what 
is known as the common battery or central energy system. 

The remarkable increase in the use of the telephone 
in recent years in the sections in which the company has 
had facilities for installing them has been contributed to 
by many causes, among them a growing recognition of the 
many and varied ways in which a comprehensive and 
efficient telephone system may be of use, but the principal 
cause has doubtless been the adoption recently of the mes- 
sage rate plan for charging for service, which has enabled 
those desiring telephones to obtain them at a cost com- 
mensurate with the amount of service rendered by the 
company as measured by the number of messages origin- 
ating at each station. The flat rate, which was a fixed 
annual charge for the telephone regardless of the number 
of times it was used, was found, after years of experience, 
to be based upon an erroneous principle and impracticable, 
for, if high enough to be remunerative, it was too high for 
small users and persons who could not afford a telephone 
as a luxury ; if low enough to be within the means of all 
who desired telephones, it must be unremunerative. Upon 
the adoption of the message rate the number of telephones 
began rapidly to increase. To illustrate, up to January 1, 
1898, when the message rate was first introduced, there 
were but 2,106 telephones in service in the District of 
Columbia. During the little more than five years that have 
elapsed since, the number has increased to about 10,000 — 
an increase in five years nearly five times as great as the 
total growth in the previous twenty years. 

With these extended conduit facilities, up to date cen- 
tral office equipment and the rational and equitable plan 
of rates now in effect, it is not hard to imagine much 
greater strides in the development of the local system than 
the last five years have produced, and it seems more than 
probable that within a few years Washington will have 
a plant serving at least 25,000 subscribers, with a service 
as efficient as the very best equipment and facilities can 
make it. 



WASHINGTON GAS LIGHT. 

Washington Gas Light Company. — In no industry 
has more rapid strides been made or more improved meth- 
ods introduced than in the manufacture of illuminating gas, 
and of the thousands of plants scattered about the United 
States, there is none with better facilities for the manu- 
facture of this necessity than the Washington Gas Light 
Company. Early in the eighteenth century experiments 
were first made in England which clearly demonstrated 
the practicability of the invention, and in consequence, to 
England belongs the credit of the invention. Yet to Amer- 
ica and the inventive turn of the Yankee belongs the honor 
of bringing it to its present high state of perfection. Gas 
was first introduced in this city by Mr. Crutchett, an in- 
ventor, who operated a few solar gas lamps between the 
Capitol gate and his residence, at the corner of First and 
C streets. This was in January, 1847, and on December 
29, 1848, after continuous experimenting, the East Room 
at the White House was lighted with it to the entire satis- 
faction of the President and others. Mr. Crutchett was 
then engaged in erecting his gas works in Washington. 

The same year marked the origin of the Washington 
Gas Light Company, for the purpose of supplying the citi- 
zens of Washington with " solar gas," it appearing that this 
gas could be successfully manufactured from oil. On Janu- 
ary 14, 1850, this company published an address to the 
public, in which they said they were able to furnish gas 
light equal to that from 75,000 cubic feet of coal gas per 
day. 

From further experience, however, it was found that 
the manufacture of solar gas could not be made a success, 
and the company erected coal gas works east of Four and 
a Half street, between Maryland avenue and the city canal, 
on square C. The main buildings were eight in number. 
The smokestack or tower was 70 feet high and the excava- 
tion for the gasometer was 90 feet in diameter and 20 feet 
deep. The walls were ^A f eet thick and required 400,000 
brick. The old gas works were south of Tenth street and 
cost $100,000, and the new works cost $150,000, making the 
cost of the new establishment $250,000. About the 1st of 
January, 1852 (fifty years ago), the new establishment 
commenced furnishing to the inhabitants of Washington 
coal gas from coal. Pipes were laid from the works on 
square C up to Four and a Half street, to Pennsylvania 
avenue, and then both ways on the avenue toward the 
Capitol and the President's House. A few extracts from 
a circular published by the company March 14, 1856, over 
the signature of Mr. Silas H. Hill, then president, may 
prove interesting to some of our readers. 

" Since the completion of the new works, in 1851, the 
board have constantly acted on the design of supplying 
all the habitable parts of the city with gas, having laid in 
this period nearly twenty miles of street mains. The aver- 
age annual consumption of gas is less here, in proportion 
to length of street mains, than in any other city. This com- 



THE CITY OF WASHINGTON 



pany has thirty miles of street mains and an annual average 
consumption of 944,000 cubic feet of gas per mile. In 
Baltimore the average is [,648,000 cubic feet per each mile 
of pipe; in Philadelphia it is 2,083,000; in New York, 
o; in Boston, 2,700,000; in Albany, 2,000,000; -in 
Brooklyn, [,330,000; in St. Louis, [,318,000, and in Charles- 
inn, [,546,000. In most of these cities also the average 
number of consumers of gas on every hundred feet of 
street main- is five, while the number in Washington is not 
quite one. The gas is manufactured, condensed and puri- 
fied in the mosl approved manner, and the intention has 
always been to produce the ver) best quality. Superior 
bituminous coals suitable for this purpose, and at high 
prices, have been procured with this view, and the board 
i.ni that, with rare exceptions, the gas has been 
equal to that used in any city throughout the Union. With 
a capital of $424,000, actually and economically expended 



now that amount is made every hour of the day. Its list 
of 1,600 consumers has grown to over 30,000, and its taxes 
have increased from $1,000 a year to largely over $i l ooo 
a week. It has not only kept pace with the growth of 
population, but has outrun it by an enormous per cent., the 
price of gas declining and the quality of it improving all 
the while. 

The officers of the company have been as follows: 
Presidents, John H. Callan, July 14, 1848, to April 14, 
1849; Ulysses Ward, April 14, 1849, to January 2, 185 1; 
Silas H. Hill, January 2, 1851, to June 1, 1856; George 
W. Riggs, June 1, 1856, to November 11, 1864; Barnabas 
H. Bartol, November 11. [864, to November 15, 1883; 
George A. Mclllhenny, November 15, 1883. to Octo- 
ber, 1892; John R. McLean, October 29. 1892, to the 
present time. Secretaries, Jacob Bige'.ow, E. Lindsay, Jos- 
eph F. Brown, Charles B. Bailey, William B. Orme. Treas- 



333 . 
. Ill 



CY 



IffPii, 




'!'. 



OFFICES OF THE WASh 

111 the business and unincumbered by debt, with works of 

acknowledged excellent'! and 1 ipablc ol producing a supply 

of superior pas equal to an) demand; with thirty miles of 

vering, as with a network, almost all the 

" the citj and so laid as to admit of any 

h 1,681 consumers, and this number 

tematized and now gen- 

I, the conipam have every motive for nol 

ir utmost requirement, 

ol fas from time to time, 

>h<" ad lahle improvement and the 

justify." 

X > °> had thirl> miles of mains : 

now it li 

1 lay while 



IGTON GAS LIGHT COMPANY. 

urers, Whitman C. Bestor, Charles B. Bailey. Charles C. 
Glover and John C. Poor, ^.ssistanl secretaries, James D. 
Clay, William B. Orme and Sanford X. Whitwell. Engin- 
eers, George \. Mclllhenny and James S. Mclllhenny, the 
present superintendent of gas works. 

\i the present time John Leelch is general manager 
of the company; W. F. Hart, assistant manager: James 
Wilkinson, superintendent of distribution: A. B. Kelly. 
cashier, and Arthur B. Claxton, chief clerk. The present 
ho.ud of directors consists of John R. McLean. James W. 
1 >nne. George T. Dunlop, R. II. Goldsborough* and John 
Mclllhenny, Prominent among the able men who were 
long identified with this company, rendered it great services 
and who died iii its directorate, were John C. Bullil of Phil 
adelphia and William B, Webb of Washington. 



CHAPTER XXI 



BUSINESS INTERESTS AND MANUFACTURES. 




\SHINGTON is not a manufacturing city. 
It it to this fact, indeed, that it owes 
the presence of many of its wealthy citi- 
zens. Nevertheless, in no other city, in 
proportion to the number of the inhabi- 
tants, is retail trade so flourishing. The 
Government departments take the place 
of extensive manufacturing establish- 
ments, supplying to many thousands regu- 
lar incomes, creating comfortable homes 
J and the prosperous business houses neces- 

sary to supply the workers with food, clothing and luxuries. 
This explains what business men from other cities fre- 
quently puzzle over: How the city has grown to so large 
a population without more extensive manufactures. In 
fact these have never been sought after, nor encouraged 
here as elsewhere. 

Love of a beautiful city, coupled with the fear that 
too much manufacturing, too much commercialism, would 
interfere with its artistic development, has operated as a 
check upon its growth in the productive line. This feeling, 
however, was not well founded, and is gradually being 
eradicated. Nature has accorded from her great wealth 
such natural advantages as few cities possess, and which 
in any other part of the United States would have been 
put to great advantage long ere this. The founders of the 
city realized these possibilities, and there is abundant evi- 
dence, in the writings of Washington, Jefferson and Madi- 
son, they believed that in less than half a century it would 
take front rank in the commerce and trade of the Atlantic 
seaboard. The vast river, navigable for deep-water vessels 
to the very wharves of the city and for light draught boats 
by aid of canals, far inland ; the power to be had by the 
utilization of the falls only a few miles away, all combined 
to make their sanguine predictions appear most just and 
reasonable. The application of steam to land transportation 
wrought no greater change in the world than in the destiny 
of the young Federal City during the nineteenth century. 
Had it not dethroned water transportation the expectations 
of Washington and his associates would have been realized. 
The application of water power to the manufacture of elec- 
tricity now bids fair to more than make up in the twentieth 
century what has been lost in the nineteenth. 



From a commercial point of view the city of Wash- 
ington, when founded, was nearer to old England than to 
New England. Sailing packets, one of the best of which 
was called Mount Vernon, plied between London and Alex- 
andria, then the principal city on the Potomac. The road 
south from New York, or rather from Elizabeth, N. J., was 
fairly good as far as Philadelphia, although it took the 
fast stage coach — at that time facetiously advertised in the 
city papers as "The Flying-Machine" — the better part of 
two days to make the trip. South of Philadelphia the road 
was well defined as far as Baltimore, but south of that 
city were dense forests and many tracks made by various 
drivers to avoid some mudhole discovered on a previous 
trip. South of the Potomac traveling by horseback was 
safer. President Jefferson made frequently the hundred 
mile journey between Monticello and Washington, invar- 
iably on horseback. Writing to his Attorney General in 
1801, he says: "Of eight rivers between here and Wash- 
ington, five have neither bridges nor boats." 

To overcome the natural obstacles to trade and com- 
merce the States of Maryland and Virginia had been at 
work for many years before the embryo city on the Potomac- 
became the capital of the nation. Thousands of dollars had 
been expended to make navigable the Potomac as far west 
as Harpers Ferry and the Shenandoah and other tributary 
streams were already bearing to a seaboard market the 
produce of far interior farms. Manufactures upon a small 
scale began to spring up at Alexandria, Georgetown and 
Washington to supply in turn the wants of the shippers of 
produce. The first record of a manufacturing establishment 
in this city was Wilson & Handy's furniture shop, " on 
New Jersey avenue between the Episcopal Church and the 
Sugar House." A nail factory on F street was second 
and the shoe factory of John Minchen, brought here from 
Philadelphia, third. A hat maker came in 1803. The most 
important manufacturing enterprise of the first decade was 
" Tunstalks patent threshing machine," price $150, which 
with the aid of two horses or oxen, would thresh about 
three hundred bushels of wheat a day. 

Mayor Robert Brent called a meeting of citizens June 
21, 1808, to consider ways and means to encourage home 
manufactures in the Territory of Columbia. John Law 
was secretary, and the editor of the National Intelligencer. 






THE CITY OF WASHINGTON. 



Samuel Harrison Smith, presented resolutions setting forth 
the vario h) the citj was "eminently fitted for 

attaining manufacturing importance." A committee was 
appointed to report a plan, and at a subsequent meeting it 
tl to organize the " Columbia Manufacturing Com- 
pany," with a capital stock of $30,000, shares $25 each, to 
manufacture "cotton, wool, hemp and flax, and to promote 
other domestic manufactures." The companj was organized 
on the 22nd of February of the next year. Its factory 
was located at Greenleaf's Point and was operated several 
years, but does not appear to have paid many dividends 
to the sto rkho'.ders. 

Foxall's foundry, located near Georgetown, was known 
throughout tin- Union, for here were manufactured the 
cannon which battered British vessels on Lake Erie in 
the war of 1812. Henry Foxall, tin- owner of this foundry. 
was a former partner of Robert Morris, in the same busi- 
ness in Philadelphia. When the British captured Wash- 
ington, Foxall's foundry escaped destruction, probably ow- 
111- to their ignorance of its location, and being a devout 
man. he established at the corner of Fourteenth and G 
streets tin- Foundry M. E. Church, recently torn down to 
make room for the new office building being erected by 
Thomas E. Walsh. The old foundry was operated after 
its first owner's death bj General John Mason and a con- 
parl of all tin- artillery used by this Government 
in the war with Mexico was cast there. Later it became 
a distillery, but before the civil war it was converted into 
a flouring mil'. 

\fier 1814, manufacturing of all kinds nourished. The 
earl\ records of the patent oilier show many inventions 
which were afterwards made and sold here. Fire engines, 
woolen and cotton clothing, blankets, knit goods, glass, 
paper, roller! iron, carding and spinning machinery, ropes. 
leather, etc., of the very best quality, were a'l products of 
tip- new city's industries. In 1844, having lost a large 
flouring mill l>\ fire, George ' . Bomford erected a four- 
"ii factory, in which were operated one hundred 

I us and three thousand spindles. The power to run 

was furnished l>\ a water wheel thirt) feet in 

machinery in this mill was exempted from 

b\ the authorities of Georgetown, where it was 

1 one hundred and lift \ feel long, 

<>l beam, was built in 1851. \ still larger 

to Mount \ ernon and a ferr) boat for the W ash 

■ It in route, were built the sam 

' I iitut . manufai tories multiplied 

Washingtonians are not accustomed to 

rather than consumi 1 

miination of the latest census 

ai behind in the 

tomed to 

f gas in this cih 

i he production 

• dates hack to 

mi 111 honor of 



the reunion of the Army of the Cumberland in 1881, when 
the statue of General Thomas was dedicated. The first 
experimental electric lighting plant was established and 
operated in " The Washington Post " building, then owned 
by Stilson Hutchins, at the corner of Tenth and D streets, 
northwest. From this small beginning has grown the pres- 
ent elaborate electric systems, which light the city and oper- 
ate railways to every corner of the District and far into 
the adjacent States. 

A comparison of the census figures for the last three 
enumerations will show- very clearly how rapidly Washing- 
ton is forging ahead in the manufacturing w-orld. In 1880. 
970 establishments were reported, having invested $5,527,- 
52(1, employing 7,146 persons and turning out finished 
products valued at $11,882,316. In 1890, 2,300 establish- 
ments were enumerated, having capital of $28,876,258, em- 
ploying 27,.4/j hands, paying $14,638,790 in wages and 
products valued at $39,296,259. In 1900 the establishments 
enumerated were 2,754, with a total capital invested of 
$41,981,245. The wage earners numbered nearly 27,000, 
the cost of materials used was $19,369,571, and the value 
of all the finished products was $47,667,622, an increase in 
the decade of 21.2 per cent. The figures of the two last 
censuses include the work of Government manufactories 
located in the District. 

Senator Stephen B. Elkins is one who believes and says 
that Washington is destined to be a great commercial 
metropolis. His faith is expressed most clearly in the finan- 
cial support he is giving to the newly projected ( 'Id Domin- 
ion and Great Fa'ls electric railway, to be built along the 
Virginia shore of the Potomac. In a recent interview given 
to the Washington Post, Senator Elkins said: "I believe 
that the western hank of the Potomac from Washington to 
the Great Falls will he lined with manufacturing establish- 
ments before many years. They will do a business aggre- 
gating m ui\- millions of dollars a year and employing many 
thousands of men. The Great Falls and the Little Falls 
are wasting millions of horse power yearly. Everything 
is favorable to such a development. The growth of any 
ureal city without manufacturing is unnatural. The Poto- 
mac river will he in a measure the dividing line between 
the residence and manufacturing sections, and this will 
obviate am disagreeable features which a strictly business 
metropolis may have and which Washington has escaped. 
There is no reason win the best lover of Washington should 
object to ;t great commercial development along the west 
hank of the Potomac, when such a development will greatlj 
add to the wealth of the city itself." 

Interested in this manufacturing development with 
Senator Elkins is John R. McLean. \ tract of forty-five 
acres of land has been purchased for the power house of the 
projected electric line, just north of the propert) of the 
Great Falls Power Company, and the right of way for 
the line the entire distance to Washington, has been secured. 
Congress will he asked at its next session to give a right 
of way across the Aqueduct bridge and thence through the 
cit\ to Mount Olivet Cemetery, on the Eladensburg road. 



THE CITY OF WASHINGTON. 



255 



Just at the present time the most activity is noticed 
in the production of every class of building material. Never 
before in the history of the city has there been so much 
building actually in progress, such extensive plans for the 
future, so much money appropriated for new Government 
buildings. So great is the demand for materials that prices 
have increased with a bound, stone, brick and wood keep- 
ing pace with each other. 

The mercantile history of the city is also interesting. 
As Washington had newspapers in its infancy, it is easy 
to trace the depe 1 opment of business in its various lines 
through the advertisements. The earliest business houses 
were country stores, keeping for sale everything from iron 
pots to ladies' dressing tables, from home-made ten-penny 
nails to the finest imported mathematical instruments. Phil- 
adelphia and Baltimore were the wholesale depots and 
schooners and ships the sole means of transporting freight 
from those cities. The census of 1803 gave 21 merchants, 
19 tailors, 2 booksel'ers and 2 grocers. A " country fair," 
lasting three days, was held in May, 1805, to attract farmers 
to the city to buy of the merchants. Farm produce, vege- 
tables, etc., were frequently brought from Connecticut and 
other Northern States in sloops and schooners and sold 
at the wharves here. 

Among the first merchants who established themselves 
here were Henry Ingle, . John Barnes, Samuel Mclntyre, 
Kid, Eliot & Co., Adlington & Powers, Sharpless & Smith, 
Stewart & Beall, William S. Nicholls, and Tunis Chaven. 
In 1808, the Washington Commercial 'Company was organ- 
ized to do a general wholesale business. Joseph Forrest 
was president of the company, which was managed by a 
board of twelve directors. Those first chosen were : Thomas 
Tingey, Peter Mi'ler, John McGowan, C. W. Goldsborough, 
Joseph Forrest, James D. Barry, Alexander Kerr, Adam 
Lindsay, John P. Van Ness, William Prout, Samuel X. 
Smallwood and James Cassin. 

It was not until the early 50's that the merchants 
organized for protection and to aid in building up the city. 
At the annual meeting of the " Merchants' Exchange," 
December 5, 1856, G. W. Riggs, W. B. Todd, Hudson 
Taylor, M. W. Gait, Philip Otterback and John II. Semmes, 
each representing a city ward, were appointed a committee 
" to urge upon the city authorities the absolute necessity of 
erecting a new market house in the central portion of the 
city." This organization did not continue during the civil 
war period. 

The Hoard of Trade of the District of Columbia was 
organized in October, 1865, Alexander R. Shepherd being- 
one of the prime movers. It was this body that first began 
to urge upon Congress the consolidation under one form 
of government the cities of Georgetown and Washington 
and the outlying district on this side the Potomac. 

The Washington Board of Trade, the present existing 
body, was organized December 2, 1889. Its first officers 
were : President, Myron M. Parker ; vice-presidents, S. 
W. Woodward and S. E. Wheatley ; secretary, Alexander 



D. Anderson ; treasurer, B. H. Warner ; general counsel, 
A. T. Britton. This organization now undertakes and car- 
ries out a wide range of work, resulting in great benefit 
to the city and its business interests. Nowhere are the 
merchants and business men more wide awake and up-to- 
date in their methods, nor more energetic in fostering 
enterprises that will increase the population of the city, or 
its commercial, financial or educational advantages. It is 
a pleasure to give in this connection a historical and bio- 
graphical resume of some of the most prominent business 
firms and individuals. 

Woodward and Lothrop.— The "Boston Dry Goods 
House," or as it is more generally termed "The Boston 
Store," is perhaps more widely known throughout the 
country than any other establishment of a like character. 
In February, 1880, in the very unpretentious building, No. 
705 Market space, Samuel W. Woodward and Alvin M. 
Lothrop launched the present business. From the outset 
success rewarded their diligence, and in the summer of the 
same year the premises adjoining, No. 709, were added. 
Not long after, the lack of space rendered it necessary for 
them to secure larger quarters and removal was made to 
No. 921 Pennsylvania avenue. The year 1887 found their 
business increasing to such an extent that they were again 
compelled to remove for lack of space. It was at this 
juncture of their business career they determined upon 
leaving the then principal business street — Pennsylvania 
avenue — and finding the sorely needed room in a location 
where expansion was possible if necessary. Notwithstand- 
ing the many prophecies of dire results in thus leaving 
the old confines of the retail trade, the new location at 
Eleventh and F streets proved a step in the right direction. 
The business prospered and increased more largely than in 
the past, other merchants followed their lead, and F street 
assumed its position as the business centre of the city. From 
time to time Messrs. Woodward & Lothrop have added to 
their selling space, until to-day they occupy the entire 
block from Tenth to Eleventh street, and from F to G 
street, with the exception of the Equitable and an adjoin- 
ing building at the Tenth street corner. Of the buildings 
covering this space the new structure just completed occu- 
pies the northern half of the block. This building is one 
of the handsomest and most perfectly constructed of the 
recent fireproof structures erected throughout the country, 
to be devoted to merchandising. In the eight stories not 
a single square inch of space has been overlooked in pro- 
viding for the comfort of patrons and employes. The 
elegance of fixtures and appointments is especially notice- 
able, and the quality of stocks represented is of the highest 
possible standard. Exclusive offices and representatives in 
both New York and Paris, and extensive connections 
throughout the entire continent of Europe are maintained, 
thus affording channels of 'direct supply and advance ideas 
enjoyed by but few establishments. The basis upon which 
the business of this firm is conducted is : " Trustworthy 
goods only at uniformly correct prices ; all purchases re- 
turnable within a reasonable time for re-imbursement if 
uninjured and accompanied by sales-check." 



!,'. 



THE CITY OF WASHINGTON. 



To unremitting perseverance, never flagging indus- 
try large purchasing capacity and equally large outlet, 
absolute justice al all times, anticipating needs of patrons, 
pace with the city's growth and the bending oi 
eac h thought, effort and energ) towards making this store 
the representative institution of the capital city, is alone 
attributable its large su 

Samuel Walter Woodward was born in Damaris- 

cotta, Lincoln county, Maim-, aboul fifty-two years ago, 

active as in earlier youth. He is esteemed 



the Colonial Fire Insurance Company, president of the Board 
of Charities, trustee of the Columbian University, member of 
the board of managers of the Public Library, member of the 
executive committee and board of directors of the Washing- 
ton Board of Trade, member of the board of directors of the 
Washington Loan and Trust Company, member of the Co- 
lumbia Association of Baptist Churches of the District of 
Columbia, member of the Archaeological Institute of Amer- 
ica, member of Almas Temple, member of Lafayette Lodge. 
No. 19, F. A. A. M.: member of the Sons of the Revo- 




GOODS HOUSE. 



and loved 

•nc nif tlu 

11 who do 

and is 



iciales a-- well a.' 

amples o 

s nol waste lime 

i> to ex 



■in- 



uti 



and has 
sand dol 



with talk, hut 

end a helping 

thousands in 

hundred thou- 

ol the Young Men's 

Mr. Woodward is vic< 



ed thousands u| 
given more thai 
the 



mal Metropolitan I'.nnk : prcs- 
il 1 ompaivy.' president of 



Distric 
iingt( >n 
onnect( 



Columbii 



.'i\. member 
ion of New 
societies an< 



.1 th 
Yorl 



I leorge Washington Memorial Associ; 
City, and is connected with many othei 
tutions. 

Mr. Woodward's greatest pleasure is in aiding and 
helping forward the Christian work of the Y. M. C. A. 
He devotes his time and money to this most laudable en- 
deavor. Through his labors and gifts, the young men of 
the citj of Washington have opportunities and privileges 
hitherto unattainable, where they ma) be strengthened into 
better life. 



THE CITY OF WASHINGTON. 



257 




SAMUEL WALTER WOODWARD 



A. M« Lothrop was born in South Acton, Massachu- 
setts, about fifty-four years ago, and has been associated with 
Mr. S. W. Woodward in the dry goods business since 1870. 
He is vice-president of .the Union Savings Bank, director 
in the Equitable Building Association, member of Lafayette 
Lodge, No. 19, F. A. A. M. ; member of Mount Vernon 
Chapter, Washington Commandery, and Almas Temple ; 
president of the Acetylene Company, member of the Sons 
of the Revolution, member of the Mayflower Society, and 
interested in many other institutions of the city. Mr. 
Lothrop's large acquaintance and genial and affable nature 
have made endless friendships for both the firm and himself. 




Frank Hume, wholesale grocer, is descended from the 
ancient Scotch border family of Hume or Home, which has 
produced many men of distinction in literature and business. 

George Hume, the second son of Sir George Hume, 
of Wedderburn Castle, Berwickshire, Scotland, with his 
father and uncle Francis, joined in the rebellion in favor 
of Prince Charles, in 1715. In the action at Preston they 
were captured, and on July 4th, 1716, were tried and con-, 
demned. Through powerful family influence they were 
pardoned, Sir George dying in 1720. The following year 
his son George emigrated with his uncle Francis to the 
colony of Virginia, settling in St. George Parish. County 
of Spotsylvania, where he adopted the profession of sur- 
veyor, receiving, his appointment from William and Mary 
College in 1737, and in 1751 be was appointed by the 
crown as surveyor of Orange county, which at that time 
extended from Spotsylvania county to the Ohio River. 




FRANK HUME 

Many of his original field notes, including the original notes 
of Frederick county, are still in existence. His surveys 
are known to have extended to the vicinity of Staunton, in 
the county of Augusta. He also did much surveying with 
Washington, who was many years his junior. He surveyed 
the site of the present city of Fredericksburg, and was 
one of the surveyors in the settlement of the dispute arising 
from the Fairfax grant. His uncle Francis was appointed 
by Governor Spotswood, his kinsman, as his factor, and 
had much to do with the first venture in America of an 
iron furnace located at Germanna. on the Rapidan River. 
This colony of Spotswood was composed of German Prot- 
estants, who were brought by the governor to Virginia 
for the purpose of making iron, which venture not proving 
a profitable one, was abandoned as well as the settlement. 
The only reminder of the great expectations never realized 
is the old mill race, in a fair state of preservation, and two 
ancient stone chimneys which stand like lonely sentinels 
on the hill overlooking the red waters of the Rapidan. 



25* 



THE CITY OF WASHINGTON. 



led by Zachan Tayli 

I [e married Elizabeth, eldest 

daughter of Mr. George C. Proctor, of St. George Parish. 

man and large landed proprietor, ( (ctober [6, 17-7. 

to whom were born six sons. From the second, Francis, 

h is descended. 1 te was a planter 

in the count) of Culpeper, where he married Elizabeth 

Duncan, by whom four sons and two daughters were born. 

■id son, Armistead, also a planter, married Priscilla 

Calvin, daughter of John and Sarah Calvin, December 25, 

I died in Culpeper county, January m. [815. The) 

and one daughter. Charles, the youngest 

of the -"n-. was born July t, [814, and married Frances 

Rawlins, daughter of Major Levi Rawlins and 



Columbia College, the well-known tutor, Mr. Zalmon Rich- 
ards, being principal. After remaining' in Washington a few 
years, his father purchased a farm near the old town of 
Bladensburg, in Maryland, where his son attended the acad- 
emy. At the age of sixteen he obtained a clerical situation in 
the wholesale house of Edward Hall until the breaking out 
of hostilities between the States, and in the latter end of 
July, 1861, it seemed to him a duty to answer the call of 
his native State, Virginia, and he left Washington. Cross- 
ing the Potomac at Pope's Creek with a party of young 
men. he reached Manassas, where he joined the Volunteer 
Southerns, the famous company formerly commanded by 
Jefferson Davis in the Mexican War. but now of the Twen- 
ty-first Mississippi Regiment. Barksdale's Brigade. He par- 




MR HUME'S COUNTRY RESIDENCE. 



■>. "ii June 21, 1836. Major Rawlins was 
11 V Rawlins, Secretan of War, am 

was appointed 

cond auditor's office of 

nt, which he held at the lime of his 

By this marriage were born seven 

hi i rank, was born 

[843, the fain 

father at that 
n, .md after 1 . 

ith and Twelfth 



licipated in the battles of Seven Pines, Savage Station, 
rid Heights, Sharpsburg, Fredericksburg, December 
11 and 13, [862; Marye's Heights, Ma) ,; and 4, 1863; 
Gettysburg, Inly _>. 1863, where he was wounded in the 
hip: Chester Cap, Chickamauga, < hattanooga, Campbell's 
Station, Siege of Knoxville, Falling Waters, Bunker Mill, 
and in May, 1S64, was, b\ general orders, detailed b) Gen 
eral I. E. B. Stuarl for scout duty. While on this duty Ins 
chic! was mortally wounded at the battle of Yellow Tavern, 
and he reported i" General Robert I". Lee in person. He 
had the full confidence of his chief, remaining in the held, 
until the surrender at Appomattox, when he secured a farm 
in the county of Orange, and concluded i.> follow General 
< irant's advice and " raise a crop." 



THE CITY OF WASHINGTON. 



259 



After two years of farming he obtained a position as 
clerk in the wholesale house of Barruch Hall, in the city 
of Washington, and in 1869 he was asked to become a 
partner with Mr. Richard Poole, on Pennsylvania avenue, 
to which, he assented, and the firm of Poole & Hume was 
formed. Owing to poor health, Mr. Poole withdrew from 
the firm, selling his interest to Mr. Hume, who has suc- 
cessfully managed the business. Pie is a member of the 
Washington Board of Trade, and chairman of the com- 
mittee on railroads, and is connected with a number of 
the business and charitable institutions. He married, June, 
1870, Miss Emma Phillips Norris, daughter of the late 
Hon. John E. Norris, a prominent lawyer and politician 
of Washington, D. C. Mr. Hume for years has resided 
at Warwick, just across the Potomac, and in view of both 
Washington and Alexandria, and his friends may at all 
times be sure of a hearty Virginia hospitality. Pie has 
been honored with two terms in the Virginia Legislature, 
being elected both times by flattering majorities, as a Demo- 
crat. Pie has declined re-election, though always ready 
to aid in the success of his party. Mr. Hume, through 
purely humane motives, took an active part in ridding the 
city of what was known as the " Industrial, or Coxey's 
Army," which seemed for some time to be a menace to 
good order, and for this unselfish service President Cleve- 
land and Secretary of War Lamont extended their thanks 
at a private interview, and the following resolution was 
adopted by the Board ■ of Commissioners of the District 
of Columbia : 

Office of the Commissioners 

of the District of Columbia, 

Washington, February 24th, 1897. 
Mr. Frank Hume, 

Dear Sir : The Commissioners of the District of Co- 
lumbia beg to tender to you their sincere and grateful ac- 
knowledgments for the very valuable services rendered by 
you to the people of the District of Columbia upon the 
occasion of the visit of the industrial army to this District 
in the year 1894. Amid the embarrassments and possible 
dangers which attended that gathering of discontented men 
at the capital you evinced a degree of tact and public spirit 
in aiding the Commissioners to avoid public disturbance 
during their stay, in providing for their sustenance, and for 
their return to their homes, in a manner which reflected 
credit upon yourself and which deserves the gratitude of 
the people of the District of Columbia. The Commissioners 
regard this, recognition of your public service as justly due 
you, and regret the delay which has attended their statement 
concerning the same. 

Yours very truly, 

(Signed) John W. Ross, President, 
Board of Commissioners, District of Columbia. 

Mr. Hume took an active interest in aiding the strug- 
gling Cubans in their war for independence, serving as 
treasurer of the National Cuban League, which organization 
did splendid work in arousing the interest and sympathy 
of the liberty-loving people of our country. After all debts 
had been paid he (Mr. Hume), by direction of the league, 
forwarded the surplus funds to General Gomez to be used 
for the benefit of the sick and wounded Cubans. Mr. Hume 
is a most companionable man, as well as one of the best 
known of our citizens, ever ready to lend a helping hand to 
the distressed. He has the confidence and esteem of our 
people, and is in every way a most useful citizen. 



*' G. G. Cornwell and Son. — One of the most com- 
plete grocery establishments in Washington, carrying a 
full and complete line of imported and domestic table lux- 
uries, fancy and staple groceries, and wines and liquors, is 
that of G. G. Cornwell & Son, at 1412-1418 Pennsylvania 
avenue. Few stores with such a wide variety and selection 
of stock are to be found anywhere. The large warehouse 
and salesroom are models of the architect's skill, combined 
with the knowledge of the needs of such an institution, 
established by the astute founder of the business, Mr. G. 
G. Cornwell, since deceased. The large building occupied 




G. G. CORNWELL AND SON 






THE CITY OF WASHINGTON. 



by this firm is standing on the principal thoroughfare of 
the nation's capital. It is a five-story brick structure, with 
stone trimmings, each floor having an area of 50 by 100 
feet, equipped with electric lights, steam heat, elevators 
and all modern applia 

G. G. Cornwell, who founded this business in 1865, 

was the - if the Hon. Harry Cornwell and Sally Douglas, 

and was born in New Lebanon, New York, on June 22. 
[820. He married Eliza Van Volkenburg, of Chatham, 
rk. To them were born seven children, S. 1 '•. Corn- 
well being sole survivor. He came to Washington in 1863, 
and shorth afterwards embarked in the grocer) business, 
and through In- honesty, rare tact and a keen insight into 
the requirements of a growing city, laid the foundation for 
the business, which has since reached such a magnitude. 
In 1866 Mr. Cornwell admitted to the firm bis son. 

S. G. Cornwell "as born in New York city in [859, 

bis father being at that time a member of the New York 

Stuck Exchange. He had then finished his education at 

the VVyomanock Seminary. New Lebanon, New York, and 

shewed a marked aptitude for the business. .More and 

mure in his declining years Mr. Cornwell rested upon his 

son ami successor, until the whole responsibility of the 

vast business devolved upon him. He has continued the 

business along the same lines as those laid down by his 

father, which has accordingly increased under his capable 

■ ui. In iNXj Mr. S. ('.. Cornwell married Miss 

S. !•'.. Marsh, of New Lebanon, New York. Three sons 

have been born to Mr. and Mrs. Cornwell, as follows: 

1 ornwell, named for his grandfather; Harry 

King, and Douglas Van Volkenburg l ornwell. Mr. and 

irnwell reside at [359 Princeton street, northwest. 

William Frederick Gude, one of Washington's most 

ing young business men, as well as a pre-eminently 

ul florist, is ,1 member of the well known firm of 

& Brother, whose attractive salesrooms are at 1 -'-'4 

B01 n at l im hburg, \ irginia, when 

but two years of age Mr. Gude was taken by his parents 

to Maryland, when they settled in Prince George county. 

Ibis was in t.Xjo. Mr. Glide's father. I . Gustave Idolph 

Gude, and his mother, who before marriage was Eredericka 

Knoll, were from Leipsic and Stuttgart, Germany, 

tarried at Lynchburg, \ irginia, and 

his marriage were nine children 

Icnr) \\ .. Vlolphus, Alexander and W. E. 

il, and two sisters, Bertha and Marie, 

ountj school Mr. 1 iude 

pencerian B , in this 

lid since that time, with his 

ntion I- floriculture. ["heir 

on a small scale. 

' d until now the. 

nut es in this 
rs are on ; , large 
; Washington's most exclusive 
and weak 1 



Mr. Gude is one of the city's representative business 
men, and his name will always be found prominently men- 
tioned where the best interests of the city's trade and pro- 
gression is involved. He is a member of the Board of 
Trade and president of the Business Men's Association, 
in which he has always been an active and important factor. 
Mr. Gude is identified with many of the benevolent and 
fraternal orders, holding prominent offices in a number 
of them. He is a past master of Anacostia Lodge. No. 21, 
1''. A. A. M.: a charter member of Anacostia Royal Arch 
Chapter, No. 12: I'. C. He Mo'ay Mounted Commandery, 
No. 4. K. T. : illustrious potentate of Almas Temple. Ancient 
Arabic < )rder Nobles of the Mystic Shrine: a thirty-second 
degree Scottish Rite Mason: P. G. Central Lodge No. 1. 
I. (). (). F. ; Fred. D. Stuart Encampment I. O. O. F. ; 
Washington Canton, Patriarch Militant. 1 fe is a member 



^ 




ILLIAM FREDERICK GUDE 



of Washington Lodge No. 15, B. P. 0. Elks; Junior I Irder 
American Mechanics, Constellation Council. No. 39; past 
chancellor Amaranth Lodge, No. 29, Knights of Pythias; 
member Eureka Grange, No. 177. Maryland; ex-president 
Societ) of American Florists and Ornamental Horticultur- 
ists, of which he is a life member. Mr. Gude also has the 
distinction of being the youngest member ever elected to the 
presidency of this societ) . He is an honorar) member of the 
1 orcoran Cadel Corps and a pasl patron of Ruth 1 hapter 
No. 1. In [896 Mr. Gude married Miss Kathryn 
M. I.ocl'llcr. daughter of Mr. and Mrs. Andreas Loeffler. 
ol Washington. Two sons and two daughters, Ernest An- 
drew. Amelia Elizabeth Kathryn. Louisa Whitfield Carnegie 
and Frederick Granville Gude are the fruits of this mar- 
Mr. and Mrs. 1 iude reside at 3900 New Hampshire 



THE CITY OF WASHINGTON. 



261 




Clark and Davenport. -Engaged in a business that 
supplies the wants of the housekeeper of taste and judgment, 
and those wants being many and varied, there are few busier 
men in Washington than Mr. Edwin Spottswood Clark, sole 
proprietor of the extensive furniture and carpet house at 
Twelfth and F streets, northwest. In this place are to be 
found all of the latest conceits in beautiful and expensive 
furniture, carpets, etc., from the hands of the world's most 
famous producers, which gratify the taste and requirements 
of the most fastidious patrons, while the needs of those of 
more moderate means are also satisfactorily supplied. The 
name of Clark & Davenport in Washington is synonymous 
with all that is of the best, and few, if any, leave this 
store without the object of their quest, and at the same 
time with the satisfaction of knowing they have secured 
value received. The business was originally established 
by F. Peterson in 1859. Later it passed into the hands 
of Theodore Davenport, Jr., and E. S. Clark, under the 
firm name of Clark & Davenport, and upon the death of 



the latter, the entire business was 
assumed by Mr. Clark, and has 
been since conducted by him with 
the utmost success. 

Edwin Spottswood Clark 

was born in 1859, and is a son of 
Dr. E. P. and Judith Talleaferro 
Clark, of Fauquier county, Va., 
the birthplace of the subject of 
this sketch. After completing 
his education at the Broad Run 
High School. Virginia, he came 
to Washington in the spring of 
1S82, and entered the employ of 
Hooe Brothers & Company's dry 
goods and carpet house, an old 
and reliable firm. There he re- 
mained for five years, when he 
went with W. B. Moses & Son, 
serving them faithfully and well 
for thirteen years. Then it was 
that Mr. Clark went into business 
for himself, and from the first 
the new business thrived and 
prospered, and four months after 
Clark & Davenport began busi- 
ness they had secured contracts 
for furnishing the Government 
with carpets to the amount of 
£20,000. Last year the firm 
captured the biggest prizes in the 
trade in securing the contracts 
for recarpeting the floors of the 
Senate Chamber and the House 
of Representatives. Over 2,000 yards of carpet is required in 
the House, which is held in position by over 15,000 pins 
and sockets, all made by the firm. Special designs on 
cardboard for these carpets were submitted to the committee, 
one of which was selected in competition with the weavers 
of the world. 

About half that amount of carpet is used in the Senate. 
For each of the thirty new committee rooms that have been 
constructed where once the Library of Congress was housed, 
special carpets have been woven, with coloring to match 
the decorations of the rooms. Mr. Clark is especially grate 
ful to his friends in this city and New York for the support 
they have given him in his enterprise. He is assured by 
the big dealers that never in their experience have the} 
seen so young a house with so small a capital to start on 
succeed as this one has. Mr. Clark married Miss Sweet 
of Washington, and, with their daughter, occupy a hand- 
some apartment at the Savoy. 



262 



THE CITY OF WASHINGTON. 



The J. Maury Dove Company.— The fuel business 
now conducted by The J. Maury Dove Company was es- 
tablished in 1850 by Solomon Stover, whose office and yard 
was located in what was known as the old lirst ward, at 
er of Twenty-first and I streets, northwest. At 
this time no coal reached Washington in cars, and all de- 
liveries were I", water, Mr. Stover unloading bis coal at 



In 1876 Mr. J. Maury Dove entered the employ of Mr. 
Stover, and. as the latter was in very ill-health, the man- 
agement of the business was placed almost entirely in Mr. 
Dove's bands, who immediately secured greater facilities 
fur the transaction of the growdng business and, for the 
convenience of the patrons, established branch yards in 
various sections of the city. Upon the death of Air. Stover 
the business was taken over by the firm of Stover & Com- 




\URY DOV 



COMPANY 



1 thai poii 



stributmg 



mensc business 



same 
- storage yard being 
thai lime in the 
rl of Washington, he 

•1 tin- most prominent 
honorable business meth- 



panv, consisting of Mr. J, Maun Dove and Mr. William 
I. Wilson. Two years later this partnership was dissolved 
and Mr. Dove controlled the entire business, which, under 
his sole management, rapidly increased in volume until it 
became the largesl enterprise of its kind in the city. In 
September. 1902, The ). Maury Dove Companj was in- 
corporated. The business of Mr. William II. Baum and 
Messrs. Hagner & Merriam being merged into the new 



THE CITY OF WASHINGTON. 



263 



company, Mr. Merriam retired from the firm of Hagner 
& Merriam, and Mr. Randall H. Hagner associated him- 
self with The J. Maun- Dove Company. In commercial 
circles, and among the public generally, it is a well-known 
fact that the firms of J. Maury Dove, William H. Baum 
and Hagner & Merriam conducted their business on prin- 
ciples of the strictest probity, and established a reputa- 
tion for fair dealing, courtesy and intelligent treatment 
of their patrons, which won for them a high degree of con- 
fidence, both among their own trade and in the commercial 
circles of the city generally. 




J. tylaury Dove, president, and the largest stockholder 
of The J. Maury Dove Company, is a native of this city. 
He was educated in the public schools and at the Rockville 
Academy, Maryland. In 1876, after graduating from the 
academy, he engaged in business in Philadelphia, but i 
September, 1876, returned to this city and entered the em- 
ploy of Solomon Stover. As previously stated, the growth 
of the latter's business was entirely due to his management 
and executive ability, and upon the death of Mr. Stover 
he was the logical successor to the business. After assum- 
ing the entire control he immediately introduced modern 
and up-to-date appliances, and brought the business up to 
a high state of perfection. After his business was firmly 
established Mr. Dove connected himself with the manage- 
ment of the Lanston Monotype Company, and his abilities 
were so quickly recognized that in a short time he was 
made president and general manager of the company. The 
duties of this company require his attention in New York 
and Philadelphia about four days in each week, the re- 
mainder of his time being spent in his office at Washington. 
Personally Mr. Dove is very popular among a wide circle 
of business and social friends, and is held in high esteem 



among the most influential citizens of the District. The 
present standing of The J. Maury Dove Company is due 
almost entirely to his ability, and he is generally recog- 
nized as one of the foremost business men of Washington. 
Mr. Dove has very large interests outside of those men- 
tioned, and among them he is prominently connected with 
the hotel syndicates of this city who operate the Raleigh 
and New Willard hotels, and in the management of which 
he is very frequently consulted and his advice sought by 
those who are associated with him in this enterprise. 

William H. Baum, vice-president of The J. Maury 
Dove Company, was born in Baltimore during the temporary 
absence of his family from this city. He was educated in 
the public schools of this city, and during the war held 
several governmental positions. At the close of the war he 
engaged in the grocery business, which he conducted for 
about three years. In August. 1868, he entered into the 
coal business, his office and yard being located at Tenth and 
C streets, southwest. In 1874 ne bought out the business 
of William ( ruinnand, at 205 Seventh street, southwest, and 
on account of its more favorable location transferred his 




main office to that place, where he has continued in business 
ever since. Mr. Baum is one of the most highly respected 
citizens in the District of Columbia, and for many years 
was one of the school trustees, representing the fourth di- 
vision, and part of this time was president of the school 
board. He is a man of fine 'personality and generous im- 
pulses, and has been identified with the business interests of 
Washington and with every movement tending to benefit the 
national capital. He is a man of the most irreproachable 
integrity, and his name is synonymous with the best prin- 
ciples of sound business probity. Prior to connecting him- 



20.\ 



THE CITY OF WASHINGTON. 



self with the Dove Company, Mr. Baum had been a warm 
personal friend of each one of the gentlemen on the board 
of directors, and in the enlargement of the business he has 
brought an experience of thirl which is replete 

with a thorough knowledge of the local conditions of the 
coal trade. There is probably no coal dealer in the city 
who is better acquainted with the coal dealers of the Dis- 
trict than Mr. L'.aum, and he will eventually have the entire 
of the wholesale departmenl of the company. 

W. Hamilton Smith, manager, and one of the board 
of directors of The J. Maury Dove Company, was born in 
iidon, Connecticut, Me came to ibis city in 1873, 
ducatcd in the publ'c schools of the city and under 
private tutors. In 1876 lie entered the employ of II. Clay 
who at that lime conducted a retail coal and wood 
omi r -1' Twelfth and 1 1 streets. Upon the 
retirement of Mr. Stewart from active business this yard 
was purchased bj Mr. Dove for Solomon Stover, and is 
still one of the branch yards of the business. In [89 1 Mr. 
Smith lel'l the employ of Mr. Dove and for one and one- 
half years was connected with Messrs. Woodward & Loth 
top, of this city, and with several of the local newspapers 
tl correspondence and as an ad writer for several 
• cities, holding the responsible posi- 













ln 1891 Mr. 

it 
■• mi. .n thai hi arranged 

Mid up to the in- 
ii'iec ( ,i with Mr. 
r, M 1 1 
• ni ice compaiv 



on the date of its incorporation. Mr. Smith is well known 
111 Washington business circles as a young \\\z.\\ of un- 
doubted integrity and fine abilities. He is a pi eminent 
Mason and has held several high offices in various organiza- 
tion of that fraternity, and in his capacity as manager has 
brought to the new business the value of the training and 
experience which for years he received when in the employ 
of Mr. Dove. 




WILLIAM M. DOVE 

William M. Dove, secretary of The J. Maun Dov< 
Company, was born in Washington, D. C, and educated at 
the Emerson Institute and the Rockville Academy. In 1S71 
he entered, the employ of Solomon Stover, and left him to 
engage in business with Mr. C. C. Bryan, with whom he 
was connected for over ten years. Upon the succession 
of J. Maury Dove to the business of Stover & Compam 
he left Mr. Bryan and entered the emplo\ of his brother, 
remaining with him for several years, but resigned to ac- 
cept the position of inspector of fuel for the District of 
Columbia, which office he filled with exceptional ahilitx 
for over cighl years, and on severing his connection with 
the District entered the Government service as superintend 
en I of Station B, citj post office. In this capacity Mr. Dove 
made many friends and had the confidence of his official 

-real abilit) in the Conduct of the branch ]*>st office on 
1 apitol Mill, lb was regarded as the right-hand man of 
1.1] cit) postmasters under whom he served, On 
on of fhe J. Maun Dove Companj he re 
signed his position as superintendent of Station I'. and pur- 
chased an interest m the new company, being connected 
tan and one of the hoard of directors. 



THE CITY OF WASHINGTON. 



265 



Mr. Dove has a very wide circle of friends in Washington 
and is deservedly popular with his business associates. He 
is a hard worker, and his former experiences in the coal 
business make him a very valuable acquisition to The J. 
Maury Dove Company. 

Randall H. Hagner, assistant manager of The J. 
Maury Dove Company, was born in Washington, D. C. He 
was educated in the. public schools of this city, and early 
in life entered the office of Messrs. Hornblower & A/[arshall, 
architects, intending to make architecture a profession. 
After an experience of about a year, in which time he dem- 
onstrated remarkable talent in the details of the profession, 
he severed his connection with this firm and entered the 
employ of the Allegheny Company, of this city. He re- 
mained with the Allegheny Company for four and one- 
half years, and developed exceptional ability in the con- 
duct of the outside affairs of that firm. In the spring of 
1902 he engaged in the coal business on his own account, 
establishing the firm of Hagner & Merriam, and the pros 
pects were very bright, as Mr. Hagner controlled, through 
his personal popularity and the influence of his family, a 




RANDALL 



large proportion of the patronage of the prominent residents 
in the northwestern section of the city. During the time 
he engaged in the coal business he has established a very high 
reputation as a salesman, and when The J. Maury Dove 
Company was incorporated he accepted the proposition made 
by them, and the firm of Hagner & Merriam sold out their 
business to The J. Maury Dove Company, Mr. Merriam re- 
tiring and Mr. Hagner associating himself with the new con- 

34 



cern as one of the directors. Mr. Hagner is very highly con- 
nected, being one of the younger members of the old Hagner 
family of this city, and numbers among his personal friends 
the most influential citizens of the District. He is extremely 
energetic, and is possessed of excellent business judgment, 
which renders him an extremely valuable addition to the 
J. Maury Dove Company. 




COUGHLAr- 



[Wiehael A. Coughlan, treasurer of The J. Maury 
Dove Company, was born in Washington, D. C. He was 
educated at the Christian Brothers' Academy, one of the old- 
schools of Washington, and after graduating he entered 
the employ of James O'Hagan, the plumber, having com- 
plete charge of the business under the supervision of Mr. 
O'Hagan. In 1881 he entered the employ of Stover & 
Company, having charge of their branch office on M street. 
He developed such exceptional abilities as an office man 
that he was transferred from the branch yard and placed 
in charge of the main office of the firm. Mr. Coughlan 
occupied this confidential position with Mr. Dove until the 
date of the incorporation of The J. Maury Dove Company, 
when he was given an interest in the new concern and was 
elected treasurer and one of the board of directors. Mr. 
Coughlan's promotion was the result of his faithful and nev- 
er-ceasing efforts in studying the interests of Mr. Dove, and 
he stands very high in the estimation of the patrons of the 
company. Mr. Coughlan's long experience in Mr. Dove's 
office has familiarized him so thoroughly with the affairs 
of the business that he is particularly adapted to fill the 
office to which he has been elected by his associates of The 
J. Maury Dove Company. 



266 



THE CITY OF WASHINGTON. 



V. Baldwin Johnson is recogni; Wash- 

ington's mosl progressive and public spirited business men, 
and to hi and initiative art' due many improve- 

ments and innovations in the business community of this 
city, which added to its prestige here and abroad. When 
Mr. Johnson, in the war [883, entered the coal business 
the only visible shedding for fuel at the various coal estab- 
lishments in this citj consisted of a few square yards of 
rough roofing, designed and used almost exclusively for 
sheltering kindling wood. The idea of keeping coal and 
c..ke under cover and in large quantities originated in this 
city with Mr. Johnson, and its rapid development has been 
due to and successfully pioneered by him. Twenty years 
ago the Washington consumer knew little, if anything, 
h , coal over wet coal, and a request 
1,\ a consumer for dry coal was regarded by the average 
dialer of dial dav more in the light of a "cranky" whim 




nsible and just n quest. Mr. Johnson has caused 

hi 1 ti 11 »n el) iliedded with tin and 

tm-. under which coal, wood and 

11 large quantities for deliver) in all seasons, 

at Ixittom prices, with full weight and measure. 

Van Wert Baldwin Johnson was born in Dorchester 

lid, February 26, 1858, and is the sou of 

Alward Johnson and Man Levin (McNamara) Johnson. 

1 in the public schools of bj s native count) 

and in 1 ntcring thereafter St. John's 

larvlaud. A progressive spirit and 

ppermost in Mr. John- 

his college edu- 

lined a scholarship by 

>n. While he was clerking in busi- 

; red himself during leisure- 



moments for his college entrance. A few years after he 
had finished his college course " multa cum laude," he 
started in the coal and wood business in this city, in the 
year 1883. on a very small scale, and it is due to his enter- 
prise and energy that the business thus founded by him 
has since grown to be one of the largest in that line in 
Washington, D. C. In order to supply his ever increasing 
business, Mr. Johnson was compelled to establish a number 
of offices and branches in various parts of the city. The 
main office of the firm is at hot Rhode Island avenue, 
northwest, with branches at 1802 Eleventh street, north- 
west ; 420 East Capitol street ; 620 F street, northwest ; saw- 
mill and railroad dump on North Capitol street, corner of 
( i street. 

Ah hough taking the liveliest interest in all public mat- 
ters concerning the welfare of this city. Mr. Johnson has 
never solicited political honors. He is prominently con- 
nected with the various citizens associations, and is a mem- 
ber of the masonic fraternity in its various degrees. In 
r8oj Mr. Johnson married Miss Margaretha Heitmuller. 
daughter of Anton and Henrietta Heitmuller of this city. 
There are two daughters from this union — Marguerite 
and Pauline. Mr. Johnson occupies a handsome residence 
at 1201 street, northwest. Washington. D. C. 

Johnson Brothers. — The firm of Johnson Brothers 
(formerly E. Kurtz Johnson I has been identified with the 
business interests of Washing-ton for such a long period 
and in such an enviable light, that there is scarcely any- 
thing that can be said which would add to that reputation 
of honesty, reliability and trustworthiness which the firm 
has always enjoyed and merited. The business was first 
started by its founder. E. Kurtz Johnson, on principles 
of honesty and fair dealing, and has made such wonderful 
progress on those lines that to-day the firm of Johnson 
Brothers is the leading firm in its line of business in the 
District of Columbia, The present owners of the firm. 0. 
Ferry Johnson and (.'has. ||. Johnson, readily recognized 
when the) took charge of the business that the policy 
pursued by its founder was the best, and are to-day con- 
tinuing transactions on those lines. 

The linn id' Johnson Brothers is composed of I I. Perry 
Johnson and Charles II. Johnson, having been horn in the 
city of Washington in September. 1S7S. and March. [88o, 
respectively. Their father and founder of the firm was 
F. Kurtz Johnson, and their mother's maiden name was 
Ann Elizabeth Wimsatt, both of Maryland. The brothers 
were educated by private tutors, afterwards entering 
own University, where they graduated with high 
honors. The firm of which they are the proprietors was 
organized b\ their father thirty-five years ago, and to-da) 
it supplies more families with fuel than any other firm in 
the United Slaies. The main office of the linn is at [312 
!■' street, northwest, and its branches are scattered in all 
of the city — at 1515 Seventh street, northwest: 
Third and [< streets, northwest : wharves and railroad yards 
• oi Twelfth street, southwest. The firm possesses 



THE CITY OF WASHINGTON. 



267 



exceptional advantages for purchasing and handling fuel, 
making deliveries direct from vessels and their railroad 
yards and wharves, thus avoiding the additional expense 
of re-handling. Purchasing in large quantities and being 
in daily receipt of cargoes of the best varieties mined, 
the firm insures prompt attention to all orders, and guar- 
antees a strictly pure and clean coal of 2240 pounds to the 
ton; also all kinds of wood in the stick and sawed and 
split at bottom prices. The firm owns and operates the 
largest kindling wood factory south of New York. 

Freeborn Garrettson Smith. — The clay is rapidly 
approaching when the city of Washington, the capital of 
the nation, will be also its artistic, musical and dramatic 
center, the veritable pulse of the national life. This is 
gradually coming to be understood by the nation at large, 
and the leaders in the various circles named are seeking 
and securing foothold here. Thus, so far back as 1877, 
one of the undoubted leaders in the manufacture of pianos. 




FREEBORN GARRETTSON SMITH, PRESIDENT 

Mr. Freeborn G. Smith, owner and manufacturer of the 
world-famous " Bradbury," opened -an establishment for 
the sale of his products here, the original site of this branch 
store being at the corner of Twelfth street and Pennsylvania 
avenue, in the Shepherd building, and of this incipient 
Washington enterprise Mr. W. P. Van Wickle was put in 
charge. " Art is long and time is fleeting," but events in 
America, to the eyes of a world grown old in watching 
civilization's evolution, more rapidly, compared with like- 
comparative changes in ancient and but a trifle less modern 
countries, America has on her seven league boots, and 
electric impetus replaces ox-cart energy. In 1879 the Brad- 
bury Piano Company moved to 1 103 Pennsylvania avenue, 
the government's lease of the Shepherd building offering 
a good excuse. The popularity of the company, augmented 
and disseminated by its untiring representative, soon caused 



it to outgrow these latter quarters and to properly accommo- 
date the constantly increasing business, Mr. Smith leased 
the building then occupied by Barlow's Art Gallery at 1225 
Pennsylvania avenue, and in February, 1887, erected the 
present handsome structure extending through to E street. 
This building is artistic as to front, double in construction, 
five stories in height on Pennsylvania avenue, four on E 
street, and of an extreme length of over 200 feet. The 
lower floor consists of one elegant room 25 by 200 feet and 
18 feet in height. The angle formed by the two streets 
results in an acoustic property superb for showing off the 
superior quality of the Bradbury's tone. The upper floors 
are used as piano parlors, and for storing the old pianos 
taken in exchange for Bradbury's ; the second door front 
is used for displaying the uprights, quarter-grands and 
baby-grand " Chickerings," of which piano they are the 
Washington and District of Columbia agents. Fully seven- 
ty-five Bradbury pianos are admirably displayed on the 
lower floor, with no suspicion of crowding. These com- 
prise some twenty-five styles, among them the superb style 
i\ T o. 14, Colonial, Columbian, Renaissance, and other late 
designs of the highest artistic merit. Of these the new style 
Xo. 14 is probably the most meritorious, and is enjoying a 
wek-earned and almost universal popularity. 

The Bradbury piano is the outcome of the life study 
of William B. Bradbury, one of the most noted of American 
hymn singers and church music composers, whose desire 
was to secure a piano that should combine the singing 
tone of the organ with the vibrant and semi-mechanical 
effect of the best grades of pianos. In this he succeeded 
and built up a tremendous business. July 17, 1867, he 
retired from business and was succeeded by Mr. Freeborn 
Garrettson Smith, who has since greatly improved the 
peculiar tone qualities of his product, beside raising the 
artistic merit of the designs, and this brings us back to the 
original proposition — Washington's growth in art and 
music. Gradually increasing in wealth and culture, the 
national capital sees each succeeding year a new influx 
of wealthy citizenry, representing all sections and com- 
posed largely of the refined element of our civilization, 
and in its architectural embellishment, its merchants' trade 
displays, and its art, music and drama, the good results are 
reflected. A gallery in the great Congressional Library 
devoted in its mural adornments to the Muses, where the 
characters and attributes of the Idalian Spring are skilfully 
delineated, attests this growth in classical thought and en- 
joyment ; sculptured frieze and emblematic fresco in many 
public and trade buildings still further emphasize it, and 
the enhanced popularity and wide-spread ownership of Brad- 
burvs among high officialdom and the elite of the city con- 
linn it. Doubtless more than a modicum of this popularity 
is traceable to the undeniable prestige in Washington social 
and business circles of the wide-awake and up-to-date Dis- 
trict manager, Mr. Van Wickle and his charming and 
gracious wife, but by far the greater part, here as elsewhere, 
is due the superior merit of the instruments themselves. No 






THE CITY OF WASHINGTON 




L-J I 



"IANO COMPANY 



h of the 



have attested the Bradbury's preeminence in desirable quali- 
as a home adjunct, while the list of private citizens 
of note who cheerfully testify to its value and pleasure- 
giving is a large and constantly increasing one.. 

Like his predecessor in the business, Mr. Smith was 
humbly born, a log cabin, not far from Baltimore. Md., 
sheltering his infant head. Like so many another great 
American, poverty, honest but uncomfortable, gave spur 
to earnest endeavor and wrought a man where perhaps 
else had been a dawdling weakling. As a boy he assisted 
his father at blacksmithing. This proving distasteful, he, 
concluding that to be Smith by name was enough, sought 
and secured work in a printing office, from which place he 
graduated to a Baltimore piano factory as apprentice. I [ere 
the character of the lad began to show. Indefatigable 
energy, earnest application, an inquiring mind and tenacious 
memory rapidly pushed him to notice and commendation. 
During the last year of his apprenticeship he made all the 
piano keys for the factory in extra work at night, proving 
himself both a genius and — but there! — "Genius is a 
capacity for hard work." 

" The heights by great men reached and kept 
Were not achieved by sudden flight ; 
But they, while others played or slept, 
Were toiling upward through the night," 
was never more fitly and aptly illustrated. His novitiate 
complete, the Acolyte of the singing piano served courses 
of study and work in the emploj of two of the then fore- 
most piano factories in America, and then came his oppor- 
tunity and he proved the man for the occasion. Mr. Brad- 
bury, full nf years and honors, retired from business ami 
.Mr. Smith succeeded him. The priest of Apollo and Euterpe 
mounted his chariot and has made of it a triumphal car. 
Eminently practical, a mechanician and a musician, he 
at once began the extension and development of the busi- 
ness. Coincident with improvements in the mechanism 
of the piano he made improvements in the designs of the 
eases: increase in the territory covered b\ his salesmen 
with a like increase in branch headquarters and manufactur- 
ing plant : improved the machinery and at once took a 
station in the line of advance, and has gradually improved 
that position until to-day the Bradbury is a leader — one 
of the "Great 1'owers" in the piano world. The instru- 
ment is so constructed that it will stand the severest use. 

as symmetrical, graceful and attractive as 
an and modern finish can make it. Its " whole tone " qual- 
ity, mellow and rich and soul-compelling, is easily recog- 
mong a thousand various makes, and still marks 
it a queen of son;;, equal in the opinion of mam to a con- 
cert grand, and this is largeh the result of Mr. Smith's 
personal attention, study and improved application of har- 
monic principles to this instrument. To him is also due 
the fact that these pianos are sold direct from the factor) 
to the purchaser, with no middle-man's profits to be added, 
thus saving to the purchaser fully twenty-five per cent, of 
the cost of the instrument. This has proven a source of 
added popularity to that otherwise en 



THE CITY OF WASHINGTON. 



269 



Freeborn G. Smith, Jr., now an associate of his 
father in the business, has grown up under that father's 
training, and is now able to relieve him of a great share 
of the responsibilities and care of the business. He has 
much of his father's native talent for music, practical knowl- 




FREEBORN G. SMITH, JR., TREASURER 

edge, rare tact in management, and a splendid education 
and refined tastes. To him the piano is an open book, and 
he has made numerous betterments in its manufacture. He 
visits Washington occasionally and may. eventually, reside 
here. He has been an important factor in building up the 
trade, now so colossal, of the Bradbury. The firm now 
runs three great factories, of which that at Leominster. 
Massachusetts, is the largest and is also one of the largest, 
if not the largest, case factory in the world. Eighteen 
branch warehouses report direct to the firm's headquarters 
in the Bradbury building, at 142 Fifth avenue, New York. 
These are located in the principal cities of the United 
States — Brooklyn, Baltimore, Philadelphia, Washington, 
Chicago, Jersey City , Kansas City, Newark, Saratoga 
Springs, and Boston, being among the most prominent. 
With Washington as an example, it is easy to see that Mr. 
Smith's judgment of men as shown in the picking out 
his managers for the various branch houses, has been of 
inestimable value to him and secured and riveted yet more 
firmly the popularity of the Bradbury. 

Mr. Van Wickle. the manager here, has been in his 
employ twenty-seven years, twenty-five of which have been 
in his present responsible position, and profiting by his 
employer's ideas, which in many points he has made his 
own, he has chosen the local staff of assistants wisely and 
well, Mr. Victor J. Becker having been with him twenty- 
five years : Mr. Edwin K. Staley ten years, and Messrs. 
George L. Sheriff, Arthur C. Hindle and Edwin H. King 
each lesser terms of service. Such length of business con- 
nection speaks well for all concerned. 



The manufacturer of the Bradbury is a multi-million- 
aire and resides in Brooklyn, New York, as does also his 
son. He is the father of the New York Piano Manufac- 
turers' Association, out of which grew the National Piano 
Manufacturers' Association. He is a man of generous 
instincts, great charity and strict business integrity. He is, 
save one, the oldest living piano manufacturer in the country 
and employs nearly a thousand men in his various interests. 
Washington needs a great music hall and grand orchestra, 
and in Mr. Smith and his able Washington representative 
would find valuable and willing coadjuters and allies in 
securing such. 

W. P. Van Wickle, manager Bradbury warerooms, 
Washington, D. C, was born at Lyons, Wayne county, 
N. Y.. and received his education at the Palmyra (N. Y.) 
Classical School and the Troy (N. Y.) Academy. He came 
to New York city in 1876 and entered the Bradbury piano 
factorv as shipping clerk, and afterwards worked in the 
repair department and general offices. In 1878 he opened 
a branch piano wareroom in Brooklyn, E. D., and one in 
Jersey City in August, 1879. He came to Washington to 
take charge of the Bradbury warerooms, which F. G. Smith 
had purchased from Sanders & Stayman. with the under- 
standing of remaining but a short time, but has remained 
over twenty-four years. The success of the Bradbury piano 
at the nation's capital is largely due to Mr. Van Wickle's 
personal acquaintance with public men and high officials, 




W P. VAN WICKLE, VICE-PRESIDENT 

from the Chief Executive down. He is a director and 
treasurer of the Washington Board of Trade ; a member 
of the Columbia Historical Society and the National Geo- 
graphical Society; was secretary of the reception committee 
That welcomed Admiral Dewey to Washington; was ap- 



77//:' CITY OF WASHINGTON. 



pointed associate secretary of the National Capital Cen- 

tennial Committee, which commemorated the hundredth 

annivers; tablishment of the seal of Government 

in the D lumbia on December 12, 1900, when 

if ncarlj all th d i erritories were 

he was also made chairman of the committee on 

n i his committee designed a handsome 

medal made of bronze. The cutting of the dies for the 

commemorative medal was done at the United Stairs Mini 

in Philadelphia. The headquarters of the National Capital 

Centennial Committee were in the Bradbury building. Air. 

Van VVii 5, both in a social and business way, 

has been largely augmented by Mrs. Van Wickle, who 

comes from one of the old Washington families and has 

won many friends by her bright and attractive manners. 

Mr. Van Wickle has a handsome home located on Q street, 

near Duponl < ircle. and in an attractive part of Washington. 

Mr. Van Wickle was appointed chairman of the committee 

on marking points of historic interest in Washington dur- 

g ih«- "36th national encampment. Grand Army of the 

Republic," held here ( Ictober last. ( Iver two hundred sites 

were marked with suitable signs, and the work of this 

committee was highly appreciated by all visitors to the 

national ■ 

•in June 1 last, the Washington business was incor- 
porated under the District laws, the incorporate name be- 
ing the !•'. (',. Smith Piano Company, of Washington, with 
th, president; W. 1>. Van Wickle. vice-president; 
lith, Jr., treasurer, and A. J. Powell, secretary. 

Sanders and Stayman, one of the oldest and most 
substantial musical firms in the country, has long boasted 
thai within iis stock could he found any article known to 
'I"- musical world, and a visit to the handsome store occu- 
P' c<1 b > ,l ""' •'' et, northwest, will prove thai 

: an idle one. 
The house of Sanders & Stayman was established in 
Baltimore 'n '867 b 3 the late Prof. Harry Sanders and 
Stayman, who later associated with Mr. I. \. 
Midler, and it has lo,,g been considered the leading music 
establishment in the monumental city, Since the death 
Sanders the house has formed itself into 
wth Mr. «;. Wright Nicols .,s p 

■ '- of Sanders & Stayman's music 

"' •' prominenl position among the music 

nol confined to this 

is branch wa: j n 1884, 

and was 

n! Mr. Jarvis Butler, a gentle- 

misl and musician. 

iued the managemenl of the 

their establish- 







>rcscnl handsome building. 



A large degree of the success of this house is due to the 

ability of Mr. Foster, lie has been prominent in the 
musical circles of the city for mail) years, and combined 
with his business tad has become associated with musical 
plans whenever under contemplation for public meetings. 
inaugurations, etc. 



THE CITY OF WASHINGTON. 



271 



Percy Semple Foster is a son of Robert Edward 
and Josephine F. (Wilkinson) Foster, and was born in 
Richmond, Va., on September 15. 1863. A few years later 
his parents moved to Baltimore, where young Foster re- 
ceived his education. After graduating from the Balti- 
more City College, he took up the study of stenography, 
and soon became an expert. After filling several positions, 
including that of private secretary to a leading Standard 
Oil Company official in Baltimore, Mr. Foster became con- 
nected with the American Security and Trust Company 
here, representing the interests of a syndicate controlled 
by Col. A. T. Britton and Charles J. Bell, afterwards be- 
coming one of the assistant tellers of that institution. 
Mr. Foster continued in this position for a short time, 
resigning to connect himself with the B. H. Warner Com- 




PERCY SEMPLE FOSTER 

pany, where he remained until October, 1895, when he 
was appointed manager of the Washington branch of San- 
ders & Stayman, where by his capable management the busi- 
ness has been more than trebled. Mr. Foster has ever 
possessed a decided musical talent, having a rich baritone 
voice, as well as being one of the most finished organists 
in Washington, and now occupies the post of organist and 
choir director at the First Baptist Church, this city. As 
a choral director Mr. Foster has few equals in this country, 
he having trained and conducted many of the largest 
choruses ever brought together in this country. Notable 
among these was the choir of 1,500 voices he trained and 
directed at the Moody revival in this city, the great evan- 
gelist expressing himself afterwards to the effect that it 
was the best trained and largest choir he had ever heard. 



In 1894 Mr. Foster was appointed the musical director 
of the International Christian Endeavor Convention which 
met in Cleveland, Ohio, and again in 1895 and 1896, which 
met in Boston and Washington, respectively. Again he 
officiated in this capacity in Nashville, Term., in 1898; 
Detroit in 1899; Cincinnati in 1901, and again in Boston 
in 1902. When the District of Columbia National Guard 
returned from the Spanish-American War Mr. Foster or- 
ganized a chorus of several thousand voices, which wel- 
comed the soldier boys home. At both inaugurations of 
the late President McKinlev, Mr. Foster conducted a large 
chorus, which feature of the inaugural ceremonies was 
introduced for the first time. The chorus consisted of 450 
voices, accompanied by Victor Herbert's band, in 1897, 
and 550 voices, accompanied by the United States Marine 
Band, in 1901. The most notable feat accomplished by Mr. 
Foster was upon the occasion of the Good Citizens' Dem- 
onstration held at the east front of the Capitol, when he 
directed a chorus of 5,000 voices. Mr. Foster has always 
been an active member of the Christian Endeavor Union 
and was the president of the District branch for two years 
and represented it at the International Convention held in 
Madison Square Garden, New York, in 1892, and again 
at Montreal in 1893. Mr. Foster is a Mason and a mem- 
ber of St. John's Lodge, No. 11. He is prominently iden- 
tified with other business enterprises, and is a member of 
the directorates of several corporations, as well as a member 
of the Board of Trade and Business Men's Association. 
In church work he has always taken aii active part, being 
an officer of the First Baptist Church, moderator of the 
Columbian Association of Baptist Churches, and the presi- 
dent of the Baptist Social Union of the District of Columbia. 
Mr. Foster and his wife, who before marriage was Miss 
Louise Franklin Wescott, of Virginia, and their two chil- 
dren, Norman Percy and Ethel Louise Foster, reside at 
141 1 Stoughton street. 

R. P. Andrews and Company.— The firm of R. P. 
Andrews & Co., Incorporated, wholesale dealers in paper 
and stationery, first saw the light of day in the spring of 
1896, succeeding J. C. Addison. The firm at that time was 
composed of R. P. Andrews and J. George Smith, both 
of whom were former employees of Mr. Addison, Mr. 
Andrews looking after the out-of-town business and Mr. 
Smith having charge of the Government contracts. The 
new firm started with practically little or no business. As 
the Addison business had been in the hands of assignees 
for some three months, the stock had become run down and 
the patronage very much impaired. During the first year 
of the business the parties changed places, Mr. Smith going 
on the road and Mr. Andrews assuming the general man- 
agement of the business in Washington. The firm was suc- 
cessful from the start, finding their quarters at 627 Louis- 



272 



77//;' CITY OF WASHINGTON. 



iana avenue too small, and very soon after their business 

they buill through from the rear of their quarters 

ai thai time to heir warehouse running from 

avenue to D street. Not very long after this 

the premises, No. 629 Louisiana avenue, being vacant, they 

added that to their warehouse, so that they now occupy 

_7 and 629 Louisiana avenue and Nbs. 628 

! 1 street, nortl 




In May, 1901, the firm incorporated, the officers being 

R. P. Andrews, president and general manager; I. George 

Smith, vicc-presidenl and treasurer, and L. R. Vinton, 

I business has grown steadily month by 

month and war by year, Mr. Andrews still remaining 

general manag tirs of the com- 

[11 the earl) pari of the present year Mr. Smith 

his connection with the linn and Mr. Will S. Brown 

i - prcsidenl and treasurer Hie firm does 

'■! "i town business, having live traveling 

•'-and. Virginia, WV-t Virginia, Southern 

' 'I"-. \<>tih Carolina, South Carolina, Ten- 

I lorida, and it is sa f e to saj that 

II known among the trade in these 
this city. The) hold this year the 

iwarded a Washington 

in the District of Columbia 

1 Pulp and Paper Company, with 

Imont, \\ est \ irginia ; 

I \ irginia, and Covington, 

mplefc stock of 

the printer and 



chant, such as wrapping papers, twines, etc. They have 
supplied a large quantity of paper to the Philippine Islands 
and Porto Rico, as well as Cuba, and have regular cus- 
tomers as far west as San Francisco. Their idea has never 
been to encroach in any manner upon their Washington 
neighbor's trade, but rather to obtain and keep the business 
that was formerly given to out-of-town concerns. The firm 
employs forty-seven people, exe'usive of their traveling 
salesmen. 

R.P.Andrews was born in Warren county, Pennsyl- 
vania, in 1X04. I lis father, James Andrews, was born 
and lived for the greater part of his life in the same county, 
and State, his paternal grandfather being one of the oldest 
pioneers of western Pennsylvania. He received a common 
school education and entered very early in life upon a 
business career, and has been identified in some capacity 
or other with the paper trade and industry since he reached 
the age of fourteen years. Mr. Andrews is a member of 
the different Masonic orders: president of the District of 
Columbia branch of the Traveling Men's Protective Asso- 
ciation of America ; a director in the Business Men's Asso- 
ciation, having been so elected on the organization of the 
Association and has been twice re-elected. 




NEILL s BROWN 

Neill S. Brown was born al Nashville, Tennessee, and 
is a grandson of the late Governor Neill S. Brown of that 
His father was Neill S. Brown, reading clerk of 
th< House of Representatives from 1N7N to 1889, tIle linu ' 
of his death. Mr. Brown was educated at the Georgetown 
University, and came with this firm in a minor position 
in (898. Bj strict attention to the interests of the business, 
aided by exceptional ability, he rapidly rose to his pres- 
-i onsibh position. 



THE CITY OF WASHINGTON. 



273 



The E. Morrison Paper Company, for 

more than thirty years purveyors to the social 
and business circles of Washington in all 
branches of stationery, is among the most 
highly respected and successful business insti- 
tutions in this city. Its patronage, which ex- 
tends over a wide area, traversed by its travel- 
ing salesmen several times each year, has so 
steadily grown that the company has been com- 
pelled to make large additions to its head- 
quarters at 1009 Pennsylvania avenue to ac- 
commodate the large stock which it carries. 
A handsome and commodious warehouse at 
425, 427, and 429 Eleventh street, northwest, 
has recently been added. The stock carried 
by the company includes all grades of papers 
and requirements of the stationery business. 
In addition to a large general business with 
the trade, they fill extensive Government con- 
tracts, and as dealers in paper bags they are 
the pioneers. Three city salesmen are em- 
ployed by the firm. 

Under the management of Mr. John L. 
Prosise, who began his business career in this 
house, the business has steadily grown and in- 
creased until it is now one of the largest and 
most influential business houses in the South. 

The foundation of the business was laid 
by E. Morrison in 1863, who, prior to that 
time, sold straw paper bags in packages about 
the streets. Later he began business at 805 D 
street, where for years he received the patron- 
age of leading business men. In 1881 Mr. 
Prosise entered the employ of Mr. Morrison, 
and by close application and rare business 
ability advanced himself until, when the busi- 
ness was incorporated in 1891, Mr. Prosise 
became its manager and principal owner. 

John Logan Prosise was born in this 
city on May 15, i860. His parents, Ben- 
jamin and Virginia Towner Prosise, were 
both Virginians by birth, having located in 
this city after marriage. After finishing his education at 
Gonzaga and Georgetown Colleges, Mr. Prosise elected 
medicine as a profession, and studied with Dr. J. M. 
Toner, once president of the American Medical College. 
Finding a mercanti'e life more to his liking, Mr. Prosise 
abandoned a medical career and secured a position with 
E. Morrison as a stock clerk, and has since there remained. 

Mr. Prosise is a Mason, and has various business in- 
terests aside from the E. Morrison Paper Company, among 
them the Merchants Transfer and Storage Company, of 
which he is vice-president and a director. In 1892 Mr. 
Prosise married Miss Letitia A. Brooke, of Fauquier 
county, Virginia. With their three children, two boys and 
a girl, Mr. and Mrs. Prosise live at the Belmont Farm, in 
Alexandria county, Virginia, where they have a beautiful 
home. 




E. MORRISON PAPER COMPANY. 

Charles J. Deahl, secretary of the E. Morrison Paper 
Company, was born in Alexandria. Va., on February 2, 1S63, 
and is the son of the late A. W. Deahl. He entered the 
paper business at an early age, succeeding his father, who 
handled paper bags in this territory from 1863 until his 
death in 1899. He was with E. Morrison as salesman for a 
number of years, and when the present company was formed 
became its secretary. Mr. Deahl's knowledge of the busi- 
ness, acquired by long study and experience, is of great 
value to the company, and on him devolves the handling of 
the outside trade, which includes Maryland and the South. 
Mr. Deahl, inheriting his aptitude in this line from his 
father, being the acknowledged leaders in paper bags, the 
firm's shipments of these goods to wholesalers and retailers 
are enormous. He is obliging, painstaking, and courteous, 
and his straightforward manner of treating customers has 
won him a host of friends. 



^74 



THE CITY OF WASHINGTON. 




WAREHOUSE OF 



MORRISON PAPER COMPAr* 



Gibson Brothers. Among the early business enter- 
prises founded in Washington was that of Gibson Brothers, 
who in the year [862 engaged in a general printing and 
book binding business, and since that time this firm has 
so prospered and its business so expanded that now its 
model and complete plain, ai the southeast corner of Penn- 
sylvania avenue and Thirteenth streel is second to none 
in the city. This house was founded l,\ John and George 
Gibson, and six years after, another brother, William Gib- 
son, was admitted to the firm. William Gibson until that 
time had been connected with the Baltimore Commercial, 
formerly the Hipper. The three brothers continued to con 
business Until [897, when John died, leaving the 
establishment in the hands ,,f George and William Gibson, 
ith agaiii entered the firm, this time claiming Wil- 
liam Gibson, who died on December 23, j. thus leaving 

'■ the only surviving member of the firm. 

The firm's plant, at [238 Pennsylvania avenue, is one 

of the mosl completely equipped in this section of the 

every facility for printing, electrotyp- 

Stcam and electric power 

nn,! ;i11 machinery, including cylinder 

of the equipment, New and 

11 of the old styles, are reprc- 

room is furnished 






with Hoe power presses, ranging 
from the pon3 " to the large, four- 
roller, two-revolution, suitable for 
all kinds of large work. Every- 
thing is printed in Cibson Brothers' 
establishment from a visiting card 
__^ tu a book, and every facility is af- 

forded for folding, stabbing, stitch- 
ing, sewing, binding, paging, perfo- 
rating, numbering, punching, ruling 
paper, and card cutting. Special 
attention is paid to lithographing 
and steel and copper plate engrav- 
ing. Book pages are electrotyped 
with care and perfection. During 
the prosperous and highly successful 
career of this firm it has done work 
for the leading business men of the 
city. From time to time it has exe- 
cuted large orders for the Govern- 
ment. Among its many productions 
are the American Annals of the 1 >eaf, 
the Catalogue of the Corcoran Gal- 
lery of Art. the Transactions of the 
Society of Naval Architects and 
Marine Engineers, the Bulletin and 
Proceedings of the American Insti- 
tute of Architects, the Proceedings. 
etc., of the American Association 
for the Advancement of Science, the 
Magazine of the National Irrigation 
Association, the Florence Crittenton 
Magazine, etc. 

the eldest child of Joseph and Mary 
^.nglo-Scotch descent, was born in 
Aughnacloy, County Tyrone, Ireland, on October 9, [823, 
and was educated at Newtown-Stewart. When sixteen 
years old he embarked for America, landing in Philadelphia, 
afterwards settling in Baltimore, Maryland, where he se- 
cured a position as collector with the Baltimore Clipper, a 
daily newspaper. There he remained until the civil war 
broke out. As a member of the Independent Greys, a mili- 
tary organization he had joined in [849, he was despatched 
to Harper's Ferry, in t (ctober, 1859, and figured prominently 
in the movements which led to the capture of John Brown. 
Mr. Gibson entered the Union Army as first lieutenant. 
Company \. of Purnell Legion, Maryland Volunteer In- 
fantry, and was promoted to a captaincy on April 24, [862. 
Mr. Gibson was on dut) .is provost marshal at Accomac 
Court I louse. Virginia, November and December, 1861, 
and at Eastville, Virginia, January. 1 Si .j. On March 4. 
the same yea 1 ., he was made quartermaster, and on August 
4 he was appointed inspector of Second Maryland Brigade. 
Second Division of the Fifth Army Corps. Mr. Gibson 
saw much active service, and participated in engagements 
at Harper's Ferry, Chantilly, Virginia, South Mountain. 
Antietam. Shady Grove, Bethesda Church, Cold Harbor; 



William Gibson 

Gibson, who were of 



THE CITY OF WASHINGTON. 



275 



was at Petersburg throughout the siege ; Jerusalem, Plank 
Road, and at the Weldon Railroad engagements on August 
1 8, 19 and 21, 1864, Mr. Gibson was struck in the right 
breast by a minie ball, the force of which was stopped, 
however, by photographs of his wife and children, which 




of which he was president in 1888, and treasurer at the 
time of his death. He was also a member of the Military 
Order of the Loyal Legion. 

Mr. Gibson married Miss Rosabelle Allen, daughter 
of Henry and Sarah Allen, of Baltimore, Md., on September 
18, 1855. Ten children were born to them, seven of whom 
are living — Mrs. J. W. Scott, Mrs. S. H. Gwynne, Misses 
Mary, Jane, Isabelle and Martha Gibson and Charles Raw- 
lings Gibson. Mr. Gibson occupied a handsome home at 
1422 S street, northwest, where he died. 

George Gibson, also a son of Joseph and Mary Gib- 
son, was born in Newtown-Stewart, Ireland, and when 
but four years old, with his parents, he removed to this 
country and located in Baltimore, Maryland. After receiv- 
ing a public school education he learned the trade of a 
printer, and in the latter part of 1862 he came to Washing- 
ton, where with his brother John they established the print- 
ing house of Gibson Brothers. On May 14, 1861, Mr. 
Gibson married Miss Margaret Page Allen, a daughter of 
Henry and Sarah Allen, of Baltimore, and a sister of the 
wife of his brother William. Eight children have been 
born to them, only three of whom are now living — a son, 
William Young Gibson, and two daughters, Flora M. Gib- 
son and Mrs. Bertha W. Hudson. 

Mr. Gibson has served his fellow-citizens in various 
wavs and on many occasions, having rilled in an acceptable 



WILLIAM GIBSON 

he carried, together with a packet of papers, in his pocket. 
Mr. Gibson was also in the battles of Poplar Grove Church, 
Chapel House and Peebles Farm, and on October 24, 1864, 
he was honorably mustered out of service. 

Returning to Baltimore he again entered the employ 
of the Clipper. Soon afterwards this paper was merged 
with the Baltimore Commercial, and Mr. Gibson was made 
its business manager, but shortly after this, or in 1868, 
he came to Washington and entered the firm of Gibson 
Brothers, where he remained until his death on December 
23, 1902. 

Mr. Gibson has always been prominent in Masonic 
circles, being at the time of his death the oldest member 
and past master of Cassia Lodge, No. 45, of Baltimore, 
which he joined in 1851, and of the Maryland Masonic 
Veterans. He was also a member of Washington Royal 
Arch Chapter and of the Masonic Veteran Association of 
the District of Columbia, being the president of the latter 
when he died. Other organizations with which Mr. Gibson 
was prominently identified include Franklin Lodge, No. 2, 
I. O. O. F., of Baltimore, which he joined in 1845, anc ^ 
of which he was a past grand; Golden Rule Lodge, No. 
21, I. O. O. F., of which he was a charter member and 
treasurer from 1880 to 1902; the Grand Army of the 
Republic, being a member of Kit Carson Post, No. 2, and 
of the Archons, an association of past commanders of the 
Department of the Potomac ; the Union Soldiers' Alliance, 




GEORGE GIBSON 

manner a number of positions of trust. He has been a mem- 
ber of the Washington Board of Trade ever since its organ- 
ization, and is vice-chairman of the committee on public 
buildings. He was a member of the executive committee 
on three Presidential inauguration occasions ; chairman 



276 



THE CITY OF WASHINGTON. 



of the committee on invitations and tickets on both that 
of President Harrison and the first of President Mc- 
Kinley, and chairman of the committee on illumination 
of the second inauguration of President McKinley. Mr. 
vas om of the committee on badges and medals 
on the occasion of the one hundredth anniversary of the 
rstone of the Capitol; one of the 
committee on finance on the occasion of the one hun- 
dredth anniversar) of the establishment of the seat of gov- 
ernment in the District of Columbia; and chairman of 
the committee in charge of admission to the Capitol at 
the reception given Admiral Dewey after the war with 
Spain; one of the citizens' executive committee, and chair- 
man of the committee on badges during the encampment 
of the Grand Army of the Republic in 1892; one of the 

committee during the Grand Army of the Re- 
public encampment of [902; also in similar capacities dur- 
ing the encampment of the Union Veteran Legion, in 1897. 
Mr. Gibson became an Odd Fellow in i860, in Frank- 
lin Lodge, No. _', in Baltimore; withdrew in 1876 to join 
Friendship Lodge, No. 10, of Washington. He has taken 
great interest in Freemasonry, having been made a Mason 
in federal Lodge, No. 1, in [866, of which he is a life 

I fe i^ also a life member of Columbia Royal Arch 
Chapter, No. 1, and of Columbia Commandery, No. 2, 

templar, being a past commander of the last- 
named body, and its treasurer, which position he has filled 
during fourteen years. Me is a member of the Grand 
Encampment, Knights Templar, of the United States, being 
a past -rand commander of the Grand Commandery of the 
District of Columbia, and one of its committee on juris- 
prudence. IK- is an honorary member of St. John's Com- 
mandery. No. 4. of Philadelphia, and of Maryland, No. 1. 
and Monumental, No. 3, of Baltimore, M<1. He is a member 
of Washington Council, No. 1. Royal and Select Masters, 
and received the degrees of select and most excellent archi- 
tects in King Sol, .nion Lodge, in 1S71. along with Com- 
panion James Vbram Garfield, subsequently President of 

the I tilled Slates. 

Mr. Gibson i- grand minister of state ,,f the Supreme 
Council of the Ancient .u\<\ Accepted Scottish Kite of Free- 
masonry for the United States of America, their territories 
and dependencies, and deput) of same for the District of 
Columbia. Me is a past patron of Esther Chapter, No. 5. 
Order of the Eastern Star. He is second vice-president of 
ran Association of the I Hstrict of ( iolumbia 
and a member of tin- Washington Masonic \ eteran As- 
.1 kindred body. 1 le is vice president of the 
Mutual Relief Association of the District 
limibia. Mr. Gibson is a member of Vlmas 

• \rabic Order, Nobles of the Mystic 
he was the chairman of finance for five 
Mr. Gibson has always been a prime 

a aid the betterment of this 

rded as one of us most useful 
and pub 



Andrew Butler Graham.— There are few better 
known photo-lithographers in the country, especially at the 
national capital, than Andrew But'er Graham, who conducts 
a modern and fully equipped plant at 1230 Pennsylvania ave- 
nue. The high excellence to which Mr. Graham's enterprise 
has attained is alone attributable to the years that have 
been spent in gradually increasing its facilities, and by 
the employment of the most highly skilled artisans ob- 
tainable, as well as the most expensive, and in consequence, 
the best materials that the market affords. This business 
was originally founded by Curtis B. Graham, father of 
the present owner and proprietor, but since dead, early 
in 1S40. Mr. Graham came to Washington when he had 
just reached manhood's estate, full of ambition and a 
determination to succeed. Having learned lithography in 
New York, his native State, he determined to embark in 




ANDREW BUTLER GRAHAM 

that business here. Mis capital, consisting of but $20 
upon his arrival, was but a meager sum with which to 
launch into business, but nothing daunted. Mr. Graham 
mad,' his start. Fortune attended him from the outset, 
since in the selection of a lodging house he found himself 
an inmate of the house in which both Daniel Webster and 
MeiiiN (la\ ballrooms. Many evenings was young Graham 
called down from his modest hall bed room to make a 
fourth hand in a rubber of whist with those eminent 
statesmen. Taking an interest in the youth, through their 
offices he received the appointment as lithographer in the 
Navy department at a salary of $1,000 a year, at which 
work he continued until the war broke out. Then, by 
business lie was compelled to abandon the work. 
although be did not resign the i><>si. nor was a successor 
appointed in his stead. The business grew and prospered 
and ere long was one of the most complete in the country. 



THE CITY OF WASHINGTON. 



277 




GRAHAM'S RESIDENCE 



volume of orders with which it is daily flooded, including 
a large amount of Government work. Notable among 
the work executed by Andrew B. Graham may lie men- 
tioned the reproducJi0Tr~oF~the great seal of the United 
States in colors, which was executed for the State De- 
partment to be sent to the American consuls all over the 
world. This seal, eighteen inches in diameter, done in 
fourteen colors, is an exquisite bit of work, and is to be 
reproduced upon the set of state china recently ordered by 
Mrs. Roosevelt, and which will cost, it is said, $30,000. 
Mr. Graham is at present occupied in preparing a most 
voluminous illustrated catalogue to be issued bv the War 
Department, containing cuts in colors of the new uniforms 
that have recently been adopted. This work involves the 
greatest amount of work and care, as the shades reproduced 
therein have to perfectly match the samples of cloth sub- 
mitted by the Government. Mr. Graham has added to his 
already complete plant that of the National Engraving and 
Halftone Company, so well known here, and the efficiency 
of which he proposes to bring up to the high standard of 
his lithographic work, both in regard to style and prompt- 
ness. Mr. Graham is identified with many of Washing- 
ton's best known institutions, among which may be men- 
tioned the Arlington Fire Insurance Company, of which 
he is a director ; the Riggs Insurance Company, and the 
Union Trust and Storage Company. Of his social and 
scientific connections may be included the National Geo- 
graphic Society ; Sons of the American Revolution, and 
the Bine Ridge Rod and Gun Club. He is also a member 
of the Board of Trade and the Business Men's Association. 
In 1884 Mr. Graham married Miss Jennie G., daughter 
of Thomas Evans, of Washington. Mr. and Mrs. Graham 
have three children living — Lorimer, Jerome and Ormonde 
Graham, who with their parents reside at 1407 Sixteenth 
street, northwest. 



Andrew Butler Graham was born in Washington in 
1856. His early education was received in the Wash- 
ington public schools, after which he entered Gonzaga Col- 
lege, this c.'ty, completing a collegiate course at Dickinson 
College, Carlisle, Pa. Returning to Washington he entered 
his father's plant and learned the business in its entirety, 
his first task being that of polishing the large lithographic 
stones. After working his way through the various de- 
partments he received an appointment as a topographical 
draughtsman in the Coast Survey, afterwards becoming 
an engraver in that department. There he remained for 
six years, when he returned with his father, who in his 
declining years needed an able assistant to relieve him of 
the onus of his rapidly increasing business. Soon after 
this his lather retired, and upon his succession to the 
business he set about to entirely remodel and renovate 
the plant. This policy he has since continued, until now, 
with complete equipment of steam machinery and six 
modern and complete lithographic presses, the plant is a 
model and amply equipped to, with celerity, fill the large 



Southern Printers' Supply Company. That Wash- 
ington is rapidly becoming a trade center is evidenced by 
the character of its business houses, the broad lines upon 
which they are conducted, and the wide range of territory 
covered by their representatives. No one concern has done 
more to illustrate this than the Southern Printers' Supply 
Company, with Mr. W. Scion Kent as manager, having 
office, warehouse and foundry and shops at 304 Tenth 
street, northwest. The parent house is Barnhart Bros. & 
Spindler, Chicago, and the Washington branch was estab- 
lished in 1900, when it was incorporated under its present 
name, according to the laws of Virginia, all the trade from 
Delaware to Florida, including West Virginia, coming 
within the jurisdiction of the Washington branch. The 
Chicago house is the largest of its kind in the United 
States, and its work is recognized as being of the highest 
quality. Its type is known to be the best and produces the 
handsomest faces furnished to the printing establishments 
throughout the country. The name under which their type 
is sold is superior copper mixed type, the name expressing 



2 7 8 



THE CITY OF WASHINGTON. 



its qualit) to the letter. All of the latest, most improved 
and labor-saving devices are employed in its manufacture. 
The plant consists of a complete and modern electro- 
type foundry, machine shops, roller casting department, 
salesrooms and warehouse. The electrotype foundry dues 
the greater share of the work for the local printers and 
publishers, and also considerable Government work for 
here and for use in other localities. The machine shops 
: ving of more than mention. All of the machinery 
miii there is rebuilt and thoroughly overhauled. The work 
on rebuill presses, whether they he cylinder or otherwise, 
i, done under one roof, and has the same careful attention 
as do all other departments. Still another department is 
diat which makes printers' rollers. It is needless to say 
that the same improved machinery is used in this work 
as is used along the other lines, and the number of firms 
supplied with all of their rollers is a fair indication of the 
qualit) of the output. The sales department comprises type, 




SETON KENT 



material, machinery and accessories with which to suppl) 
eed of a printing office. \ complete assortment of 
platen and cylinder presses is read) for patrons' in- 

enienl manner in which the stock is 
cared for expedites the matter of handling both city and 
'. large corps of traveling salesmen. 
lipped with both a practical and theoretical knowl- 
, traverses the South, and is in 
touch with the trade, keeping it thoroughly posted 
on all comiuodit h .1 standard and novel nature. 

omely illustrated printed mat- 
ter which i- mailed the trade every thirty days. The entire 
owlb of the Southern Printers' Sup- 
pl) Comp 1 nt. who for many years prior 
to openint branch was in the parent firm's 
nt in traveling the Southern 



W. Seton Kent is a Marylander by birth, having been 
born in Calvert county, near Chesapeake City, in 1872. He 
was educated in the public schools of Baltimore. Mr. Kent 
entered the employ of Barnhart Bros. & Spindler in 1890, 
and for them traveled all over the eastern part of the United 
States, confining' most of his attention, however, to the South. 
For the past three years he has lived in Washington, and 
is a member of the Board of Trade. Air. Kent is an en- 
thusiastic oarsman, and is the only honorary member of the 
Ariel Rowing Club, of Baltimore, Maryland, which is the 
oldest rowing club in the United States. Mr. Kent is un- 
married. 

Herman Baumgarten. The high standing of the 

firm of Herman Baumgarten in the official and commercial 
world of the national capital is sufficient evidence of his 
reliability and honesty in dealing with his numerous patrons 
here and everywhere, and the unsurpassed quality of mer- 
chandise turned out at his establishments and plants. Mr. 
Baumgarten's success in business is entirely due to his 
own efforts and his sterling integrity. He has been affili- 
ated with the business world of Washington for the last 
thirty years, and ever since his arrival in the capital he has 
made it a point to do business on principles of absolute 
honesty and fairness. His various enterprises are ever in- 
creasing in size and usefulness, — the result of Mr. Baum- 
garten's popularity and trustworthiness. Mr. Baumgarten 
is interested in a number of enterprises, of all of which he 
is the sole proprietor, hut some of which he has given in 
charge of his sons, he himself retaining the supervision 
over the branches. The main branch oi the business is 
that of engraving. Mr. Baumgarten's, father was one of 
the most skillful and expert engravers in Germany, ami the 
talent has descended to his son. whose experience and skill 
in making seals, engraving crests and heraldic devices is 
unsurpassed. Mr. Baumgarten's official seals are found in 
almost every department of the Government, as well as in 
lodges, societies and corporations. Another branch of the 
business is that of the manufacture of rubber stamps, with 
headquarters at 414 Tenth street, northwest, which Mr. 
Baumgarten has placed in charge of his son. Emanuel 
Baumgarten. Mr. Baumgarten's name is associated with 
the manufacture of rubber stamps not only in the District, 
Inn, through his Government work, all over this country. 
Me makes a specially of supplying the Government depart- 
ment- with seals, rubber dating stamps, stamping inks and 
pads, lie has held uninterruptedly for fifteen years .1 con 
tract with tin I '0-1 l iffice and other departments for sup- 
plying them with stamps. Every post office throughout the 
United States and its possessions and territories is fur- 
nished with stamps of his make. When the number of 
post offices is considered, some idea of the extent of Mr. 
Baumgarten's business ma) be gathered. T 1 is facilities are 
such that he can turn out from ,UXX> to 4.000 Stamps a 
week in tilling the contract with the Government deparl 
ments, Mr. Baumgarten is the inventor of three valuable 



THE CITY OF WASHINGTON. 



279 



labor-saving stamping machines and inking pads. While 
the bulk of this business is with the Government, he looks 
well to the interest of his large trade among business and 
private firms. 

Air. Baumgarten was born in Hanover, Germany, in 
1849, Dut when three years old came to this country with 
his parents, who settled in Baltimore. Mr. Selig Baumgar- 
garten, the father of Mr. Baumgarten, engaged in business 
in Baltimore, and gave his son a good education. After 
having passed through the public schools, he went to 
Knapp's Institute, at Baltimore, from whence he graduated 
in 1863. In 1868, after having finished his trade, young 
Baumgarten entered into business with his father and his 
brother William, under the firm name of S. Baumgarten 
& Sons. Seeing chances for success in Washington more 
inviting, Mr. Herman Baumgarten, in 1871, removed to 
the national capital, where he engaged in the rubber stamp 




HERMAN BAUMGARTEN 



business. He located at 302 Pennsylvania avenue, and im- 
mediately obtained contracts for Government work from 
the Treasury and State Departments for their official seals 
and stamps. His business grew steadily, and Mr. Baum- 
garten was obliged to look around for larger quarters. He 
removed to the Robbins Building, 525 Seventh street, north- 
west, and from there moved to his present headquarters, 
414 Tenth street, northwest. Mr. Baumgarten has three 
sons — Arthur, Emanuel and Cecil S. Baumgarten. Mr. 
Baumgarten is a thirty-second degree Mason, being a char- 
ter member of Arminius Lodge, No. 25, and of Capital 
Chapter, and other fraternal organizations. He is also a 
member of the Business Men's Association, and takes a 
lively interest in all questions pertaining to the welfare of 
the city and its inhabitants. Mr. Baumgarten resides at 466 
Massachusetts avenue, northwest. 



The National Printers' Supply Company, with head- 
quarters at 414 Tenth street, northwest, is another branch 
of Mr. Baumgarten 's firm. This concern supplies type, 
presses and printing material to the trade in this city and 
the largest printing establishments in the South. Every- 
thing needed by the printer for the proper conduct of his 
business is handled and furnished at a moment's notice. The 
proper running and management of this branch necessitated 
the establishment of a branch for the manufacture of ink 
rollers for printing presses. In the manufacture of the ink 
pads in connection with his stamp business Mr. Baumgarten 
employs a composition used in the making of ink rollers 
for printing presses. As there is no machine plant south 
of New York engaged in the manufacture of ink rollers 
for printing presses, he decided to install a Gatling-gun 
plant in this city. He consulted with many of the leading 
printers of the city and vicinity, and they advised him to go 
ahead, promising him their patronage. He has built up a 
fine trade in this line. Local legislation, however, prohibiting 
the use of certain fuel used for manufacturing purposes, as 
well as inadequate transportation facilities, compelled Mr. 
Baumgarten to erect the manufacturing plant of this branch 
in Baltimore, where it is known as The Baltimore Roller 
Company. Mr. Arthur Baumgarten, another son of Mr. 
Baumgarten, has charge of this part of the business. It 
has always been the motto of Mr. Baumgarten when doing 
a thing to do it right, sparing neither money, nor work, nor 
time. Upon this foundation he has builded and succeeded 
well. 

Chapin and Sacks. — Although not a commercial or 
manufacturing city in the strict application of the term, 
there are a number of business enterprises in Washington, 
which have been built up from small beginnings and have 
had such wonderful growth and prosperity, that to-day 
they may justly claim rank with any of the most energetic 
and progressive and wealthy concerns located right in the 
heart of the manufacturing and industrial centers of the 
United States, where opportunities for success are not so 
few and less difficult to overcome. The prospects for 
success for manufacturing concerns in the capital city arc 
to a very large degree restricted by legislation, and to 
be eminently successful in spite of this barrier, in estab- 
lishing markets everywhere for Washington products is 
sufficient and conclusive evidence of the energy and enter- 
prise of that particular firm, (hie of the few of these 
concerns is that of Chapin & Sacks, wholesalers of butter, 
eggs and cheese, proprietors of a large private cold storage 
and electric light plant, and manufacturers of renovated 
and process butter and ice. The main office of this firm 
is located at 924 Louisiana avenue, northwest, where is also 
their immense warehouse stocked with A No. 1 merchan- 
dise, and their private cold storage and electric light plant. 
Everything about the place Is fitted up in modern and 
most convenient style, making the establishment a perfect 
model in its particular line of trade. Both members of the 
firm are young men, and with the push and enterprise that 
goes with youth, they have outgrown many of their old 
competitors who were in the field years before Chapin 
& Sacks started in the business. This firm is the largest 
wholesale firm in their line south of New York, and com- 
pares most favorably with the best houses in the latter 






2 So 



THE CITY OF WASHINGTON. 



metropolis. They cater to tli trade and their 

o be found everywhere. The butter, cheese 
I lupin & Sacks arc the 
nd the reliability of the firm in dealing with their 




ARTHUR 



CHAPII 



Another feature "I the enterprise, which, how- 
taiiagcd on an independent basis, under the name 
I ! in] tin Sacks Manufacturing Company, of which 
Arthur A. Chapin is president, ami George I'. Sacks sec- 
retary, is its plant for making renovated or process butter 
branch i- located at First and Patterson 
u. I ha- a capacity for turning out 20.00;) pounds 
..f butter daily, ami is running its full quota. The output 
..1' the concern i- principally shipped South, but they have 
also mani customers at Northern points. The ice produced 
b\ tin- firm 's well known for its sanitary purity and finds 
,dr among dealers. 

Irthlll A. Chapin, 'he senior member of the firm. 

on an independent basis in the butter business 

when nineteen years "Id. lie paid the closest attention 

and it expanded in a short time in such 

ill) drifted into the butter jobbing 

\bi>ut twelve years ago he took into partnership 

with him Mr. (ieorge 1'. Sacks of this city, who previous 

perience in the same line of bust 

he firm was first located at 

Ih ■ ■!■ w.-rc obliged in look 

larger quarters in order to 

l'be\ moved to 911 

quarters soon also proved too 

of their present place 

right in the heart of 

1 heirs i- the first pri- 

tricl of 1 '"hmihia. 

il Spring Mills. 
tin -,,,1 of S. I,. 



Chapin and Sarah (Lawrence) Chapin. Hi? parents 
moved to Virginia when Mr. Chapin was yet a boy. He 
received bis education in the public schools of Washington 
and at an early age embarked in business. Mr. Chapin 
has always taken a lively interest in the welfare of Wash- 
ington and is a member of the Business Men's Association 
and East Washington Citizens' Association. He is also 
a member of the Masonic fraternity, being on the roster 
of New Jerusalem Lodge, Eureka Chapter. Oriental Com- 
mandery, and Almas Temple, Mystic Shriners. On No- 
vember 1, 1887, he married Frances Williamson, daughter 
of Walter B. Williamson of this city. There are two 
children — Raymond E. and Frances. Mr. Chapin resides 
at 1 1 1 2 E street, northeast. 

George P. Sacks, the junior member of the firm, 
is a native of the capital city, being born in 1872. He 
is a son of Eckart J. Sacks and H. B. ( Laubscher 1 Sacks. 
Mr. Sacks also received his education in the public schools 
of Washington, and in order to prepare himself for his 
future career he entered the employ of Baltimore houses, 
making himself fully conversant with every detail of the 
business in which he to-dav is so successfully interested. 
About twelve years ago he joined partnership with Mr. 
Chapin, and be is to-day bending his full energy to improve 
and expand the activities of the firm of Chapin & Sacks. 
Mr. Sacks is a public-spirited citizen and takes a lively 
interest in everything that pertains to affairs of the Dis- 
trict. Fie is a member of the Business Men's Association 
and the Masonic fraternity — Xew Jerusalem Lodge, Eu- 
reka Chapter. 




GEORGE P SACKS 

Mr. Sacks married in [894 Ida I.. Murphy, daughter 

of Nicholas Murph) and Fanny !■'.. Murphy, and he is the 

proud father of two beautiful children, lie is also affiliated 

with the Young Men'.- Christian Association, and resides 

I street, northwest. Washington. 



THE CITY OF WASHINGTON. 



281 



Golden, Love and Company. — No city in the United 
States has among its residents a more widely diversified 
type than Washington. This is mainly attributable to the 
presence here of tbe Diplomatic Corps, which represents 
every civilized nation in the world with which diplomatic 




ROBERT A. GOLDEN 



relations are maintained by this Government. In accord- 
ance with this diversity of types local caterers are often 
at their wits ends to lay in a stock of goods that will ap- 
peal to the fancy of each of their customers, many of whom 
are of foreign birth, and desire to continue their mode of 
living here upon the same plan as at home. 

In order to be thoroughly successful in this it is abso- 
lutely necessary that the material used in the preparation 
of these dainty and delicious menus can be secured at a 
moment's notice and be of the very best of quality. There 
is one house in Washington, above all others, which has 
the reputation of being the most reliable and trustworthy 
in that line, and which handles only the very best of goods. 
It is that of Golden; Love & Co., at 926 and 928 Louisiana 
avenue, right in the center of Washington's produce mar- 
kets. It is not only the oldest, but it is in every sense a 
representative establishment, with an excellent reputation 
which is widely known and appreciated. This house was 
established by Messrs. Robert A. and Francis G. Golden, in 
1862, and was known as R. A. Golden & Brother. In 1879 
Mr. Francis G. Golden died, and the business was continued 
by his brother, Robert A. Golden, until 1 89 1 , when Major 
J. F. Love, of Loudoun county, Virginia, entered into part- 
nership with Mr. Golden. The business increased rapidly, 
until today the house handles more poultry, which is its 
specialty, than any other commission house south of New 
York. The house operates the largest poultry and egg- 
packing plant in the South, which is located at Morristown, 
Tennessee, and is the most perfect plant of its nature in 
this country, from whence nothing but the very best is 
shipped here. The firm has the largest beef, lamb, and veal 

36 



trade of the city outside of the " Big Four." The butter 
and egg business of this house has kept pace with its other 
branches. The firm is exclusively wholesale, and caters only 
to the best trade. It is unlike many of the other commis- 
sion houses of the city, in that it does not handle fresh fruits 
or vegetables of any kind, this branch of the business being 
turned over to Whitford Brothers & Co., of which Mr. 
Carter, the present junior member of the firm of Golden, 
Love & Co., is vice-president. The firm packs and freezes 
more poultry and game than any other house of similar 
character south of New York. 

Robert A. Golden is a native of Charles county. Md., 
being born there in 1840, and came to Washington at an 
early age. He has been in business in the city since 1862, 
and is widely and favorably known to the trade. Fie 
resides at 814 B street, southwest, and is a member of the 
Business Men's Association. Major James F. Love, of 
the firm, died last March, since which time the business 
has been carried on by the remaining partners under the 
same firm name. 

William G. Carter, the junior partner, was taken into 
partnership by Mr. Golden in 1893. and attends to the man- 
agerial part of the business. He was born in Prince William 
county, Virginia, in 18O9. He received his education at 
the Washington High School, and after completing his 
course of studies entered the employ of Golden, Love & Co., 
as general clerk. It is largely through Mr. Carter's execu- 
tive ability and his astonishing energy that the business has 
grown to its present dimensions. It requires the services of 
ten wagons and twenty horses for the deliverv service of 




WILLIAM G. CARTER 

the firm. Not only his private business, but also the in- 
terests of the city and its welfare are always claiming Mr. 
Carter's attention. He is a member of the Board of Trade 
and the Business Men's Association, and also of the Ma- 
sonic fraternity — New Jerusalem Lodge, Columbia Chapter. 



282 



THE CITY OF WASHINGTON. 



Charles Schneider, the eldest son of eight children 
of Christian and Philipino (Wunderlich) Schneider, was 
born on May _>x, 1841, at Schwarzenau, Prussia. I raving 
attended the public schools of his native town, when sixteen 

age he entered upon an apprenticeship in a local 

crving therein until t86o, and receiving the munifi- 
cent sum of ten dollars as wages for three years of labor. 
The elder Schneider was himself a baker, and on his death 

the son terminated 1 hip and during 

the following five years conducted his father's business for 

it of the family. Being an eldest son. he was not 
in the German army, and was therefore able 

his fortune in America while young in life. This 
he did, arriving at Xew York just after the close of the 
civil war. bringing with him a thorough knowledge of 
his trade but scarcely enough money to meet living neces- 




CHARLES SCh 



hortlj after landing he learned that he could secure 

Brooklyn, bill he was obliged to borrow the two 

lent- fern fare from a sympathetic young Irishman. For 

nths he was employed in the Brooklyn bakery at 

and then he moved to \\ ashington, 

earned five dollar- a week as a jour- 

With a fixed aim for success in his chosen 

letermined and ambitious, but with a cash capital 

of only fifteen dollars, he established a baker shop of his 

own in 1 . •■ N ork avenue and Fifth 

• to \" 1.13 I street, 

N" \V. building was rented and later pur- 

The business grew stead 

nded from time to time 

g 1 23 and 25 on 

■• Fourth street. 



In 1897 he organized the Charles Schneider Baking Com- 
pany, to which he sold the entire business, becoming its 
president and manager. His cash capital has grown ten 
thousand times — from fifteen dollars to one hundred and 
fifty thousand dollars. In 1868 he had but one small wagon 
with which to deliver his bread to his customers, and this 
he pulled about the streets of Washington himself. To-day 
the big bakery operates twenty-seven wagons, with thirty- 
seven horses. Bread is the principal — almost exclusive — 
output of the establishment, and it is familiar to every 
Washington household. From twenty to thirty thousand 
loaves are delivered daily. Flour is received by the com- 
pany in single consignments of six thousand barrels, re- 
quiring forty or more cars to transport it. When about 
to set up his first shop, this master of the oven of to-day 
was tendered a position in the Government service by ex- 
Senator Flarlan of Iowa, father-in-law of Robert E. Lincoln. 
The position carried a compensation much more attractive 
than the wage of a journeyman baker, but it was declined. 
" I promised my father to stick to the baking business, and 
I'm going to stick," was the reply. Fourteen years later 
Senator Harlan was the baker's customer. " I see you 
stuck," he said, " and wisely." In 1894. as a recognized 
successful business man, he was elected a director of the 
Second National Bank. While giving his entire attention 
to his big establishment, he has possessed himself of 
valuable properties in Washington real estate, notably 
on Sixteenth street, on which street he resides. He is a 
Mason of the 33d degree, and an Odd Fellow, having held 
every office in the latter order. He was a director and 
president of Prospect Hill Cemetery, and filled at different 
times all the high offices in the German Benefit Association, 
now out of existence. Shortly after locating in Washington 
he joined and became active in the affairs of the German 
Evangelical Church, of which he was. successively, sexton, 
secretary, director and president of the board of trustees. 
and afterward accepted the treasurership at a time when 
the church was in dire need of funds. There was not a 
dollar in the treasury when he took the office. When he 
resigned he turned over to his successor fourteen thousand 
dollars. He had furnished a bond for six thousand dollars 
but this the trustees tore tip when he reported so much 
mon than that sum in the church cotters. In 1S07 he 
organized the National Master Bakers' Association of the 
United States and Canada, of which he was the first presi- 
dent, serving for two terms. The association started with 
a membership of fourteen, which has grown to nearly five 
hundred. At the last convention of the association, held 
at Cincinnati in September, 1902, he was the recipient of 
exceptional honors from his fellow tradesmen. On I Ictobei 
28, 1868, the year he established himself independent!) in 
business, he married Johanna Simon, daughter of Caspar 
and Margurita (Hodermann) Simon-. Of twelve children 
horn to them, seven are living — Johann. Charles, Edward, 
Carrie (Mrs. Charles King. )v.l. Anna (Mrs. Frank M. 
Firor), Minnie 1 Mrs. Charles Loeffkr), and Tillie. 



THE CITY OF WASHINGTON. 



283 



George W. Knox Express Company. The excellent 

transportation facilities of every description is one of the 
many blessings which the inhabitants of the capital city 
enjoy, and which can claim proud comparison with the 
various systems of transportation and expressage in New 
York, Philadelphia, Chicago and other large cities of the 
United States. Although the bulk of the express business 
in Washington is in the hands of a few firms only, there 
is no other city in the United States that can lay claim 
to the fact that its citizens are receiving prompter or 
more efficient service, by reason of there being a larger 
number of transportation or express companies attending 
to their needs. The Knox Express Company in Washing- 
ton is a model in its particular line of business in every 
detail. " It works like a clock." The whole enterprise 
has been so systematized that every patron of the firm 
can rely with absolute certainty on the information and 
advice received from this firm. This concern has made 
it one of their fundamental principles to gain the con- 
fidence and business of the people by strict attention to 
their affairs and careful and conscientious execution of 
their orders. The Knox Express Company is one of the 
fixtures and features of Washington life and business 
enterprise. It has grown up with the city and is to-day, 
comparatively speaking, as well laid out and planned as 



president ; G. V. Knox, vice-president : J. O. Knox, treas- 
urer, and M. K. Linn, secretary. 

W. 8. Knox, the president, is a son of the founder, 
the late George W. Knox. He was born in Vermont 
and received his education at Swarthmore College, Pa. 





are the streets and parks of the capital city, which is 
recognized the world over as the most beautiful and modern 
of the world's capitals. The company was incorporated 
under its existing name, George W. Knox Express Com- 
pany, in 1894. Its present officers are : W. S. Knox, 



He is a man of capacity, uprightness and energy, and 
has been in the company's service since 1881. Mr. W. S. 
Knox was its general manager in 1892, and president 
and general manager since 1894. He is a director of the 
Citizens National Bank, and was one of the organizers 
and president for two years of the Business Men's Asso- 
ciation. During his first term he was chairman of the 
executive committee of the great peace jubilee celebration. 
He also served as chairman of committees in the last 
two presidential inaugurations and the recent G. A. R. 
Encampment, and has taken part in every public movement 
for the upbuilding of Washington. He is also a member 
of the Board of Trade and past master of Federal Lodge 
No. 1, F. A. A. M.; Columbia Royal Arch Chapter; Wash- 
ington Commandery No. 1, Knights Templar; Almas Tem- 
ple, Sons of American Revolution and Society of Colonial 
Wars. 

G. V. Knox, vice-president of the company, is another 
son of its founder. He was educated in the public schools 
in Washington and has been identified with the business 
since 1881, serving as vice-president since its incorpora- 
tion. He is prominent in Masonic circles, being a member 
of Federal Lodge No. 1 ; Columbia Royal Arch Chapter ; 
Washington Commandery, Knights Templar, and Almas 
Temple. 



2-S.| 



////•/ CITY OF WASHINGTON 



J. 0. Knox, the treasurer, is a brother of the founder, 
and has been identified with the business since the latter 
II, has been treasurer since the company was 
incorporated, tic is a member of Federal Lodge No. i. 
I'. A. A. M.. Columbia Royal Arch Chapter, Washington 
Commandery No. i. Knights Templar. 

M. K. Linn has served in hi- capacity as secretary 

of the linn since 1898 and is ever on the alerl for the best 

of the corporation ami its many patrons. All the 

members of iln- corporation an- noted for their business 

integrity, promptness and fair dealing with all. 

Since 1877 this company, in connection with the Bal- 
timore Transfer Company, has been conducting the Wash- 
ington fast freight line between the- cities of Washington 
and Baltimore. Since 1882 ii has been tin- official deliver) 
agents of the greaf Pennsylvania railroad system, as well 
as of th<- Norfolk and Washington Steamboat Company 
ebruary, 1902. In [864 the late Mr. George W. 
Knox, then in tin emploj of what is now the Philadelphia, 
Baltimore and Washington railroad, established in this 
cit) a local express under the title of " Excelsior Express," 
commencing business with a single horse and wagon. Hav- 
ing faith in the future greatness of this city. Mr. Knox 
resigned hi- position with the railroad compan) to give 
the 1 xpress business his entire attention and persona! 
supervision, and changed the name of his company, giving 
it the well-known title of the Knox Express Company. 
Mr. Knox's energy, capacity and efforts were rewarded by 
the stead) expansion of his business along substantial 
line-, which ha- continued up to the present time. lie 
died in 1892, leaving a prosperous transportation company 
a- part of hi- life's work. Mr. Knox was horn in the 
Maine in [829, ami in his early life was employed 
Ik the Fitchburg Railroad Company, lie went to Iowa 
in 1854, ami returning easl in 1858 was employed by the 
old Philadelphia. Wilmington and Baltimore railroad. 
iycd the distinction of having been in charge of 
the train which so successful!) broughl President Lincoln 
to Washington in 1861. 

Shortly after the death of Mr. Knox the entire plant on 

onsumed by fin destroying four 

uildings and aboul [30 horses and too wagons. 

Notwithstanding this serious loss the business was carried 

"it b) hi nil their customar) pluck and per- 

rtithoul the interruption of even an hour. Since 

recr the company has carried 

mling and storage business, being equipped 

modern vehicles, tools and appliat 

tilled and erected the 
tchinen m man;, of Hie large power plants, and 
lor in the advance - 
menl of 



Littlefield, Alvord and Company.— Every Washing- 
tonian and a greater portion of the visitors to this city are 
familiar with the name of Littlefield, Alvord & Co., whose 
man\- teams are daily and nightly seen traversing die 
streets of this city : yet, as familiar as many are with this 
sight, but a comparatively few are aware of the vast pro- 
portions to which this business has reached, and the equip- 
ment necessary to so successfully operate such a business. 
This enterprise had its inception in 1872, when L. A. Little- 
field made his beginning as a stevedore, with wharfage at 
the foot of Twenty-sixth street. Not until 1889, however, 
when E. S. Alvord joined him, was the business expanded 
to embrace a general hauling and storage business as well, 
the firm then becoming known as Littlefield & Alvord. 
With the infusion of Mr. Alvord'' s energy and " hustling " 
tactics into the new concern the business steadily grew and 
prospered, until now it stands second to none in the United 
States. At the beginning five teams were put upon the street 
to meet the demand of the calls. Step by step the number 
has been increased, until there are now quartered in the com- 
pany's stables between 450 and 500 head of horses, and 
on the company's pay roll are the names of nearly 400 
employes. In 1893 the interest of Mr. Littlefield was 
purchased by Mr. Alvord's uncle, M. IT. Acheson, and 
nine years later, or in 1902, the business was incorporated 
under the name of Littlefield, Alvord & Co.. with Mr. Al- 
vord as president and Mr. Acheson as vice-president. The 
corporation does even- variety of hauling, from carrying 
passengers in its 'buses to the transportation of the heaviest 
machinery. It also does an extensive wharfage and steve- 
dore business, and in the loading and unloading of vessels 
it has every facility, owning two wharves in Washington and 
two in Georgetown. It owns floating docks, which make it 
possible to discharge cargoes from any wharf on the Po- 
tomac River. Everything from the piles to the slate on the 
roof of the new city post office was hauled by it. mosl of 
the stone being removed from the vessejs under a contract 
Stipulating a fine for breakage. It has handled all the rails 
now used by the various street railway companies, with 
exception of the Ninth street line. It has hauled all the 
asphalt that ever came to this city, and has hauled the street 
cars now in use from the freight yard to car house. This 
corporation also makes a specialty of theatrical hauling, and 
employs between fifty and sixty men every Saturday night 
and Sunday, loading, hauling and unloading scener) in con- 
nection with the various theaters. The plant of the cor- 
poration al Twent) sixth and D streets consists of a modern, 
two stoi >■ . fireproof building, occupying an entire block. The 
plant contains a wagon factor), and employs the latest 
machinery for the manufacture of wagons, lis own wagons 
are made here, as well as vehicles for others. A well- 
equipped harness shop and a coach painting shop are also 
operated within the plain. flic corporation has a -list mill 
and cutting machine, which are operated by its own power. 
The plant is lighted by electricity from the corporation's 
own electric light plain. The latest and best appliances are 
kepi for extinguishing lire. 



THE CITY OF WASHINGTON. 



285 



Elijah 8. Alvord was horn in [866 at Indianapolis, 
Indiana, and after attending the schools of his native city 
finished a course at Russell Military Academy, in New 
Haven, Connecticut. At the age of sixteen Mr. Alvord 
engaged in the provision business, and traveled for two 
years. Leaving Hartford, he went to Virginia, and for 
two years lived on a farm he purchased there. In 1887 
he came to Washington and engaged in the hauling busi- 
ness, a little later consolidating his business with that of 
Mr. Littlefielcl. Since that time Mr. Alvord has devoted 
his whole and undivided attention to his corporation, and 
has little time for outside diversions. 

Mortimer H. Acheson, a son of Thomas and Katha- 
rine Hooker Acheson, was born in Columbus, Ohio, on 
July 12, 1862. Mr. Acheson received his education in the 
common schools of Connecticut, and upon its completion, 
like Mr. Alvord, became engaged in the provision business 
in Hartford, Connecticut. Mr. Acheson afterwards went to 
New York, where he entered the stock brokerage business, 
and came to Washington in 1888 as the agent of the Mutual 
Benefit Life Insurance Company, in which capacitv he re- 
mained until 1893, when he became a member of Little- 
field, Alvord & Company. 

Purity Ice Company. — The Purity Ice Company, of 
this city, is one of the few large business concerns that is 
furnishing a public necessity and has steadfastly refused to 
be bought up by the ice trust. The Purity Company, by 
its refusal to become a partner of the trust, has enabled 
the people of Washington to secure their ice supply at 
reasonable rates, where, had it accepted the offers of the 
other ice company, it would have put customers and consum- 
ers at the mercy of the ice trust. The company was offered 
a considerable advance on its stock as an inducement to 
sell, but the offers were summarily rejected by the president, 
Mr. John Evans McGaw. In consequence of this refusal 
the company was enabled to keep ice at a figure within 
the reach of the poor. At that time the price in all the 
large cities was sixty cents a hundred, but the Purity suc- 
cessfully prevented an advance here. The business of the 
company has tripled in the past six years, and is steadily 
on the increase. The company's plant was completed by the 
De La Vergne Refrigerating Machine Company, of New 
York, and is one of the most perfect and modern plants in 
operation. The factory is located at Fifth and L streets, 
northwest, and its central and convenient location is con- 
ducive to promptness and dispatch in delivery. The com- 
pany has a large number of wagons and carts, and is enabled 
to furnish any quantity of ice at the shortest notice. By 
giving its numerous patrons fair treatment and a first-class 
artice, the Purity has built up a large trade, and it is always 
on the lookout for improvement wherever possible. 

John Evans \1cGaw, a practical ice manufacturer, 
who has managed a number of ice plants in various parts 
of this country and Mexico, is the president of the com- 
pany. Mr. McGaw is considered an expert, and it is mainly 
due to his knowledge that the ice produced by the Purity 



has its reputation for purity and superiority. Mr. McGaw 
was born in Baltimore, in 1859, being the son of Robert 
Franklin McGaw and Susan B. McGaw. His primary edu- 
cation Mr. McGaw received at the Baltimore public schools, 
graduating from the high school and Eton and Burnett's 
Business College, Baltimore, Md. When his father died, 
in 1879, young McGaw engaged in the commission busi- 
nes and in agricultural pursuits. This brought him into 
the fruit and vegetable packing business, running one plant 
at Baltimore, one at Aberdeen, Maryland, one at Smyrna, 
Delaware, and one at Elkton, Maryland. Fie did a very 
large business all over the United States, and subsequently 
sold out to go to Mexico, where he engaged in the ice 
manufacturing business but found the climate intensely hot. 
He contracted fever, and returned to the United States in 
a very weakened condition, and settled in Asbury Park, 







JOHN EVANS M C GAV 



New Jersey, where against all advices of the business com- 
munity, he erected an ice manufacturing plant and engaged 
in business. Everybody prophesied his early retirement 
from the field, as three other natural ice companies were 
doing business there at the time, but Mr. McGaw not 
knowing when he was defeated, after he had been in Asbury 
Park for three months sold almost all the ice consumed 
in the leading hotels in this popular summer resort, by reason' 
of having hygienic ice. made from distilled water, taken 
from the famous artesian wells of Asbury Park, New Jersey, 
which is known for its purity, thereby causing a great de- 
mand. The natural ice companies, to save themselves, 
were compelled to buy Mr. McGaw's plant, which they 
did. As the ice season in this summer resort is very short, 
Mr. McGaw, looking for a larger field, came to Wash- 
ington, where he met Mr. Stilson Hutchins, the present 
vice-president of the Purity, to whom he made the propo- 



2 S6 



THE CITY OF WASHINGTON. 



sition to engage in the manufacture of ice. Mr. Hutchins 
offer, and they have ever since then 
continued business on an ever increasing scale. The cus- 
of the Purity have at various times expressed their 
willingness to patronize the Purity, no mailer what the 
other competing ompany would charge for its 

product. The Purity fee Company has added to their plant 
a wholesale and retail coal business, and are prepared to 
deliver coal of all sizes and grades at the shortest notice 
and at the lowest prices. Mr. McGaw is a member of the 
Order of the Elks and of the National Union and other 
organizations. Mr. Stilson Hutchins, a well-known capital- 
ist of tin- city, is vice-president; Mr Lee Hutchins, is 
rer, and Mr. \V. J. Dante is secretary. 

The Abner-Drury Brewing Company. Prominent 
among those business ent< rprises which have rapidly forged 
to the from in the capital city of late years, and which have 
ery effort to contribute to the wealth and com- 
mercial, as well as material, progress of Washington, is 
"The Abner-Drury Brewing Company." which is owned 
bj two energetic and broad-minded young men. who years 
ago selected Washington as their home. Mr. Edward F. 
Aimer i- the president and secretary, and Mr. Peter A. 
Drurj i- the vice-president and treasurer of the firm. The 
product of this firm is favorably known not only in this 
city, but also in neighboring Slates, and is even exported 
to Northern and Western States, where it successfully com- 




EDWARD F. ABNER 

breweries in the United 

n r thirty 

nmpany, which is the founda- 

which was built the present modern plant 

organized 



in 1 87 1. This plant is located in Twenty-fifth street, be- 
tween F and G streets, northwest, on an eminence over- 
looking the Potomac river and the Virginia shore. It oc- 
cupies an ideal place for a brewery. The Albert Brewing 
Company continued to do business on a less extended scale 




PETER A. DRURY 

until 1896, when it was bought by Mr. E. F. Abner. the 
present president of the firm, who made large improvements 
and actively entered the business in Washington. In iSgj 
Mr. Peter A. Drury became a partner of Mr. Aimer, and 
they conducted business under the firm name " Abner and 
Drury, Brewers," which in [900 was changed to "The Ab- 
ner-Drury Brewing Company." The entire stock of the 
enterprise is held b) Messrs. Abner and Drury, none being 
on the market. The firm has met with phenomenal suc- 
cess, breaking all records as to amounl of business trans- 
acted For the time the) have been engaged in trade. This 
is mainly due to the purity and wholesomeneSS of the ar- 
ticle put on the market b) the firm and the fair and honest 
treatment which the members of the firm accord to their 
numerous patrons. The Abner-Drury Brewing Company 
makes a specially of a brand of beer called "Old Glory," 
which is favorably known to almost every inhabitant in the 
District of Columbia, and is endorsed for its purity and 
strengthening qualities by the medical profession every- 
where. Both partners are active and energetic young men. 
who come in daily contact with their numerous patrons, 
and therein have an opportunity to personalh study their 
desires and wishes and enable themselves to give eminent 
satisfaction all around. Messrs. Abner and Drury both 
lake an active part in all matters pertaining to the public 
interests. The) are members of the Board of Trade and 
Business Men's Association and other organizations. 



THE CITY OF WASHINGTON. 



287 



Edward F. Abner, the president of the firm, was born 
in Cologne, Germany, on June 26, 1864, where he received 
his first school education. In 1882 he graduated from the 
celebrated " Apostel Gymnasium " in that city. After school 
he learned the banking business in Cologne, where he se- 
cured an insight into the business dealings in general and 
the banking business in particular. In 1885 he came 
to Washington at the instance of his brother. Christian 
Abner. In 1887 Mr. Abner returned to Germany, where 
he managed the paternal estate, his father having died. In 
1890 he returned to this city, where he became interested in 
the National Capital Brewing Company, serving as secre- 
tary and treasurer for seven years. He then bought out 
the Albert Brewing Company, and in 1897, with Mr. Peter 
A. Drury, formed The Abner-Drury Brewing Company, 
of which he is the president and secretary. Mr. Abner is 
prominent in social organizations, and is also chairman of 
the Brewers' Committee, comprising all the local brewers. 
In 1896 Mr. Abner married Miss Mathilde Vorlander, of 
this city. His residence is at 1812 G street, northwest. 

Peter A. Drury, the vice-president and treasurer of 
the firm, was born in Ireland, in 1865. He received his 
education in a monastery in Ireland, and in 1885 came to 
this country, where he finished his education. Mr. Drury 
at once affiliated himself with the liquor trade, and in T891 
he was engaged by local brewers in the capacity of solicitor. 
This position he held for five years, at the end of which 
term he entered the firm of Abner & Drurv, of which he 
was the junior member, but of which he now is the vice- 
president and treasurer. 

In 1892 Mr. Drury married Miss Ada Kearnev, of 
Washington. From this union there are three boys : Peter 
A., Leo K., and William Drury. His residence is at 1432 
Binney street, northwest, Washington, D. C. 

Charles Jaeobsen, owner and proprietor of the Ar- 
lington Bottling Company, whose extensive plant is at 
Twenty-seventh and K streets, northwest, has in the few 
years since he embarked in this enterprise built up a most 
flourishing and lucrative business, which gives employment 
to a large number of clerks and operators, in filling the large 
number of orders that are daily increasing. 

Charles Jaeobsen is a son of Captain Herman Jaeobsen, 
and was born in Baltimore on May 1, i860. After receiv- 
ing his education at the public schools, and afterwards 
graduating from the high school of that city, he entered 
the employ of Dix & Wilkins, fruit importers, in a clerical 
capacity, and there remained for a number of years. De- 
ciding to make Washington his future home, Mr. Jaeobsen 
came to this city and accepted a position in the brewery 
of Christian Heurich. After mastering the details of his 
new vocation he decided to embark in business for himself, 
and accordingly started his bottling plant at the present 
location, June 6, 1884. His start was a modest one, and his 
plant somewhat primitive. Then it required but two wagons 
to deliver the orders of bottled beer and carbonated waters 



in demand. Since then the plant has been remodelled and 
enlarged until now it is as complete as any south of New 
York, consisting of all the latest devices employed in bot- 
tling beer, together with two large carbonating machines 
to charge the waters, ginger ales, etc., handled by Mr. 
Jaeobsen. Now twenty-five wagons are employed in deliv- 
ering the orders filled at the works, the capacity reaching 
2,000 cases per clay. Mr. Jaeobsen is interested in many 
corporations and enterprises aside from his bottling business. 
He is vice-president and a director of the Adalinda Zinc 
Mining Company, of Arkansas; vice-president and direc- 
tor of the Washington Base Ball Club, and a director of the 
Citizens National Bank, in Masonic circles Mr. Jaeobsen 
is equally active and has long been a member of the Almas 
Temple, Mystic Shrine, as well as a member of the B. P. O. 
Elks and Fraternal Order of Eagles. With his wife, who 




CHARLES JACOBSEN 

was formerly Miss Latterner of this city, ami their five 
children, Mr. and Mrs. Jaeobsen occupy a handsome home at 
2509 Pennsylvania avenue. 

Colonel M. A. Winter. — One of the best known 
Washington firms is that of The M. A. Winter Company, 
with offices at 339 and 341 Pennsylvania avenue. This com- 
pany employs a force of 100 or more clerks, and does a large 
business throughout the United States and mariy foreign 
countries. They manufacture family medicines and sell them 
through agents in all parts of the world. Their daily mail 
is enormous, and as hundreds of letters are in various for- 
eign languages, a large corps pi translators is constantly 
employed attending to this part of their correspondence. 
This firm, therefore, not only gives employment to many 
Washington people, but causes the minds of hundreds of 
thousands of people in all parts of the world to be directed 



288 

towards Washington as a center of influence For in- 
.,;,„,, large shipments of medicine were made by this 

[ndia during the time of the bubonic plag 

expressing thankfulness that 
from Washington had come an alleviation oi that tr.ml.k-. 
for the medicine had really succeeded in curing man 
,„■ ,,„. pla g UC The circulars of the company w. 
printed in all the Indian dialects, and branch offices estab- 
lished all over India for the distribution of the medicine, 
so that a large trade was soon established there. Tins is 
bul one instani many similar ■ 

VI. A. Winter, the president oi the company, is 

t|,'e vounger business men of Washington. His 
ancicnl lineage is the same as that of Gen. George Wash- 
ington. Through the Washington fanv'h he is able to 
trace liis ancestn from parent to parent Lack through cen- 



THE CITY OF WASHINGTON. 




w^ m 



Mt^. 



if anci 



rough the 
pean civili 
he founde 

I, Hied b\ 

luued head of Europe can 
us pedigree than that shown 



turics "i English auces 
dawn o 
birth nf i hrist, to King < klin. I 

tin- hai 

ire illustrioi 
in this ti ilogical record. 1 fe co 

. his ancestors 

of Massachusetts anci 

them having shed their blood for 

n the colonial wars, the revolutionary 

- well as our later civil war. 

■•i i icorge Deni 
i Indian fighter. The same 
■ ral i ,rant and Admiral 
■ wonder that he 
I trill) Amen 



The heroic element of the Viking ancestry of Colonel Win- 
ter, mingling with and tempered by the strict moral quali- 
ties and religious convictions of the adamantine character 
of the Puritans, could scarcely fail to produce in his nature 
that iron will and indomitable energy which so characterize 
him. If to this ancestry he owes his remarkable originality, 
tn the French Huguenot blood, which also flows freely in 
his veins, he probably owes his unusual versatility and artis- 
tic tastes. It is seldom that originality, versatility and ar- 
tistic refinement are combined in a purely business career; 
but all these qualities belong to Colonel Winter in a remark- 
able degree. 

Co'onel Winter is the eldest child of Rev. Alpheus 
Winter, a well-known Congregational minister of Con- 
necticut, and was born in Onarga, Illinois. September 20. 
[863, while his parents were temporarily residing there. 
Soon afterwards his parents returned to Connecticut, "and 
Colonel Winter's early life was mostly spent in Hartford. 
He attended school there, and when only eighteen years 
of age engaged in business for himself. Being in the sub- 
scription book publishing business at an early age, he began 
to sell through agents and to learn the various methods of 
dealing with them, until at this time he has perfected a 
system of handling agents which is considered by compe- 
tent authorities to be one of the very best, if not the best, 
in the entire country. Everything moves with the ease and 
regularity of well-kept machinery in Colonel Winter's of- 
fice, and one can scarcely realize that more than eighty 
thousand agents are under his control, so quietly and 
smoothly does the business go on. and so perfect is the 
organization of the work, even to the minutest details. 

Colonel Winter was married in 1885 to Miss Jessie 
Townsend Peters, of Hartford, and has one child. .1 boy, 
Courtney Peters Winter, born in 1888. His wife's health 
failing, he removed South, where his first wife afterwards 
died. Coloner Winter was re-married in 1891 to Miss Er- 
minie Lois Tanner, of Lynchburg, Va., and in 1895 moved 
to Washington, where he has since resided, anil where he 
has built up the large and constantl) increasing business of 
The M. A. Winter Companj on a firm, stable basis, and 
has attained a most gratifying success through merit alone. 
His versatility is well known as well as his originality. He 
is the author of several treatises upon economic questions; 
is a member of the National Geographic Society: the Asso- 
ciation for the Advancement of Science: the Washington 
Academy of Sciences, and other scientific societies. He has 
traveled extensive!) in foreign countries, mainly in the in- 
terest of his business, and in seeking better methods of 
transpiirtalii.il for his goods he became interested in parcels 
post. In 1000 he made a trip to Mexico in this connection, 
and upon his return prepared an exhaustive am.', 
eels post, which was introduced entire into Congress and 
published in the Congressional Record. In preparing this 
1 olonel Winter had to stud) several foreign lan- 
and make man) comparisons of statistics, compiling 
various tables of comparative values, etc., but he had his 
reward in being able to present the parcels post question 
in a form easilv understood, and in presenting unanswerable 
arguments, carefull) deduced From all the facts in the case. 
Letters of congratulation soon began to pour in from stu- 
dents of political science, college professors and the most 



THE CITY OF WASHINGTON. 



profound authorities on these mat- 
ters, as well as from practical 
business men, stating that nothing 
had appeared for years so profound 
and convincing on the subject of 
parcels post, and so calculated to 
advance its cause as Colonel Win- 
ter's article. Much good has al- 
ready been accomplished by it, and 
such organization has been perfected 
which must secure at no distant day 
the fulfillment of the hopes of all 
who are interested in establishing 
the parcels-post system. 

Colonel Winter is likewise very 
patriotic, and belongs to many pa- 
triotic societies, such as the Order of 
the Founders and Patriots of Amer- 
ica, Sons of the American Revo- 
lution, Sons of the Revolution, and 
others. He is the originator of The 
Minute Men, an independent mili- 
tary organization, with several regi- 
ments located in different parts of 
the country. He is the acting com- 
mander-in-chief of the organization, 
and also the colonel of the first regi- 
ment, located in this city. For a comparatively young man 
to have accomplished so much already, we may safely 
predict that Colonel Winter's future will see still greater 
achievements, and Washington may well be proud that such 
a sturdy, upright business man Has identified himself so 
closely with her interests, and may well wish hirq every 
success in his noble undertakings, both for his private good 
and for the public benefit. 





ALONZO OGILVIE BLISS 



Alonzo Ogilvie Bliss. — Possibly no name is more 
widely known, the world over, than that of Alonzo Ogilvie 
Bliss, who, as the soke proprietor of the Alonzo Bliss Com- 
pany, manufactures the well-known proprietary medicine, 
" Bliss Native Herbs." This company operates offices and 
plants in Washington, Kansas City,*Chicago. San Francisco, 
Montreal, Canada ; London, England ; Kadina, South Aus- 
tralia, in fact in every English-speaking country. The 
firm operates a large private printing plant, and employs 
hundreds of clerks in conducting the large correspondence 
and filling orders. 

Mr. Bliss has ever taken a lively interest in the progress 
and welfare of Washington. He is a large property holder 
in the District of Columbia, among his properties being 
the Driscoll, Astoria, Penhurst, Kingman and Le Grand 
apartment houses, and the Bliss Building, in which his 
general offices are located, and which, on account of its 
nearness to the Capitol and its modern conveniences and 
accommodations, is much in demand by Senators and Rep- 
resentatives for office purposes. The building is an up-to- 
date structure, and is supplied with electric elevators, tele- 
phones, steam heat, etc., and faces Capitol Park. The 
Industrial Commission and other Government committees 
occupied offices in the Bliss Building while they were in 
existence. B is also headquarters of the Anti-Saloon 
League, the Knights of Labor, and other firms and cor- 
porations. 

Alonzo Ogilvie Bliss was born in New York State in 
1845, being the son of Florace Bliss and Deborah C. (Sam- 
son) Bliss. He received his education in the public schools 



290 

in his native town and the- Cortland 
' N. Y. I Academy. After graduation he 
enlisted at the outbreak of the civil ivar 
as a member of the Tenth New York 
Cavalry; served three years in the field 
on the stall of General Kilpatrick, and 

ted in more than thirty engage- 
ments. After the war he conducted a 
druv store iii Richmond, \'a. In i.s.s.s 
i Washington, where he started 
in the business in which to-day he is so 
successfully engaged. Mr. Bliss is prom- 
inent in Grand Army circles and is a 
I enth New York ( avalry. 
He is also a charter member of Canby 

... 520, of Pennsylvania, F. A. 
\. \l., and the Washington Board of 
I rade. Mr. Bliss has traveled exten 
sively through the European countries. 
ami has made many acquaintances during 
these visits. In [867 he married Emma 
('. Kingman, and of this union there are 
four children Harry Kingman, Arthur 
I... Mania A., and Bertha M. bliss. Mr. 
bli^s is a liberal and generous - 
and is held in the highest esteem by every- 
body who knows him. 



THE CENTER MARKET. 

F01 over thirty years Center Market has fully realized 
the idea of those who planned the present structures. On 
this site, from the time of the laying out of the city, there 
has always been a market, with buildings of various shapes 
and si/. .mil en'arged from time to time as 

the city grew and the dealers in this largest and most 
central!) located market of the city prospered. Until the 
present corporation was given its control this market was 
under the management of the city government, and neither 
dealers nor the public at large were satisfied w itli the ar- 
rangement. The low, unsightly, itninclosed structures, with 
their dark and narrow aisles, excited no end of criticism 
ure. After mail) years of discussion the cit) an 
in. I the appropriate committees of Congress seri- 
up the projeel of a new market. It was found 
that not on'y would it be necessan u. remove ever) .me of 
but, mi new and higher levels, ereel 
immense in size and speciall) arranged 
itlth of aisles and providing sufficient light and 
use far above the means of the 
■nmeiit. For several session^ .i Congress 
II i !ii"ii were under discussion. 
Many ini insulted. 

during the period 
ders who had for so many 
I the b'ttercst antag- 
onism, while tl •;,,„, public I 
control bitter feeling. To 



THE CITY OF WASHINGTON. 




HE DRISCOLL. 



Senator Lot M. Morrill, of Vermont, then chairman of 
the Senate Committee on the District of Columbia, is due 
great honor in connection with the plans for this market. 
He had great faith in the city's future, and for the buildings 
of this market not to meet all reasonable needs of the city 
for many years to come, he believed, would be a great mis- 
take. So he and others, in the preparation of a charter, 
panned large and liberal things, and as a result the law 
calling for the present structures was passed. The privi- 
leges of the charter were conferred upon the following men. 
all more or less identified with the affairs of the city: 
Thomas Berry, D. W. Bliss, Henry D. Cooke. William B. 
Todd. Peter Gardner, Henry S. Davis, George W. Riggs, 
Byron G. Daniels, M. G. Emery. Frederick P. Stanton. 
rhomas C. Connolly, S. P. Brown, John S. Crocker. Alex- 
ander R. Shepherd, W'i liam Clark, Hallet Kilbourn, John 
R. b'.lvans. B. F. French, C. 11. Michner, James L. Barbour, 
I. T. Mitchell, T. T. Fowler, T. II. Alexander, J. W. An- 
gus. W. W. kaplcy and Thomas Lewis. For vari ius rea 
sons these men were unable to devise means to take up 
and earn on the work. I'p to this time Mr. Alexander R. 
Shepherd had taken hut little part in the enterprise. En- 
grossed as they then were with larger affairs ,.f the city, 
he and the then Governor, Henr) I'. Cooke, bad permitted 
their names to be used as incorporators, but they had taken 
no active interest in working out the details of the enter- 
prise. With his characteristic energy, Governor Shepherd, 
having no interest in the matter save the city's good, took 
up the project in the effort to prevent its failure. He 
brought together many of the incorporators who had become 



THE CITY OF WASHINGTON. 



291 



discouraged : besides, by personal appeals he sought the 
necessary financial aid of capitalists outside of the city. In 
this way Mr. Carlos Pierce, of Boston, a man of great 
wealth and enterprise, became actively interested in it ; also 
Mr. Edward R. Tinker, now president of the company. With 
these Mr. Fisher A. Hildreth, of Lowell, Massachusetts : 
Mr. N. G. Ordway and Mr. William E. Chandler, of New 
Hampshire, both temporary residents of the city and active 
in various city projects, came into the company. It is to 
these gentlemen, together with Hon. Matthew G. Emery, 
that the honors of the enterprise are due. Mr. Emery took 
the presidency of the company, and to a building committee 
of members of the board, composed of Messrs. Ordway, 
Tinker, Emery, Chandler, Hildreth and Shepherd, was as- 
signed the supervision of the work of construction, which 
was at once begun. Upon Mr. Ordway, as chairman, fell 



sons, every known variety of food and table delicacy, brought 
from every latitude. Its flower stalls have become famous. 
Its doors are open every week day from sunrise until after- 
noon ; on Saturdays until 10 at night. People in every walk 
of life go to this great market. Some come in carriages, 
others in street cars, that run around it on every side and 
connect with every line in the city — only a single fare being- 
needed for one to come to it from a.uy part of the District. 
Multitudes come afoot, the nearness of this market to the 
center of the city's population adding to its popularity and 
its patronage. The displays at Center Market are kaleido- 
scopic — ever changing, always fresh, always beautiful. For 
a stranger the displays he here sees are among the city's 
many wonders, always to be remembered with pleasure. 

In the preparation of plans for the great structures of 
Center Market the committees of Congress, the authorities 




THE CENTER MARKET. 



the heavy task of personally supervising the construction of 
all the buildings and the foundations upon which they were 
placed, many of these foundations being of enormous size 
and very costly, owing to the swampy character of the site. 
The enormous market buildings called for were made more 
attractive than the charter required — wider aisles, more 
abundant light and ventilation, and perfect drainage in every 
part. Then, to meet modern conditions and give to every 
dealer better facilities for handling his products and reducing 
their cost to their patrons, the company, at an expense of 
over $300,000, has added cold-storage facilities, with neces- 
sary refrigerating machinery, elevators, etc. 

The Center Market lies c'ose to the heart of the city 
of Wash'ngton. No city in the world has in its very 
center one so well arranged and so ample. Its 300 dealers 
have on their ftoo and more stalls, in their appropriate sea- 



of the District, and the incorporators depended greatly 
upon Mr. Adolf Cluss, then the foremost architect of our 
city. To him is due the credit of the best structures of 
the city built at that time, among these being the Calvary 
Baptist Church, the Franklin School building, and the Ag- 
ricultural Department building. The wisdom of Mr. Cluss' 
liberal views as to strength of the proposed structures and 
the foundations upon which they are built has been fully 
vindicated. To the structures as originally planned the 
company has made large additions, these being necessary 
for the installation of lighting and refrigerating machinery 
and the large cold-storage facilities, which have since proved 
such a benefit to dealers as well as the public. In the work 
of original construction and of subsequent additions Mr. 
Cluss has been the responsible architect, and although now- 
well advanced in years his interest in the company is in no 
wise lessened. 



292 



THE CITY OF WASHINGTON 



The present board of directors of the company is : 
.'. G. Ordway, William E. Chandler, John ' 
Edward R. Tinker, William G. Carter, Edward 0. Whit- 
ford, Frank G. Wilkins, F. T. Chamberlin, George W. '.ray, 
Paul Butler, Lloyd II. Chandler, William V. Cox ami 
Samuel W. Curridcn. Mr. Edward R. Tinker, closely con- 
nected with the company since its inception, is now presi- 
dent of the board; Mr. W. V. Cox is vice-president; Mr. 
Frank < i. Wilkins. the superintendent of the company, is 
secretary, and Mr. S. W. Curriden is treasurer. Mr. Pn >- 
ton S. Smith, who has hern the clerk of Center Market since 
its opening, continues in that position — holding the con- 
:' the company and the good will of every dealer. 



did much towards making the nation's history. The small 
green parallelogram between the White House and the 
Arlington Hotel has undeniably the most interesting history 
of any locality in Washington. At the time of the revolu- 
tion it was an insignificant part of the David Burns farm, 
but in i/ijo President Washington selected the site for the 
Executive Mansion. lie defined the boundaries for Lafay- 
ette Park opposite, even thus early giving to it the name 
of his illustrious friend. And every succeeding decade 
since that early date, the most famous leaders in Cabinet 
and Senate, in war ami diplomacy, have ranged themselves 
upon its border, o'er which the shadows of the imposing 
Arlington fitfully slant. 




THE ARLINGTON. 



HI >l M.S. 
rhe Arlington Motel. For more than a third of .1 
inglon I loiel, local,'. 1 oil our of the most 
' . has been the stopping place 
"i the leading people of ibis and other countries. L'pon 
mnd names of those who havi 
nation's history. livery President -1 the 
of ( irant, with one 1 
' - appellation of " The Second 
W liitc I I harming 1 m ironment can be 

found in ;jt cs than that 

which surround pile of buildings, covering 

from II to l 

men who 



Where the main bodj of the Arlington Hotel now 
Stands there were three stately residences. One was OCCU 
pied by William L. Marcy. Secretary of War under Presi- 
dent Polk and Sccivtan of Slate under President Tierce. 
and when he retired he was succeeded in this and the 
adjoining bouse by the Secretary of State under Buchanan, 
Lewis Cass, who. like Marcy, bad previously held the war 
portfolio. In the third mansion, but recently superseded 
h\ the noble extension of the hotel up Vermont avenue, 
dwelt Reverdy Johnson, minister to England, and there 
Presidents Buchanan and Harrison were entertained prior 
to their inauguration, and there Patti, Henry Irving, Presi- 
dent Diaz "I Mexico. Kin-' Kalakaua, Dom Pedro and 
Boulanger found that luxurious seclusion which sovereigns 



THE CITY OF WASHINGTON. 



293 



and artists seek. The H street front of the hotel consists 
of a union of the former residences of Charles Sumner and 
Senator Pomeroy, the windows looking- directly upon the 
White House. President Cleveland went from these rooms 
to his inauguration. The great double mansion adjoining, 
on H street, was built by Matthew St. Clair Clarke, long 
clerk of the House of Representatives, and afterwards it 
became the home of the British legation. Here lived Sir 
Bulwer Lytton and his not less famous son and secretary, 
'" Owen Meredith," now Lord Lytton, who wrote here his 
most celebrated poem, " Lucile." In later years the house 
was occupied by Lord Ashburton, who, with Daniel Web- 
ster, assisted by Featherstonhaugh, drafted the "Ashburton 
treaty " which defined our Canadian boundary. A still 
later occupant was John Nelson, Attorney General in Tyler's 
Cabinet. And so on ad libitum one could mention the names 
of hundreds who lived within these confines. 

The Arlington Hotel was erected in 1869 by the late 
W. W. Corcoran, its doors having been thrown wide to 
admit guests in December of the same year, under the 
management of Mr. T. E. Roesselle, who is still its proprie- 
tor. When the Arlington Hotel was built it was at a time 
when Washington was sadly deficient in its accommo- 
dations for guests, au fait, with the more improved methods 
then in vogue in New York and the larger capitals of 
Europe. This want was filled by the Arlington and it 
immediately sprang into favor with just that class to which 
Mr. Roesselle was most anxious to cater for. Its success 
was instantaneous and, if possible, it grows in favor com- 
mensurate with its years. No hotel in the world can boast 
of a clientele of better or more distinguished patrons. 
Royalty has more than once been sheltered beneath its 
hospitable roof. For just such occasions a suite of rooms 
was designed and set apart by Mr. Roesselle, which can 
boast of no superior in point of elegance and beautiful 
appointments. These apartments are known as the "Diplo- 
matic Suite," and consists of thirty-six rooms. They are lo- 
cated in the new portion of the hotel. The banquets given at 
the Arlington are of international reputation and have long 
since been dubbed as gastronomical triumphs. The cuisine 
is unexcelled and is ever maintained up to the high standard 
of excellence which has always characterized this hotel. 

There is a homelike influence about the Arlington 
which is one of its chief charms, and so endears it to those 
patrons who return year after year. Its spacious and 
attractive parlors, cozv and luxurious lounging and smok- 
ing rooms are permeated with an air of luxury, comfort 
and refinement that are dear to the higher class of the 
ease-loving traveling public. In many respects the Arling- 
ton may be regarded as Washington's pioneer hotel. Inno- 
vations were introduced by Mr. Roesselle going far towards 
revolutionizing the hotel business in this city. It was the 
Arlington that first established the five o'clock dinner, then 
but shortly in vogue in New York. So popular did il 
become that Congress rearranged its hours of adjournment 
to conform with this innovation. Again it was the first 
hotel to establish a private hotel telephone exchange, now 



a feature in every well regulated hotel. A glance at the 
old registers of this hotel reveal many names of distin- 
guished foreigners, among them the Japanese embassy in 
1872, consisting of 106 persons; the Grand Duke Alexis 
and party of Russia ; the Emperor of Brazil and party, 
Princess Eulalie pf Spain, the President of Costa Rica, the 
President of Mexico, King Kalakaua of the Sandwich 
Islands, Comte de Paris, Duke d' Orleans, Hon. Joseph 
Chamberlain, Hon. Charles Hall, and Sir John McDonald 
and party of Canada, at different times ; the Duke de Vcra- 
gua, Li Hung Chang, viceroy of China, and his retinue ; 
the Siamese prince royal and party ; the Rochambeau and 
Lafayette party from France and every Chinese embassy 
since its establishment in this country. . 

Mr. Frank Bennett, the manager pf the Arlington, is 
an able lieutenant to its proprietor, Mr. Roesselle. Mr. 
Bennett has been connected with the hotel for twenty-two 
years and there is no part of the conduct of its affairs 
with which he is not thoroughly familiar both from a 
practical and theoretical standpoint. 




THEOPHILUS E. ROESSLE 

Theophilus E. Roessle was born in Albany. New 
York, where he was educated. There he came in contact 
with scions of America's proudest families, Roscoe Colliding 
and former President Chester A. Arthur being among 
his schoolmates. His experience in hotel life dates back 
as far as 1849, when be became proprietor of the Delavan 
House, in Albany. There he gained a valuable experience 
which has stood him in good stead in the conduct of the 
affairs of the Arlington Hotel. At the outbreak of the 
war between the States Mr. Roesselle served as commissary 
officer on the staff of Governor Morgan of New York, and 
it is a matter of record that at one time he was furnishing 
food supplies for from 40,000 to 43.000 State troops. At 
the time of his staff appointment Air. Roesselle was a mem- 
ber of that famous old Albany Burgesses Corps, a militan 



2 94 



Tin- CITY OF WASHINGTON. 



organization which was second to none in the world as 
to its personnel. As an • \ idence of this the corps numbered 
nmencement of the war. and ninety- 
five of its members entered other military commands for 
active dun as officers. " I-'. very man in the corps is a gen- 
tleman," was a popular saying in Albany, and many of the 
afterward held high positions in the military, 
naval and civil service of tin- government and in business 
life. Mr. Roesselle i- now a member of the Old Guard 
of \Yu Vork city, one of the most noted military organiza- 
thc world. 




THE RALEIGH. 



The Raleigh. — Until a very few years ago. Wash- 
ington's hotel accommodations were both primitive and 
limited. Then the antiquated buildings, which in several 
instances have since been replaced by palatial structures, 
were supported entirely by a floating population : but now- 
all is changed. .Many of Washington's wealthiest and most 
representative citizens, preferring the ease and luxury of 
modern hotel life to the dull and unceasing cares of house- 
keeping, have taken up a permanent residence at some one 
of tlie beautiful hotels which go so far toward enhancing 
the attractiveness of the national capital. The first hotel 
to supply this long-felt need was the 
Raleigh. Just eight years ago this 
modern, well-appointed house was 
erected at the corner of Pennsylva- 
nia avenue and Twelfth street, upon 
the historic sight of the old Kirk- 
wood House, in which Andrew John- 
son took the oath of office immedi- 
ately following the assassination of 
President Lincoln. Admirably lo- 
cated, it is in the center of the busi- 
ness section and within easy walking 
distance of all of Washington's thea- 
ters. Hence its attraction to the 
better class of tourists, who make it 
their headquarters while in this city 
The success of the hotel was in- 
stantaneous. So rapidly did its clien- 
tele increase that, after a year or two. 
it was found expedient to enlarge it. 
Accordingly a large block of prop- 
erty, abutting the original hotel on 
Twelfth street, was purchased, the 
beautifully proportioned new dining- 
room added, and above the sleeping 
accommodations increased from 145 
to 300 bedrooms. With this addi- 
tion the entire interior of the house 
was changed. A series of private 
dining-rooms was installed on the 
second floor, each beautifully ap- 
pointed and decorated, while on the 
same floor reception rooms, parlors, 
and women's writing rooms were set 
apart for the use ol guests, each ex 
quisitely furnished with the same 
simple elegance and refinement of 
taste which pervades the entire 
house. The chambers, single and 
en suite, contain every modem con- 
venience known to hotel life, while 
the adjoining baths are equipped 
with all the latest devices known to 
sanitary engineering. 

On the top floor of the Raleigh 
is located the spacious ballroom and 
banquet hall. I hi^ loft} apartment 
is beautifully proportioned, its color 
1 heme being of i\ ,m and -old. u 



THE CITY OF WASHINGTON. 



295 



the northern end of the room is the pretty gallery, in which 
the orchestra is concealed. The ante-rooms are divided into 
cloak and retiring rooms, all charmingly appointed, where 
a large and wel'-trained corps of assistants is in constant 
attendance. Many of Washington's most fashionable func- 
tions are held in these rooms throughout the gay winter 
season. 

The Raleigh has been under the capable management 
of T. J. Talty, a hotel man with a long and valuable ex- 
perience, and his artistic tendencies are reflected upon every 
turn in the decorations and furnishings of the hotel. The 
large foyer, or lobby, on the Twelfth street side, is patron- 
ized by men and women, who lounge in the invitingly com- 
fortable chairs and settees set about, and enjoy the after- 
noon and evening concerts given by the hotel orchestra. 
The walls of the foyer are covered by several fine paintings, 
notably among them " The Departure of Sir Walter Ra- 
leigh," the " White Cliffs of Dover," and an exquisite 
group of English pastorals by C. Y. Turner, whose mural 
decorations in the courthouse at Baltimore are heralded 
,far and wide. Another canvas in the foyer which attracts 
universal attention and admiration is Chelmonski's "After 
the Fair." 

The men's cafe on this floor is a triangularly shaped 
apartment, whose decorations consist of lofty marble pil- 
lars, and the finest example of imitations of Bordeaux tap- 
estries. Adjoining the cafe is the bar, where, too, hand- 
some and showy paintings adorn the wall, the best of which 
is probably R. L. Johnson's " Meeting of the Arab Sheiks." 
One of the most striking features of this apartment is the 
magnificent wrought iron grill, which partitions it from the 
entrance on Pennsylvania avenue, in which is located the 
news and cigar stands. This grill is of a rich bronze tone, 
over which gracefully twining vines and clusters of grapes 
are artistically worked in. The same scheme of design is 
carried out in the handsomely carved bar and fixtures. Be- 
low is the rathskellar, known as the Boar's Head. Here 
is presented the work of the master hand of Mr. Turner, 
the artist. The walls are liberally emblazoned with apt and 
appropriate quotations from the Rubiayaat, above which is 
an exquisite frieze, in soft tones, encircling the entire room. 
Everything in the way of decorations, furnishings and ap- 
pointments in the Boar's Head are of the Elizabethan 
period. Adjoining is a cozy little room known as the 
Dutch Room. Here, too, Mr. Turner was given full sway 
in the decorations adorning its walls. 

Mr. Talty came directly to Washington from the mam- 
moth Auditorium Hotel, of Chicago, believing that with 
the proper facilities to aid him he cou'd make for himself 
here an international reputation, and well has he succeeded, 
since the Raleigh may be mentioned in the category of the 
leading hotels of the world. 

Col. 0. G. Staples, Builder of the Thousand Island 
House. ( >ne of the most marvelous enterprises of north- 
ern New York was the conception of building a first-class 
watering place hotel at Alexandria Bay, and its successful 



erection and furnishing by Col. O. G. Staples. Certainly 
nothing short of the highest business genius could have 
accomplished the feat under such untoward circumstances, 
and it marked him as a Napoleon of finance. At the time 
it was done, in 1872, Alexandria Bay was chiefly known 
as the home of Azariah Walton, the fisherman story-teller 
and entertainer of New York celebrities who came to the 
St. Lawrence River for a week or so of outing, disporting 
themselves by alternate hours of fishing and hearing Uncle 
Azariah tell stories. The present world-wide celebrity of 
the Thousand Islands and the sublimely placid scenery of 
the St. Lawrence archipelago were no more thought of by 
the people at large than we now think of making a tropical 
paradise in the Adirondack's. We know of only one man 
who then read correctly the grand future of the St. Law- 
rence River and its transcendant charms. That man was 




COL. O. G. STAPLES 

O. G. Staples, and with the boldness of Napoleon at the 
bridge of Lodi, he took hold of the enterprise of building 
and furnishing a hundred thousand dollar hotel without 
a salted dollar of capital of his own, with only two endorsers 
of moderate means. In 1873 he sold the Thousand Island 
House and bought Willard Hotel, at Washington, out 
of which, during the past eighteen years, he has made 
half a million of dollars, establishing the fact that lie " knows 
how to keep a hotel," said to be one of the highest indica- 
tions of accomplished wisdom. 

The opening of the Thousand Island House was the 
" open sesame " to the beginning of the present era of the 
St. Lawrence River visitations from all quarters of the 
globe. H is unquestionably the most expansive, the most 
calmly beautiful region, affording the most charming social 
delights, both day and night, that the round earth affords. 






THE CITY OF WASHINGTON. 



Thai this should have all been foreseen by this enterprising 
young man. is of itself evie'erce o*f genius of almost pro- 
phetic order. Advertising the hotel necessarily took in the 

ncry. The successor to Mr. Staples, in running 

the Thousand Island House, told the writer that it was 

otel in the United States. lie said 

everybody knew of it, and whoever came once desired to 

come again, and the thousands that came the first summer 

ipened told their neighbors of the grand delights 
of the region, and tin other thousands were 

added, an 'ear the throng swelled. Associa- 



conceiving, building and advertising the Thousand Island 
House — the first grand step to the consummation of the 
present renown and glory of the St. Lawrence River region. 
All northern New York, our farmers, our railroads, our 
builders and our furniture dealers have been greatlv bene- 
fited by the prophetic foresight of the builder of the Thou- 
sand Island House, and his face belongs to the history 
(if the section. 

In [883 Col. Staples re-opened Willard's Hotel in this 
city, which had been closed for several months after the 
death i!f its former proprietor, Mr. Cook. Col. Staples 




'■•IV purchased for parks and 

'in live in six thousand people 

hither for temporary summer habitation, and nol 

. visit the 

lion. The landholders 

m-ihlcss for agriculture, hav. 

sold bur i amis of dollars worth, and if the 

islands It | hand-, ii was nol 

nns and Comwalls, who 
owned 111 .,,,. m „|, T ,.,.,..„ 

' I I. Staples in 



immediatel) set aboul renovating the hotel and put it in such 
condition, and conducted ii so admirably that it enjoyed 
an era of prosperity unknown in an\ hotel in Washington 
since tin- days .>f the civil war. When (.'. W. Spofford 
failed at the Riggs House in 1891, Col. Staples bought 
the furniture under the hammer and re-opened tin hotel 
in October of that year, ami still conducts it with his 
characteristic energy and success. In 1895 be sold Willard's 
t" Mr. M. I). Lewis, and bought it back in 1897, 
under foreclosure proceedings, selling oul finallj in 1899 
I" a syndicate. In [896 he purchased the lease and furni- 



THE CITY OF WASHINGTON. 



297 



tare of the National Hotel and still conducts that hostelry 
with marked. success. In 1897 he re-purchased the Thou- 
sand Island House, and spent $50,000 in renovating, improv- 
ing and rehabilitating that famous hotel built by his own 
energy. It is now one of the finest resort hotels in the 
world. 

Col. Staples was born at Watertown, N. Y., October 
14, 1851, his father being Nathan Staphs, his mother 
Amanda Staples (nee Curtis). He was educated at the 
common schools in Watertown ; was in the patent medicine 
business, manufacturer of cigars ; the originator of the prize 
package candy business, and did a general merchandise 
business. He was elected alderman of the city of Water- 
town as a Republican, and in 1872 was appointed colonel 
on the staff of General Pratt's. He is a 32nd degree Scot- 
tish Rite Mason. 

The Shoreham Hotel. Fresh from the hands of 
a hundred or more artisans, and entirely remodeled, redeco- 
rated and refurnished, the Shoreham Hotel now stands out 
as one of the handsomest and most complete hotel struc- 




THE SHOREHAN 



tures in this country. Located at the corner of Fifteenth 
and H streets, in the center of the most fashionable section 
of the city, and within a stone's throw of the heart of the 
business section, its locality is all that can be desired. 

The hotel was originally erected by Hon. Levi P. 
Morton, ex-Vice-President of the United States. Because 
of the stateliness of this imposing structure, and its delight- 
ful environment it immediately became popular, and for 
years was the home of the wealthiest and most fashionable 
set that made Washington a temporary home. Appreciating 
the rapid progress made by Washington in the character 
of its buildings, it was decided lately to remodel the Shore- 
ham, and in this effort neither pains nor expense was 
spared, and now upon its completion it is a masterpiece 
of the builder's and decorator's art, nearly half a million 
dollars having been spent on it by Mr. Morton. 

The first floor lias been entirely remodeled and will 
consist of a restaurant, American dining room, ladies' par- 
lor, smoking room and office. The restaurant will have a 
wainscoting of onyx marble and the walls and ceiling will 
be finished in yellow and green. 
This room deserves special mention. 
Tt will be lighted by numerous win- 
dows on H street and without doubt 
will be pronounced one of the best 
lighted, most comfortable, and ele- 
gant restaurants in the city. This 
new restaurant will doubtless receive 
the patronage of a great number who 
demand elegant surroundings and 
plenty of light when taking their 
meals. The ladies' parlor, opening 
into the restaurant, will be beauti- 
fully finished. The ceiling will be 
modeled in plaster and gilded. The 
ladies'. cafe, on the office floor, will 
be appreciated by the ladies who 
patronize the hotel. A palm room - 
has also been arranged for the office 
floor. On the lower floor is situated 
the gentlemen's cafe, parlor, toilet 
rooms, and buffet. The buffet has 
an entrance from the corner, and is 
reached by descending a few steps 
below the sidewalk. 

John T. Devirre. the proprie- 
tor of the hotel, has surrounded 
himself with so capable a corps of 
assistants that the high standard of 
the house will be maintained. Au- 
gust Coder, formerly chef of the 
Club House at Saratoga, will pre- 
side ii\cr the kitchen and personally 
superintend the many gastronomical 
triumphs that have earned him a 
national reputation, while the res- 
taurant will be in charge of E. Witte, 
formerly head waiter at Sherry's, 
New York. 






THE CITY OF WASHINGTON. 



John T. Devine, was born in Brooklyn fifty years ago 
and after receiving his education in New York, he < 

,„ ,,„. ,,,,, For a great many years Mr. Devine 

irated old St. Janus, in New 
Y,,rk. since torn down, later the Hoffman House, and then 
opened the Hotel St. Marc Several years wen- spenl on 
| an( l i,, the same business, when he came to Wash- 
ington ten yeai 

Levi Woodbury. ( >ne of the mosf historic and pop- 
ular hostelries in the national capital is the St. Jam,- Hotel, 
situated at the southeast corner of Pennsylvania avenue 
•1, street, northwest, an.! within a stone's throw 
of the Pennsylvania Railroad station. Synonymous with 
the nam.- of this hotel is thai of its proprietor, Mr. Levi 
. has been identified with the conduct of its 
affairs since iSTxi, when he was engaged as the hotel's 




Reaching his majority, Mr. Woodbury was appointed 
station master and telegraph operator at Windham. New 
Hampshire, for the Concord and Boston Railroad, after 
which he entered the lumber business, where he remained 
until he came to Washington. After serving two years in 
the capacity of steward at the St. James, he leased the 
restaurant attached to the hotel and so successful was his 
venture that three years after his advent in Washington 
hotel life he leased the entire hotel, refurnishing and re- 
decorating it in tasteful and modern style, which policy 
he has since adhered to, thus bringing it up to the high 
standard of the first-class hotels of the city. Mr. Wood- 
bury's early training for a life of activity stood bun in good 
stea.l and he has always been identified with business ven- 
tures that have been stamped with the approval of success. 
Chief among these is the Norfolk and Washington Steam- 
boat Company, of which he was one of the organizers, and 
is still its president. Mr. Woodbury may justly feel proud 
of his connection with this company, which he fondly alludes 
to as his pet enterprise. Since 1881 he has been a director 
of the Central National Bank, and until a year ago had been 
one of the most active members of the Board of Trade, of 
which he was one of the organizers. Mr. Woodbury has 
always been keenly alive to Washington's best interests 
and all steps towards beautifying and improving the city. 
Until i8<)o Mr. Woodbury lived at the St. James. At that 
time he built a beautiful home at No. 11 Iowa Circle, where 
he spends about eight months each year. The balance of 
the time during the summer and early autumn months he 
spends on Canobie Lake. New Hampshire, where he has 
a beautiful home, in which he liberally entertains his many 
friends. The old homestead which he inherited at his 



Horn of old New England 
mi county, New I lampshire, h 
ill in the publii 

1. nt on his father'; 



stock in Salem. 

|S,U. he received 

if his native town. 

farm, after which 

in the manufacture of shoes. Mr Wood- 

revolutionan stock. His grandfather, Israel 

1 lampshire, served all through 

>;77- :i1 llu ' age of eigh- 

•. .11- he was active in both town anil 

mi- in both branches 

latlirc, and lived to the -teal 

■ months and thirty days. Mr. 

• I Woodbury, Jr.. and Eliza 

,ui active 

usetls, for man\ 



father's 
vat ion a 



leath in 
.1 perfec 



he ke 



in a high state of culti 



THEATRES. 



The National Theatre. No institution in Washing- 
ton holds a warmer place in the affections of its residents 
than does the National Theatre, upon whose stage the stars 
of both the ( )ld and the New World have appeared in their 
respective roles before brilliant audiences, for the most part 
made up of the most distinguished men and women of 
America. Long ere Washington was aught hut a quag- 
mire, and when a trip from the While House to the Capitol 
nlons journey, the National Theatre was erected 
upon its present site. Three times it has been visited by 
devastating fires, yet, phcenix-like, in an incredibl} short 
space of lime it was rebuilt and each time ><\ far more ele- 
gance than its predecessor. This theatre was first conceived 
a | a meeting held on Sepember 17. 1834, at which the stock 
for the new enterprise was subscribed. The board of man- 
agers chosen to select a suitable location and erect a build- 
ing included Messrs. I lenrx Randall. Richard Smith. Cor- 
nelius McLean. Jr.. George Gibson and William Brent, 
thorough and exhaustive search the present location 
was decided upon and the lot purchased from John Mason. 



THE CITY OF WASHINGTON 



299 



the deed bearing the date of October 16, 1834. Several of 
the subscribers, however, failed to come to time with the 
amount pledged, and when the theatre was about half com- 
pleted it was found necessary to make a deed of the lot and 
uncompleted building to W. W. Corcoran, who advanced 
the funds and in turn reconveyed the property to the trustees, 
who were then Henry Randall, William L. Brent, Richard 
Smith and B. O. Tayloe. The spacious edifice was com- 



The house was packed to the doors, and the event was 
heralded far and wide as a gala event in the social side of 
the affairs of the national capital. The lessees of the new 
theatre were Messrs. Maywood, Rowbotham and Pratt, with 
Mr. J. G. Pratt as business manager. Following in rapid 
succession, all the celebrities of the footlights of that era 
appeared at this theatre, the first being Mrs. Wheatley, a 
native-born actress of rare ability. Then came Junius Brutus 




plcted in the fall of 1835, and its present name, " The Na- 
tional," was chosen as the one most appropriate for the 
virgin theatre. 

The doors of the theatre were thrown open to the 
public for the first time on the evening of December 7. [835, 
Xacklen's comedy, "The Man of the World," being the 
vehicle chosen to exploit the well-selected cast, tin- enter 
tainment concluding with the musical farce " Turn ( kit. 



Booth, in " Hamlet,*' whose advent drew crowded and fash- 
ionable audiences, who were held spell-bound by this un- 
equalled tragedian's art. A year after the house opened 
Mr. Pratt was succeeded in the management by Mr. Ward, 
and during his regime such artists as Burton. Vandenhoff. 
Hackett and Forrest appeared. Then another change came, 
and with it Miss V. Monier assumed the management. The 
dramatic year of 1839 was ushered in by Rdwin Forrest, 



THE CITY OF WASHINGTON. 



300 

wh oheld his audiences transfixed by his delightful versa 

tiHty Th. same year Ellen Tree appeared in Shak 

roles Following in ra, *> appeared such artists 

,.. | itt i e Miss Davenport, then eleven years old, as Richard 

the Third; Fanny Elssler, the then incomparable danseuse, 

v ,„, ,,,. idience b) her grace, beauty and un- 

llcther |i m bs. Booth and Forrest played alternate 
v , .,.,.. c , urill g the Xmas holidays, the season closing with 
., ,„,„.,-„ to Miss Monier. Mr. Ward resumed the man- 

„ i n ,842. opening with Mr. A. Adams, who was 
starred in "Damon and Pythias." The year [844 was 
mark( H C ess in "Falstaft," which stands 

todav unparalleled. His consummate art in both his make- 

I the intelligence with wind, he read his lines places 
him far and ahead of an) artist who has since essayed the 
,,,,,. f the rollicking tipster. In February oi tins year Mr. 
Hiekl was appointed manager, and there continued to the 
em , o( ^e season, being succeeded in turn by S. M. Emery 
and William E. Burton. ,Jt was during the regime of the 

1 ,i e Bull, the wonderful violinist, gave so notable 
a performance. 

On March 5, 1845, the National Theatre was com- 
pletely consumed by fire, only the bare walls being left 
ding. Nothing daunted, reconstruction was begun, and 
in 1850, under the auspices of Willard & Reeside, Jenny 
Li„ ( l made her initial bow to a Washington audience in 
th c rejuvenated theatre. In [851 the theatre was trans- 
■ a circus, and tiers upon tiers of hastily con- 
nected. ( In January 21 of that year, 
I almost to suffocation with an assembled au- 
dience, thc walls gave way, carrying many of the frantic 
inmates witli them. The house was again rebuilt, and the 
third opening occurred on December 15, [852, with E. A. 
Marshall as manager. The opening attraction was Matilda 

II in " riic Hi which the President and bis 
entire Cabinet were in attendance. Appearing later were 
Madame Celeste, Julia Dean. Lob Montez, Charlotte Cush- 
man, thc ' ompany, Forrest, Emma Fitz- 

I the 1 '.rand Italian ( ipera Company. I tenry C. 

n | the theatre in 1855, when Agnes 

h Jefferson, John E. < 'wens and E. L. 

pearcd. it was in 1856 that Kunkle & Co. 

1 the theatre, and John T. Ford, of 

Baltimore, was made its manager. At ibis dale Maggie 

,i the first time, 

! th. 

nineuth in the affairs ol the 

I In another change, in 1856, when 

nlrol. January 12, 1851), saw 

. at which time 

mil; there. 

completed 



Appearing there this year were Clara Louise Kellogg. Mr. 
and Mrs. W. ]. Florence, Lucille Western, Yankee Robin- 
's, ,n \nnie PrevosL and the following year the never-to-be- 
fl „,,, ltt en h .hn Wilkes Booth. This marked the first year of 
the & late and deeply lamented W. W. Rapley's active con- 
nection with the National Theatre. From that time on the 
house entered upon an era of success which remained un- 
broken to the present time, the management of the house 
having been in the bands of h : s son, Mr. W. H. Rapley, since 

1885. 

' Space alone prevents a recital of the many brilliant 
events' transpiring under this historic roof. Such stars as 
William II. Crane. Mrs. Bowers, Maggie Mitchell. Mr. and 
Mrs. Charles Kean, and Lotta, followed until i860, when 
. Rapley & Spaulding assumed the managment. Then 
, Joseph Jefferson, with his "Bob Acres:" Ristori, 
l„ e "Mary Otteen of Scots" held her audiences spell- 
bound ; and on New Year's night, 1867, Mr. Jefferson played 
a return engagement and for the first time presented "Rip 
Van Winkle." John Sleeper Clarke followed, and scored 
a triumph. In 1870 Joe K. Emmett, the sweet warbler in 
Dutch roles, was first seen and heard here. A year follow- 
ing Mr. Rapley stepped out. and Spaulding assumed the 
sole management, releasing it a year later to J. G. Saville. 
the most notable presentations by him being that of Lester 
Wallack in "Central Park," and Dion Boucicault in " Arrah 
Xa Pougue," and the advent of Christine Nielson and Ma- 
[ahauschek. 
For the third time the National became a prey to flames. 
( In the night of January 28. 1873. it was totally destroyed, 
entailing a loss to Mr. W. W. Rapley, then the sole owner, 
of Si 38,000, with but $40,000 insurance. So severe a loss 
would have been a death blow to one of a less indomitable 
will than that possessed by Mr. Rapley. but nothing daunted 
he set to work and rebuilt the structure, and on December 
1. 1S7V its doors were again thrown wide to admit the 
throng assembled, more likely to do honor to the man 
whose pluck and courage bad again provided them with a 
place of amusement. On that night President Grant and 
Governor Shepherd occupied a box. Then came such stars 
as the prima donna Kellogg, Sothern, Salvini, Adelaide 
Wilson. John McCullough, George Ringgold. John T. Ray- 
mond, Clara Morris. Mary Anderson. Stuart Robson, Irving 
and Terry, Booth and Barrett, Kate Claxl n, until 

those celebrities oi a later date, with whom all of the present 
ration are familiar. 

Vbout three hours after the conclusion oi the perform- 
ance of "Yictor Durand." bv Wallaces New York com 
nam on February 27, [885. the National Theatre was again 
d'estro e, entailing a loss of many thousands ol 

.lobars upon' Mr. Rapley; and again he started afresh and 
11 rebuilt the house upon its original sue. 1 be new the- 
atre is now o„e of the finest in the United States, its beau- 
tif«l and costlv decorations forming a fitting environment 
for the thousands of exquisitely gowned women and well- 
men that throng it each season. This theatn an 1 
more than $200,000, while each year 
, upended in rebanishing and touching up. 



THE CITY OF WASHINGTON. 



William W. Rapley, the late owner of the National 
Theatre, was born on February 22, 1828, in Baltimore, 
Maryland. After attending the public schools of his native 
city, and appreciating the advantages offered by Washing- 
ton at that time, he walked to this city, and the day fol- 
lowing was working n the dome of the Capitol. There 
he was employed for two years, and then opened a coach- 
making establishment on Eighteenth street near Pennsyl- 
vania avenue, he having learned the trade in Baltimore prior 
to coming to Washington. This business expanded and 




when he became sufficiently possessed of this world's goods 
Mr. Rapley established a line of steamboats on the Potomac, 
with three steamers plying between here and Aquia Creek. 
He also established a ferry line between Washington and 
Alexandria. This experience brought him i:i daily contact 
with many influential men of affairs, which acquaintance 
ripened in many instances into warm friendships, among 
whom were General Grant and Governor Shepherd. Mr. 
Rapley established his home in Montgomery count}-, Mary- 
land, the house being surrounded by a beautiful and fertile 



301 

farm of 600 acres. There he gave vent in the fullest scope 
to his taste for fine horses, and his farm was ere long the 
rendezvous for many lovers of the thoroughbred, including 
his warm friends, General Grant, President Garfield, Gov- 
ernor Shepherd and Ceneral Sherman. At the beginning of 
the civil war Mr. Rapley formed a company' of home 
guards, of which he was made commander. It was at this 
time, when a terrible financial depression pervaded the whole 
country, that Mr. Rapley first became identified with the 
National Theatre. In 1862 he purchased the properly, sur- 
mounted by the charred ruins, the result of the second fire, 
together with William E. Spaulding. He was at first un- 
decided what to do with his newly acquired property, but 
later decided to erect a theatre upon it, with .Mr. Spaulding 
as his manager. The history of the house from then on 
has been above detailed, yet, despite the many vicissitudes 
which attended this new venture, Mr. Rapley weathered 
the storms, and when he was called to the great beyond, on 
November 17, 1892, his life closed upon a career of honor 
and usefulness. The theatre he left to the able management 
of his son, Mr. W. H. Rapley, will ever stand as a fitting 
monument to his memory. Mr. Rapley married Miss Char- 
ity Stansbury Harryman. of Baltimore, of which union 
there are four children — W. H. Randolph R., and Edward 
E. Rapley, and one daughter, now Mrs. C. G. Stone. Mr. 
Rapley's wife died in April, 1901. 

W. H. Rapley, now the sole manager of the National 
Theatre, was born on April 26, 1857. in this city. After 
attending the District schools he was sent to Hanover, 
Germany, for a time, and returning entered the United 
States Military Academy, at West Point, by an appointment 
from General Grant, an intimate friend of his father. Mr. 
Rapley remained at the Point but two years, the army 
thereby losing a splendid officer, both from a physical and 
an executive standpoint, he being a splendid specimen of 
manhood. The rare tact be has displayed in conducting the 
affairs of the theatre, which he entered upon his return from 
the Point, has done much toward making an engagement 
ai the National a treat to even company which visits it. 
Mr. Rapley married Miss Batchelor, of Maryland. One 
son was born to them, who is at present a student at Law- 
renceville Academy, preparing for a course at Cornell Uni- 
versity. Mr. and Mrs. Rapley reside at the " Farragut." 



3°2 



THE CITY OF WASHINGTON. 




RESIDENCE OF MRS RICHARD SCOTT TOWNSEND. 



: A, 



CHAPTER XXII. 



- j j 



BUILDING INTERESTS. 




fOMAS W. SMITH.— In their endeavors to 
make Washington the most beautiful city 
in the world, the national law makers, in 
whose hands, to a great extent, rests the 
tfp/^vfN .i 'jfgiffl fate and future of the national capital and 
its residents, have the earnest and unqual- 
ified support of Thomas W. Smith, the 
well-known lumber merchant of this city. 
Mr. Smith is one of Washington's most 
public-spirited men, and he permits no 
t opportunity to pass unimproved which 

may redound to the benefit and welfare of Washington, its 
taxpayers and residents. He has been closely identified 
with the business community of Washington for the past 
thirty-four years, and it has always been his chief aim and 
object to make Washington the manufacturing center which 
it should be. He has been a man of business since the day 
he first came to this city ; is a " self-made " man, and has 
by careful attention to business in its minutest detail, and 
by integrity and energy built up one of the largest and best 
assorted lumber and manufacturing establishments in this 
part south of New York. He is, in short, one of Wash- 
ington's best citizens, generous, progressive and broad-mind- 
ed, and enjoys the confidence and esteem of his numerous 
business and private friends and citizens of all classes. 

Mr. Smith is a descendant of old Dutch and Irish stock, 
those sturdy old pioneers who escaped religious and political 
persecution in the old country and sought the freedom of 
the Stars and Stripes. He was born in Gordonsville, Penn- 
sylvania, in 1846, and attended public school in his native 
town, and completed his education at the Columbia (Penn- 
sylvania) Academy. When sixteen years of age he took 
up the study of pharmacy, and qualified himself for that 
pursuit. In 1864, in company with his father, he moved 
to Maryland, where the latter leased a farm near Cabin 
John Bridge. The)- remained there four years, and removed 
to Washington in 1868. Young Smith entered the employ 
of George W. Linville & Company as a general clerk, 
and in that special capacity he showed marked ability. A 
joint convention of the board of aldermen and common 
council elected him lumber inspector, which office he held 
for two years. This was under the administration of Sales 
J. Bowen. the first Republican mayor of the capital city. 
He was afterward taken into partnership by tin lumber 



firm which first gave him- employment, known as George 
W. Linville & Company. Later the business was sold to 
W. P. Cotrell & Company, Mr. Smith, however, retaining 
his interest in the firm. 

In 1874 Mr. Smith established his present business at 
the corner of First street and Indiana avenue, where he 
keeps in stock his finished work and a full stock of building 
material and lumber. Mr. Smith has been for many years 
a manufacturer of sash, doors, blinds, moldings, finished 
cabinet work, and all other items manufactured out of wood, 
and has gradually increased this part of his business until 




THOMAS W. SMITH 



now he has. al the foot of New Jersey avenue, a mill and 
lumber sheds which compare favorably with the very largesl 
and best manufacturing establishments east o\ the Alle- 
gheny Mountains. Connected with this mill he has a lumber 
drying kiln containing 27 rooms, something unique in ii> 

arrangement, where more than too, feet of lumber is 

kept in a dry condition ready for use for cabinet work at 
a moment's notice. This plant is located immediately on the 
\.nacostia river, lnu a short distance from the \ 
channel. This part of the business is quite .m extensive one, 



(303) 



3"-l 



THE CITY OF WASHINGTON. 



and one which Mr. Smith considers an entering wedge to 
the industrial progress of the national capital. In tins plant 
there are more men employed than in any other enterprise 
of its kind in the city. It- factories and buildings occupy 
acre, of land and give employment to more than a hundred 
men. In the yards of the mill are stored enormous quantities 

; from al si ever} section of the country. The 

machinery building is a two-story structure, in which is 
turned out a variety of material of the finei class to be used 
in the construction of buildings. In this, as well as in the 
other departments of the factory, the work is done in the 
mosl orderlj and systematic manner, as the employes are 
men who understand and appreciate the fact that they are 
working for a man who does not fail to recognize their 
loyalty to his interests. The relations which exist between 
ih. employer and his employes are of a most cordial nature. 
as each man is well paid for his work and receives generous 
treatment. 

The annual business done by this establishment amounts 
to hundred?- of thousands of dollars. A large part of the 
output i- -"Id in Washington, where it is used in the con- 
struction of apartment houses, dwellings, churches, office 
fixtures, desks, store fixtures, etc. Nearly everything needed 
in the construction of a building may he bought here, ready 
i.i In- put together, not only saving lime, hut money as well. 
In this way the cost of material is greatly reduced, and a 
house which under ordinary circumstances it would take a 
year to build can now he erected within a few mouths. In 
addition to material for buildings and dwellings, the Smith 
mill- manufacture bridge and warehouse necessities, a de- 
partment of the concern which is steadily on the increase. 
Indeed, ;, man may step into the office on First street and 
leave hi- order for a house complete, and within two weeks 
u -. materia] is delivered and he may have his 
house under ever. Vlthough there is a constant demand 
upon the office for lumber, nevertheless orders are promptl) 
tilled. 

Mr. Smith has always taken deep interest in the educa- 
tion of youth, and in this direction he has shown his gen 

■ asioilS. I [e is one of the trustee- of 

ih.- \merican L'niversity, ami vice-president of the National 

Capital I'.ank, on.- of the city's strong financial institutions. 

■o :u business he has built up by his own personal 

has not only added to the city's wealth, but has 

hundreds of the city's population to the doorway of 

employment. His -pirn of energy and enterprise 

■■'in and again by the business com 

'dent of the Hoard of 

01 iation, and 

ens' Association. 

K 

nal Civil Service 

a membi i 

a tneuil- 



societies and organizations. ( >n November 12, 1872, Mr. 
Smith married Caroline Gatchel. of Chester county, Penn- 
sylvania. ( Hit of this union there sprung a large and happy 
family of children, six of whom are living. Mr. Smith 
resides at 616 East Capitol street. 

Church and Stephenson. — Mr. Charles B. Church 
is the founder of the firm of Church & Stephenson, lumber 
merchants, in Washington. Their main office is located 
at Maryland avenue, E'ghth and Ninth streets, southwest, 
and their yards cover the entire block bounded by those 
thoroughfares. This firm is one of the oldest lumber firms 
in this part of the country, and consists of William A. H. 
Church and Thomas P. Stephenson. From their immense 
and well-stocked yards has come the building material for 
many of Washington's most prominent business houses. 
residences, churches, schools, manufacturing concerns, and 
Government buildings. At their yards is to be found the 
largest and most diverse stock of manufactured lumber of all 
grades and kinds. Nothing but the best that the market 
produces is furnished to builders here and everywhere by 
this reliable firm. It has always been the motto of this old 
and reliable establishment to accord its numerous cus- 
tomers honest and fair treatment, and furnish only the very 
best article. Upon this foundation the business has been 
conducted from its very inception, and today it occupies n 
high standing in the community of Washington. 




William A. H. Church was born in Washington, D. C, 
; n 1853. the son of Charles R. Church and Matilda S. Har- 
ris, lie was educated in the public schools ^\ Washington, 
and Columbian College. Leaving college in his sophomore 
year, 1873, he entered the firm of C. R. Church & Co., where 
In- learned the lumber business, in which he toda) 1- so suc- 
cessfully engaged. In 1873 Mr. Church's father, then at the 



THE CITY OF WASHINGTON. 



head of the lumber firm of C. B. Church & Co., took him in 
the business as partner. Today Mr. Church is the senior 
member of the firm of Church & Stephenson. 

Mr. Church is a director in the Citizens National Bank ; 
vice-president of the Washington Asphalt Block and Tile 
Company; vice-president and treasurer of the Brennan Con- 
struction Company; manager and treasurer of the Mutual 
Fire Insurance Company, Washington, D. C. ; is a mem- 
ber of the Board of Trade, Business Men's Association and 
Young Men's Christian Association; is prominent in Ma- 
sonic circles, and takes a lively interest in all matters per- 
taining to the public welfare. Mr. Church was married 
twice, his first wife being Margaret, daughter of the late 
John B. Clark, doorkeeper of the Senate for a number 
of years, and property clerk for the District of Columbia. 
His second wife is Miss Mabel Spicer, daughter of the 
well-known commission merchant, O. O. Spicer, of this 
city. There is one son, William Alexander Harris Church. 
Jr. Mr. Church resides at 317 Eleventh street, southwest. 
Mr. Church is prominent in church affairs, being a member 
of the Westminster Church Memorial, on Seventh street, 
between D and E streets, southwest. 

Thomas P. Stephenson, junior member of Church 
& Stephenson, was born in Washington, D. C, November 
1, 1855, being the son of the late John A. Stephenson, the 
pioneer expressman, who ran the first fast freight line be- 




THOMAS P. STEPHENSON 

tween the national capital and Baltimore, Md., and was 
one of the most prominent business men in the city. Mr. 
Stephenson's mother's name was Margaret, daughter of 
William Harris. He received his education in the public 
schools of Washington, and after absolving a classical and 
practical course at Columbian University entered the well- 
known firm of Smith & Wimsatt, lumber dealers, of Wash 



305 

mgton, D. C, where he learned the business in all its 
branches. He remained with this firm from 1873 until 
October, 1879, when he bought the interests of C. B. and 
C. W. Church in the firm of C. B. Church & Sons. The 
firm's name thereupon was changed to Church & Stephen- 
son. 

Mr. Stephenson is taking a deep interest in all matters 
pertaining to the public welfare, and is affiliated with the 
Board of Trade and the Business Men's Association; is 
treasurer of the South Washington Citizens Association; 
treasurer of the Lumber Exchange; member of Wash- 
ington Centennial Lodge, No. 14. F. A. A. M. ; Washing- 
ton Commandcry; Almas Temple, Mystic Shriners; past 
grand master of the Independent Order of Odd Fellows; 
director of the Masonic .Mutual Relief, and other organiza- 
tions. 

In 1880 Mr. Stephenson married Miss Clara White, 
daughter of the late Captain White, superintendent of the 
Norfolk and Washington Steamboat Company. From this 
union there are four children: Clara Marguerite, John 
Anthony, Joseph White, and Annie Agnes. Mrs. Stephen- 
son died in December, 1889. Mr. Stephenson's second wife 
is Jeanie Hope Sands, daughter of John Sands, of Annapo- 
lis, of the well-known naval family of that name. From 
this union there is one child. Dorothy Hope Stephenson. 
Mr. Stephenson resides at 707 C street, southwest. 

Marsh and Peter. — Of the many professions in 

America there is none more honorable or occupying a more 
exalted place than that of architecture as it now exists. 
At the same time there is no profession wherein its devotees 
can display to such marked advantage their individuality 
and originality and stamp their work with so main- char- 
acteristics of either latent or well defined and highly cul- 
tivated talents, like the architects. Standing well at the lop 
of this class may be mentioned the firm of Marsh & Peter, 
which consists of William Johnston Marsh ami Walter 
Gibson Peter, both sons of the District of Columbia, where 
Lheir early education and architectural training was ac- 
quired. 

Few firms that have been launched in business but 
ten years can turn and point out the man) noble struc- 
tures that have been planned, designed and erected under 
their supervision, as can the Messrs. Marsh & Peter, whose 
success has been Utile shorl of phenomenal. As compared 
with many competitors in this and other cities, while young 
in years, their work stands boldly forth bearing all the 
characteristics of the combined talents 01 the members of 
this most progressive firm. 

iVIarsh & Peter have a large and varied practice in all 
classes of buildings in Washingti 111, as well as outside places, 
and number among their clients 'some of the most prominent 
and influential people in nearly every section of the country. 

Prominentl) among the man} beautiful buildings de 
signed by this enterprising young firm maj be mentioned 
the following business structures: Die Evening Star build- 
ing, bank building of the Union I rusl an I Stor; 



39 



3 o6 



THE CITY OF WASHINGTON. 



pany, W'yatt building, and stores for Mr. II. EC. Fulton, 
Captain Herbert Bryant, Captain Joseph E. Willard, and 
the Kibbey estate, as well as city residences for Dr. Charles 
W, Richardson, Gilbert II. Grosvenor, Mrs. F. P. Vale, 
Dr. i . \. Crawford, I'. S. X.. Major R. II. Montgomery, 
('. M. [relan, Mrs. McKn : ght Moses, Frank B. Noyes, 
Major I.. W. T. Walier, L T . S. M. C, and others; and 
ih<- following country ami suburban residences: Rudolph 
Kauffman, Herman Hollerith, Crosby S. Noyes, Mrs. E. 
II. Griffith, C W. Spicer, F. C. Stevens, II. R. Wimsatt, 
Dr. S. S. Adams, and Captain Joseph I''.. Willard. Also 
several school buildings for the District of Columbia; In- 
dustrial Home School and the Assembly Hal! at the Hoys' 
Reform School. 

William Johnston Marsh, s< m i if < His W. and I tarriet 
Haliday Marsh, was born in Washington, D. C. Educated 
in the public schools of the capital, he studied architecture 
and building construction in private offices. For eight 
•/ears Mr. Marsh was in the offices of Hornblower & Mar- 
shall, architects, as bead draftsman and confidential assist- 
ant. In the year [892 Mr. Marsh began to practice on his 
own account, and five years later formed a partnership with 
W.di.r G. Peter. Mr. Marsh is a member of the Cosmos 
( lub. Washington Architectural Club. Washington Chapter 
uf American Institute of Architects, and in [895 was made 
a fellow uf the American Institute uf Architects. Mr. 
Marsh married Miss Margaret Lamond of Washington in 
[81 18 and has niie daughter. 




OHNSTON MARSH 



Wallet 



adcm\ 



Gibson 



Peter, 






! ,.t the 

line and 



pf the firm, 
littenhouse 



ated from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Fol- 
lowing his graduation Mr. Peter was connected with the 
offices of Smithmeyer & Pelz, A. B. Bibb, and Hornblower 
& Marshall, resigning a responsible position with the latter 




WALTER GIBSON PETER 

firm to engage in business with Mr. Marsh, his present 
partner. Mr. Peter is prominently connected with social 
life in the capital, and is a member of the Chevy Chase and 
Dumbarton Clubs. Washington Chapter of the American 
Institute of Architects, and is an associate of the American 



Appleton Prentiss Clark, Jr., architect, was born 
November 13, 1805, in the city of Washington, D. C. His 
parents are Appleton P. and Elizabeth C. (Woodman) 
Clark; the former a native of Massachusetts: the latter, 
ni' New Hampshire. Mr. Clark was a pupil of the public 
schools from the primary to the high school; with honor- 
able distinction, a graduate of the class of 1883. His 
proficiency in all the branches of study were more pro- 
nounced in literature and drawing. In the competition 
under the auspices of the Society for the Prevention of 
Cruelty to Animals for the essay >>i must excellence on a 
staled subject, he was awarded the gold medal. This was 
in bis youth. In mature wars he has been identified with 
literary and other societies of learning and he contributes 
occasional papers of instructive interest. His predilection 
to bis future profession was indicated at an early age, for 
while at school be received a gold medal fur original design 
: n the special drawing class, lie served a pupilage in the 
office <>i the late A. I'.. Mullett, although his education 



s largel 
if obscn 



"bis be supp 



snted 



a tout 



THE CITY OF WASHINGTON. 



At the inception of his practice, Mr. Clark won the 
prize of two thousand dollars offered by the municipal 
government of New York for a city building, a competition 
in which he had competitors of national repute. The first 




APPLETON FRENTISS CLARK, JR. 

important work confided to him was the Academy of Music, 
which he designed and supervised. From the outset he has 
been intrusted with important constructions of varied char- 
acters, not exclusively in the nation's city, for examples of 
his genius and skid are in different sections of the country. 
Mr. Clark is recognized as an authority upon architecture, 
and was of the number designated by the Commissioners to 
revise the building regulations. Upon commissions of the 
local government he has executed plans for school buildings 
and others of the semi-public kind. In November, 1.891, 
Mr. Clark married Miss .Florence Perry, daughter of Waldo 
G. Perry of Vermont and Mary (Hanover) of Connecticut. 
He resides at 241 Delaware avenue, northeast. 

Among the buildings designed by Mr. Clark are the 
" Washington Post " Building, Columbia Theatre, Garfield 
Memorial Hospital, National Capital Bank, West End Na- 
tional Bank, Home Savings Bank, Eastern Presbyterian 
Church, New Foundry Methodist Episcopal Church, resi- 
dences of Hon. Wayne MacVeagh, Hon. Beriah Wilkins, 
Thomas M. Gale, Esq., James M. Green, Esq., the Irving- 
Apartments, the Albany Apartments; without the District 
of Columbia, the Mary Washington Lodge at Fredericks- 
burg, Virginia, the Carnegie Library at Fairfield, Iowa, 
the Intermont (hotel), at Covington, Virginia. 

George 8. Cooper. — No young man has played a 
more important part in the active growth and great de- 
velopment of Greater Washington than ( leorge S. Cooper, 
architect, who has designed and superintended the con- 



307 

struction of many of the handsomest office buildings, apart- 
ment houses, private residences, and blocks of residences 
in and about Washington. Mr. Cooper occupies a suite 
of offices in the Davidson Building, which he designed, 
where a corps of draughtsmen are busily employed execut- 
ing the plans as designed by him. Equipped with a splen- 
did training acquired in the offices of architects whose 
names are associated with many of the finest achievements 
in the building world, Mr. Cooper, when he launched in 
business for himself, immediately forged to the front, and 
has now a large clientele, who not only depend upon his 
judgment as an architect, but rely upon his knowledge of 
realty, and entrust him with their funds for building in- 
vestments. That these ventures have been pre-eminently 
successful is attested by their contin ' 

Born in Washington on December 
is a son of Henry C. and Georgeanna J. Cooper, both of 
whom are Kentuckians by birth. After graduating through 
the District public schools, Mr. Cooper took a private course 
to fit him for his career as an architect. His first position 
as a draughtsman was with the firm of Gray & Page, where 
he continued for four years. He then entered, in turn, the 
employ of Hornblower & Marshall and A. B. Mullett, also 
of this city, remaining with these respective firms a period 
covering about eighteen months, when he decided to start 
for himself. Accordingly, in t886, Mr. Cooper associated 
himself with B. Carlyle Fenwick, a mechanical draughts- 
man, and opened an office in the St. Cloud Building, at the 
corner of Ninth and F streets, where now stands the Wash- 



patronage. 
I, 1864, Mr. Cooper 




GEORGE S. COOPER 



ington Loan and Trusl < bmpan 
ing. This arrangement continue 

year, when Mr. ( looper, seeing a 
out for himself. This was in [86 



lice build- 
are than a 
. branched 
1 time Mr. 



3o8 



THE CITY OF WASHINGTON. 



Cooper has continued alone and prospered. Among the 
man) buildings he has designed may he mentioned the Bond 
Building, at New York avenue and Fourteenth street, an 
office building second to none south of New York; another 
model structure, of the same character, being the David- 
son Building, at 1413 G street, erected for Davidson & 
Davidson, and built by John H. Nolan. It may be thought 
that Mr. Cooper's forte lies in designing apartment houses, 
since the handsomest in the city are a result of his genius, 
among them the Westover, Sixteenth and U streets; the 
Gladstone, R street, between Fourteenth and Fifteenth 
streets: the llawardcii. located in the same block; the La- 
las cite, Seventh street, between Q and R streets, as well as 
the Berwyn, < Iregon, Helena. < (nondaga, Oneida and Mon- 
II,, Pebbleton and Analostan Flats, apartment 
houses for Samuel Ross and Colonel Truesdale in George- 
town and Eckington, respectively, were also designed by 
Mr. 1 boper, a- W< 11 as a residence for John H. Nolan, Rhode 
[sland avenue between Fourteenth and Fifteenth streets, 
and the block on U street between Fourteenth and Fifteenth 
streets, for same party; also residences for C. W. Simp- 
son, () street, between Thirteenth and Fourteenth streets; 
II. Bradlej I >a\ tdson, ( ieorgetown, 1). C. ; John L. Weaver's 
cottage at Chevy Chase; L. I. Fristoe's cottage at Mt. 
Pleasant; residences for Charles Early, Twenty - first and 
treets; F. M. Detweiller's block of houses in George- 
town; three residences on Wyoming avenue, Washington 
Heights, for Mr. F. L. Hanvey; four residences on Co- 
[umbia road for Mr . John Sherman, and a block of houses 
for |bhn ||. Nolan at Nineteenth street and Kalorama 
avenue. Tin Stores for I'. M. < 'riswell, at Seventh and T 
and Dr. T. V. Hammond, on Eleventh street be- 
tween F and G streets, were also the work of Mr. Cooper. 
Mr. Cooper, on September 25, 1884, married Miss Margaret 
II. Slier, of this city. With their four children, three girls 
and one boy, Mr. and Mrs. Cooper reside at 1 S07 R street. 
ni irthwest, 

Albert Gocnner. Much of the architectural beauty 
ami improvements of tin- capital city is due to the enterprise 
and skill of Mr. Albert Goenner, to whose energy and busi 
r.rss insighl is due to a very large extent the introduction 
of apartment houses in Washington, having been connected 
before his advent in this city with prominent architectural 
linns in New York who made a spccialt) of modern and 
nl apartment houses. After settling in Washington 

Mr, Gocnner thought that the capital cit) should be a g 1 

field foi 'ion of the apartment house idea, and 

in iXN- I,,- opened offices here and at once set to work 

on his favorite plan, having ever since achieved remarkable 

1 ioenner was born in German) in [860. 

al education at the cell brated 

irt, Wurttcmherg and /.enrich. 

ibsolved his studies 

'» ork. where he at once entered 

enl architectural firms, 

ol their specialties, Mr. 



Goenner devoted his entire attention and endeavors to this 
subject and remained in New York until 1887 when he 
came to this city, where he opened offices and conducted 
business on an independent basis. 

Among the numerous edifices designed by him, the 
following may be mentioned as proof of his skill and thor- 
oughness : Concordia Church. Twentieth and G streets, 
northwest; Alexandria County Court House; seed dis- 
tributing building of the Agricultural Department : Krae- 
mer building on Seventh street ; Herman building, Seventh 
street; Solomon's building, and large additions to the 
store of Lansburgh Brothers; George Mueller candy fac- 
tory, Pennsylvania avenue ; remodeling of Fritz Renter's 
hotel on John Marshall Place and Pennsylvania avenue; 
and the following apartment houses : the Bertholdt, Wary- 
land avenue and Second street, southwest ; the Oswaco, 




ALBERT GOENNER 

at Lincoln avenue and R street; the Albert, on F and Nine- 
teenth streets northwest; the Driscoll, at First and B 
streets; the Kingman, at Massachusetts avenue, near Fifth 
street: the Roland, at Second street and Maryland avenue, 
northeast; the Sandringham (plans in preparation), at 
Sixteenth street, near K street, northwest. Among private 
residences designed by Mr. (ioenner the following may 
be mentioned: Dr. Maxey's, Rhode Island avenue and 
Twelfth streets: Albert G. Gross, [722 Seventeenth street; 
the stone country residence of George X. Saegmueller. in 
Alexandria count) ; Robert Cook's country residence in 
Anacostia, D. C. ; 1'rofessor Ridgway's country residence. 
in Brookland, D. C, and others. 

Mr. (ioenner is fond of literature, art and music, and 
be is an enthusiastic member of the Washington Saenger 
bund. lie is also a member of the Technical Society, of 



THE CITY OF WASHINGTON. 



309 



Joseph Richardson.— A very large share of the arch- 
itectural beauties and constructions of any city is clue to 
the genius, skill and conception of its builders and contrac- 
tors. This argument applies with striking force to the 
District of Columbia and to Mr. Joseph Richardson, the 
well-known builder, who occupies offices at 613 Fourteenth 
street, northwest. He has contributed an unusually large 
quota to the architectural improvements and beauties of the 
nation's capital, and his works, which are to be found not 
only in every part of this city, but in nearly every State of 
the Union, are lasting monuments to his enterprise, skill and 
genius. 

Mr. Richardson, the son of James and Helen (Kirkpat- 
rick) Richardson, was born in St. Pohn, Kings county, N. B., 
Canada, on November 7, 1858. After having absolved his 
school duties and passed through preparatory education 




fICHARDSON 



for his future calling, Mr. Richardson went to New York 
where he engaged in business and established for himself 
an enviable reputation among his colleagues and investors 
bv reason of his close application to the work entrusted to 
him and its highly satisfactory execution. Seeing the 
field more inviting in Washington, Mr. Richardson removed 
to that city in the summer of 1889, where he at once opened 
offices. His name and fame had preceded him, and busi- 
ness pouring in on him he associated James Burgess will- 
him in partnership under the name of Richardson & Burgess 
in 1891, which firm continued until July 16, iqoo. when 
Mr. Burgess withdrew on account of ill health. 

A list of the prominent buildings erected by Richardson 
& Burgess is as follows: Washington Public Library, Ml. 
Vernon Square ; Wvatl building. Fourteenth and F streets, 
northwest; Typographical Temple. 423-425 G street, north- 
west; Union Trust and Storage Company. 1414 I 7 street, 



northwest ; Colorado building, owner, Mr. Thomas F. 
Walsh, Fourteenth and G streets ; powerhouse and car 
barn, Fifteenth and H streets, northeast; car barn. Thir- 
teenth and D streets, northeast ; car barn, Eleventh street 
and Florida avenue, northwest ; powerhouse, Thirty-third 
and Canal streets, and the residences of Mr. Thomas Nelson 
Page, New Hampshire avenue and R street, northwest: 
Admiral T. O. Selfridge, Jr., Kalorama avenue and Colum- 
bia road; Dr. T. Morris Murray, 2107 O street, northwest; 
Mrs. Lillian T. Janeway, 1604 I street, northwest; Mr. 
George E. Hamilton, New Hampshire avenue and S street, 
northwest; Chinese Embassy, Nineteenth street and Ver- 
mont avenue, northwest; Concord apartment house, New 
Hampshire and Oregon avenues, northwest; Highlands 
apartment house, Connecticut and California avenues, north- 
west; All Saints Episcopal Church, Chevy Chase. Md. : 
Grace Reformed Church, Fifteenth street, between Rhode 
Island avenue and P street, northwest. 

Being an enthusiastic Mason, Mr. Richardson is a 
member in good standing of Pentalpha Lodge. No. 23. 
F. A. A. M. ; Columbia R. A. Chapter, No. 1 ; De Molay 
Mounted Commandery, No. 4, Knights Templar; Almas 
Temple, A. A. O. M. S. He is also a member of the 
Board of Trade, of the Business Men's Association, and 
the Master Builders' Association, of which organization 
Mr. Richardson was first president. 

William Edwin Speir.— -The beautiful architectural 
aspect of Washington is due to a very great extent to the 
profession of architects and builders, to whose private in- 
terests, as well as public benefit, it is to submit and rec- 
ommend to their clients plans for edifices which are not 
only modern and convenient in every particular, but which 
are also specimens of architectural beauty and symmetry, 
and, as equally important, if not more so, the able, skillful 
and mechanical construction of the same. The national 
capital is fortunately provided with a corps of the ablest 
and most skillful architects and builders which the country 
has produced, and their works and creations are looked 
upon by connoisseurs as specimens of architectural perfec- 
tion and beauty. Prominent among these nun is William 
Edwin Speir, who in his long and useful career has erected 
a large number of public and private buildings in various 
parts of the country, and who for over five years, as in- 
spector of public buildings, had charge of the construction 
of ail the public buildings erected by the United States 
Treasury Department. Mr. Speir is a self-made man in 
the fullest meaning of the term, and his success is due 
solely to his ability, energy and sterling integrity. Mr. 
Speir has made reliability and honesty in dealing with his 
clients the principal foundation of his business, and upon 
this he has built up one of the most extensive and lucrative 
practices in the United Slates. 

Mr. Speir was bom in New York city, April [3, 1848, 
being the son of William Speir and Louisa L. (Weed) 
Speir, of New York city. He received his education in the 
public schools and from private tutors. His professional 
education he acquired at the Cooper Institute, studying the 



3 IQ 

technical, architectural and engineering branches and gradu- 
ating with honors. When seventeen years old, in [865, Mr. 
Speir was entered as apprentice to learn the carpenters' 
rom 1865 to 1872 he worked at carpentry. During 
the winters of 1869 to [871 he studied at the Cooper In- 
stitute architecture and engineering, and graduated there- 
from. After that he worked successively in a number of 
architects' offices in N'ew York and Brooklyn as draughts- 
man, and in ..ilier capacities until he went Smith to take 
charge of the erection of the residence of George W. Wil- 
liams, at Charleston, South Carolina, costing $75,000, and 
which is considered the finest residence in thai part of the 
country. From 1872 to [876 Mr. Speir was superintendent 
of the W . I'.. Russell Manufacturing Company, at Charles- 
ton, South Carolina, supervising the making of building 
supplies, doors, sashes, blinds, etc. In [876 Mr. Speir 



77/7:' CITY OF WASHINGTON. 




• >j >.ii.<l an office on his own account, an 

1:1 tile Si 

, churches, theatres, etc. I li- 

ippointcd inspector of public bui 

irlment, having char-.' of the 

of all public buildings 

■ nenl ins 

lion mud 1887, 

die pracl 

rthquakc 

1 



[883 



; ability ami energ) 
ifficials, and in [883 

Idings for the Treas- 

general supervision 

all over the United 

if buildings. 

when he opened an 

ice 1 if his profcssii hi 

in ( harleston, South 
is thoroughness and 
"f tin- Preasurj to 
hquake, 
the municipality and 
minine which 



buildings should be dismantled and razed for the protection 
of the general public. Mr. Speir in this work was assisted 
by Captain Bixby and Lieutenant Abbott. They inspected 
every building in the affected district and ordered the demo- 
lition of 102 buildings which had been rendered insecure 
and dangerous by the seismic shocks. His reports on these 
matters were published, and attracted general attention 
among architects and builders as well as scientists. Mr. 
Speir is a public-spirited citizen, and takes the deepest in- 
terest in the progress of Washington. He is a member of 
the Board of Trade, the Business Men's Association, Fed- 
eral Lodge, Xo. 1. F. A. A. M.; Washington Commandery, 
Columbia Chapter; Almas Temple, Mystic Shriners; is a 
member of the Master Builders' Association, and wasa mem- 
ber of the original American Institute of Architects. 

Mr. Speir occupies a suite of handsome offices in the 
Bliss Building, on Capitol Hill, and among the buildings 
recently constructed by him are: Office building occupied 
by the District government, Atlantic Coast Line Office build- 
ing, the Garfield Memorial Hospital buildings. Contagious 
Diseases Hospital, the Bliss Office building, the Driscoll 
Apartment House, the Swedenborgian Church, residence for 
Mr. A. ( >. Biiss, residence for Mr. Edward Graves, resi- 
dence for Mr. A. Gary Johnson, residence for Mrs. Rhoda 
( '.. Kennedy, residences for the Walbridge estate. West End 
Market, alterations to the Center Market, County Court 
House at Harrisonburg, Virginia ; LTnited States court house 
and post office at Monroe, Louisiana: business building for 
Mr. F. Freund, the William McKinley Manual Training 
High School, the new District work House, the Kingman 
Apartment 1 louse, the Hygienic Laboratory. Marine Hos- 
pital Service; the power house at the Government Hospital 
for the Insane, about one mile of tunneling at St. Elizabeth 
Insane Asylum, and other extensive building operations. 
In 1873 Mr. Speir married Anna B. Moore, daughter of 
Mr. Samuel Moire, of Albany, New York. From this union 
there are two children — Jennie I., and Esther B. Mr. 
Speir resides at 1301 Yale street, northwest. 

John [VleGregor. Scotland has no sturdier or more 
representative son in Washington than John McGregor, 
who in the course of his business career as a leading 
builder has done so much towards beautifying this city. 
Mr. McGregor can point with pride to the long list of 
beautiful edifices erected by him in and about Washington. 
each bearing the distinct stamp of his most excellent handi- 



d ["Catherine 

1 was horn in Fortingall, Perth- 
id, in April. 1S47. After receiving his educa 

itne schools he learned the carpenter trade and 



John McGregor is a son of Hun 
McKerchar A 
shire. Scotlam 
lion iu the ' 

worked in Glascow, Scotland, until 1869, when be came to 
America and settled in Hartford. Conn. There he remained 
until 1871 when he came to Washington, and was engaged 
a- carpenter al the Botanical Gardens, under Superinten- 
dent W. K. Smith, where he continued for ten years. In 
1881 Mr. McGregor decided to set up for himself, ami 
engaged in a general building ami contracting business 



THE CITY OF WASHINGTON. 



at 518 Twelfth street, where lie remained for fifteen years 
until he bought the present building at 729 Twelfth street 
five years ago. Mr. McGregor is a Scottish Rite Mason 
ot the 32nd degree, belongs to Almas Temple Mystic 
Shrine and the Washington Chapter, Columbia Command- 
ery; Lebanon Lodge and also Royal Order of Scotland 
He is a member of the Master Builders' Association of the 
District of Columbia. Among the buildings erected by Mr. 
McGregor may be mentioned the beautiful residence of' Hon. 
Wayne McVeagh, on Massachusetts avenue between Seven- 
teenth and Eighteenth streets. Mr. McVeagh 's residence is 
one of the handsomest in Washington. Another residence 
built by Mr. McGregor, which is the purest type of colonial 
architecture in the city, is that of Mrs. Mary D. Heyl, at 
2009 Wyoming avenue. Other residences constructed by 
him are those of Senator Mathew S. Quay, D. C. Phillips, 
Charles W. Needham, Mrs. Norton, F. O. Horstman. Chief 




Justice E. D. White, Hon. H. A. Taylor, Lieutenant Beak, 
U. S. N. ; H. A. Seymour, Senator Stephen B. Elkins, Sena- 
tor John Sherman, S. H. Kauffman. Mr. McGregor also 
built the Mexican Legation, on I street; Gunton Temple 
Memorial Church at Fourteenth and R streets; First Bap- 
tist Church at Sixteenth and < ) .streets ; the School of Law 
and Diplomacy, Columbian University; the Coywood apart- 
ment house, Prince Karl apartment house, [Cellar .Memorial 
Church, Columbian University Hospital and Medical Col- 
lege; warehouses for the American Security and Trust 
Company, and the Chesapeake and Potomac Telephone 
building at Fourteenth and R streets, northwest. 

In 1875 Mr. McGregor married Miss Maggie Cameron, 
of Washington, to whom two daughters were born — Belle, 
the older, now Mrs. Dr. Noble P. Barnes, and Miss Nannie 
McGregor. Mr. and Mrs. McGregor live at 212 Maryland 
avenue, northeast. 



3" 

James Louis Parsons.— Few persons have figured 
more prominently in the growth of Washington, beautifying 
it and its adjacent towns than has James Louis Parsons, 
one of the leading builders of the national capital, with 
offices at 1425 New Jersey avenue. Mr. 1 'arsons, orig- 
inally from Louisa county, Virginia, is a s m of 1 Iswald L. 
and Susan H. Armstrong Parsons, and was born on March 
19. 1847. His early education was acquired in the county 
school of his home. There he remained until he was nine- 
teen years old. when he went to Fort Leavenworth. Kansas, 
and in the United States Quartermaster's Department 
learned the trade of a carpenter. Coming to Washington 
in 1873. Mr. Parsons worked for a few years as a journey- 
man and then went into the building business .,11 his own 
account. The business gradually grew and expanded until 
it acquired its present far-reaching proportions, and many 
of the handsomest structures now in Washington erected 
by Mr. Parsons will stand for generations as a monument 
to the memory of one whose successful career is entirely ami 
exclusively due to his own efforts and perseverance. 

When but fifteen years old, Mr. Parsons responded 
to the call of his country and joined the Confederate Army 
at Gordonsville, Va., on July 25. 1862. Young I 'arsons 
was first under fire at the Battle of Cedar Run, and fought 
at Culpeper Court House, having enlisted in the 23rd 
Infantry, attached to Stonewall Jackson's division. Con- 
tinuing, Mr. Parsons was in the thick of the fighting at 
Bull Run, Antietam, Fredericksburg, Chancellorsville, the 
Wilderness, and continuously below Richmond, until the 
close of the war. Mr. Parsons was married twice. His 
first wife was Wilhelmina Ryles, and his second Louisa 
Rathbone. They have seven children, as follows: Annie. 
M., Charles W., James L.. Jr., Edith, Florence, Susan 1 [.. 
and David A. Parsons. Mr. Parsons is a Mason in the 
Blue Lodge; member of tin- Royal Arch Commandery, 
Mystic Shrine, Master Builders' Association, and a member 
of the executive board and president of the Employers' 
Association. Some of the principal buildings erected by 
Mr. Parsons are tin- Business High School. Eighth street, 
northwest; addition to Central High School. Harrison 
School Building, family building ami water tower for Re- 
form School, addition to Bureau of Engraving and Print- 
ing; building of office looms in the t'nitcd States Talent 
Office Building, temporary roof on United States Pension 
Office, United States fish ways, Great Falls; two cavalry 
stables. Port Myer, Va. ; administration building, Fort 
Myer; Fourteenth street ear house. Capital Traction Com- 
pany : remodeling ( ieorgetown power house. ( Capital Traction 
Co.; National Capital Bank building, building for Wash- 
ington Title Insurance Company, T. W. Smith's mill. Wil- 
liam M. Call iv Company's mill, bakery for tin- I lavenner 
Baking Company, addition to St. Mark's Church. Van Horn 
office building, store for C. Auerbach, Hygienic Ice Com- 
pany plant, store for Dulin & Martin, - Histon 
building. American University, United States i ensus < )ffice, 
Jennifer office building, warehouse for p. < t. Whitford, 



3 I2 

m Park, Marlborough apartment house, Corby's 
bakery Hubbard memorial building, alterations to First 
rian Church, to Strong Building, to Washington 
Market Melrose Institute, Hyattsville, Md. ; six residences 
a, Hyattsville, Md. ; residences for W. W. Dannenhower, 
Prince George's county, Maryland; Mr. George W. Gray/ 



THE CITY OF WASHINGTON. 




he left the parental roof and secured a position at Brookline. 
Massachusetts, the duties of which were to superintend 
a large country place nearby. There he remained two years, 
when he decided to learn the trade of a carpenter, which he 
did at Brookline. In October, 1875, he came to Washington 
and worked as a journeyman, and for the most part in the 
employ of the government, engaged in the construction 
of the State, War and Navy Building. This place he re- 
signed in December, 1879. and engaged in business for 
himself. Associated with him was James G. Gettinger, 
under the firm name of Langley & Gettinger, with offices 
at 200 Twelfth street, northwest. The firm prospered and 
grew, and in September. 1886, its present quarters, 310 
Twelfth street, northwest, was purchased. In May, 1889, 
Mr. Gettinger retired from the firm, and the business has 
since been conducted by Mr. Langley. 

Since embarking in business Mr. Langley has erected 
hundreds of handsome homes, and among them may be 
mentioned those of Hon. Samuel Shellabaugar. Hon. S. S. 
Cox. Senator George Hearst, Com. T. B. M. Mason. Mrs. 
Julian James, William J. Boardman. Herbert Wadsworth, 
William C. Whitemore, Admiral J. H. Upshur, U. S. N. ; 
A C Barney, Mrs. J. C. Cunningham. M. W. Beveridge, 
William F. Mattingly, A. H. Buer, Mrs. Katherine Smith, 
Mrs. Cheatham, A. Lisner, Samuel L. Phillips, H. Rozier 
Dulanv. Charles A. Spaulding, Daniel Fraser, F. De C. 
May Gifford Pinchot. Chief Justice Richardson, Mrs. 
Anne D. Paulding. Col. T. L. Denny, Mrs. B. H. Roberson, 



JAMES LOUIS PAR 



Prof, Rawson, Mr. I). S. Carll, S. II. Walker, T. W. Smith. 
. , 1 :i ias : row -1" houses for Dr. W. P. C. 
Ilazcn; row of houses for Mr. George H. Whiting: row 
the Acker estate: row of houses on North 
Capitol and I', streets. Mr. Parsons is now beginning the 
leigh Court apartmenl house. In [892 
Mr. Parsons was appointed by the lion. William E. Chand- 
ler, chairman of a Senile committee, as an expert to in- 
.,„..., ,|„. character of the work and to examine into the 
contracts for the improvement of the emigrant station on 
land. New York harbor, winch amounted to an 
expenditure of over $600,000. The report was submitted 
011 Jim 

Charles Albion Langley.— It is 
(Iniiahle pride that Charles \. Lang'c. 

■ • nj m • ol m ignificenl 

built by him in Washington. Perhaps no individual builder 

I his efforts more exclusively to this 

• construction than has Mr. Langley, 

that none has been more successful. Like 

in hi- profession, Mr. Langley's beginning 

ne. Born on March 16, 1850. 

hire, he is a son of Moses and Sarah 

in his childh I h ; s parents moved 

. the oM homestead in Maine. 

was a Honied by 

When but sixteen years old 



just and par- 
point to the 




CHARLES ALBION LANGLEY 

Colonel William Hoffman, and Julian B. Alexander. Mr. 
Langle) built the Grafton Hotel, the Richmond, the Army 
and Nav\ Club, the Children's Hospital, the J. II. Small 
Building, and has had charge of all the improvements 
and work at the British embassy for the past twent) years. 



THE CITY OF WASHINGTON. 



Mr. Langley was one of the organizers and the first 
president of the Builders' Exchange, its present building 
being erected under his regime ; one of the organizers and 
still the president of original Master Builders Association, 
organized in 1879, continuing in office for 11 consecutive 
years, and again recently re-elected ; is also a member of 
the Board of Trade and one of its membership committee, 
and since its organization nine years ago, president of the 
Woodburn Citizens Association. As an Odd Fellow Mr. 
Langley is equally prominent, having filled all the offices 
of the subordinate lodge, and is at present past grand of 
the local lodge, as well as past high priest of encampment 
branch. In January, 1880, Mr. Langley married Miss 
Annie E. McShea, of this city, of which union there are 
seven children, three sons and four daughters. Mr. and 
Mrs. Langley occupy their country home on the Blair Road, 
in which all the modern improvements, comforts and con- 
veniences of a well-appointed city residence are embodied. 

Samuel Jenness Prescott, one of Washington's best 
known builders, was perhaps, when he entered this field 
of work, better equipped with both a practical and theoreti- 
cal knowledge of construction than any of his competitive 
builders. Though having hardly reached the prime of life, 
there are numbers of stately buildings now standing in 
Washington and other cities erected by him, which bear 
ample testimony to his prowess and thorough knowledge of 
a'l the intricacies of his work. Mr. Prescott is a son of 
Samuel W. and Emma Jenness Prescott, and was born at 
Weirs, Belknap county, New Hampshire, on August 10, 
1867. He attended the public schools at Weirs and Man- 
chester, and finally graduated from Pittsfield Academy, at 
Pittsfield, X. PL Born on a farm, his summer vacations 
were invariably spent at work in the fields helping his father. 

In 1882 Mr. Prescott began the trade of house- and 
bridge framing, most of the heavy construction being hewn 
and framed in the woods. After mastering this branch of 
his trade, he took up general carpentering and building- 
construction, and in 1886 came to Washington, where he 
pursued his trade. Being naturally ambitious Mr. Prescott 
at the same time studied engineering and mechanical draft- 
ing, after which he took a course in architecture and archi- 
tectural designing under Professor Charles Schlarr, of this 
city, finishing his studies by a special course in technology. 
The next two years Mr. Prescott spent in travel, dividing 
his attention the meanwhile to the best specimens of archi- 
tecture and intricate construction throughout the country. 
When he returned to Washington in i8go. Mr. Prescott 
immediately embarked into a general building and con- 
tracting business. Since that time Mr. Prescott's business 
has prospered and thrived, and a long list of buildings 
erected by him are a result of his efforts, among them many 
of the handsomest residences of the city. His offices are 
located at 507 Twelfth street, northwest. 

Among the many business buildings built by Mr. Pres- 
cott may be mentioned the Stumph building at Seventh street 



and Massachusetts avenue ; the House & Herman building, 
corner Seventh and I streets, northwest ; the United States 
Electric Lighting plant, at Thirteen and a Half and B 
streets ; Littlefield, Alvord & Company's storage and ware- 
house, at Twenty-sixth and F streets, and the Franklin 
Laundry, Thirteenth street, near E street. Air. Prescott 
has erected several large buildings for the Chris. ITeu- 
nch Brewing Company, including their entire plant at 
Norfolk, Virginia. The new store building belonging to J. 
S. Topham was built by Mr. Prescott, also the large addition 
to the warehouse of W. B. Moses & Company, at Eleventh 
and F streets. Now in course of construction are the 
Home Savings Bank building, at Seventh street. Massa- 
chusetts avenue and K street, and the Rudolph West build- 
ing on New York avenue, between Thirteenth and Four- 
teenth streets, both of which Mr. Prescott expects to shortl) 




SAMUEL JENNESS PRESCOTT 

complete, toegther with several jobs in Virginia. Mr. Pres- 
cott is a member of the Washington Board of Trade. Bus- 
ness Men's Association, and is at present president of the 
Master Builders' Yssociation. He is identified with mam 
outside interests, his business abilit) ami straightforward 
methods rendering him a valuable acquisition to any busi- 
ness enterprise. 

Mr. Prescott is a Mason, a Red Man and a Knight of 
Malta, being a past commander of Cceur de Lion Command- 
ery, No. 264, and an officer for the Grand Commander) of 
the District of Columbia and 'Virginia. In [891 Mr. Pres 
cott married Miss [da A. Ailing, daughter of George 1. .Mi- 
ni;, of Palmyra, Xew York. Mi', and Mrs. Prescott have 
three daughters — Ida Blanche, Helm Jenness, and Evelyn 
Constance Prescott, who with their parents reside at [518 
Howard avenue, 



40 



3 J 4 



THE CITY OF WASHINGTON. 



George Clinton Hough.— To say of a man "He 

knows his business" means a great deal, and when this is 
applied to Mr. Hough it is to convey with it all that trie 
claim implies, for he is master of the situation. Washing- 
tains mam contractors and builders of note, and 
: high in the list is the gentleman to whom this 
,ti d. Although but a young man, his ex- 
is extensive and varied, and has been acquired in 
the best schools. " lie knows his business," and those for 
whom he operates get the full benefit of that knowledge. 
II,- fulfills all contracts with promptness, and there are 
never disappointments over the quality of work or the 
time consumed in execution, and the secret of his success 
ttributed to the fact that he satisfies all customers. 
iton Hough was horn at Waterford, Loudoun 




GEORGE CLINTON HOUGH 

y, \ irginia, on Januan 21, 1863, the son of John and 

Hannah (Schooln ) Hough. Mis is an old and distin- 

10 '■! s ha\ ing figured conspicuously 

ncl pi ilitii \\\ histon of Virginia. The 

father of Mr. Hough was a well-known contractor and 

builder at Water ford, a man of exemplar) character, es 

■ him, \fier receiving his educa- 

public schools, young 

itli his father and learned the 

In rem lined until twenh one 

he came to Washington and worked 

• partnership with his 

diet-. In [898 

I, and Mr Hough .Marled 

li r of work that 

hand and direction speak in 



no uncertain measure of the success attained by this hustling 
builder. 

The building operations of Mr. Hough have been ex- 
tensive, and some of them — to show the versatility and 
scope of the builder — might be mentioned. For instance, 
he bui't the Montgomery apartment house. North Capitol 
and M streets; the Standard Butterine Company's plant (a 
magnificent specimen of the builders' art) at Langdon, 
which throughout was under his direct supervision, turn- 
ing it over read)' for occupancy; residences for Dr. Koeber, 
Sixteenth and T streets, and Major Fuger, adjoining; Dr. 
Francis I'. Morgan. 1739 P street; Dr. Sofie Nordhoff 
Jung, 1229 Connecticut avenue; Senator Hoar, 1605 Con- 
necticut avenue; Mrs. Fannie T. Scott, Eighteenth street 
and Columbia road ; H. O. Holt, East Capitol and Twelfth 
streets; Dr. E. McComas, Fourteenth and L streets: J. B. 
Linton, Eckington ; C. E. Brandenburg, Waslr'ngton 
Heights; three houses, semi - colonial style, 1624-26-28 
Twenty-ninth street, and three, 1003-5-7 L street, for E. K. 
Fox ; row of nine houses on Baltimore street for Frank 
B. Jonas ; Cameron apartments, at Tenth street and Ver- 
mont avenue; warehouse for J. B. Kendall, on Missouri 
avenue: two houses, 1441 Rhode Island avenue and 1922 
Nineteenth street, northwest, both for Thomas F. Swayze, 
formerly chief clerk of the Treasury. 

Mr. Hough is secretary of the Master Builders' Asso- 
ciation. He is prominently connected with the Knights of 
Pythias, and grand lecturer of the order. He is also mem- 
ber of the Order of the Golden Cross and the Knights .of 
Macabees. In 1892 he married Miss Lillian C. Harper, of 
Loudoun comity, Virginia. With their two children, Han- 
nah and George Stewart, Mr. and Mrs. Hough reside at 
502 T street, northwest. 

James L. Marshall.— The good State of Virginia — 

the "mother of Presidents" — has not only furnished the 
national capital with a full quota of illustrious sons, wise 
in statecraft and glorious in patriotism, but her contribu- 
tions of business men have been generous, and the material 
welfare of the city has been greatly enhanced by the adop- 
tion of these children ol the grand "old Commonwealth." 
lames p. Marshall, oik of Washington's enterprising and 
progressive contractors and builders, like scores of his pred- 
ecessors and followers, has. by application to his chosen 
profession, helped to make this city the pride of the people 
and the glory of the republic. 

Mr. Marsha'.] was horn at Woodstock. Shenandoah 
count). Virginia, on Maj 22, 1866. lie was educated at 
the public schools of his count), and early apprenticed to 
the trade of carpentry. After mastering the fundamental 
principles of carpentering, as identified with building, he 
came to Washington in 1SS5. Here he si-cured employ- 
ment, and worked for the leading builders. His aptitude 
attracted the attention of those h\ whom he was em- 
ployed, and his work made an impression on all with whom 
he had business dealings. 



THE CITY OF WASHINGTON. 



3*5 



Mr. Marshall was made assistant superintendent, rep- 
resenting the building- committee, in the construction of 
the Corcoran Gallery of Art. At the completion of this 
building, in 1897, "e engaged in business for himself as con- 
tractor and builder, and success attended him from the 




JAMES L. MARSHALL 

start. One of his first contracts was that for remodeling 
the old Corcoran Art Gallery, at Seventeenth street and 
Pennsylvania avenue, now occupied by the Department of 
Justice. Among the many buildings erected by Mr. Mar- 
shall may be mentioned the Century building, Dewey Hotel, 
Mendota apartment house, Twentieth street aand Kalorama 
avenue ; additions to the Carolina apartments. Eleventh, 
near G street: the Dickinson, I betweeen Twelfth and Thir- 
teenth streets ; remodeled the Chevy Chase Club house ; 
erected a number of handsome residences on Eighteenth 
street and Columbia road ; residences of J. J. Darlington, 
Twentieth, between Q and R streets, and S. T. Fisher. 
Wyoming avenue ; Chapel of the Good Shepherd, Seventh, 
between H and I streets, northeast ; and has now in course 
of construction anil pushing rapidly toward completion the 
Glenora, on Lanier Heights, one of the largest and finest 
apartment houses in the city. 

Mr. Marshall is treasurer of the Master Builders' As- 
sociation. He is a thirty-second-degree Mason; member of 
Lafayette Lodge, No. 19, and Lafayette Royal Arch Chap- 
ter, No. 5, Almas Temple, Mystic Shrine; patron Naomi 
Chapter, O. E. S. ; is past chancellor of Equal Lodge, No. 
17, Knights of Pythias, and also member of the building 
committee of that order. His acquaintanceship is extensive, 
and he is popular wherever known. Mr. Marshall married 
Miss Lula Fuller, of Front Royal, Virginia, of which union 
there are two children, William Lee and Helen Margaret. 
His residence is at 1335 O street, northwest. 



John H. Nolan — Few men's talents lie in more than 
one direction, and fewer still cultivate those talents to such 
an extent that each has reached a degree of excellence, 
whereby either could be used toward bringing in a hand- 
some revenue. Nature has been generous in this respect to 
John H. Nolan, one of Washington's best known con- 
structors of modern buildings, and at the same lime the 
possessor of a beautiful, rich, well placed bass voice that 
has brought its possessor prominently before the public of 
this and other cities. That Mr. Nolan's natural bent lay in 
the building line was demonstrated in his early youth, ami 
by closely applying himself he has risen step by step in 
his profession until many of the finest edifices that adorn 
this city were fashioned by him. 

John H. Nolan is a son of James P Nolan, and was 
born in this city in 1861. After completing his education 
at St. John's College he entered the employ of Robert 1. 
Fleming, a prominent builder, as an apprentice. There 
he remained until he had mastered every detail of the 
building business, and was fully equipped to start for him- 
self. Flis beginning was of course on a small scale, but 
gradually he extended his operations until he did not eon- 
fine himself to contract work, but branched out and erected 
buildings as an investment, and in ev.ery instance found 
a ready purchaser. The more notable of these may be 
mentioned — the " Westover " apartment house, at Six- 
teenth and M streets. This is by far the handsomest 




apartment house in Washington, and is a beautiful adorn- 
ment to 1l1.it locality. This building, which Mr. Nolan 
sold last February, was designed In George S. Cooper, 
whose office adjoins that of Mr. Nolan, in the Davidson 
Building, ai 1413 G street, northwest, which structure Mr. 



Nolan also built. Another example of Mr. Nolan's skill 
is the Bond Building, at Fourteenth street and New York 
ponenl of the modern office building 
it) in this country than this beautiful edifice, 
mmetrical lines and artistic decoration are admired 
hv all. Mr. Nolan also built the handsome row of resi- 
dences on I ' streel between Fourteenth and Fifteenth streets. 
occupying number 1423 with his family as his residence. 
Another row of residei < ed by Mr. Nolan is on 

between Nineteenth and Twentieth streets. Other 
buildings erected by Mr. Nolan are the Kensington, Leam- 
1 lladstone and Hawarden. He also built the David- 
son Building, previously mentioned, and the Bancroft Hotel. 
The beautiful residence of Mr. Frank T. Browning, at 
Glen, considered by many to be the handsomest 
in Maryland, is also an example of Mr. Nolan's skill. Air. 
Nolan twice married. His first wife, formerly Miss Wil- 
liams of this city, he married in [885, and several years 
after her death he again married a VVashingtonian in Miss 
l.ida Anderson. 

The George A. Fuller Company. To attain that 

of excellence whereby all competing rivals are far 

outstripped is indei d an enviable position and one long since 

enjoyed bj the George A. Fuller Company, pioneers in the 

erection of the modern sk) scraper. This company stands 

distinct and alone ill this branch of modern and scientific 

construction, which has reached such gigantic proportions 

.in those cities where every inch of ground, valued at 

fabulous sums, has to be utilized in order to make the 

m a paying one. Story upon story is built up 

from the subterranean foundations, to give the requisite 

amount of floor space whereby the rental accrued may 

ommensurale with tin- investment. This problem 

has long since been solved by George A. Fuller, the founder 

of this concern, hut who unfortunately died three years ago. 

No more fitting monument could be erected to his 

manor) than the towering buildings planned by Ids master 

mind, and constructed upon the lines first evolved by him. 

among these may be mentionel the world famous 

Flat lion Building of New York, which stands as a sentinel 

ed by the intersection of Broadway, 

Fifth avenue and Tweilt) third street, and running hack 

In reality this is the Fuller 

for it, founder, hut its striking 

to a flat iron has gained for it the sohric|iiei 

familiarly known. The George A. 

m \\ ashington by Mr. James 

■ uaget 01 tin southern I 

Building. Mr. Dinwiddic 

mil wiih mail) years practice 

h I mill a practical ami 

hi) represent a 

l.eo,,,, \. I ,,11,., 

nurse he 

■11 after 



77//:' CITY OF ]\'ASHINGTOX. 



wards commenced his business career as a draughtsman 
in the office 'of J. E. Fuller, his uncle, a most successful 
architect of Worcester. He later became identified with a 
Boston firm of architects, and when made a member of 
the firm he opened the Xew York branch office. He soon 
saw. however, that his talents lay in the channel of a con- 
structor of buildings, and after going to Chicago he organ- 
ized the George A. Fuller Company. He it was that in- 
vented and first demonstrated the practicability of the steel 
skeleton sky scraper, and after a few years these buildings 
began to spring up in amazing short order all over the 
country. With the failure of Air. Fuller's health in 1896 
the management of the business devolved upon Air. H. S. 
Black, his son-in-law, who ably carried out his plans. In 
1900 Air. Fuller died, when Air. Black succeeded him to 
the presidency of the company. 

The company now has offices in the following cities : 
The home office at 137 Broad way, Xew York City; the 
Marquette building, Chicago; the Brazer building, Boston; 
the Maryland Trust building, Baltimore; North American 
building,_ Philadelphia ; the Frick building, at Pittsburg ; 
Commercial Hank building. Albany, X. Y. ; Lincoln Trust 
building. St. Louis. Its Washington office is located in 
the Home Life building. 

As before stated, the business in the South is under 
the management of Air. J. H. Dinwiddic. who is now a 
resident of Washington. Some of the firm's work is 
shown in Washington. They erected the Star building. 
the Xew Willard. and have under construction an eight- 
story building for General Ansen Alills. at the corner of 
Seventeenth street and Pennsylvania avenue, and the new 
Willard addition. They have also under construction the 
new pumping station for the District, located on Trumbull 
street. They have just completed a handsome private resi- 
dence for Mr. R. W. Patterson, near Dupont Circle. The) 
also constructed the Merchants' Transfer and Storage Com- 
pany building, eight stories. The Frick building (twenty- 
two stories) at Pittsburg, said to be the finest ever erect- 
ed, was built and completed by this company in eleven 
months, hi Baltimore they constructed the Union Trust 
building, twelve stories; the Calvert building, twelve stor- 
ies; the Maryland Trust Building, ten stories, and the hank- 
ing building for Messrs. Alex. Brown & Sons. They 
erected the Equitable building at Atlanta. Ga. A few of 
the prominent buildings in Chicago are the Monadnock and 
Marquette building, the I lid Colony building and the 
Women's Temple. They have several specimens of their 
work in Xew York, among which is the Broadway Ex- 
change, which is the largest office building in the world, 
costing $7,000,000, and is twenty stories high, and the Macy 
building, the largest department store in the world. The 
now famous Fuller building is their latest great building 
there. ( )ne hundred and lift) large structures could be 
enumerated, representing man) millions ^\ dollars, the con- 
structions of which have been intrusted to tin George V 
Fuller Company. 



THE CITY OF WASHINGTON. 



James Harman Dinwiddie, manager of the George 

A. Fuller Company, is a Virginian by birth, having been 
born m Halifax county on February 12, 1864, and is a 
son of James and Elizabeth Carrington Dinwiddie. Mr. 




JAMES HARMAN DINWIDDIE 

Dinwiddie took a special course in civil engineering at 
the University of Tennessee, at Knoxville. After this Mr. 
Dinwiddie spent seven years in the offices of D. H. Burn- 
ham, in Chicago, designing and superintending the erection 
of fire proof steel buildings, and for the ensuing six years 
practiced architecture in Chicago and Atlanta, Georgia, until 
1 901, when he became identified with the George A. Fuller 
Company. Mr. Dinwiddie, who is unmarried, is a keen 
sportsman, and is a member of the Century and Dumbarton 
Clubs of Washington, the Baltimore Yacht Club, and the 
Merchants Club of Baltimore. He is a Mason, a Knight 
Templar, and also a member of the Mystic Shrine. 

Samuel Heston Edmonston is a striking example 
of the self-made man, who by dint of close application to 
his business, has risen step by step, until to-day he occupies 
an enviable position of prominence, in the long list of 
Washington's most successful builders. Mr. Edmonston 
is a son of Jackson and Jane Elizabeth Edmonston, and was 
born in this city on August 18, 1846. After attending the 
public schools of this city, as well as private schools in 
Maryland and Virginia, he elected to follow the trade of 
carpentry, and entered the employ of William II. Johnson, 
a well-known builder. There he served as an apprentice 
for four years, and continued in his service two and a 
half years as a journeyman, when he joined his uncle, 
Charles Edmonston, and while in his employ, covering a 
period of twenty-seven years, superintended the o 
tion of many of the finest residences in this city, including 
those of Senator Eugene Hale, at Sixteenth and l\ streets, 



northwest; Secretary Hay. Sixteenth and If streets, north- 
west; the Adams home, adjoining that of General Ander- 
son, also at Sixteenth and K streets; the Tuckerman resi- 
dence, and those of W. B. Gurley, at Sixteenth and O 
streets ; S. G. Ward. 1608 K street, northwest : the Car- 
lisle house on I street ; the Postal Telegraph building on 
E street, and many other equally prominent structures. 
In 1897. at the death of his uncle. Mr. Edmonston 
succeeded to the business, and has since conducted it upon 
the same lines that brought such renown to his late relative 
and employer. Since engaging in business for himself 
Mr. Edmonston has been engaged on many structures where 
the greatest care and skill were required t,, be exercised 
In this category may be mentioned the large addition 
but recently completed to the Woodward and Lothrop 
building, which now embraces the entire block bounded 
by Tenth, Eleventh, F and G streets. The building is 
a fine model of the artisan's skill, and its construction 
has been characterized by great celerity, as well as fine 
workmanship. For the same firm Mr. Edmonston lately 
erected a large storage warehouse close by. Other work 
which he has been engaged upon includes the large addi- 
tion to the Hooe building, on F street, better known as the 
Geological Survey building. The present quaint structure 
on New York avenue, known as " The Halls of the An- 
cients," is another example of his work. Mr. Edmonston 
also recently remodeled the residence , of General Mills, on 
Dupont Circle, and that of C. P. Russell, on 1 street. His 
shops are located at 611 G street. He is a member of 
Central Lodge, I. O. O. F. 




Mr. Ed 
Miss Mary 
fane and < '1; 



JEL HESTON EDMONSTON 

. with his wife, who was formerly 
icr, and their two children, Martha 
Imonston, reside al ijj.j Eighth stre 1 



3i8 



THE CITY OF WASHINGTON. 



Arthur Cowsill — ( •».- of the most popular builders, 
who has proved himself worthy of the large amount of 
work entrusted to his care, is Arthur Cowsill. He com- 
menced business in this city in t886, first as sub contractor, 
then as general contractor. Since that time he has been 




William Alexander Kimmel, the son of Peter and 
Elizabeth S. I Brandt) Kimmel, was born at Bloomington, 
Maryland, on November 21, 1859. Early in life he developed 
an inordinate aptitude for the art of building, which started 
his career in ibis city. Beginning as an apprentice, by sheer 
force of character, the application of push, energy and 
practical ideas, and a perseverance in all the traits needed 
for the accomplishment of a definite purpose, Mr. Kimmel 
has attained a prominent place in the list of building con- 
tractors of Washington. Since establishing business in 
1886, his operations in this city and contiguous territory 
have been extensive, and many prominent buildings bear 
the impress of his master hand. As examples a limited 
number may be mentioned: The Berean Baptist Church, 
St. Paul's M. E. Church. Temple Baptist Church, Wash- 
ington Heights Presbyterian Church. Hecht's Store, 514 
Seventh street, northwest, besides hundreds of private dwell- 
ings. He erected the King Building at the Soldiers' Home, 
and the Brightwood gate houses. His office is located at 
1613 New Jersey avenue, northwest. 

Mr. Kimmel is prominent in fraternal organisations, 
being a past master of Pentalpha Lodge, No. 23, F. A. A. 
M. ; member of Mt. Horeb Royal Arch Chapter. No. 7; 
Columbia Commandery, No. 2. Knights Templar. In Scot- 
tish Rite Masonry he is identified with the following: Mi- 
thras Lodge of Perfection, No. 1. Evangelist Chapter of 
Rose Croix, Robert de P. nice Council of Kadosh, and Albert 
Pike Consistory. He also holds membership in Martha 



in evidence in most of the large and important buildings 
m die city, including the Government post office building. 
Union Station, Loan and Trust building, Columbian Law 
building, the Southern railway building. Manual Training 
School. !' street, between First and. Third streets, north- 
wesl : Riggs House and several other hotels, several apart- 
ment houses and many line residences. 

Mr. tow sill was horn near Manchester, Lancashire. 

England, in 186 to America in 1882, and after 

spending four years in the West he located in Washington. 

ilways identified himself with the institutions of the 

country, being a zealous supporter and contributor to the 

the same. I le owns some of the finest 

, and has a peculiar regard for the 

the 1 it \ in all that claims recognition. I !< 

further believes in beautification and substantial structures, 

l of placing brick masonry on the 

• amely, 320 feel high on the 

, and the strongest brick tna 

brick masonry, 

if the buildings 

ti d. wilh- 

tnns before cracking. 

^nidation under 

•I 1 1 1 >5 tons 

hen architects 
the sup- 




W1LLIAM ALEXANDER KIMMEL 

Chapter \ : o. 4. Order of the Eastern Star: Alma- Temple 
A. \. (). X. Mystic Shrine; Calanthea Lodge, No. n 
Knights of Pythias; past master of Senate Lodge, No. 4 
V I 1. I . W. of which lie is a charter member. Mr. Kim- 
mel is the representative of his blue lodge to the Masoni< 



THE CITY OF WASHINGTON. 



Temple Association, an important trust, in view of the pro- 
posed erection in this city of the grandest Masonic building 
in the world. His zeal for the order and record as a builder 
of the highest class invited this distinction. He is also a 
member of the Master Builders' Association of Washington. 

Mr. Kimmel stands high in the community, profession- 
all) and socially. His skill as a builder has proceeded from 
the experience that clusters around a man who has been an 
apprentice and a journeyman. His unfailing integrity and 
his affability appeal to all his acquaintances and hold" them 
as close friends. He is an exemplification of the homely 
adage, " Honesty is the best policy," and " by that sign he 
conquers." 

On October 25, 1886, Mr. Kimmel married Adah S., 
daughter of Frederick J. and Harriett Winckelman, of this 
city. Of this union there are four children — Frederick 
Francis, aged 15; Harriett Elizabeth Ray, aged 12; Adah 
Roberta, aged 8; and Florence Belle, aged 5 years. Mr. 
and Mrs. Kimmel reside on New Jersey avenue, between 
O and R streets, northwest. 



319 




PSCOMB 



W. P. Lipscomb, bom in King William county, Vir- 
ginia, is a scion of the slock that left England in the [6th 
century to make homes in wild America, lie was educated 
in the old-field schools. Too young to go into the war 
of the sixties earlier than 1804, he volunteered at the age 
of seventeen and followed its fortunes to the close, at 
Appomattox. His father, Warren Lipscomb, Sr.. now dead, 
and a widowed mother, Elizabeth Lipscomb, with seven 
children, with only a farm left for their support, and thai 
ravaged by both armies, young William soon realized thai 
what fortune there was for him pointed to other fields 
than the farm. He left home with a limited amount of cash 
in his pocket, walked to Richmond, Va., and in thai city 
learned the carpenter's trade. He came to Washington 



in 1871, and secured employment with one of the prom- 
inent builders of the city. In 1873 he started business on 
his own account, and notwithstanding the odds against 
every new competitor, with limited means to withstand and 
live, he, in a short time, became one of the first among 
the builders and contractors. From the beginning his work 
was appreciated, he having gained the confidence and esteem 
of the general public by putting his own character and indi- 
viduality into his work and business, which speaks lor itself 
Someof his buildings are: II. C. Perkins, Esq., 1701 Con 
necticut avenue; George W. McLanahan, Twenty-first and 
Q streets; the late Col. A. T. Britton, T325 Sixteenth 
street; P. E. Chapin, Esq., 1735 Massachusetts avenue 
Dr. Charles W. Richardson, 13 17 Connecticut avenue; Dr 
Z. T. Sowers; Capt. W. M. Fdlger, New Hampshire ave- 
nue, later owned by Admiral Sampson; Admiral Crosby, 
Connecticut avenue; Admiral Stanley. Connecticut avenue: 
Col. B. R. Russell, 1616 Eighteenth street: .Major Thomas 
M. Gale, 2300 S street; Hon. J. J. Hemphill, 2108 Bancroft 
Place; Mr. Lyman Tiffany, 1705 Connecticut avenue- The 
Willard building. The Fendall building, and man) others, 
-Mr. Lipscomb married Miss Lulie K. Wade, daughter 
of John Kirby and C. A. Wade, of Washington, and has 
two children. Helen Irene and George William. IP- is 
a member of the executive board of the Master Builders' 
Association, and a member of the official board of officers of 
Vermont Avenue Christian Church, and other city organ- 
izations. 

Frank Noble Carver.— A Marylarider by birth and a 

Washingtonian by adoption, Frank X. Carver lias contribu- 
ted largely, during his career as a builder, to the advance- 
ment and beautification of the national capital. Many of 
its loftiest and handsomest buildings were constructed by 
him, and he is still one of the most active builders here. 
Mr. Carver is a son of Richard II. and Amelia Bruce 
Carver, anil was born in Charles county. Marxian.!, on D< 
cember 6, 1843. When but live years old. with his parents. 
he moved to Washington, and received his education in the 
public schools of this city. Shortly before the civil war 
Mr. Carver elected coach-making as a trade, and worked 
at it for a short while. When the call for volunteer, was 

to respond, and enlisted in the Fayette Artillery, of Rich- 
mond, and served with it from tin- beginning to the end 
of the war. Al its close he engaged in the building busi- 
ness in Richmond, but deeming Washington .1 letter held 
for bis operations he removed here and began business Oil 
a small scale at the start. His shop was then located at 
Fifth and K street.-, northwest, There be remained for 
five years, ami removed to I. streel near Vermont avenue, 
where he made bis headquarters for fourteen years, Mr. 
Carver's office is now p'.eisantly located in the Kellogg 
Building, at 1.4 M> F street, northwest. 



3 2Q 



THE CITY OF WASHINGTON. 



The first large contract undertaken by Mr. Carver was 
the Atlantic building, on F street, which was the first of 
the large office buildings erected in this city. Close by he 
has since built the Columbia National Bank, the Academy 
of Music, and, of more recent date, the beautiful Raleigh 




John T. Walker, one of Washington's best - known 
builders, was born at Bridgenorth, Shropshire, England, on 
October 29, 1852. He is the son of David and Elizabeth 
Bladen Wa'ker, members of old families of that section of 
his native country. Young Walker was educated at private 
schools in the South of England. At the age of fifteen he 
was bound out as an apprentice to learn the trade of car- 
penter and joiner, and after serving his apprenticeship he 
engaged in the building trade in Tunbridge Wells, Kent, 
Brighton and Eastbourne, Sussex, England. 

He was early in life attracted by the opportunities pre- 
sented to young men in this country, and in 1885 he emi- 
grated to Florida, where he engaged in orange-growing. 
After spending some time at this he discovered that there 
were greater opportunities in the building business. He 
went to Gainesville, Florida, where he conducted business 
as a builder for two years. In 1887 he decided to come to 
this city, where the educational opportunities for his chil- 
dren were greater. For the first two years alter coming 
here he was foreman for Jerome Sanner, who will be re- 
membered as an old bui'der. He then went into business 
for himself, employing one boy to assist him. Since then, 
at times, his force of workmen has frequently approximated 
one hundred. 

Mr. Walker has built a name for himself in building- 
circles as a result of conscientious work, attention to details, 
fair treatment to his men and thorough reliability. Among 
the numerous buildings in this city which he has from time 



itel, ai Twelfth 



treet anc 
etail wo: 



om« 
\\ ill: 

SI illH 



nnsylvania avenue, which in- 
( Ither large structures built 
houses, one at Georgetown 
ir-ancl a-hali street, lie also 
tly occupied by the city post 
( ', street, and completed the 
1 street. Among the hand- 
liini 111 i\ be mentioned those 



Willi 



built for II. G. Davis at 
of their type. Mr. Carver built a large addition to the 
Shon ham some years ago, and only very recently finished 
the construction of the Wi lard building, on Fourteenth 
street, which is now an imposing structure. The large 
warehouse of the Union Trust and Storage Company, at 
I irst and Is streets, northeast, was built by Mr. Carver, as 
was the beautiful residence for II. S. Parker, at Kalorama 
1 [eights, ill.' first house erected in that vicinity. 

Mr. Carver lias never sought club life, and with the 
exception of Mope Lodge, No. 20, I-'. A. A. M.. belongs to 
1 organizations. In 1863 he married Miss Blunt, 
of Richmond, Virginia. Of this union there are six chil- 
dren, as follows: Emma, now Mrs. lb, ward lie 1 ; KlV.a- 
eth, who married Charles I .en/ ; Raymond, who is the chief 
1 of the Federal < onstruction Company, doing ex- 
tensive railway vvorl in the West ; Jcne, Vlhert and Arthur. 
The last three reside with their parents at 1431 L street, 




to time constructed may be mentioned the following: Wash- 
ington Home for incurab'es. residence of limn Cabot 
Lodge, several buildings for the W. W. Corcoran estate, 
the residence of W. R. Young, Sixteenth street, and the 
large Doric structure on Connecticut avenue occupied by 



THE CITY OF WASHINGTON. 



32i 



Stumph & Lyford. Many of the handsomest residences 
of the city were erected by him during the past few years. 
During Mr. Walker's career in Washington as a builder 
he has always attracted attention by his excellent work, and 
he is in great demand by those who desire a building con- 
structed in the very best manner by one upon whom they 
can rely with every assurance of being pleased by the result. 
Mr. Walker is a member of the Master Builders' As- 
sociation ; the Business Men's Association ; Washington 
Centennial Lodge, No. 14, F. A. A. M. ; Mount Vernon 
Royal Arch Chapter, No. 3 ; Washington Commandery, 
No. 1, Knights Templar; Almas Temple, A. A. O. N. M. S. 
( )n June 7, 1875, he was married at Tunbridge Wells, Eng- 
land to Eliza Hinkley, daughter of Henry and Harriet 
Hinkley, of Ockleigh, Sussex, England. Five children were 
born to them — two sons, John and Henry, both of whom 
•served five years' apprenticeship with their father, after- 
wards filling responsible positions in the business; Henry 
died September 23, 1901, just as he was becoming a useful 
and efficient member of the trade ; three daughters — Annie 
(now Mrs. J. Morton Rissler, of this city), Lizzie (who 
died in England), and Bessie, born in Florida. Mr. Walker, 
with his family, resides at 1820 Thirteenth street, north- 
west, while his office is at 1920 N street, northwest. 




BLUNDON'S RESIDENCE. 



Francis A. Blundon was born in Loudoun county, 

Virginia, on April 14. 1S67, and is the son of John F. and 
Fannie (Nolan) Blundon. His father, who was a well- 
known contractor and old resident of Georgetown, moved 
to Virginia in the sixties, remaining there but a few years, 
returning to Washington when Francis was about five wars 
old, where he was educated in the public schools. Young 
Blundon early evinced a disposition and a faculty for con- 
tracting and building, and entered as an apprentice in car- 
pentry. He served as apprentice and journeyman about 
eight years, and developed a keen insight into the business 
and a comprehensive knowledge of all its details. About 
ten years ago he entered the field as a contractor and met 
with success from the start. 

Mr. Blundon has been careful and conscientious in 
all his dealings; has given bis best energies to the prompl 
and proper fulfillment of all contracts: has ever studied the 
interests of those by whom be was employed, and has 
thus won the confidence of a large clientele. He has 
erected in the ten years of business about se\en hundred 
houses of different character and style in Washington, 
among them many fine residences and noteworthy places 
of business. Mr. Blundon built for Joseph K. 1 Winer the 
Virginia — the first flats erected in the citj ol Wash- 
ington — at the corner of Seventh street and Virginia 
avenue, southwest, lie builds many houses on 
speculation. Purchasing desirable sites, he erects 
thereon residences for the market, and generally 
secures purchasers before their completion, (in 
this plan he is just finishing a row of magnificent 
houses on Connecticut avenue, between Milwaukee 
and Newark streets, opposite the National Zoolog- 
ical Park. Mr. Blundon has a wide acquaintance, 
and is popular with a large circle of friends. His" 
ever increasing business has given him but little time 
to devote to social organizations, and is therefore 
not prominentlj identified with any. 

Mr. Blundon's residence at the southwest 
ner of first and W Streets, northwest, plat I 
erected 1>\ himself, an illustrat on of which is here 
with given, is a line specimen of the architi ■ 
builder's art. It is an imposing tl 
basement brick structure, with ornate ti 1 
modeled for both beauty and utilit) 
is highly finished in quartered oak. and the 
plan of arrangement makes ,,f evet 
corner. The entire house is heated b\ ; 
by the most approved system, and 
elegance gn hand in hand throughout tl 
ments of this model In 

Mr. blundon on Jai 

Idren. 



322 



THE CITY OF WASHINGTON. 



West Brothers Brick Company.— This is one of 

the solid concerns which, for more than half a century, has 
sustained a reputation for making the best brick in the 
District of Columbia, and the name " West " has always 
been considered a guarantee of quality. The original firm 
was founded by John P. West in 1844, and twenty-four 
years later the business was turned over to the two sons of 
the founder, William H. and John T. West, who, as the firm 
of William II. West & Brother, did the largest business of 
their time, and remained in active business until their de- 
cease. At the beginning of the year 1902 the partnership 
business was changed into a stock company with the title as 
stated above. It is to-day still a " close corporation," as all 
the stock is held by members of the original family, with 
one exception, and has never been put on the market for 
sale. I he company owns sixty acres of land in Alexandria 




county, Virginia, and the plant is equipped with the most 
modern machinery. The capacity per diem is 50,000 ma- 
chine made black' and 17.0110 hand-made brick. Their prod- 
uct has always been accepted as the standard for Govern- 
ment buildings, and their brick have been used on the 
Capitol. Smithsonian, new addition to the White I louse, 
all the buildings al Fori Myer, besides in the very best 
elass .if resident and hiisiness buildings. Their business 
is nol confined to die District, and frequent deliveries arc 
made as far north as \e\ V N"< »rk city and as far south as 
Richmond. Virginia. Their high grade ornamental front 
brick and pressed brick are much sought after by the best 
f builders. 
Mr. Henry I'. West, president of die company, is a 
nal 1 ecutivc ability, ami 
1] the company. The other officers 



of the company are : Cuno H. Rudolph, vice-president ; 
William D. West, secretary, and L. Perry West, treasurer. 
The above gentlemen, together with Charles E. West, form 
the present board of directors. The Washington office is 
No. 720 Fifteenth street, northwest. 

The Washington Brick Company. Only a few 
realize that while Washington is not a manufacturing city, 
yet the greater portion of the bricks used for building 
and construction purposes in the District of Columbia are 
home made. No one company has been more active or 
furnished a larger quota to the sum total than has the New 
Washington Brick Company, which was originally organ- 
ized in 1874, then known as the Washington Brick Machine 
Company. The works of the New Washington Brick Com- 
pany are located at Abingdon. Va., while its offices are 
in the Evans Block at 1420 New York avenue. The officers 
of the company are: T. L. Holbrook, president (who has 
been actively at the head of the several companies since 
1876) ; C. J. Bell, vice-president ; E. L. White, treasurer, 
and William F. Mattingly, secretary; while the directorate 
includes Nathaniel Wilson, Z. T. Sowers, Ward Thoron, 
William A. Richards and M. F. Talty, together with the 
officers. The Washington Brick Machine Company was 
organized in 1874, and the charter was renewed in 1894 as 
The Washington Brick Company. When the New Wash- 
ington Brick Company was incorporated in 1900, it pur- 
chased all the property of the parent company, with the 
exception of the realty. It was then decided to change the 
site of the works, and 216 acres of clay land were purchased 
in Alexandria county, A'irginia, and a modern and up-to-date 
plant was erected with a capacity of 30,000.000 bricks per 
annum. It is estimated that this company manufactures 
one-fourth of all the common bricks used in the District of 
Columbia. The total output of its kilns is sold through the 
Standard Brick Company, which buys and sells the brick of 
this and other companies on commission, guaranteeing the 
payment of all sales. The original officers of the old com- 
pany included Henry A. Willard, Nathaniel Wilson. Andrew 
Wylie, Walter S. Cox, Charles F. Peck. Lewis Clephane, 
Dr. W. P. Johnson, and John ( ). Evans. 

Theodore Lewis Holbrook, who has been actively 
identified with the brick industry in Washington since 
1S70. was horn in Boston, Mass.. on January 11, 1S30. and 
is a son of Theodore and Rachel 1'.. Smith Holbrook. His 

Hopkins Academy in western Massachusetts. Mr. Hol- 
brook 's first insight into business was with his father, who 
was then a lumber merchant in Chicago. In [861 he 
entered the I 'hicago post office in a clerical capacity and was 
soon made chief clerk, where he remained for six years, 
after which he came to Washington, and was connected 
with the money order office of the I'.. si t iffice Department. 
He was soon promoted and made a general agent. He 
remained in die Post < Iffice Department until 1S74. when 
he resigned and was soon appointed to the position of 



THE CITY OF WASHINGTON. 



committee clerk in the House of Representatives. This Mr. 
Holbrook held for two years, when he engaged in the brick 
business. In 1888 Mr. Holbrook married Miss Catherine 
Robinson, of this city. Mr. and Mrs. Holbrook have four 
children, three daughters and one son, who with their par- 
ents reside at Cleveland Park. 




in the construction of much of the important work through- 
out the territory in which the company operates. 

Conspicuous among the well-known buildings of Wash- 
ington in which " Hydraulic " bricks have lwn used are 
the New Willard, the Cochran and the Grafton hotels; 
the Farragut apartments, the Portlier, the Columbia, the 
Sherman, the Albemarle, the Cumberland, the Plaza and 
the Mendota; the Colorado and Willard office buildings: 
the Trumbull Street Pumping Station and the Stonclcigh 
Court apartments are now building. Notable among the 
residences are those of Attorney-! leneral Knox. Mr. Thomas 
F. Walsh, Mr. 11. W. Wadsworth, Lieutenant-Commander 
Miller, Mrs. Sarah I',. Postlewaite, and Senator J. B. 
Foraker. 

The officers of the Washington Hydraulic-Press Brick 
Company are: E. C. Sterling, president, St. Louis. Mo.; 
F. G. MiddlekaufY, first vice-president, St. Louis, Mo.; II. 
W. Eliot, secretary and treasurer. St. Louis. Mo.; Harris 
A. Walters, assistant secretary and treasurer. Washington. 
I). C. ; George A. Lass, general manager. Washington, I). C. 

George Arthur Bass was born in Kankakee county, 
Illinois, August to. 1864. Was educated in tin 1 
public schools, and was graduated from the Northwestern 
University in 1888. Entering commercial life in Chicago, 



THEODORE LEWIS HOLBROOK 

The Hydraulic-Press Brick Company was organized 
in St. Louis forty years ago. It began the manufacture 
of bricks by what is known as the dry-clay process, using 
special machinery and kilns of its own make and patent. 
To meet the increasing demand for its product at distant 
points other associate companies were from time to time 
established. In addition to the parent company there are 
now thirteen associate companies located in eight different 
States. The combined product of these companies is over 
300,000,000 bricks per annum. The Washington Hydraulic 
Press Brick Company was organized in 1889. Its works 
are located at Arlington Junction, Va., and in addition to 
its local offices, salesrooms and offices are maintained in 
St. Louis, Boston, New York, Baltimore. Norfolk and 
Atlanta. The company manufactures face brick exclusively, 
and its output of over fifteen millions finds its market about 
equally divided between New York and New England, 
Washington, and the Southern States. In May, 1899, the 
original plant was totally destroyed by fire, but was at 
once rebuilt, the company constructing a larger and more 
modern factory, which, in the completeness of its equip- 
ment is not excelled. In addition to its red clay properties 
the company owns extensive light burning clay deposits, 
and since the advent of colored bricks it has made a spe- 
cialty of a great variety of shades in mottles, cream white. 




GEORGE ARTHUR BASS 



ight gray and iron spots, 



ich have been extensive!} 



111., he 


came to 


Wa 


bing 


ton, in 1805 


and has 1 






general 


manager 


of tl 


. \\ 


ishinglon 1 1 


draulic-Pn 






Companj for tin 


past 


five 


years. 1 1> \ 


as married 






her [6, 


1898, l< 


Mi- 


5 Zil 


ella I'.hert 








and ha 




ld. 


Mr. 


and Mrs. 1 










nth stra 


t. m 


rtliw 


:st. 









324 



THE CITY OF WASHINGTON. 



Amandus Frederick Jorss. Washington has no bet- 
ter type of the self made man than Mr. A. F. Jorss, 
whose busy shops, at 315-317 Thirteenth street, northwest, 
are daily turning out the most beautiful and artistic exam- 
ples of ornamental iron and metal work. Mr. Jorss, as his 
name suggests, is a German, and was born in Hamburg on 
April 28, 1863. Attending the schools of his native city 
until he was thirteen years old, young Jorss entered the 
shops of an ornamental iron-worker as an apprentice, and 
there remained five years, learning each branch of his trade 
with a care and thoroughness which is so plainly manifested 
in his work today. When 18 years old he left the parental 
roof and came to this country. After reaching Wash- 
ington he saw the opportunity for such as his work here, 
so began on a small scale for himself. Work was plentiful, 
and his modest little shop at 12 18 C street, northwest, was 




AMANDUS FREDERICK JORSS 

taxed to its utmost capacity in turning out the daily in- 
creasing orders. There he remained a year, when he re- 
moved tn a larger shop at 304 Thirteenth street, staying 
1 he it two years, when he bought the more commodious plant 
at 315 and 317 Thirteenth street, where he has since re- 
mained. Hie work done by Mr. Jorss will hear the closes! 
scrutiny, anil there arc few hanking houses, offices and 
private residences in Washington built within the past dec- 
ade that have utilized this class of work in their interior 
or exterior embellishments that was not turned out by 
Mr. Jorss. 

\mong the finest examples of this work turned out 
by Mr. Jorss ma) be mentioned the ornamental iron work 
adorning the residences of Senators Elkins and Foraker; 
Messrs. Henderson, Wale.. it. Sherman. Dal/ell. R. Wood- 
ward, Uriah Wilkin-. Christian Hcurich, Herbert Wads- 
worth, k. 1. Fleming, Barney Beales, D. C. Phillips, 



Bardman, Gales, J. Maury Dove, F. F. Schneider, Colonel 
Ernst, Dr. Shepherd and Colonel Bates. His work is to 
be found in many banks and office buildings, among them 
the Riggs Bank, American Security and Trust Com- 
pany ; also in the Shoreham Hotel, Driscoll Apartment 
House, The Chapin, The Dickson, The Bliss, Columbia 
Law Building, Twentieth Century Building, The Fendall 
Building, Halm shoe store, the Grafton, Reuter's, Scottish 
Rite Hall, the German, British and Chinese Legations, fences 
for Glenwood Cemetery; the one surrounding the Mary 
Washington Monument at Frederick, Maryland, and that 
erected to the memory of the Maine heroes at Key West. 
Florida. He has recently received a contract from the Gov- 
enment for an iron fence of about seven thousand feet 
around the reservoir at First street, northwest. 

Mr. Jorss is a prominent and influential man of affairs 
today, and his influence is felt in all German circles. He 
is a Scottish Rite Mason, and a member of the Almas 
Temple, Mystic Shrine. He is a member of the board of 
directors of the Saengerbund. this city, and also a director 
in the Charles Schneider Baking Company, as well as being 
connected with various other corporations and business en- 
terprises. In 1889 Mr. Jorss married Miss Albrccht. and 
with their two children. Karl and Elsie. Mr. and Mrs. 
Jorss occupy a handsome home at 1449 Bacon street, north- 
west. 

The B. F. Smith Fireproof Construction Company, 

of which Mr. Bartholomew- F. Smith is sole owner, is rec- 
ognized as the largest and most extensive builder of fire- 
proof structures in the world. The company builds annually 
scores of courthouses, county jails, and other public build- 
ings, ranging in price from $15,000 to $50,000 each. In the 
last two years the firm has built thirty-five courthouses and 
jails in the Southern States, and are still conducting ex- 
tensive operations through those sections. The work is uni- 
versally commended, and Mr. Smith is constantly receiving 
the most flattering endorsements and words of praise. 

Bartholomew F. Smith.— Hie life of Mr. Smith, the 
founder and owner of the company, is a most interesting 
one, his career having been varied and full of activity. 
He was horn in the town of Washingtonville, Columbiana 
county, Ohio, on November 13. 1847, his father being John 
X. Smith, and his mother Sophia Smith, born in France. 
lie was educated at the district school in Fulton county, 
Indiana, where his younger days were spent on a farm. 

Mr. Smith has a unique war record, in that while it 
lasted three years, and was a brilliant one. it was made 
before he was eighteen years old. He enlisted as a private 
soldier in Company l\. One Hundredth Indiana Volunteers, 
on the 29th da) of May, 1862, at the age of fifteen years 
four months, weighing eighty-five pounds at the time of 
entering service, lie passed through the various battles of 
Vicksburg, ('anion. Jackson and Brandon, in Mississippi; 
Lookout Mountain and Missionar) Ridge; marched to 

Snake Gap, Peach Orchard, Culp's Farm, Pallas. Kenesaw 
Mountain. Lost Mountain, and all the battles in and around 



THE CITY OF WASHINGTON. 






Atlanta, and started with Sherman in his march to the sea, 
where he was wounded in the face (the bullet now resting 
in his left jaw), in the battle of Griswoldville. He was dis- 
charged on the 29th day of May, 1865, being eighteen years 
of age the November following his discharge from the 
army. Mr. Smith now has an application pending for a 
medal of honor. Before he was seventeen years of age, at 
the battle of Dallas, by order of Col. R. M. Johnston, he 
relieved the skirmish line of the Fifteenth Army Corps after 
the army had fallen back to a new position at Kenesaw 
Mountain, passing along the line extending over two miles 
and giving notice to each man on the skirmishing line to 
fall back and go to a flag in a cotton field, and bringing off 
from the line over three hundred and fifty skirmishers, with- 
out leaving a single man on the line. 

Mr. Smith beean his business career in the Forest City 




BARTHOLOMEW 



House, Cleveland, Ohio, and remained there a number of 
years. He then engaged in the sale of fireproof and burglar- 
proof safes, as traveling salesman for H. H. Warner, of 
Rochester, New York, with whom he remained for several 
years. In 1874 he acquired the general agency of the Hall 
Safe and Lock Company's safes, and operated in the city 
of Chicago. Later he became a dealer of safes, controlling 
the territory of Ohio, Indiana, Michigan. Wisconsin, Penn- 
sylvania, a part of New York State, Virginia, Maryland, 
West Virginia, North and South Carolina, Georgia and 
Tennessee, having business houses at Cleveland, Olno, 
Richmond, Virginia, and Atlanta, Georgia. In [894 h< 
sold his stock of safes and engaged in the construction 
fireproof buildings, organizing the B. F. Smitl 
Construction Company. Later he purchased the 
the various stockholders, and now conduct: 
for himself. Although trading under the name 



F. Smith Fireproof Construction Company, Ik- i> tl 
owner and proprietor. Mr. Smith i- of the 

Orrine Company, incorporated, m" Washington, ma 
turers of Orrine, a preparation fur the cure of tin- liquor 
habit. The manufacture of this preparation was 
menced on a small scale, and had earned even bill 
local reputation, but with the formation of the comp 
capitalization, incorporation and election of Mr. Smith its 
president, sales have become phenomenal an.! - 
assured. 

Mr. Smith is prominent in Masonic circles, ' 
thirty-second-degree Mason, and is a member of Lafayette 
Lodge, No. 19; Mount Vernon Royal Arch Chapter, No. "• 
Orient Commandery, X". 5. Knights Templar; Albert 
Consistory, No. 1; Almas Temple, Mystic Shrine, lie i- 
also a member of the Grand Army of the Republic and 
Union Veteran Union. Mr. Smith married Miss Frai 
Jane Griffith, of Dubuque. Iowa, <>n January 3, [870. I 
have three children, George < i.. I .oiia Frances (the wife 
the librarian of the House of Representatives) 
Fiesco, the last named being nineteen years ai 
months younger than his sister Lotta. Mr. Smith 
dence is at 1747 P street, northwest, and i- 
finest homes in the city. 

Washington Granite and Monumental Company. 

One of the most successful business 
the manufacture of monuments, mausoleums, van! 
stones and building stone is the Washington G 
Monumental Company, corner of Elevcntl 
York avenue. Some of the finest examples of ii 
have been made by this company, and its handiwork 1 
the last resting place of some of Washington's 
tinguished dead. Among the best work of the 
may be mentioned the following : Ex-( ommissioner Whc 
ley's monument and the C. I'. Russell monument in 1 
Cemetery, and the Archibald II. Lowery monument 
Creek Cemetery, made in the form of ;l Celtic cr 
the most, elaborate and difficult- pieces of work 1 
ever undertaken. This company also made and has 
cemetery the Bain mausoleum, tn Glenw 

,y..rk is represented Iw the Mackej 
the Detweiler, Clephanc and McFarla 
has also just completed the Met all" 
ial Cemetery. The company ■ 
Mi. i Hivel ( emcten 
;rea l work do,, by this company, il ah 
5 hin o stone for buildings. Tin- department 
L11) lias furnished stone for the New Willat 
e ( olorado Building, Fourteenth and 
!W Telepho.u Office Building. Fourteenth and K 
e Washington Post Building, and others. 
The business was established iu iM 
anl [ardine and William Archil 
ward" died leaving the 1 
iess Both Mr. [ardine and Mr. Bona 

thev learned the business, When I 



coinpan 

ument 

merits. 

Congre 

ford monument in 



W 



itland, when 



326 



THE CITY OF WASHINGTON. 



pany began it confined its work to monuments, but it has 
since branched out in manufacturing- building stone, in 
which branch a large business is done.' The company has 
been highly successful, and commands a large number of 
patrons. The enterprising spirit and excellent knowledge 
of the business possessed by the members of the company 
have paved the way for an enduring prosperity. Success 
has been secured through hard work, excellence of work- 
manship, and a desire to turn out only the very best product 
in its line. 

Francis S. Carmody, founder of the F. S. Carmody 
Construction Company, is one of Washington's best-known 
contractors, and one who has figured prominently in the 
vast building improvements which have been so manifest 
throughout the District within the last decade. Mr. Car- 
mody is a Washingtonian by birth, and the son of Simon 
and Margaret Griffin Carmody, both of Washington. D. C. 
As a boy he attended the District schools, finally graduating 




FRANCIS S. CARMODY 

from the Washington High School. After leaving school 
Mr. Carmody engaged in a general contracting business, 
later founding the construction company which now bears 
his name. For fifteen years, 1>\ close application to business, 
hard stud) and deep thought, he has so mastered his chosen 
profession that, where a difficull foundation is in he laid 
for a large structure, his services are considered well-nigh 
indispensable, and the contract generally falls into his hands. 
Vmong the mosl important work of this character suc- 
cessfully prosecuted b\ the I'. S. Carmody Construction 
Companj maj be mentioned the foundations for the Bond 
Building, the Washington Savings Bank, the Barber & 
Ross Building, the National Fire fnsurance Company Build- 
ing, and the new Government Printing Office, fn tin course 



of the past year Mr. Carmody rebuilt the Benning race track, 
making it the fastest track in the United States, which was 
clearly demonstrated by the manner in which track records 
were broken during the meeting in last November. 

To the efforts of Mr. Carmody is largely due the credit 
for returning Senator Arthur Pue Gorman, of Maryland, to 
the United States Senate. He organized and headed the 
ticket of the Reform Republicans in. Prince George county, 
Maryland, in 1901, thereby defeating the regular Repub- 
lican ticket in the county, and which ultimately gave the 
Democrats a majority in the State Legislature, which chose 
ex-Senator Gorman to succeed Senator Wellington in the 
United States Senate. The aggressive campaign conducted 
by Mr. Carmody signalized him as a man of power in 
State politics, and there was little within the gift of his 
constituents that could not have been his had he chosen to 
sacrifice his business interests for a life of political activity. 
All of these overtures, however, he modestly cast aside, and 
chose to continue on in the life of business usefulness and 
activity. Mr. Carmody, however, still continues as the pres- 
ident of the Prince George County Citizens League. On 
October 14, 1892, he married .Miss Mary M. Chaffee, 
daughter of William E. Chaffee, the well-known Washing- 
ton contractor. 

8. S. Shedd and Brother Company. A demand 

for something out of the ordinary stimulates inventive 
genius, and innovations in methods are encouraged and 
welcomed by progressive people. Washington's progress in 
the building line created an extraordinary demand for sani- 
tary plumbing, heating, cooking and lighting appliances, 
and the firm of S. S. Shedd & Brother Company promptly 
met it with an up-to-date equipment and the best methods 
for its application. This firm had a small beginning, but 
under the guiding hand of its senior member. Mr. S. S. 
Shedd. has attained to a position that places it among the 
leaders at the national capital. 

The foundation of this business was really laid when 
S. S. Shedd. in 1S71, entered the office of Hamilton & rear- 
son to study business methods — to acquire a knowledge 
thai would lit him for taking up the reins of an employer 
and conduct to a successful issue the business he might 
elect. In 1K7S he commenced business in a small wa\ in 
the rear of old Lincoln Hall, corner of Ninth and l> streets. 
In two years an increase in business enabled him to take up 
more commodious quarters on Ninth siren, and in 1886 
his place of business was destroyed l>\ tire. Nothing daunt 
ed by this reverse — encouraged by a future oi promise — 
he moved into the quarters — 432 Ninth street — at present 
occupied by the linn. Here he set up a model establish- 
ment, and fortune smiled upon him. In 1887 John 1 .. 
Shedd. a practical and experienced plumber, and for five 
years assistant inspector of plumbing for the District of 
Columbia, resigned his position and entered business with 
his brother, the firm becoming S. S. Shedd & Brother. 
Business steadilj increased and demands upon them grew 
greater with each succeeding war. fo better meet these 



\ 



THE CITY OF WASHINGTON. 



demands and facilitate business in its various branches, 
the firm in December, 1902, was incorporated under the 
laws of Virginia, with the name of S. S. Shedd & Brother 
Company, with increased capital and enlarged scope for 
business. S. S. Shedd was elected president; John L. 
Shedd, vice-president, and C. C. Lacey, secretary. A recent 
addition to the store at 432 Ninth street, and the new shops 
and storage rooms practically doubles their storage capacity. 
Among the many buildings in which this firm has con- 
structed the plumbing may be mentioned residences of Pro- 
fessor Charles W. Needham, Justice Henry B. Brown, 
Hon. Beriah Wilkins, Dr. T. Morris Murray, ex-Senator 
John B. Henderson, and Miss Grace D. Litchfield ; Chi- 
nese Legation, Raleigh Hotel, -Willard office building, Marl- 
borough apartment house, Highland apartment house, 
Franklin apartment house, Stoneleigh Court, apartment 
house owned by Secretary John Hay, and many others ; 
remodeled plumbing in the National Hotel, Metropolitan, 
the old Willard, the Colonial, the St. Louis, and the 
Arlington, and the plumbing in the Corcoran building, 
the old Corcoran Art Gallery, and a very fine residence 
for W. C. Eustis at < )atlands, Virginia. 




s. s. SHEDD 



8. 8. Shedd, founder and president of S. S. Shedd 
& Brother Company, was born in Washington on Novem- 
ber 20, 1850. His early education was acquired at the pub- 
lic schools of the District, after which he entered Columbian 
preparatory school. He left school, however, to take up 
a business life, and after a course of study in the office 
of a representative business firm he started out a; 
ploying plumber. His success has been that of founding 
and conducting the business above mentioned. 

For four terms of two years each Mr. Shedd 
mayor of Takoma Park, Maryland, declining a tilth 



in 1902. During his administration a com] 
sewerage was put in, and water works added to die town. 
The system of sewerage is one of the finest in the country, 
and is contemplated with great pride by the residents. Mr. 
Shedd is a master mason, a member of Takoma 
Washington Royal Arch Chapter. Washington Command- 
ery of Knights Templar. Almas Temple of the 
Shrine, and a thirty - Scottish Rit< Mason. 

Robert B. Caverly. Perhaps no man in V. 
ton made a more modest or humble start in bush 
himself than Robert I'.. Caverlv, and vet there at 




ROBERT B. CAVERLY 

in their respective vocations, who have attained a higher 

place or whose efforts have been more universal! 

with success than this young man. 

at 504 and 506 Tenth street, northwest. There • 

are to be found every conceivable appliance known 

modern and sanitan plumbing. I5ath-rooms 

elaborate furnishing are set up with a luxuriousness 

can only be likened unto the baths of the.. Id Romans 

tastes and extravagance in this direction have in 

eclipsed. The best work, shown in the Ian 

of the city, including office buildings, apartment 

public buildings and hotels, h; 

Robert B. Caverh was born in New \ 
May 5, 1869. When he was eight ye; 
removed to Washington. P. C. where lie 1 
mon school education, supplementing this 

imbian University prep 
Of sixteen be became an appi 
and after serving at ll 
passed one year in working in tin 
countn acquiring :. ki 
pursued in Hie plumbit 
institutions, 



328 



THE CITY OF WASHINGTON. 



tinued to apply himself assiduously during the day to the 
practical working of his trade, and at night to a thorough 
course in sanitation, drainage and water supply, from the 
standard text books of the times. 

In 1894 Mr. Caverly started in the plumbing business 
in a small way, with a cash capital of exactly $35, taking 
up his quarters in an 8 by 10 office and with absolutely 
110 shop facilities. By strict attention to his business and 
with the aid of his splendid practical and technical training, 
he has built up the largest concern, doing first-class work 
only, in the City of Washington. His place of business 
now occupies the large double stores 504 and 506 Tenth 
street, northwest, which contain what is said to be the 
most elaborate collection of modern sanitary appliances in 
anv like establishment in the United States. 

Mr. Caverly's part in the development of the city 
has been a notable one. He has engineered the plumbing 
and drainage systems in a majority of all the large office 
buildings, hotels and apartment houses. The list of his 
triumphs is a large one and covers practically all the fine 
buildings of the city, among them the United States Cap- 
itol, the While House, the New Willard Hotel, the Mills 
Office Building, the Colorado Building, the Evening Star 
Building, the Washington Public Library, the McKinley 
Manual Training School, the Wyatt Building, the Chapin 
apartment house, the Kingman apartment house, the Trum- 
bull Street Pumping Station, the Landmore apartment 
house, the Driscoll apartment house, Mr. R. W. Patterson's 
residence, Mr. Larz Anderson's residence, Admiral T. O. 
Selfridge's residence, and hundreds of others equally prom- 
inent. 

James Nolan and Sons.— The firm of James No- 
lan & Suns is one of the oldest existing establishments car- 
rying on the plumbing business in the city of Washington. 
James Nolan, deceased, was associated with William Whe- 
lan, in the business, which had been established in 1857, 
and the 'alter retired to private life in 1879. His interest 
was purchased 1>\ James Nolan and the business continued 
at the old stand, 1411 I'' street, northwest, until 1SX2, when 
it was moved to 721 Fourteenth street, northwest, at which 
place il has since been located. The present firm consists 
of John J. Nolan and Walter I ). Nolan, who became full 
partners in the business in iK(jX. Trior to ibis lime they 
had both been actively engaged in the management of the 
business, mid had served their apprenticeship at the trade 
of plumbing in their father's shop. 

The linn of James Nolan & Sons have completed some 
of the largest plumbing contracts in this section of the 

construction. One ><i the largesl contracts for remodeling 
which has ever hern let in the city of Washington was 
awarded to them in [900, when the contract for remodeling 
the plumbing work in the United States Treasury Building 
was awarded to them. The question of how to remodel 
the plumbing without inconvenience to tin- thousands of 
people who wen constantly using the accommodations in 



the building was a very perplexing one, but the work, 
amounting to nearly $50,000, was completed with such 
dispatch and organization as not to interfere in the least 
with the conduct of the business of the Department, and 
a person not familiar with the fact that improvements 
were being made would not have known from the general 
appearance of the portion of the building which was being 
remodeled that any work was being done. The job was 
highly satisfactory in every detail, and the Messrs. Nolan 
have been highly complimented for the expeditious and 
thorough manner in which the operation was pressed to 
a successful issue. Another large contract which this firm 
completed with great dispatch was the Josiah Simpson 
General Hospital, near Fort Monroe, Virginia. This was 
during the Spanish-American war when there were no 
accommodations for sick soldiers ; and the general hospital 
consisting of forty-two hospital wards, administration and 
other buildings, amounting to $25,000, was completed in 
thirty clays. This firm has also completed numerous other 
buildings for the Quartermaster General's office at the 
United States Cavalry Post, Fort Meyer, Virginia, and 
Fort Hunt, Virginia. Among other quick operations were 
the Lafayette Square Opera House. Washington, D. C, 
which was finished in thirty days, and the United States 
Census Office, Washington. D. C, on which the contract 
provided for the work to be completed in ninety days. This 
building was completed and ready for occupancy in seventy- 
five days. Other large contracts which have been com- 
pleted by this firm are the Home Life Insurance Office 
building. Union Trust and Storage Company's warehouse. 
the United States Electric Light Company's power house, 
the Addison and Curtis Public School building detached 
toilet rooms, which is considered a model type of construc- 
tion for school buildings, and numerous fin.' private resi- 
dences throughout the city. They are at present engaged 
in work on the extension of the United States Government 
Hospital for the Insane, comprising in all fifteen large 
hospital ward buildings, administration buildings, kitchen 
and power house, on which the Government is spending 
over a million dollars: the north office of the Chesapeake 
and Potomac Telephone Company, Fourteenth and R streets. 
northwest; residences of Mr. Charles W. Richardson, Dr 
George W. Barrie, Mr. J. A. Chisholm and numerous 
other buildings. 

By personal supervision and inspection by one of the 
linn of all work and the employment of the most intel- 
ligent and skillful mechanics, they insure perfection as to 
constructive detail. The purchasing of all fixtures and 
materials from the leading manufacturers throughout the 
United States, by strict attention to the details of the 
business and the constant aim and purpose to produce only 
the best and most perfect results by their practical and 
theoretical knowledge of the business, and the app 

of the latest and most improved methods of conducting 
their work, the firm of James X'o'an & Sons stands at the 
head of the plumbing business in the city of Washington. 



THE CITY OF WASHINGTON. 



James Nolan was born in the county Kildare, Ireland, 
in 1833, and died March 12, 1899. He came to the United 
States when quite a young man and settled in Washington, 
first going to work at the plumbing business in the shop 
of William Whelan, his brother-in-law. By strict attention 
to his business and constant endeavor he raised himself 
from clerk to a partnership in the business, and when Mr. 
Whelan desired to return to private life, purchased his 
interest in the business and became the sole proprietor. 
James Nolan is remembered by his friends as a genial, 
whole-souled, upright man, who by his ability and integrity, 
from a small beginning established one of the foremost 
business houses in the plumbing line in the nation's cap- 
ital. v He was identified with some of the largest enter- 
prises and operations of his day. He was popular alike 
with his customers and his employees and one of the great- 




est tributes to his worth as an employer of labor is evi- 
denced in a beautifully engrossed resolution of the United 
Association of Journeymen Plumbers, Gas Fitters, Steam 
Fitters and Steam Fitters' Helpers of the United State 
and Canada, which was sent to his fami'y at the time ol 
his decease. 

John J. Nolan, the present senior member of the firm 
was born in Georgetown, D. C, January 12, 1870, an 
was educated at St. John's College, Washington, D. < 
He afterwards attended Georgetown College Law Schoi 
for one term as a lecture student and then went to worl 
at the trade of plumbing in order to become familiar \ 
the actual workmanship of the craft, which is 
necessary to the proper conduct of the b- 
unmarried; is a member of the board of governors of tl 
Potomac Boat Club; has been prominently identify 
the Carroll Institute Dramatic Club, and is al p 
member of the board of directors of the Carroll 




Walter D. Nolan, the junior member of tin- firm, wns 
born in Georgetown, D. C. June 26, 1872, and 
educated al St. John's College, Washington. I >. C. He 
is also a practical plumber, having served bis appi 
ship after completing his education, lie has been prcsid 
of the Master Plumbers' Association for two ten 
a member of the board of governors of tin 
Association of Master Plumbers. In 1895 he married Man 
C. Parker, a daughter of Matthew C. Parker and Annie 
F. Parker, of Washington, D. C, and ha? 




33° 



THE CITY OF WASHINGTON. 



Hubbard Heating Company. The largest and best- 
equipped establishment in Washington devoted exclusively 
to steam and hot water heating is the Hubbard Heating 
Company, with its offices at 918 F street, northwest, and 
workshop in the rear. There are but few large buildings in 
Washington thai have nol been equipped with heating appa- 
ratus by the Hubbard Company. Prominently among these 
in which the heating plant was installed by them may be men- 
tioned the old Willard Hotel, Biggs House, Hamilton Hotel, 
Congressional 1 Intel, Palais Royal Building, new Star Build- 
ing, Jenifer Building, new Census Building, Bond Building, 
I [echl Store Buildings, Grogan Store Building, Haines Store 
Building, Masonic Naval Lodge, Hebrew Temple, Lutheran 
Memorial Church, Eastern Presbyterian Church, Fifth Bap- 
tist Church, Gay Street Baptist Church ; the Franklin, Far- 
ragut, [owa, Sherman, Plaza, Marlborough, Albemarle, Dtt- 
pont, Cumberland, Portner, Columbia, Westover, Lenox and 
.Ml. Vernon apartment houses; residences of Mrs. Toseph 
Beale, \\ . B. King, F. B. Noyes and Elizabeth Wagner. 




JEROME IHUBBARD 

Jerome Hubbard, the founder of -this business, came 
Washington ten years ago, then equipped with ten 
ars of practical and theoretical knowledge of the heating 
siness, having made a close study of it while in the employ 
his uncle, in Baltimore. Jerome Hubbard was born at 
■eston, Maryland, in t86i, and is a son of Francis M. and 
artba E. Cannon Hubbard. After at tending the public 
hools of Caroline county, where he was born, Mr. Hub- 
rd went to Baltimore, in [882, and entered into partnership 
ith bis uncle, Alva Hubbard, in the beating business. 
tere In remained until 1892, when he came to Washington 
id formed the Hubbard Heating Company, with himself 
president and treasurer, in which capacity he continues, 
r. Hubbard married, on June 1 |. [902, Miss Winifred R. 
1 Sackvillc, Mew Brunswick, Canada, the daugh- 
r of Vlberl I , 1 a\v< 1 tt and Kathrina Read Fawcett. 



The Cranford Paving Company.— The pride every 
Washingtonian takes in the beautiful streets and avenues 
throughout the city is beyond a doubt justifiable, since no 
city in this country, or abroad, has more miles of smoothlv 
laid streets upon which the rumble of a wheel can scarcely 
be heard. To no one concern is more credit due for these 
conditions than the Cranford Paving Company, pioneers 
in the art of laying these streets. This has been a per- 
plexing problem in this, as well as other cities, for a gener- 
ation or more, and remained unsolved until the late Major 
Henry L. Cranford laid the first of the water-proof pave- 
ments that combined both comfort and durability. The 
first of these pavements was laid in Brooklyn in 1867 by 
the concern known as the Scrimshaw Pavement Company, 
which became widely known as the " Scrimshaw pavement." 
The ingredients employed were coal tar, broken stone and 
sand. Knowing the need of such an innovation in Wash- 
ington, since all efforts were being directed towards making 
it the model city of the world, Major Cranford came to 
this city in 1871 and engaged in a general contracting and 
street paving business and was the first to operate in asphalt 
paving in Washington. At this time Major Cranford 
clearly demonstrated that asphalt was in every way more 
durable than the mixture of coal tar, rubble and sand, and 
its use became general throughout the city, the work being 
clone by his company. The first example of this work here 
was on Vermont avenue, between H and I streets, in front 
of the Arlington Hotel, and ably withstood the tide of travel 
that streamed over it for nearly twenty - five years, and 
is to-day, since repaired, one of the finest pieces of asphalt 
paving in the country. 

Governor Shepherd, who did so much towards beauti- 
fying Washington, found an able lieutenant in Major Cran- 
ford, who laid its streets, and these smooth, glistening 
thoroughfares will stand as a fitting monument to his mem- 
ory for generations to come. To .Major Cranford also 
belongs the credit for introducing the granolithic and arti- 
ficial stone pavements here, the first being laid in front of 
the National Plotel in 1880, and is still in good repair. 
When the operations of this company reached such vast 
proportions it was found expedient to incorporate the busi- 
ness, which was done under the laws of West Virginia. 
as The Cranford Paving Company, with Major Cranford 
as president. At his death, on August 23, [896, his son, 
foseph 1 1. Cranford, succeeded him and is still the president 
of the company. The Cranford Paving Company occupies 
a handsome and spacious suite <>i offices on the ninth floor 
of the Home Life Building at the corner ^i Fifteenth and 
(', streets. The present officers of the company are J. 11. 
Cranford, president and treasurer; Percy Cranford, vice- 
president and general manager, and II. S. Houghton, sec- 
retary. 

Huiing its existence the company has laid over 500,000 
(half a million 1 square yards of asphalt street pavements 
and thousands of square yards of asphalt footwalks and 
roadways in the United State- government reservations. 



THE CITY OF WASHINGTON. 



etc. It has also laid thousands of yards of cement sidewalks 
in the District for the District of Columbia. The company 
for many years confined its work to asphalt and artificial 
stone paving, but during- late years, besides all classes of 
paving, has made a specialty of concrete construction. 




HENRY L. CRANFORD 

Samples of special work done in this line are : Basin of 
experimental model tank at the Washington navy yard, 
constructed entirely of concrete. It is about 500 feet long 
and 60 feet in width. Century building, No. 412 Fifth 
street, northwest, constructed entirely of concrete, including 
partitions reinforced with twisted steel bars, under the Ran- 
some system of concrete construction, representing the most 
modern of fireproof construction. Massive concrete founda- 
tions and walls for Ohio Hall of Government, American Uni- 
versity grounds, near Tenallytown. The company has also 
constructed many heavy foundations, among which are 
those for the new building of the United States Electric 
Lighting Company, Fourteenth and B streets, northwest, 
where six feet of concrete, the area of the building, was 
placed on top of a pile foundation, and also foundation 
for addition to this building erected at Thirteen and a Half 
and B streets ; also foundations for Union Trust and Stor- 
age Company warehouse, First and K streets, northeast, 
and for the Carnegie Library, etc. It has done work for 
all branches of the District and United States governments, 
among which should be mentioned the water-proofing of 
foundations and basement walls, vaults and court of the new 
building for the United States Government Printing < >ffice. 
Henry L. Cranford was born in Newfoundland in 
1833, and soon after birth was removed to New York by 
his parents. There he was educated and at the age of fifteen 
he became engaged in the dry goods business. living 
of this he yearned for a sailor's life and shipped before 



331 

the mast, embarking with the clipper ship 

the war broke oul he entered militar 

of Company C, Eighty-fourth New York Vo 

he demonstrated the stern stuff of which 

and beginning with the battle of Bull Ru, 

eclly under fire. The spring following h, 

the siege of Falmouth and Fredericksburg 

was detailed for staff duty by General Au§ 

on his staff as well as,,,, those of Generals H 

day and Reynolds, and Lieutenant-General 51 

participated in even battle in which the Arm 

Potomac was engaged from [862 to 1865, when 

Lee surrendered, and was repeatedly houorabh n 

for his signal braver) on the field. \, tl 

war he returned to Brooklyn, and after tv, 

in the coal business, Major Cranford embai 

ness which has broughf him so prominently before the pub 

lie. On August 28, i86r, Major Cranford ,„, 

Margaret J. Munn, of Montclair, X, 

dren were born of this union, but two surviving 

II. and II. Percy Cranford. 

Joseph H. Cranford, eldest so 

Cranford. is the president, and the Cranford 1'avii 
pany has secured an abb- successor to take up 
of management laid down by the father. Mr. 
under the careful and watchful trainine 




CRANFORD 



and by years of association with him, h.i 
modern paving industrj in it- minul, 

ing and pushing the 
vigorous success. Born on 1 > 
the public schools of the l> 



332 



THE CITY OF WASHINGTON. 



the Emerson Institute. His education complete he entered 
his father's concern, and there worked in its various depart- 
ments until he was equipped with a practical as well as 
theoretical knowledge of the work. 

Mr. Cranford has ever been popular in Washington 
society and is identified with many of its most exclusive 
organizations. He is a member of the F. A. A. M., Knights 
Templar, Mystic Shrine, Loyal Legion, and belongs as 
well to the Army and Navy and Blue Ridge Rod and Gun 
Club. Other institutions in which he is interested, aside 
from the paving business, include the Citizens National 
Hank and Union Trust and Storage Company, he being a 
director of each. Air. Cranford married Miss Ada Tys- 



sowski, of this city, and with their three children, reside 
at 1604 Park street. 

H. Percy Cranford, vice-president of the Cranford 
Paving Company, is the youngest son of Major Cranford, 
having been born on ( )ctober 30, 1877. After graduating 
from the Emerson school he took a course at the Hill 
School at Pottstown, Pa., and when seventeen years old 
embarked in business with his father. He, too, worked 
through the various grades of the work until a thorough 
knowledge of its details was acquired. Mr. Cranford is 
unmarried, and, like his brother, is a member of the Knights 
Templar, Mystic Shrine, and also belongs to the Y. M. 
C. A., Columbia Club and Columbian Golf Club. 




RESIDENCE OF MR. H. C. PERKINS 



ft 



£ 



CHAPTER XXIII. 



THE PRESS. 




HE first newspaper published in what is 
now the City of Washington was " The 
Times and Potowmack Packet." It began 
in February, 1789, the exact date being- 
uncertain. Nothing like a complete file 
of this paper is in existence. Harvard 
University has some numbers in 1 79 1 and 
the Library of Congress has one issue, 
that of April 23, 1789. This probably 
owes its preservation to the fact that it 
• contains the announcement of the depart- 

ure of General Washington for New York, where he went to 
take the oath of office as the first President of the United 
States. Washing-ton City did not then exist, except perhaps 
in the ever-active mind of the President-elect, but George- 
town looked upon itself as quite a rival of Alexandria for 
the expected commerce of the Potomac with Europe and 
with the great unknown West. This paper is also valuable 
in that it contains the farewell address of the Mayor of 
Alexandria, and Washington's reply, and also the account 
of Washington's passing through Georgetown the next day. 
Charles Fierer and Thomas N. Fosdick were the print- 
ers, who also " performed " job-work, " with Care, Elegance 
and Expedition." They invited in each issue of the paper 
Subscriptions, Advertisements, Articles of Intelligence, 
Original Essays, &c." The paper was delivered to subscrib- 
ers in town by carrier " at their houses, weekly on Wed- 
nesday, and to those at a distance, by the quickest convey- 
ance.'"' Just below the head it bore this motto, taken from 
the writings of Junius : 

" Let it be impressed upon your minds, let it be instilled 
into vour children, that the Liberty of the Press is the Palla- 
dium of all the civil, political and religions Rights of Free- 
men." 

How long this paper lived is not known, but certain it 
is that it occupied its field without a rival only a little over 
a year. In March, 1790, day of the month unknown, ap 
peared the first issue of " The Georgetown Weekly Ledger." 
Harvard University and the American Antiquarian Societ) 
at Worcester, Mass., each possess a portion of the file of tins 
paper which is extremely rare. Five issues have been pre- 
served in the Library of Congress. These are replete 
valuable historical information concerning the new F< 
City located in that year. Day and Hancock, printers, 



probably the first publishers of the " Ledger." Theii 
appear upon the first number known to be in 
there was a change of ownership prior •■ 
1791. for the issue of that date. Vol. _'. \'<>. _•; 
by Alexander Doyle. Saturday was the " Ledgi r 
cation day. The latest issue known is Vol. 2. \ : o. 
vember 26, 1791. whole number 85, Doyle still 
publisher. 

Both these papers probably dropped ml 
prior to 1793. In December of tl il year another tir 
Georgetown printers essayed a vvi 
bian Chronicle." which struggled along for nearly 
a half years. It was a semi-weekl; . 
Fridays. It carried at it- head the same motto from Juni 
as " The Times and Potowmack Packet," ami the: 
for believing that tin same type was used in tin publ 
tion. A second motto followed the one from Jul 
quotation from Lafayette: " For a 1 '■ 
sufficient that they Will it." The first km 
ruarv 3, 1795) bears the imprint "by Hanson & P 
and the location "opposite Dr. Smith'-." Some hav< 
tioned. if Dr. Joseph Priestle) was not 
He came to America in 1704 and went at onc< 
berland. Pa., but may have afterwards conn 
which by this time, as we have already 
advertised. The issue for Tuesday, August 11. 1705. n 
Samuel Hanson alone as publisher. Probabl 
Tuesdav. May 10. 1796. wa- tin 

presses, g 1 will, etc., b 

of Green, English & Company, who in tl 
the publication of a paper called " I 
and < leorgetown Advertiser." 

In the meantime the construction ■ 
were well under way and an altei 
boom Greenleafs Point as the mi 
in rivalrj with the bettei 1 l bl *l 
was deemed a necessity to the furlhei 
T Wilson began the 1 

|> .tree', 

"Impartial Observer and Wasl 
per annum, one to be paid al tl 
othera , the expiration of six monll 
first to bear the imnrii 
lished about a 



334 



THE CITY OF WASHINGTON. 



" The Centinel of Liberty and Georgetown Adver- 
tiser " was published twice a week. The price was $3 a 
year, exclusive of postage, " the price of six months to be 
paid in advance." The place of publication was given as 
" George-Town on the Potomak," thus changing the hitherto 
accepted spelling of the name of the river. A year later 
the publishers had discovered that they could not pay ex- 
penses on $3 a year and the subscription price was raised 
to $4. In 1797 the heading contained this quotation from 
Montesquieu : 

" Liberty is a right of doing whatever the laws permit ; 
and if a citizen could do what they forbid he would be no 
longer possessed of liberty, because all his fellow citizens 
would have the same power." 

Substituted for these words of the French philosopher, 
we find in the issue for February 20, 1798, this from Wash- 
ington : "Every portion of our country finds the most com- 
manding motives for carefully guarding and preserving 
the Union of the whole." The same publishers issued a 
weekly edition, evidently for circulation in the mails, with 
the title, " The Centinel and County Gazette," of which only 
a few numbers are known to exist, but it is believed that 
this paper both started and ceased with the publication 
of " The Centinel of Liberty." 

" The Washington Gazette " was started on Wednes- 
day, June 15, 1796. It was the custom in those days to 
give two dates at the head of each paper; thus Vol. 1, 
No. 1, of the " Gazette" was dated " From Saturday, June 
11, to Wednesday, June 15, 1796;" the last date in each 
case being the day of publication. This paper in its heading 
exhibited an engraved design presenting a human eye with 
.the motto " Nunquam Dormio," supported on one side by 
a figure of Liberty and on the other by a figure of Justice. 
The colophon read : " City of Washington. Published by 
Benjamin More, every Wednesday and Saturday, price 4 
dollars per aim. at the house next west of the Hotel, where 
subscriptions will be thankfully received. Hand-bills, &c. 
printed at the shortest notice." 

"The house next west of the Hotel," was situate near 
the corner of Ninth and F streets, northwest, almost upon 
the site where now towers aloft the nine-story fireproof 
structure of the Washington Loan and Trust Company. Mr. 
More, in his prospectus candidly announced that his object 
was "-first, to obtain a living," and "second, to amuse and 
inform his readers." The first object was not easy of attain- 
ment, lie calls upon his subscribers to pay a dollar at the 
end of each quarter. The need for a paper twice a week 
does not seem to have been a crying one, for in a little over 
a year, September [6, 1797, it changed to a weekly, issued 
Saturday, at $2.50 a \ear, and SO continued until the end, 
Vol. 2, No. 35, " From Saturday, March 3, to Saturday, 
March 24, [798." Thanks to Peter Force and Librarian 
Spofford, who prevailed upon Congress to purchase the 
ollection of Vmerican newspapers and books, the 
complete file of this paper is preserved in the National 
Archives. 

The year 1799 found no publisher with sufficient cour- 
age, in the face of the six failures of the decade, to attempt 



another paper, and it was not until 1800 that a young Har- 
vard graduate, Charles Prentiss, class of '95, associating with 
himself a practical printer, A. Rind, started " The Wash- 
ington Federalist," at Georgetown. Prentiss was born at 
Reading, Middlesex county, Massachusetts, in October, 
1774, a son of the Rev. Caleb Prentiss. " The Federalist " 
had only a brief existence and young Prentiss went from 
this city to Baltimore, where he published the " Child of Pal- 
las," devoted mostly to the Belles-Lettres, and afterwards 
for nearly two years, a semi-weekly called " The Republican 
or Anti-Democrat." In 1809 he published in Boston a dram- 
atic paper called " The Thistle," and in 1812-14 he was again 
in Washington as a Congressional correspondent. In 1818 
he was editing the " Virginia Patriot " at Richmond, and two 
years later he died at Brimfield, Massachusetts. 

Charles Cist began the publication of " The Washington 
Daily Gazette," October 1, 1800, but it was short lived. 

Samuel Harrison Smith, publisher of " The Universal 
Gazette," at Philadelphia, brought that paper to the new- 
Federal City soon after the removal of the seat of govern- 
ment hither and just prior to the assembling of Congress. 
The first issue in this city was dated November 6, 1800. 
Smith also made use of his printing plant to publish a tri- 
weekly, which he happily named " The National Intelli- 
gencer," a paper which quickly obtained a National repu- 
tation, became a recognized power in the political economy 
of the new- Republic and maintained both reputation and 
position for nearly seventy years. The first issue of " The 
National Intelligencer" was dated October 31. 1800. 

Joseph Gales, whose republican principles had involved 
him in trouble with the English Government, came to Phil- 
adelphia in 1793. His son, Joseph Gales, Jr., in 1S07 became 
connected with " The National Intelligencer." of which he 
continued as editor until his death in i860. William W. 
Seaton, a brother-in-law of Gales, became a partner in 
the ow-nership of the paper in 1812. Both Gales ami Seaton 
were elected as mayor of the city. After the death of 
Gales, July 21, i860, aged 7$ wars. Seaton continued to 
edit the paper with the assistance of James C. Welling. 
The daily edition of the " National Intelligencer " was 1„ gun 
in 1813. Semi-weekly and tri-weekly editions were pub- 
lished during many years. A weekly edition was started 
June 5. 184 1, at $2 a year. 

Seaton sold the paper December 31. 1864, to Snow. 
Coyle & Co.. who continued its publication and enlarged 
it to seven columns on April 1. 1865. Absorbing another 
paper, the title became " Intelligencer and Express." [lie 
paper was again sold November 30, 1869, tin purchaser 
being Alexander 1 Vlmar. a former chief of the [reasurj 
Bureau of Statistics. IVlmar tried hard to improve the 
paper, but it lacked support and its last issiir was on Janu- 
ary in. 1S70. 

"The National Intelligencer" marked a new era in 
journalism in this section and a new departure lor the 
editor, as he himself announced in his prospectus which 
he published in the last number of " The Universal Gazette," 
issued in Philadelphia, September 1 1. 1800: 



THE CITY OF WASHINGTON. 



" In the management of The Universal Gazette, the 
Editor has confined himself, agreeably to the original plan, 
to recording events as they occurred, with but little animad- 
version on their causes or effects ; and as far as opinions 
were involved, to relating those of others rather than his 
own. The Universal Gazette will still be continued on 
the same plan ; the only change that takes place, will arise 
from its being printed at the seat of government at Wash- 
ington, instead of Philadelphia; whereby its value will be 
appreciated rather than impaired. 

" With respect to the National Intelligencer, another 
plan will be pursued. Over a faithful and comprehensive 
detail of facts will preside a spirit of investigation, a desire 
to enlighten, not only by fact, but by reason. The tendency 
of public measures, and the conduct of public men, will be 
examined with candour and truth. 

" In addition to the mass of information, formed by do- 
mestic and foreign events, and especially by a detailed state- 
ment of the debates and proceedings of Congress, as much 
original matter will be furnished as the exertions of the 
Editor shall be able to command. And if he be not deceived, 
he can promise the readers of The National Intelligencer, 
an organ, which shall communicate the language of truth 
with accuracy, with dignity, and with spirit." 

In 1810, according to Thomas' History of Printing, six 
papers were published in the District of Columbia, which 
then included Alexandria : " The Alexandria Daily Adver- 
tiser," the only daily, and the predecessor of the present 
" Alexandria Gazette " ; the " National Intelligencer," " The 
Monitor," and "The Independent American" (tri-weeklies) ; 
the " Spirit of Seventy-Six " (semi-weekly), and the " Uni- 
versal Gazette" (weekly). In 1828 there were nine 
papers and in 1840 fourteen. The longest lived of all was 
the " National Intelligencer." " The African Repository," 
a periodical established in Washington in 1825, lived almost 
as many years. The census of 1880 showed five daily news- 
papers in the city, while now there are only three. 

In the first half century of the Republic the Washing- 
ton newspapers were generally regarded as the personal 
organs of successive administrations, yet amongst the strong- 
est journalists of that time were Gales and Seaton, of the 
" National Intelligencer," and Francis P. Blair, of the 
Washington Globe." The ultimate failure and disappear- 
ance of these papers were not due so much to the loss of 
executive patronage as to' the gradual loss of prestige 
through the springing up of journals as good or better in 
other parts of the country. It was the mail facilities they 
enjoyed which gave to newspapers like the " National In- 
telligencer " a reputation and a circulation such as no paper, 
however superior, can command in these days of telegraphic 
communication. Everywhere the people were obliged to 
await the arrival of the "Intelligencer" before they amid 
learn what had transpired in Washington on the day pre- 
vious to its publication. Everything was in favor oi the 
city daily and against the country weekly. The daily was 
the sole source of the country editor for his general news, 
and the postal rates being equal for all, the country paper 
was greatly handicapped. The invention of the telegraj 
changed all this and made possible the wondrous journ 
tic development throughout the United States. 

"The National Intelligencer" is the best illustration 
of the changes which took place in journalism in the past 
century. Its influence in politics was truly national, tor t 



circulation extended into every State of the Union. Its 
decadence was due to no fault of its own, but t., tl,. 
of the provincial press and t.i the telegraph. 

The " \WvkIy Register of Political X. « ; 
in November. 1807, by J. 1', Colvin; the "Was 
City Gazette" in r8i2 by William Elliott, with 
Watterston, afterward Librarian of Congress, as editor; the 
"Washington City Weekly Gazette" in 1815, a weekly 
becoming a daily in [817; the "Washington Rqmblican'" 
in 1S22, published in the interests of John C. I 
becoming t h e " National Journal." established h 
in November, 1823; the "United States Telegraph" in 
1826 and the "Washington City Chronicle" in 

The "United States Telegraph" was publisl 
Duff Green and was generally accredited as tin 
the Jackson administration. Benton, however, -a • 
rather the personal ..roan of John C. Calhoun. Difl 
between Jackson and Van Buren resulted in the establish- 
ment of another paper. "The Globe." Its editor. I 
P. Blair, was a personal selection by Jackson, lui 
strong article against nullification written by Blair and pub- 
lished in the Frankfort 1 Ky. 1 " Argus." " The < llobe," with 
the President for its backer, became at once a great power 
in national polities. John C. Rives was a partner with 
Blair in the publication of the paper and its bi 
editorials, written by Amos Kendall, upon the lit 
down by "Old Hickory." who was one of the stront 
most original thinkers of his time, lie ex] 
too, in the most forcible, it' not always the mosl 
English, and many of these editorials were red-hot from the 
President's own pen. or flirtation, smoothed here and there 
by the pure diction which Kendall imparted to every article 
he wrote or edited, for eleven years " Tin 
prosperous on official patronage, having a mom | 
the Government advertising and printing, until I I 
became 1 'resident. < Ince again the 
the Government organ but no longer than the date of 
Bank Bill vetoes l>\ Tyler, when it broke with til 
istration and ardently supported Henn I 

Blair and Rives having sold "Tin 
in 1S40 tin- contract for publishing the debat< 
and began publication of " The Congt 
predei essor of tin- presenl " Record," publish 
( fovernmenl Printing 1 >fhce. Blaii 
Rives in [849, who continued to publish it until li 
after which it was continued b) his 

In 1838 six papers flourished in V 
ies, two tri-weeklies and two 
" The Globe," the organ of th< 
National Intelligencer." the moiithpie 
triweeklies were " The Madisonian " 

and the weeklies " The Nativ nd " The Hun- 

Royal filled with ridicule, abuse, or prais 
public men. I 'raise was, lv 
abuse ill it- column-. 
thai the oditres. bad I 

counl upon a 



336 



THE CITY OF WASHINGTON. 



weeks. "The Native American " had for its motto: " Our 
Country, always right; but right or wrong, our Country."' 
"The Madisonian" was established August i, 1837, "to 
elucidate the principles of Democracy, as delineated by Mr. 
Madison." It became after the disaffection of " The Intel- 
ligencer," the Tyler organ, but was short-lived. 

Thomas Ritchie, a powerful editorial writer, who for 
many years had moulded public opinion for the Democratic 
party of Virginia through the columns of the "Richmond 
Enquirer," was brought to Washington by President Polk 
in [844, together with John P. Heiss, of the " Nashville 
Union," to take charge of "The Globe," as an adminis- 
tration organ. Ritchie and Pleiss bought " The Globe " 
and changed the name of the paper to " The Union." \ ol. 
1, No. i was issued May 1, 1845. For five years it flour- 
ished as the Government organ until the Whigs were again 
victorious. The election of President Taylor resulted in 
the establishment of a new organ, "The Republic." for 
he would have none of the old " National Intelligencer," 
which was devoted to Daniel Webster. Taylor was bitter 
.against Webster, for the latter had said of Taylor's nom- 
ination that it was one " not fit to be made." " The Re- 
public " was edited by rohn O. Sargent, who was brought 
from the " New York Courier and Enquirer," and by Alex- 
ander Bullitt, of the "New Orleans Picayune.' Ihese 
men, graduates of different schools of journalism, did not 
make a great success of the new organ, which remained an 
organ only until the death of President Taylor. With 
Fillmore in the White House, and Webster in the Cabinet 
the " National Intelligencer" resumed its sway as the ex- 
ponent of the administration. The election of Pierce was its 
overthrow, however, and "The Union," still edited by 
Ritchie again received the lion's share of the Government 
patronage, which it held also during the Buchanan admin- 
istration Ml the Government Eavors, however, could not 
make it a successful paper and in 1 859 George W. Bowman 
who purchased it and a paper called "The States." changed 
the name to "The Constitution," which he proposed to 
make'" a thorough!) Democratic paper." It passed into 
the hands of William M. Browne, who alter about two 
years' trial discontinued it. 

The old "Telegraph" was succeeded by "The Spec- 
tator," the controlling spirit in which was Senator Rhett, 
of South Carolina. This paper also changed its name to 
"The Constitution," which had a very short and unsatis- 
factory existence. 

"The National Era," the great anti-slavery organ, was 
established in 1847, by a fund of $20,000 subscribed by 
mists of the Northern States. William Blanchard 
and Martin Bud were the publishers and the editor was 
Dr Gamaliel Bailey, of Cincinnati, nhio, former publisher 
of 'the famous " Philanthropist," whose office in [836 and 
again hi 184. was wrecked by a mob. the press being 
thrown into the river. "The Era"wasabl) ed.ted and had 
the assistance of all the great writers in the Abolition 
partv fohn G. Whittier, S. P. Chase. Charles Sumner. 
Theodore Parker, Edward Everett Hale. Wendell Phillips, 
ll and Dr. Pierpont among them. Mrs. Har- 

eecher Stowe's famous " Uncle To,,,'- Cabin was 
first published as a serial in the " Era." The office ol the 



" Era " was twice attacked by a mob. once in April. 1848, 
and again in i860. 

Nothing less than an entire volume could give the 
history of all the papers in the District of Columbia. A 
mere list, so far as the record has been kept, occupied 
nearlv an entire page in the recent fiftieth anniversary 
issue of the " Evening Star." ( Inly the more important 
journals can be mentioned here. 

"The American Telegraph," established in 1851 and 
edited by Thomas C. Connolly, is famous for being the 
first paper in this city to use the word " telegram " in con- 
nection with the dispatches received ewer the wires from 
Baltimore. Beverly Tucker, in September, 1853, began the 
publication of " The Washington Sentinel." It supported 
" the principles of the Democratic-Republican party," but 
it received onlv feeble support and suspended in August. 
1856. 

Republican success in i860, culminating in the election 
of Lincoln, was the reason for the establishment of the 
" National Republican." the first issue being dated Novem- 
ber 26. Lewis Clephane was one of the principal founders. 
During the war the paper save strong and helpful support 
to the Government. In 1868 the paper was sold to S. P. 
Hanscom and William J. Murtagh, the former being its 
editor. Various editors tried to guide its fortunes during 
the next few years, at the end of which it ceased publica- 
tion. 

John W. Forney, of the " Philadelphia Press." came 
to Washington in iSr>i and established the " Sunday Morn- 
ing Chronicle." an independent paper edited by Joseph A. 
Ware. It was independent in politics, but strongly opposed 
to the Southern Confederacy. Becoming a daily, it suc- 
ceeded in getting public patronage. The paper was sold 
in 1870 to John M. Morris, former clerk of the United States 
Senate. 

In 1870 the Democrats of the country decided they 
needed an organ at the capital, and a fund of $100,000 was 
subscribed by a number of wealth) gentlemen for that 
purpose. The paper was called " The Dail) Patriot." and its 
hiM issue was November 14. James (',. Berretl. formerly 
mayor of Washington, was made business manager, James 
E. Harvey, editor-in-chief, and Oscar K. Harris, news 
editor. Within less than two years a complete change in 
the personnel had taken place. A. G. Allen was editor- 
in-chief and Colonel W. II. Philip at the head of the direc- 
tors. It was an important paper, hut short lived. 

The oldest of the three dailies now published in the 
cit\ is the " Evening Star." which has only recent!) passed 
its fiftieth milestone. It was established December t6, 1852. 
bj (apt. I. I'.. Tate, and first printed on a hand press, the 
edition being about eight hundred. Captain Tate sold to 
\\ . D. Wallach, who sold in 1807 to Crosb) S. Noyes, 
S. II. Kauffmann, \lc\andcr R. Shepherd. Clarence Baker 
and G. W. Mains For$iio,ooo. Messrs. Noyes and Kauff- 
mann are today the principal owners. The paper's most 
interesting histor) has been told in detail by Messrs. Noyes, 
Kauffmann and others in the recent anniversary issue. It 
todaj occupies it- handsome new building on the northwest 
comer of Eleventh street and Pennsylvania avenue, opposite 
the new postoffice.. 



THE CITY OF WASHINGTON. 






HISTORY OF THE WASHINGTON POST. 



Like its schools, its churches, or its temple of art, the 
newspapers of a city bespeak its substantial attainments. 
The well-established newspaper is not the product of a 
day", or a month, or a year, but the outgrowth of many 
years. The Washington Post is an institution of the 
national capital. It is a part of the daily life at the seat 
of government. Ask the well-informed man anywhere 
about the press of Washington, and he will at once speak 
of The Post. This is not only true throughout the broad 
domain of the United States, but equally so abroad. " No 
American newspaper is so well known in Europe." said a 
foreign visitor at a Washington hotel recently, " as Tin-: 
Washington Post. Wherever I have traveled I have in- 
variably. heard The Post mentioned in connection with any 
reference to affairs of your capital." And this is the tes- 
timony of trave'ers generally. It is due to the fact that 
The Post is thoroughly identified locally and in a national 
sense with Washington, and has likewise kept in touch with 
the whole world in its discussion of international affairs. 

The Post came into existence a quarter of a century 
ago, but its real achievements, its progress and develop- 
ment, are embraced in the shorter period of the last four- 
teen years. The first issue appeared December 6, 1877. 
It was a modest, unpretentious folio, which printed the 
important local and telegraphic news in a small way, but 
did not seek or expect to cut a figure in the newspaper 
world. The Washington of that day was not the Wash- 
ington of today, and The Post as it was issued then was 
supposed to be as good a paper as the city would support. 
The field appeared so circumscribed, with the larger papers 
of Baltimore. Philadelphia and New York reaching here 
at an early hour, that there was an apparent timidity in 
branching out. Washington newspapers had many ups 
and downs, and the capital became known as " a newspaper 
graveyard." An illustration of the prevalent feeling of 
that time is to be found in an editorial expression in The 
Post to the effect that Washington was " not an eight- 
page town " — a comment prompted by the extraordinary 
move on the part of a short-lived contemporary in increas- 
ing its size from four to eight pages. It was reserved for 
The Post itself in years to come to demonstrate that Wash- 
ington was not only an eight-page town, but a twelve, 
fourteen, sixteen, and even forty-eight-page town as the 
occasion warranted. The old Post, however, never had the 
temerity to get beyond a sixteen-page issue of its Sunda) 
paper, and this was a veritable feat in those days. 

The Washington Post of today — the paper that 
is known the length and breadth of the land and in foreign 
climes — had its start in January, 1889. That was 
beginning of the new era not only for The Tost, bu 
the journalism of the capital. The truth of this 
is readily attested by the files of Washington newspapers 

43 



It was then that Tim P m der new man .. 

— mto hands that transformed it. put entci 

gave it life and ambition, and made [ it that 

found friends and readers by the thousands 

field of progress and influence kept constantly wi 

and enlarging. In the natural coun 

have occurred in the personnel of the staff thai 

anew the destinies of The I'osi'and contributi 

brilliantly to its success, but the policies adopted 

have ever been closely followed and there has 

hewing to the line in the efforts to maintain and in 

standards set at that time. 



With the passing of Tin-: Post to its new mat 

Kin 7. [889, there appeared in the issue of thai day 

editorial, under the title, '" We < Irect > 

"Tim-: Washington Post appear; 
ing under new proprietorship and new mat 
in its business and editorial departments, 
ness management will lie under the direction of Mr. 
Beriah Wilkins, and the editorial and news 
nient will he under the control of Mr. Frank Hat- 
ton. 

"The new management have no 
promises to make. N T o effort ..r expense will be 
spared to make Tin- POST a thoroughly I 
newspaper, giving the news and all the news, with- 
out personal 01 partisan bias. Having 
elusive franchises in both the New York \. 
Press and the I Tiie.] Pn ss Vssi ciatio 
opportunity for obtaining all th< i 
passed by any other paper in the country. The 
news gathered through these superior med 
be presented in the most attractive and 
form. 

•• Editorially Tin Post will liavi 
opinions on all public and "tin; 
will endeavor to express them in such ; 
as to leave no possible doubt a- 1 

'• In addition to hcillfi a Compli I 
The Post will he devoted to tin 
greal city of Washing 
devoted 'to discussing th 
foreign countries than will 
fort to even project thai I 
provcmenl and advancement of \\ 

■• l in Posn inti in 
Washington interest 
last, and all the lime. 

•• With this brief 
leave each succeeding nitmli 1 
for itself. onK adding 
will early discover tl 
an honest • 
a fa ; r paper to all •■ 

inments* but fmi 



338 



THE CITY OF WASHINGTON. 



became leading characteristics of its news service. It had 
the best press reports that money could buy. A special 
telegraphic service from every important news center was 
organized, the first of the kind ever undertaken by a Wash- 
ington paper. Mail letters from skilled correspondents sup- 
plemented the general and special service by wire, and in 
short order The Post became a metropolitan journal. People 
here were then able to depend upon a local paper for the 
latest news, domestic and foreign ; they also had assurance 
that The Post would furnish them with considerable mat- 
ter that was exclusive. Local readers of New York and 
Philadelphia papers soon found that The Post had facilities 
to keep its forms open for out-of-town and city editions 
later than any other paper east of the Alleghenies. It often 
had news which New York papers did not print till twenty- 
four hours later. 



Editorial writing in Washington has been dignified 
by The Post, whose editorial page has often been pro- 
nounced by its devotees the best and brightest in the United 
States. Under its present management The Post has never 
been a party organ. Republican administrations have given 
way to Democratic administrations, - and vice versa; the 
panorama of political events has favored one party and 
then another, but The Post has preserved independence in 
its editorial utterances. It has invariably assailed enemies 
of good public service. Personal ambitions and party ad- 
vantage have never shaped its policy. Thus the paper has 
commanded respect among its readers, who include nearly 
every man in public life here at Washington and within 
a considerable radius, as well as a large contingent living 
at great distances, but wishing to keep in touch with .sen- 
timent at the national capital. Those who sometimes dis- 
agree with the paper editorially are among its staunchest 
friends. 



Tin: Post's reputation likewise rests much upon its 
eminence among all the newspapers of the country as a 
high clas- political journal. A very large portion of Wash- 
ingtonians an- directly or indirectly concerned about politics. 
They watch with eager anxiety every mow on the checker 
hoard of national affairs. The paper has always catered 
to this influential contingent by printing daily accounts of 
political doings everywhere between the two oceans. It 
keeps on its staff a corps of writers and editors who have 
a wide and intimate personal acquaintance with public men. 
I hi Post's campaign forecasts and election news have 
attracted widespread attention, and are accepted with per- 
fecl Faith by all parties, because it is understo:d that the 
information i- free from partisan bias. 

Its enterprise in reporting great political conventions 
has been characteristic, as far hack as the exciting Virginia 
campaign of 1889, The great national struggle of 1890 

was presented in 1' 1 1 1 PoS'l in detail, and not Ofll) were in 

dications of the sweeping change to be made in tie per- 
sonnel of the Mouse of Representatives announced in ad- 



vance, but the earliest and most reliable news of the over- 
turning, including the election of Pattison as Governor of 
Pennsylvania, was set forth in an early extra edition. Even- 
campaign of any significance in any State of the Union 
since that time has been promptly and carefully chronicled 
in its various stages by The Post, with an array of special 
matter, gathered by its own trained men. National con- 
ventions of both parties have teen covered so completely 
and vividly as to leave nothing to be added by the big 
New York dailies. However the political centre may drift 
between Chicago and New York at other times, the as- 
sembling of Congress means for a time that the political 
heart of the country is at Washington. Therefore, in its 
facilities for reporting Congress, The Post enjoys excep- 
tional advantages. Appearing, as it does, almost under the 
very shadow of the Capitol, it is enabled to keep in the 
closest touch with the statesmen in both branches of Con- 
gress and to give their views and predictions with all the 
detail which their importance may warrant. During the 
life of The Post Congress has furnished many memorable 
contests, all of which have been treated in a manner to 
win praise. 



The telegraphic exploits of The Post have had a wide 
range. The citizens of Washingtcn have first heard of 
most of the remarkable events of the last twenty years 
through its columns. An extra Post was issued February 
26, 1889, telling of Mr. Harrison's journey from Indianapo- 
lis to Washington and covering his movements seven and 
a half hours later than did the accounts appearing in the 
New York, Philade'phia and Baltimore papers. The first 
news in Washington of the Johnstown ll lod on May 31, 
1889, was conveyed by The Post, as was the case w'th tie 
great Boston fire of that year. The earliest publication in 
the East of the details of the dramatic reversal by Minister 
Blount of Minister Stevens' action at Honolulu was another 
evidence of the enterprise of The Post as a news-gatherer. 
Scores of other similar instances m'ght be cited down to 
the time of the Spanish war. Tut-; Post had the first news 
in Washington <>i the eventful battle of Manila Bay, an- 
nounced in an extra edition, win e its extra giving the first 
intelligence here of the victory oil Santiago, issue. 1 aboul 
1 V M. July 4, [898, caused the longest and most patriotic 
celebration of that holiday ever known in the history of the 

Tin I'osi has also long pursued the liberal polic) of 
bulletining imp >rtant news at night. Tl is has not been 
confined to election returns, but has been practiced when- 
ever the occasion demanded it. and several times ever) year 
a throng of man) thousands of spectators assembles in the 
broad space in front of the building to learn about notable 
happenings, concerning which they are too eager to await 
tin- editions of the following morning. 

Tin-: POST early organized a special service for the 
nearle, Southern Slate-. While it rapidh earned fame as 



THE CITY OF WASHINGTON. 



a national newspaper, it has for many years chronicled the 
news of the Virginias, the Carolinas, and adjoining States, 
in many instances with more thoroughness than the news- 
papers in those respective localities. Bold and alike in- 
dependent in its editorial policy, striving to be fair to 
both sides in every controversy, the paper has enjoyed the 
unique position of being practically the only outside daily 
that comprehends Southern questions and is willing to treat 
them without partisanship or sectionalism. 



The Post has made a record for its souvenir editions, 
beginning with the inauguration of President Harrison. 
March 3, 1889. Its great edition on that occasion was the 
first twenty-four-page paper ever published at the capital, 
and the features thereof, particularly the publication of 
the portraits of all the Presidents, were made models for 
subsequent work by other newspapers. The same experi- 
ence was repeated in 1893, and at every subsequent in- 
auguration down to and including 1931. The Knights 
Templar Conclave was the occasion for another beautiful 
souvenir edition replete with the news of each days' pro- 
ceedings and supplemented with material of an h'storical 
and personal nature. A high-water mark for souvenir edi- 
tions was set by The Post during the great Grand Army 
Encampment of 1892. The paper had been prominent in 
bringing the encampment to Washington, publishing a 
special edition of its own in Detroit when a committee of 
citizens went there to ask for the encampment. The vet- 
erans were still talking about the souvenir edition of 1892 
when they came to Washington for the encampment of 
1902, on which occasion the paper again outdid all previous 
records with its splendid presentation of attractive features. 
These two special Grand Army editions went into prac- 
tically every town and hamlet of the land, a compliment 
that has been paid very few American newspapers. 

In the field of strictly local news The Post has scored 
many successes. It has given always all the local news 
that was fit to print in a e'ean, respectable newspaper. The 
transactions in the various departments of the general Gov- 
ernment and of the District, the sessions of the local courts, 
the festivities, gayeties, accidents, arrests, weddings, deaths, 
and other happenings that go to make up the life of any 
great city have been faithfully recorded. The local force 
covers such events in Washington city proper and in the 
numerous outlying suburbs, in Alexandria and neighboring 
towns along the Virginia shore, as well as outlying towns 
in Maryland. A sporting department has been one of the 
features of The Post from its inception, the writers in 
charge of which have often been men of national reputa- 
tion in that line. 



The growth of The Post has been constant, but in 
nothing has this been more marked than in the Sunday 
paper. Starting with modest issues, the Sunday Post has 
developed to large proportions. The paper now appears 
generally in four parts, which comprise articles of current 
interest and literary merit sufficient for a day's reading, 



and the announcements of practically all the busin. = ' 

of the city. The careful editing of everything tl 

into the paper, the intelligent ; ; 

ter. proper displa) of news, and ncal typ. g apl ic; 

tion are well-known characteristics of all 

as well as daily. 

There has been no emergency affecting 
erable number of citizens in the District of Colunil 
The Post has not been to the fore. It prompt! 
a subscription for the victims of the lord's The; 
aster, in [893; arranged for a concert, and swelled the 
relief funds to $30,000. It raised $5,0 

ter for alleviating the suffering of the city's \ r. The 

next year it raised a fund of $7,000 for the Young Men's 
Christian Association. In later years it has pari 
in numerous like charitable undertakings. 

On every reasonable occasion The Post ha> demon- 
strated a public spirit for the upbuilding of Was 
It has championed District people and District ii 
fought for good government, and opposed bad administra- 
tion. The management has always sou-lit to mak( 
high-class newspaper, fulfilling all the functions of 
a publication in one of the most influential cities of the 
world. 

THE WASHINGTON POST MARCH. 

John Philip Sousa wrote the most famous of 
musical compositions in the spring of t8yo, and callei 
the " Washington Posl March." It has carried his name, as 
well as that of The Post, many times around 1 
There is no nation or race of civilized men to whoi 
are not familiar. 

The march was played for the first tim 
afternoon in June. [890, at a gathering of the Was 
Post's Amateur Author's Association, in the grounds 
Smithsonian Institution. Mr. Sousa, then leader of the Ma- 
rine Band, had written the march specially for the oceas 
his work was most enthusiastically received, It. 1 
was marvelous. Ii became the musical rag< 
the American continent, and ill almost thirl 
demand has been so great and so constant that over 
million copies of the march have been print 

Its strains have probabh sounded 1 
vania avenue during that time than lhos< 
composition, not even excepting the natioi 
played with enthusiasm and spirit 1 
at the World's hair in 
way Plaisance. Before Ion 
ling it on the streets of London: thence llv 
were disseminated lo nearl 
British empire. It was played as much in 1 
dens of \ ienua as in the I'nit. 
crowds clamored for it : Berlin w; 
pleasing harmonj of the ••Washington !'••• 

The " Washington Post March " 
band on Admiral Dewey's flagship 



34° 



THE CITY OF WASHINGTON. 



battle of Manila Bay. The Empress of China, in 1895, paid 
a high tribute to the composition. She ordered the intro- 
duction of an orchestrion into her palace for no other reason 
than that through this instrument her Royal Highness 
might listen as frequently as she desired to the march. 
Jean de Reszke, the renowned singer, who finds recreation 



Beriah Wilkins, editor and publisher of The Wash- 
ing ;t<>x I '(1st, was born in Union county, Ohio. July 10. 
1846. He developed, early in life, an aptitude for finance, 
and was chosen manager of the principal bank in Uhrichs- 
ville, Ohio, before he was of age. He was connected with 
this institution for many years, eventually acquiring a con- 



lis stable of race horses, used to have the band at the trolling interest in it. 




<INS' RESIDENCE. 



Austrian race track play the "Post March" wl 
his horses won a race. Similar notable incidents 
popularity of the music mighl be multiplied, It 
of the repertoire of ever) military band, and after a decade 
has nol ceased lo 1"' a favorite with all the nations of 



Of llK 

is pari 



Although Mr. Wilkins saw it" active service at the 
front, li«' served in the Union army during the closin; 

mi' tin- civil war. Political life also attracted him, ami he 
became a factor in the affairs <>i the Democratic parly in 
Ohio. In [879 lie was elected to the Slate Senate, and in 

[882 lu became a member -1 tin Democratic State Central 



THE CITY OF WASHINGTON. 



34 1 



Committee. In 1883 he was elected to Congress and served 
three terms, becoming one of a group of Democrats with 
Cox, Randall, Crisp, Carlisle, Morrison, Kurd and others 
who made famous the Forty-eighth, Forty-ninth and Fif- 
tieth Congresses. 

Mr. Wilkins became chairman of the Committee on 
Banking and Currency and took a prominent part in the 
consideration and discussion of all questions of finance. Fie 
was known in Congress as a " Randall Democrat," on ac- 
count of his belief in the policy of protective tariff. In- 
cluding his six years in Congress. Mr. Wilkins has now 
(1903) been identified with the city of Washington for 
twenty years. In January, 1889, just before his retirement 
from the House of Representatives, he acquired a majority 
interest in The Washington Post. His original plan of 
a thoroughly independent newspaper, with no political axes 




BERIAH WILKINS 



to grind and devoted always to the best interests of Wash- 
ington and the District of Columbia, has hern zealously 
and scrupulously adhered to, as is more fully set forth in 
the history of The Washington Post in this volume. His 
proved a happy and successful theory, the growth and in- 
fluence of The Post dating from the moment it passed into 
his control. In April, 1894, Mr. Wilkins became both editor 
and publisher, acquiring the minority interest, since winch 
time he has, with his two sons, controlled the entire prop 

ert > r - 

Always optimistic of the future of Washington Mr. 
Wilkins, after taking up his permanent residence here four 
teen years ago, became thoroughly identified with the na- 
tional capital in a business way. He is a director oi 
Traders National Bank, and stockholder in many ol Hi, 
prominent corporations and financial institutions i 
built up the wealth and prosperity of Wash! 




forts have been given freely to all projects for tin- advanc 
ment ami improvemenl of the capital city, and proba 
other man had more to do with tin- securing of the 1. 
District municipal building, lie i- a member of 1 
of Trade and the Business 1 lion, a I 

the Historical Societ) of the District of Co'.i 
served on important committees in connection with 
gural ceremonies, the celebration of the Cz\ 
and other notable events. For many \ear- lie h; 
treasurer of the Citizens Relief Committee, which has r; 
many thousands of dollars lor the deserving 1 







ROBERT C WILKINS 



342 



THE CITY OF WASHINGTON. 



Mr. Wilkins was married in Marvsville, Ohio, Oc- 
tober 1 8, 1870, to Emily J. Robinson. Their present Wash- 
ington residence, 171 1 Massachusetts avenue, northwest, 
which was completed in 1902, adjoins the home which they 
had previously occupied for several years. Their two sons, 
John F. and Robert C, both graduates of Princeton Uni- 
versity, are closely and actively associated with Mr. Wilkins 
in the management of the affairs of The Post, the former 
being the business manager and secretary, and the latter the 
treasurer of The Washington Post Company. 

Scott C. Bone, managing editor of The Washington 
Post, is a native of Indiana, born in Shelb}- county, Febru- 
ary 15, 1S60. He began newspaper work at the age of six- 
teen years as local correspondent at Shelbyville of Cincin- 
nati, Indianapolis, and Chicago papers. In 1881 he located 
at Indianapolis, and was employed on the press of that city 




SCOTT C. BONE 



and po 



il write 



for seven years .is reporter, city 
thus acquiring an all-around training in newspaper work. 
lie came t>> Washington in July. r888, to take service with 
Tin'. Post as telegraph editor. Later he became news editor 
and then managing editor. For several years he has been 
i losch associated with Mr. \\ ilk ins in the editorial direction 
and conduct of 'I'm. POST. lie was married at Anderson. 
Ind.. June 15. 1N.S7, to Miss Mar} Worth. They have a 
family of five sons and a daughter. Their home is at 1^7 



I' stn 



Invest. 

THE EVENING STAR. 

litor-in-chief of the Washington 



Crosby S. Noyes, 
Evening Slav for nearly ball' a century, bus been one of the 
mosl notable and distinguished journalists at the national 
capital, ami one who has ever been an advocate oi all that 
1- pure ami wholesome in journalism, as well as a tower 
of strength in advancing the interests of bis city of adop- 



tion. No other individual has done more in this direction 
than Mr. Noyes, and the strong, forceful and striking edi- 
torials from his facile pen have gone far towards settling 
controversies and wrangles in the halls of Congress, where 
a question of expenditure towards beautifying and improv- 
ing Washington was involved. 

Born in the State of Maine in 1825. Mr. Noyes early in 
life elected journalism as a profession, and when but a 
youth wrote a dialect sketch entitled "A Yankee in a Cot- 
ton .Mill." which appeared in the '" Yankee l'.lade." of Bos- 
ton. The sketch, replete with pathos, wit and humor, was 
widely copied in other journals and attracted much attention 
to the young writer. Other efforts were equally sucessful and 
from then on the boy journalist's star was in the ascendancy, 
and he became a regular contributor to the Maine journals. 
Failing in health he decided to leave the scenes of his 
childhood and its rigorous climate, ami came to Washington 
in 1847. He entered the national capital afoot, ami this 
advent and his first glimpses and impressions of the scene 
of his future successes were graphically portrayed by Mr. 
Noyes in an article which lately appeared in the centennial 
number of the Evening Star. 

Mr. Noyes became Washington correspondent of some 
Lewisfon, Boston and Philadelphia papers, and his con- 
tributions were written in a style both picturesque, keen 
and vividly true to life. His descriptions of the stirring 
scenes in Congress at this time attracted widespread atten- 
tion and much favorable comment. In 1855, desiring to 
broaden his views and the scope of his information he made 
a tour of Europe afoot, and delightfully retailed bis experi- 
ences in a series of letters to the Portland Transcript. 
Upon his return to Washington, at the close of the same 
year, Mr. Noyes joined the reportorial staff of the Star, lie 
at once manifested his keen appreciation of news, an instinct 
inherent in all successful newspaper men. and after serving 
his paper well he was promoted grade by grade until he 
became assistant editor. In 1867 he organized a company 
for the purchase of the Star, and was chosen by his asso- 
ciates editor-in-chief, which position he has since filled. 
From that time his public history and that of the journal 
with which be is connected have been the same. 

Xo higher tribute can be paid to Mr. Xoyes' journalistic 
ability than the high standard of success the Star has at- 
tained under his able and careful guidance and manage- 
ment. It has long occupied an honored ami influential place 
among the representative journals oi the world, and has 
justl) earned a reputation for veracity in the strictest sense, 
which so endears it to its life-long patrons. Through the 
columns of the Star Mr. Xoyes has been a potent factor 
in the development of modern ami greater Washington and 
was one of \. R, Shepherd- staunchest co-operators, help- 
ing him to put into practical operation in the national capital 
the manifold municipal improvements of which they bad 
both dreamed and fought for se. zealously, while fellow 

members of the Common Council in [863. Again Mr. 
Noyes was foremost in the movement which led to the 
assumption by the national government of one-half of the 
debt and expenses of the District of Columbia and tile 
reclamation "i the Potomac flats. He was equallj as active 



THE CITY OF WASHIh i 




CROSBY S. NOYES 



in the fight for the establishment of : ' 'ark, ami 

was chairman of this executive committee, havii \ 

es on that committee as Cliarles I 
A. T. Britton, II. II. Warner, i 

Richardson. As before stated, Mr. mcmlicr 

of the City Council in [863, and served I 
terms as alderman from the old seventh v.. 
Washington. His services were both valual 
tive. Since that time, however, he ] 
public service. 

.Mr. Nbyes has been an extensive traveler and 
all parts of both the old and new worlds, tlv 1 
journeys were always a series of most vivid pen pictures 
of scenes and life in foreign parts, appearing in 
In 1856 Mr. Noyes married Miss Elizabeth S. William; 
and has four children living: Theodore W. 
editor-in-chief of the Star: Frank B. No; 
the Associated Press and editor and publisher of tin I 
Record-Herald: Thomas C. N'oyes, cit\ editor of 
and Mira ('.. now Mr-. George W. I'.oyd, of Philadelphia. 
Mr. N'oyes spends a portion of each year at h 
country place, Alton Farm, situated in tin 
region in Maryland, about seven miles from V. .. 




RESIDENCE OF MRS. BENJAN 



344 



THE CITY OF WASHINGTON. 




JESIDENCE OF MRS. ELLEN M. COLTON. 



£: 



CHAPTER XXIV. 



: ^ 



BENEVOLENT INSTITUTIONS. 







G/ 






v3 



HARITY and benevolence have nowhere 
more active, ardent workers than in the 
city of Washington. The improvident and 
the unfortunate are attracted here, from 
various causes, in unusually large num- 
bers, and yet less actual suffering is known 
here than in many cities not half the size 
of this. Two citizens' associations annu- 
ally collect large sums which are distrib- 
uted during the winter to the needy poor. 
• A large hospital is maintained fur the 

benefit of those who 
can not afford to pay 
for treatment, and free 
dispensaries are to be 
found in various sec- 
tions of the city. Spe- 
cial institutions for the 
insane, the deaf and 
dumb, and the blind 
are maintained at Gov- 
ernment or private ex- 
pense. The medical 
treatment of the poor 
is under control of the 
District Health Offi- 
cer. The District is 
divided into twenty- 
one subdistricts, fin- 
each of which a physi- 
cian to the poor is ap- 
pointed, and there are 
nearly as many drug 
stores where medi- 
cines prescribed by 
these physicians may 
be obtained free. There 



is no need for any family, or per- 
to be without competent medical^ at- 
tendance in case of need. The list of charitable- institution, 
and reformatories is a long one, comprising about ■ 
five different organizations. 

A general superintendent of charities \ 
an act of Congress approved Augusl 6, i^ 1 



appoints, with the consent of the Senate, h i> the duty 
of this official "to formulate, for the purpi 
penditures *** such a plan of organized charities * 
as will by means of consolidation, combination or other di- 
rection, in bis judgment best secure the objects contem- 
plated by the several institutions and associations for which 
appropriations are made and for the other charitable w.>rk .. 
the District." It is his duly also to examine into the admin 
istration of the various charitable institutions, to know the 
sums privately contributed to their support, and to 
mend annually such appropriations as are in his judgment 
required for tl 
•r prosecution 
York of charity and 
eform in the 1 • 
Children w ' ■ 
■ 
>r whose parci I 

their children 
proper!) . 
alter b) 
Children' I 
created 
i 

always • 




PROVIDENCE HOSPITAL. 



thci 



nomes 
fants 



'be P: 



cha 

(345) 



dependence 
Alter a term of train 
ire provided in good families for lh< 
nrl children in delicate health are | 
is quickh 
Industrial Home Sell 
n supported b\ 



346 



THE CITY OF WASHINGTON. 




ST. ROSES INDUSTRIAL SCHOOL. 

Il takes care of about one hundred children, both boys and 
girls, educating them in useful occupations, including car- 
pentry and gardening. A boys' reform school, established 
in 1866, rescues from a vicious lift about one hundred boys 
a year .-it a total cost of about forty-five thousand dollars. 
Vbout two hundred boys are usually in the school. 
A girl's reform school was opened November 4, 189,3, 
and lias done a splendid work ever since. Congress 
appropriates for its support about twelve thousand 
dollars a year. 

WCII known all over the United States, as it de- 
serves 1.' lie. is the Columbia [Institution for the 
I 'eat and Dumb, located at Kendall Green, a beau- 
tiful old property, once the home of Amos Kendall, 
comprising ;il t one hundred acres. Since [857 

which is now generously aided by the Government. 

Deal mute children whose parents are <■ tected 

with the army or navy, or those residing in the Dis- 
trict, may here obtain ;i free education. A collegiate 
course at this institution is open at a very reasonable 
expense to students from all parts of the United 



States, both army and navy. Here, too, are treated 
all the insane of the District. This hospital was 
established in 1855, the grounds — over 400 acres — 
and the necessary buildings at first erected costing 
nearly Si, 000, 000. Located on the crest of the 
Anacostia hills, overlooking the entire city, the 
buildings, crowned with battlements and towers, 
have the appearance of an ancient castle. 

William W. Corcoran, a wealthy and philan- 
thropic gentleman, of Washington, in 187 1 set aside 
a portion of his estate for the establishment and 
maintenance of a home for aged ladies without 
means — impoverished gentlewomen. It was a me- 
morial to his dead wife and daughter, and is called 
"The Louise Home." Its endowment fund of a 
quarter of a million dollars is managed by a board 
of trustees, the members of which are women. The 
home is a handsome, four-story brick residence, sur- 
rounded bj r spacious, well-kept lawns and gardens. 
facing on Massachusetts avenue, northwest, between 
Fifteenth street and Scott circle, one of the finest 
locations in the most fashionable section of the city. 
It cost to build $200,000, and is handsomely fur- 
nished. One of the ladies now residing here is Mrs. 
Letitia Tyler Semple, the daughter of a President, 
and a former mistress of the White House. 

The National Soldiers' and Sailors' Orphan 
Home was established in 1866, and is liberally 
supported by the National Government. This 
institution is also under the control of a board 
of women, and cares for and educates the orphans 
there until they are sixteen vears old. Adjoining Howard 
University is the Freedmen's Hospital, which has accom- 
modations for about two hundred patients. Here the phy- 
sicians and surgeons are in large part of the colnrcl race. 



States. 
Tin 

the oil,, 

mouth. 



tmenl 
if the 



-tin 



of physician; 
unfortunates 
tin- service 



whose 1 

if the I' 




THE CITY OF WASHINGTON. 



345 



Other benevolent institutions, some of which are supported 
in part by the Government, are the Home for the Aged, 
corner of Third and H streets, northeast ; the City Orphan 
Asylum, corner of Fourteenth and S streets, northwest ; St. 
John's Hospital, on H street between Nineteenth and Twen- 
tieth streets, northwest ; Garfield Memorial Hospital, Tenth 
street and Florida avenue ; Providence Hospital, Second and 
D streets, southeast and the Columbia Hospital for Women, 
corner of Twenty-fifth and L streets, northwest. 

The organized charities of the District of Columbia arc 
in part under control of a board of citizens. The present 
membership is : S. W. Woodward, president ; Charles 1 '. 
Neill, vice-president ; John Joy Edson, George W. Cook 
and Simon Wolf. The secretary of the board is George S. 
Wilson. The work of the board is classed under four prin- 
cipal heads: (1) Reformatories and correctional institu- 
tions; (2) medical charities; (3) child-caring institutions; 
(4) miscellaneous institutions. The last report of the board 
to Congress shows that an additional building is needed at 
the workhouse, to which institution there were 4,223 com- 
mitments during the year. The daily average number in 
the boys' reform school for the year was 234, and recom- 
mendation for an additional building here, too, is made. 
The daily average number of girls in the similar institution 
for that sex was 55, of which 52 were colored. 

In the medical charities the contract system now pre- 
vails, the Government paying not more than $1 a day for 
the treatment of each charity patient in Providence, Gar- 
field, Columbia, the Children's and the Homeopathic FIos- 
pitals. Every applicant for admission as a free patient 
must be approved by the board, and this fact deters patients 
who are able to pay from making application for admis- 
sion. Non-residents are denied admission. When neces- 
sary, temporary care is given, after which such patients are 
returned to the communities from which they came. 

Recommendations have been made for a municipal hos- 
pital, and in its last report the board submitted an estimate 
of a quarter of a million dollars for beginning such a build- 
ing. It is urged that there is great need for the care of 
chronic cases, convalescents, inebriates, and of patients suf- 
fering from tuberculosis. Experience in Washington and 
other large cities has taught that private general hospitals 
are not likely to make provision in any considerable number 
for the classes of patients named. The site for this hospital 
has already been selected on high ground in an especiall) 
healthful locality, where indigent patients, suffering from 
tuberculosis in its advanced stages, can receive the maxi- 
mum care and attention with a minimum of clanger ol in 



fection to the community. "The need of making 
provision lor inebriates," says the report, " h 
upon us by the judges of the police court, wl 
brought before them again and again bccaus 
ness, and who feel that a shorl confinement in tl 
is without effect in remedying this condition. 
with this class of patients, a law should Ix; ci 
the courts power to commit habitual drunk 11 
nicipal hospital for confinement and treatu 

Provision for caring for convali ■ 
the most noticeably important of tin 
nicipal hospital. Under present conditions it 
poor persons in public and privah 
from severe illness, to return to their honn 
before they are sufficiently recovered to resume thcii 
employments, or are even well enough i<> withstand tin- 1 
conditions, in the way of food and shelter. t> 

in many (if the homes of tin- 1 r. The a 11 

is a great burden in the poor family, and tin 
the family are usually such a.- to retard tin •• 
patient, or even to cause a relapse "i tin- illi 

The child-caring work in tin 
not so we'd organized as it might 1« 
much duplication of effort, and results art somi tin 
isfactory. There are at least seven separati 
agencies through which children me. 
maintained in whole or in part In appropriations 
money. The Board of Charities strongly adv< 
this work be centralized in the Board of Children' 
ians. In so doing tin- board offer- no criticisn 
good work being clone by private institute 
contrary praises them, while insisting thai 
ommended "will, in the end. be much betl 
tutions themselves, and in every \v; 
opment of a reasonable and effective system of c 
work in the District of Columbia." Blind ch 
sent, under contract, to Baltimore, and fecble-minde< 
dren to Elwyn, Pennsylvania. 

The District Almshouse provided 
last fiscal year for 237 persons, and a new aim- 
accommodate 300 1- to be built. In the plans 
the inmates will be lodged on the first ai 
the employes on the third floor. Ampli 
porches are provided and provision is 1 
so that in the few instances where il 
admit both husband and wife to the almsl 
be necessary to scpara 
arrangements. 



348 



THE CITY OF WASHINGTON-. 




RESIDENCE OF GENERAL WILLIAM F. DRAPER. 



CHAPTER XXV. 



BENCH AND BAR. 






va 



YW, of all the professions represented in 
the District of Columbia, is paramount. 
ff'teM^ ^iP\ * n *' le ' la '^ s °^ Congress the lawyers pre- 
LL-~ V- J-^ >vMl dominate. In the resident population their 
proportion is greater than in any other city 
of the Union. Attracted by the lucrative 
practice before the Supreme Court, the 
courts of claims and the departments, some 
of the brightest legal lights which other 
States have produced have become perma- 
J nent residents. On the other hand, the 

educational advantages found here for those desiring to fol- 
low the legal profession have been so excellent that the 
District has produced from its native sons many brilliant 
barristers, attorneys and counselors-at-law. 

The Supreme Court of the United States is the balance 
wheel of the Republic. Its authority is unquestioned. Leg- 
islation is not the law of the land beyond question until 
passed upon by the Supreme Court as to its constitutionality. 
Whatever criticisms may be expressed upon its judgments, 
their execution has never been resisted. So great is the 
number of cases brought before the court, that the justices 
have little rest. When court is not in session, the justices 
are at work on the circuits or in chambers. When they 
take vacations, work goes along with them, for opinions 
are to be handed down when the court meets for another 
term. This annual session begins the second Monday in 
October, and usually ends about May 15. As stated by the 
Constitution, its power extends " to all cases in law and 
equity arising under this Constitution, the laws of the United 
States, and treaties made or which shall be made under 
their authority; to all cases affecting ambassadors, other 
public ministers, and consuls ; to all cases of admiralty and 
maritime jurisdiction; to controversies to which the United 
States shall be a party ; to controversies between two or more 
States, between a State and citizens of another State, be- 
tween citizens of different States, between citizens of the 
same State claiming lands under grants of different Stales, 
and between a State or the citizens thereof and foreign 
States, citizens, or subjects." 

Under the provisions of the Constitution, the first Con- 
gress created the Supreme Court, with a Chief Justice and 
five Associate Justices. Two circuit courts were also pro- 



vided. With the growth of the country these have ii 
to nine, one for each member of the present court. The 
first Chief Justice, appointed by President Washington in 
1789, resigned in 1795. The Presidenl appointed as his 
successor, John Rutledge, of South Carolina, whom the 
Senate refused to confirm. Oliver Ellsworth, of Connecti- 
cut, was then appointed, serving three years, and then 
tendering his resignation. His successor. John Marshall, 
was not appointed until 1S01. but held the office until his 
death, nearly thirty-live years. Roger Brooke Taney, of 
Maryland, was appointed by General Jackson, in 1836; he 
died in 1S64. President Lincoln appointed Salmon 
Chase, of Ohio, whose death in [873 again created a va- 
cancy. This was filled by General Grant by the appoint- 
ment of Morrison R. Waite, who presided over tin 
deliberations nearly fifteen years. Death again mad 
the office, and Melville W. Fuller, of Illinois, was appointed 
by President Cleveland. 

To Chief Justice Marshall was given the title " the 
great Chief Justice-." I lis honor and integrity were never 
questioned; he possessed profound learning, and in ability 
to sift out the merits of a legal argument and state it clearly 
and concisely he had no peer. I le possessed many endearing 
personal traits and many peculiarities. Tall of figure ami 
rather loose-jointed, lie miglll have been the - 
save for the quiet dignity which seei him as 

with a mantle. It is related of him that " in the coldest 
weather he never wore an overcoat, and was often seen on 
winter days walking at a rapid pace through the si 
Washington, clad only in his rusty, thin, black suit, lie 
was very fond of society, exceedingh hospitable, and frankly 
acknowledged he enjoyed the pleasures of the table." Bill- 
iards and quoits \\>ie his favorite pastimes. Besides writing 
the exhaustive opinions he rendered from the bench, lie 
found time to win fame as a historian by writing a life of 
\\ ashington. 

The Supreme Court, as \at present constituted 
prises: Tli,- Chief Justice, Melville W. Fuller, ol 
Associate fustices fohn Marshall Marian, of Kcntucl 
vid losiah' Brewer, of Kansas; Henry Billings Brown, of 
Michigan; Edward Douglass Win" • Rufus 

W. Pcckham, of Xew York; Joseph McKcnna, 
fomia ; Oliver Wendell Holmes, of M md Will- 



(349) 






350 



THE CITY OF WASHINGTON. 



iani R. I Jay. of ( )hio, the latter having recently received his 
appointment from President Roosevelt as successor to Jus- 
irge Shiras, who retired on account of age and long 
service. ' (fficers of the Supreme Court are: Clerk, James 
M. McKenney; deputy clerk, Charles B. Bcall : marshal, 
J. M. Wright; reporter, (harks Henry Butler. 

Next in importance to the Supreme Court is the Court 
of I llaims, established by act of Congress, February 24, 1855. 
h has general jurisdiction of all "claims founded upon the 
Constitution of the United States or any law of Congress, 
. cepl for pensions, or upon any regulation of an executive 
department, or upon any contract, expressed or implied, 
with the Government <>i the United States, or for damages, 
liquidated or unliquidated, in cases not sounding in tort, in 



States, payable out of the public Treasury. An appeal, only 
upon questions of law, lies to the Supreme Court on the 
part of the defendants in all cases, and on the part of the 
claimants when the amount in controversy exceeds $3,000. 
The findings of fact by the Court of Claims arc final and 
not subject to review by the Supreme Court. 

By the act of March 3, 1883, called the " Bowman Act," 
the head of an executive department may refer to the court 
any " claim or matter " pending in his department involving 
controverted questions of fact or law. The court is required 
to find the facts and its conclusions of law and to report 
the same to the department for its guidance and action. The 
same act authorizes either House of Congress or any of its 
committees to refer to the court any " claim or matter " in- 




UNITED STATES SUPREME COURT CHAMBER. 



1 whirl) claims the parly would he entitled to re- 
insl the 1 hiited States, cither in a courl of law, 
cquitj or admiralty, if tin- Tinted States were suabli 

■ win- out of the late civil war and commonly 
war claims," and certain rejected claims. 

laims of like character which 

to it by any executive department, involving 

controverted questions of law, where the 

amount in ■ the decision 

will alt. h furnish a prccedcnl for the 

any executive department in the adjustment 

'here any authority, right, privilege, 

tin 1 institution, 

In all the abovc-menti . when it fiuds 

for the 1 laim iudgmcnl against tire I fnited 



volving the investigation and determination of facts, the 
court to find the facts and report the same to Congress for 
such action thereon as may there he determined. This act 
i- extended h\ act of March J. 1887. A statute of limita- 
n. m- prevents parties from bringing actions on theii own 
motion lor six years after the caifse of action accrued, hut 
the department may refer claims at any time, if they were 
pending therein within the six years. Idle only limitation 
under the Bowman Act is that the courl -hall have no juris- 
diction of any claim barred before the passage of the act by 
any then existing provision of law. 

By act of January 20, 1885, Congress gave to the courl 
jurisdiction over "claims to indemnity upon the French 
Government arising out of illegal captures, detentions, seiz- 
ure-, condemnations, and confiscations prior to the ratifica- 



THE CITY OF WASHINGTON. 



351 



tion of the convention between the United States and the 
French Republic concluded on the 30th day of September, 
1800." The time of filing claims is limited to two years 
from the passage of the act, and all claims not presented 
within that time are forever barred. The court finds the 
facts and the law, and reports the same in each case to 
Congress. 

By act of March 3. 1891, the court is vested with juris- 
diction of certain Indian depredation claims. The Secre- 
tary of the Navy has re- 
ferred to the court, under 
the act of March 2, 1SS7, 
all cases growing out of 
claims for bounty for 
war vessels captured in- 
destroyed by the United 
States during the late war 
with Spain, involving a 
consideration of every 
naval conflict that took 
place and the rights of 
all the officers and men 
engaged. 

There are five judges, 
who sit together in the 
hearing of cases, the con- 
currence of three of these 
being necessary for the 
decision of any case. 

The court sits in this 
city, in the old Corcoran 
Art Building, at Seven- 
teenth street and Penn- 
sylvania avenue, north- 
west, on the first Monday 
in December each year, 
and continues into the 
following summer and 
until all cases ready r for 
trial are disposed of. 
Cases may be commenc- 
ed and entered at any 
time, whether the court 
is in session or not. 

The personnel of the 
Zourt of Claims at pres- 
ent is as follows: Chief 
Justice Charles C. Nott, 
Judge Lawrence Weldon, 

Judge Stanton J. Peelle, Judge Charles B. Howry. Judge 
Francis M. Wright; Chief Clerk Archibald Hopkins, As- 
sistant Clerk John Rando'ph, Bailiff Stark B. Taylor. 

Claims growing out of the war with Spain are referred 
to a special commission, of which Ex-Senator William E. 
Chandler, of New Hampshire, is the president, and W. V 
Maury, W. L. Chambers, of Alabama, J. V. Wood, of < >hio, 
and G. J. Diekema, of Michigan, the other members. This 
commission is under the Department of Justice, as is the 




CHIEF JUSTICE MARSHALL. 



commission to revise the laws, consisting of Alexander C. 
Botkin, of Montana; David K. Watson, of 1 >hio, and Will- 
iam D. Bynum, of Indiana. . 

The Circuit Court of the District of Columbia, con- 
sisting of one chief justice and two associate justices, was 
established by act of Congress in 1S01. The jurisdiction 
of this court then covered Washington and Alexandria 
county, the latter, of course, ceasing with the reti 
of the Virginia part of the district to thai State. From the 
Circuit Court of the I )is- 
trict it was provided an 
appeal might be taken to 
the Supreme 1 lourt of the 
United States in 
where the amount ex 
< eeded moo. This limit 
was afterward-, h 1 
to Si, 000. and afterwards 
to $5,000 i" order to pre 
win overcrowding of the 
highest court with petty 
local litigation: Certain 
cases, named in the Stat- 
re excepted from 
this limit. The District 
w as also given, almost at 
the start, an orphan's 
court and a register of 
wills. In 1S02 a district 
court was created, over 
which the chief justice of 
the circuit court should 

preside, and to whom 
was given jurisdiction 
in bankruptcy and admi- 
ralty cases. In 1863 Con 
gress established an en- 
tirely new system of 
courts for the I • 
The judicial 
of the District of Co- 
lumbia now comprises a 
court of appeals. ... su 
preme court, 1 
court, and flfteei 
of the peace, b 
number of I . - 

rs. The Court 
of Appeals was created 
in [893, in order to relieve the Supreme Court of the United 
States of a vast burden of District cases. The firsl 
appointed were Richard II. Alvcy. of Maryland: Martin 
F. Morris, of the District of Columbia, and Setli Sbepard. 
of Texas, who still hold their offices. The court was form- 
ally organized on the firsl Monday in May. 1893. It is the 
court of last resort in all criminal cases coming up from 
the Supreme Court of the District, and in all ci 
from the same court where the amount in controvi ' 



352 



THE CITY OF WASHINGTON. 



eed $5,000. The Courf of Appeals is also empow- 
ered i" hear and determine appeals from the decisions of 
the Commissioner of Patents. Robert Willett is clerk of 
the court, and II. W. Hodges, assistant clerk. 

The Supreme Courf of the District consists of a chief 

nd five associate justices. The powers and juris- 

of this court arc the same as those of United States 

districl and circuit courts, having circuit, chancery, district, 

probate and criminal branches. This court is also the only 

ssing the power to issue writs of mandamus against 

■ o rs of the United States. It lias appellate 

jurisdiction over the District justices of peace, and con- 
current jurisdiction where the amount in controversy ex- 
ceeds Sioo. It has jurisdiction of all felonies committed 
within the District, and certain misdemeanors; of all cases 
in law and equity where one or both of the parties are 
residents, or are found within the District; of all causes in 
which the United States is a party; of all seizures on land 
and water: of all penalties and forfeitures arising or accru- 
ing under the laws of the United Stales; and of all causes 
arising under the copyright and patent laws. This court, 
i .ii present constituted, is: 

Chief justice Harry M. Clabaugh; Associate Justices 
Alexander I'.. Hagner, Thomas II. Anderson, Job Barnard, 
Vshlcj M. Gould and Jeter C. Pritchard. Justice Gould was 
formerly the United States attorney for the District, and 
! the late Andrew C. Bradley. Justice Pritchard 
was appointed to fill the vacancy caused by the promotion 
of Justice Clabaugh to chief justice upon the recent retire- 
ment of Chief Justice Edward F. Bingham. Justice Hag- 
ner retired from the bench June i, 1903, on account of age 
and long service, and his successor ma\ be appointed before 
this history is off the press. A former justice of this court, 
now retired, is Hon. Alexander VVylie, of [205 Fourteenth 
northwest. Judge Waller S. Cox, another retired 
lied recently . 
The United Slates attorney for the District is appointed 
b\ the President, subject to confirmation b\ the Senate, for 
a four years' term, but may be removed or continued at the 
will of the President. In all cases to which the United 
.1 part) he i- its legal representative. He ha- the 
appointim ociates, subject, however, to the ap- 

il the Department of Justice. The present force 
: United Stales Attorney Morgan II Beach, As- 

1 hoi .1 1 Taylor, Peytoi 1 

don an. I Alexander K. Mullowny. 

ai hal is provided for the District in 

i - him is given the cus- 

ing of all papers issued 

irl .md the Court of Appeals. 

1 : his chief office dep- 

gislcr of wills. 

fohn 1 
'"" , •' sl " c latter i appointed 

''. v ,Iu ' ' '' v (luring their 



pleasure. He is the only person authorized to make sur- 
veys that ma}- affect officially recorded land boundaries in 
the District, and is the legal custodian of such recorded 
surveys. 

The District Police Court is divided into two branches, 
one for the trial of minor offenses, and one for more serious 
offenses, including inquiries into cases which may be brought 
from the grand jury. Cases where the penalty of conviction 
is more than $50 are tried by jury upon demand of the de- 
fendant. The police judges are: Charles F. Scott and Ivory 
G. Kimball. James L. Pugh is the prosecuting attorney. 

Fifteen justices of the peace are appointed by the Presi- 
dent every four years. These have jurisdiction in all civil 
cases where the amounts in controversy do not exceed $300: 
also in attachment and replevin proceedings. No criminal 
jurisdiction is given the justices of the peace, although in 
certain cases they can issue warrants, which, however, must 
be served by the police department. 

The attorneys of the District perfected an organization 
which was incorporated as "The Bar Association of the 
District of Columbia," on June 5. 1874. It has rooms in 
the City Hall, and here it has collected a valuable working 
library of about ten thousand volumes, which are accessible 
between the hours of 9 .\. M. and 4 p. m. to all members of 
the association, and to visiting non-resident attorneys. The 
officers of this association now are: President. Benjamin 
F. Leighton ; first vice-president, J. Holdsworth Gordon : 
second vice-president, Hugh T. Taggart : secretary, Percival 
M. Brown; treasurer, Charles II. Cragin; directors. I'.. F. 
Leighton,Percival M. Brown", Charles H. Cragin, Leon To- 
hriner, Julius A. Maedel, Benjamin S. Minor, F. II. Thomas, 
.M. I. Colbert; librarian. James I'.. Robinson. 

Hon. Melville Weston Fuller, the Chief Justice of 

the United States, was horn in Augusta, Kennebec county, 
State of Maine, February it. [833; his father, grandfather 
and great-grandfather having all been leading citizens of 
that state. His grandfather, Nathan Weston, was chief 
justice of tin- common pleas prior to 1820. then was associate 
justice of the supreme court of Maine from iSjo to 1834, 
and chief justice of the state from [834 to 1841. His paternal 
grandfather, 1 fenry Weld Fuller, a classmate of I )aniel Web- 
ster at Dartmouth College, became a lawyer of ability, and 
was at the lime of his death a judge in Kennebec county. 
Maine. His father. Frederick Augustus Fuller, a graduate 
of Harvard Law School, was also a lawyer of distinction. 
After being well grounded in the rudiments of an educa- 
tion, young Fuller entered Bowdoin College, and was grad- 
uated from thai institution in 1853. Having descended 
from a Ion- line of lawyers, he at once decided to enter that 

m He studied in the office of his uncle. George 
Melville Weston, in Bangor, Maine, and then look tin 
of lectures at Harvard Law School, After his admission 
io the bar he began to practice at Augusta in 1855. in part- 
nership with his uncle. Benjamin A. C. Fuller, with whom 
he was also associated for a short time as editor of The 

•emocratic paper. The next year be was president 



THE CITY OF WASHINGTON. 



of the common council of Augusta and performed the 
duties of city solicitor. Before the year 1856 had closed 
he removed to Chicago, 111., where he continued in the 
practice of his profession, having already at the age of 
twenty-three displayed remarkable ability as a lawyer. His 
engaging manners, brilliant attainments, and his readiness 
and eagerness for hard work, soon brought him clients, and 
within two years of his location in that rapidly growing 
city, he appeared before the supreme court of Illinois as 
attorney in the case of Beach vs. Derby. His first case 
in the Supreme Court of the United States was that of 
Dows vs. Chicago, an attempt to restrain by bill the col- 
lection of a tax upon shares of the capital stock of a bank. 
The first case that he argued in person was that of The 
Traders' Bank vs. Campbell, involving the interesting ernes- 
Lion of a judgment against a bankrupt. His ability and 




CHIEF JUSTICE FULLER 

loyalty to the interests of his clients were so fully recog- 
nized that he soon acquired a large and lucrative practice, 
embracing all branches of the law. In commercial law 
and the law of real property he had no superior at the 
Chicago bar. The impression he made on the jurisprudence 
of Illinois can be estimated by the fact that cases in which 
he was interested appear in more than 100 volumes of the 
law reports of that State. The most celebrated case in 
which he was interested was the trial before an ecclesiastical 
court of Rev. Dr. Bishop Charles Edward Cheney, over a 
charge of canonical disobedience, and the subsequent case 
in which it was sought to prevent him from further acting 
as rector, and from occupying the parsonage and using 
the house of worship as such. Mr. Fuller appeared it 
defense of the bishop, and in the trial displayed a knowl- 
edge of ecclesiastical law and a familiarity with the writ- 
ings of the church fathers that was astonishing even to 
the learned churchmen before whom the case was 

45 



353 

tried; while bi^ argumenl before the Supreme <'>uirt of 
Illinois, to which tribunal the case finally went, has been 
pronounced a masterpiece of legal argument and forensic 
eloquence. In this case Mr. Fuller held, and was sup- 
ported by the court in his position, thai the church society 
held its property subject to no ecclesiastical judicatory or 
governing body, lint solely for the use of the society or 
congregation, and to decide otherwise would be to overrule 
the statute under which the society was formed, and to 
ignore the corporate body which the law interposed between 
church and State, that they might lie separated as widely as 
possible. He had an extensive practice in the Federal 
Court early in his career. In fact, it is a singular coincidence 
that in the first case heard by the late Chief Justice Waite, 
when he assumed the duties of his office in [874, Mr. Fuller, 
his successor in the office, was counsel. Mr. Fuller dis- 
tinguished himself in the celebrated "Lake Front Case,"' 
before Mr. Justice Harlan and judge Blodgett, in which 
he successfully represented the vast interests of the city of 
Chicago. It was a great legal contest, and the conduct 
of the case attracted wide attention. A marked character- 
istic of his methods as a practitioner at the bar was thor- 
oughness, to which end he always made a careful preparation 
for his cases before they came up for trial. In addressing 
court or jury he spoke with clearness and earnestness, and 
some of his arguments in important cases contain a wealth 
of research and scholarly reasoning. A desire for justice 
dominated him in the conduct of cast's, rather than a desire 
to win. In his thirty-three years' practice at the Chicago 
bar he rose gradually to the highest rank in the legal pro- 
fession. He was a personal friend and ardent admirer 
of Stephen A. Douglas, and during the civil war gave a 
loyal and earnest support to the cause of the Union. In 
1862 he was a member of the convention to revise the 
Mate Constitution of Illinois, and in 1863 of the lower 
house of the State legislature. He was a delegate to the 
Democratic National Conventions of [864, 1872, 1 876 and 
1880, making an eloquent speech in 1876 in placing Thomas 
A. Hendricks in nomina the convention, \fter 

[880 Mr. Fuller retired front active participation in politics. 
and gave his entire attention to his profession. On April 
30, [888, he was nominati tl b) ' > land to 

he Chief Justice of the United States a s the sue 
Morrison R. Waite. who died on March -'.; of the same 
year, lie was confirmed h\ the Senate, and conn 
July jo. 1888, being then with one exception the 
member of the Supreme Court, over which he h; 
presided with dignit} and grace. He ; ~ well versed in gen- 
eral literature and history, is familiar with modern lai 
and is a fine scholar in the ancient classics, lie is | 
of an amiable disposition and geni rous impuls 
early public addresses, one welcoming Stephen \ 

lid another oil ■■ . which 

is prefixed to Breesc's " Earh I tiston of 
special mention. He distinguished iiimsell 
in an address before both 1 1 

of the first 
1 



354 



THE CFTY OF WASHINGTON. 



following degrees from institutions of learning: A.B. and 
A.M. from Bowdoin College, and that of LL.D. from 
Northwestern University, Bowdoin College, Harvard Uni- 
versity, Yale University and Dartmouth College. 




Hon. Richard Henry Alvey. There is always more 
attention paid to presidential appointments than to the filling 
of any other public office. I!\ reason of safeguarding the 
the country and satisfying its citizens, the 
nl takes the greatest pains in selecting for public 
posts the best-qualified men for the positions. \'<\ appoint- 
ing the Hon. Richard Henry Alvey. Chief Justice of the 
1 ourl of Appeals in the city of Washington, D. ('.. Presi- 
dent Cli bowed bis appreciation of the high quali- 
fications of the present incumbent of the office, which so 
eminently fitted him for the responsible post be toda) occu- 
pies with honor and credit to himself and Ids country, 
jurist of the highest order, and Ins opinions 
and decisions have always been considered excellent speci- 
men- of sound reasoning and good logic. Richard Henry 
\l\cv was born in St. Mary's county, Maryland, in March, 
[826. Mis carh education was acquired in the public schools 
unity, lu [844 he entered the clerk's office 
ty, Maryland, as clerk, which place he held 
lie studied law, and in [849 was 
admitted to the bar. In the following year he renn 

>wii, Maryland, where he engaged in the practice 

Public honoi night by him. hut they 

sought him. In is-.. Judge Alvey was elected one of 

During the war he was im- 

impany with the 

W illiam Brown and others. 

After tin 

rv committee of 



the constitutional convention of 1867, and was elected chief 
judge of the fourth circuit under the new constitution, 
and was re-elected in 1882. He was designated in 1883 
by Governor Hamilton as chief justice of the Court of 
Appeals of Maryland, to succeed Judge Bartol. This place 
he resigned to accept the office of chief justice of the Fed- 
eral Court of Appeals in the District of Columbia, in April. 
1893. His court is the appellate court of the District of 
Columbia, and has general jurisdiction in patent cases. Pres- 
ident Cleveland, in January. 1896, appointed Judge Alvey 
a member of the Venezuela Boundary Commission, which 
office he filled to the highest satisfaction of the American 

people. 

{ "pon the death of Chief Justice W'aite. during Mr. Cleve- 
land's first term, some of the justices of the Supreme Court. 
who had been impressed with the opinions delivered by 
Judge Alvey on the appellate bench of Maryland, urged 
the President to appoint him Chief Justice of the United 
States. This the President, it is said, was disposed to do, 
but it is understood was deterred by the fact that Judge 
Alvey was a Southern man, and it was feared that for that 
position to go South might create animosities. In 1897 
Justice Alvey was made chancellor of the National Univer- 
sity. District of Columbia, a position which he still holds, 
and in June, 1902. the honorary degree of doctor of laws 
was conferred upon him by the University of Princeton. 
New Jersey. 

In 1862 Judge Alvey married Miss Julia Hays. Their 
home residence is Hagerstown, Maryland, and the Judge's 
official address is Washington, D. C. 




Hon. Martin F. Morris, associate justice of the ( ourl 

of Vppeals <>i the Districl of Columbia, was educated at 

\n College, in this District, and having studied 

for the legal profession, was admitted to the bar. in Balti- 



THE CITY OF WASHINGTON. 



355 



more, in 1863. In 1867, returning to Washington, which 
had been his home, he formed a partnership with the late 
Richard T. Merrick, then at the height of his reputation 
as a lawyer, and was associated with him in the noted 
trial of John H. Surratt. In 1870 he was instrumental 
in establishing the law department of the University of 
Georgetown, in which in 1876 he accepted a professorship, 
which he continued to hold for upwards of twenty-five years. 
In 1877 he received the degree of doctor of laws from his 
alma mater, the University of Georgetown. 

In 1893, entirely without solicitation on his part, he 
was appointed an associate justice of the Court of Appeals 
of the District, then newly established, and contributed 
greatly to the successful organization of that court. He has 
to a considerable extent combined the pursuits of literature 
with the profession of the law, and is a member of the 
Washington Literary Society, the Columbia Historical So- 
ciety, the National Geographic Society, the Philosophical 
Society, and various other organizations. Mr. Morris has 
never married. 

Hon. Edward Franklin Bingham was born August 
13, 1828, at West Concord, Essex county, Vermont, being 
the fifth son of the late Judge Warner Bingham and Lucy 
(Wheeler) Bingham, and a descendant of Thomas Bing- 
ham, who emigrated from Sheffield, England, and settled in 
Norwich, Connecticut, in 1659. Judge Bingham received his 
early education at the public and select schools of Vermont 
and later at the Academy at Peacham, of the same State, 
one of the oldest and best endowed and most distinguished 
educational institutions of the State at that time. In 1846, 
while on a visit to Ohio, he determined to make that State 
his future home. After spending a brief period at Marietta 
College he read law with his brother, the Honorable Harry 
Bingham, at Littleton, New Hampshire, concluding, as he 
commenced his law studies, under the late Judge Joseph 
Miller of , Chillicothe, Ohio. He was admitted to the bar 
by the Supreme Court of that State in May, 1850, the late 
Chief Justice Peter Hitchcock presiding. The legislature 
had in the preceding March created the county of Vinton, 
and on June I, 1850, he opened a law office at McArthur, 
the county seat of the new county. Although a total 
stranger, he soon found warm friends and steadfast clients, 
with plenty of business. A vacancy occurred in the office 
of prosecuting attorney of Vinton county, and the follow- 
ing November he was appointed to that office by the Court 
of Common Pleas, and in 1851 he was elected for a term 
of two years, and re-elected in 1853, serving five years. 
In October, 1855, he was elected representative for the 
counties of Vinton and Jackson, and served in the legis- 
lature during the sessions of 1856 and 1857. Although 
strongly urged to accept a renomination to the legislature 
he declined, desiring to devote himself to his law practice. 
In 1858 he was complimented by his party with the unani- 
mous nomination for the office of judge of the Court 
Common Pleas for the second sub-division of the judici: 
district composed of the counties of Vinton, Jackson, I 'ike 
Scioto and Lawrence. The Democratic party being in tin 



minority in that sub - division, he was defeated by a very 
small majority by his competitor, the Honorable W. W 
Johnson. In 1859 the Democratic convention for the coun- 
ties of Vinton and Jackson nominated him for representa- 
tive in the legislature, but he declined the nomination. 
He was a delegate from the eleventh I ongri ssional district 
of Ohio in i860 to the Democratic National Convention held 
first at Charleston, S. C, and by adjournment at Baltimore, 
and was an eye witness of the thrilling proceed 
that body. In January, [861, he removed to Columbus, 
Ohio, where he resided until he removed to Washington. 
In 1868 Judge Bingham became chairman of the State 
Democratic executive committee. From [867 to 1S71 lie 
was by election solicitor of the city of Columbus, Ohio. 
From 1863 to 1S68 he served as a member of the board 
of education of the same city and was re-elected to the 
board in 1872. In March. 1873. he was nominated by his 




HON. EDWARD FRAN 



BINGHAM 



party as a candidate for the judge ol the common ■ 
the fifth judicial district, and at tile election the follow Jul; 
month was elected without opposition. He was twice re- 
elected, each term being for live years, without op| 
In [876 he was delegat* to the Democratic N'ational Con- 
vention at St. Louis, which nominated Samuel I. Tilden 
for President of the United States. The Democratic State 
convention in [881 nominated him for the ' Hiio supreme 
court bench, but with the balance of the ticket he was 
defeated. In [8S6 he was strongh recommended bj the 
bench, bar and citizens of Ohio, irrespective of party, to 
President Cleveland for Judge of the sixth United States 
judicial circuit. Judge Howell E. Jackson, then United 
States Senator from Tennessee was. however, appointed 
to that position. On April 25. 1887. while occupying a 
place on the Ohio common plea- lunch. Judge Bingham 
was l'\ President Cleveland appointed I liief Jti 



356 



THE CITY OF WASHINGTON. 



the Supreme Court of the District of Columbia, which 
position he occupied until April 30, 1903, when he retired 
on account of age. He has always taken foremost rank 
as a lawyer, and on the bench his success has been more 
ced than it was as a lawyer. Few of his decisions 
id by higher courts. 
linn. W. II. Webb, then a prominent member of the 
bar of Washington, in the "Centennial History of Wash- 
ington," -oon after the appointment of Chief Justice Bing- 
ham to the Supreme Court, District of Columbia, makes the 
following mention of him: " lie has been for so short a 
1 justice of this court that little can he said, except 
thai he has shown himself to he a strictly correct and up- 
right judge, Mis decisions are manifestly fair, and show 
a ureal deal of ability and learning, and there is every rea- 
son to apprehend that his career mi the bench will be hon- 
orable to himself, as well as eminently useful to his fellow- 
citizens." It may he truthfully said that this prediction has 
been full) verified, and that as a judge he had the full con- 
and respect of his associates on the bench, of mem- 
the bar, and of citizens of the District. 
Chief Justice Bingham was married on November 21, 
1850, to Susannah F. Gunning, of Fayette county, Ohio, who 
;usl _'. [886, leaving two sons and two daughters. 
The judge was next married Oil August 8, 188S, to Mrs. 
Lin < '. Patton, daughtei of the late United States Senator 
Allen T. 1 aperton, of West Virginia. Chief Justice Bing- 
1007 I I street, northwest. 

Hon. Alexander Burton Hagner. The Supreme 
Court bench of the District of Columbia is occupied by 

jurists who are the peers of their profession and men of the 

highest integrity. The decisions of the District Supreme 

Court are always followed with the keenest interest by the 

i the legal fraternity everywhere, being considered 

as reliable authoritj in the interpretation of law upon main 

important questions, which no other court in the United 

cepl the Supreme Court of the United States, has 

jurisdiction to decide. One of the associate justices was 

andei Burton Hagner, a public minded citizen, as well 

born in the city of \\ ash- 

11 Jul) 13, 1826. Me was the youngest, but 

famil) oi ten children. Mis parents were Peter 

and Frances (Randall) Hagner. Mis father was a valued 

public ..Hi., 1 from 1792, when he was appointed a clerk 

during the administration of President Washington, until 

the office of Third Auditor of the 

111 the creation of that 

■ nt to the be 

I'll, and in 1843 was entered 
ciliated in June. 1845. 
"land, with bis uncle. 
ndall, with whom, in 1854, In 

uued until [876, when 
lie linn of Randall & Hagner 

liner partner. I. \\ irt 



Air. Hagner has actively engaged in the duties of his 
profession in the court of appeals, circuit courts of Anne 
Arundel, Calvert, and other counties, and in the courts 
of Baltimore city, and before committees of the State leg- 
islature. During this time he was engaged in numerous 
important cases involving novel and interesting questions, 
among which were the mandamus cases of Marshall versus 
Harwood, respecting the title of the office of the State 
Librarian ; of Magruder versus Swann, and Gwinn against 
Groome, involving the question of the right of a State court 
to issue a mandamus against the Governor : the adjutant 
general's case of McBlair versus Bond, and the injunction 
cases of Gilbert versus Arnold, and Hunt versus Town- 
shend, which determined the question of property in Mary- 
land between the M. E. Church South and the M. E. Church. 
He was engaged for the defense in numerous conspicuous 




HON. ALEXANDER BURTON HAGNER 

criminal cases, among which were those against Mrs. \\ liar 
ton For the poisoning of General Ketchum and of Mr. 
Eugene VanNess. Under the constitution of Maryland, 
of 1864, he acted as a special judge in Trine 
county, in a large number of case- where the county judge 
was disqualified, He was judge advocate of tin naval 
court of inquiry, of which Commodore Morris was presi 
dent, called in 1X50 to investigate the conduct of Com 
mander Hunter, in the capture of the Alvarado; and also 
of the naval general court-martial, which was in session 
in San Francisco, from February to June. 1876, for the 
trial of l'a\ Inspector Spalding. 

\lr. Hagner was the attorney for the Farmer's National 
Bank of Annapolis. M,l.. of which he was a director for 
several years. In politics, he belonged to the Whig party, 
and as such was elected to the legislature in [854, and dur 



THE CITY OF WASHINGTON. 



357 



ing that session served as chairman of the committee of 
ways and means. In 1857 lie was the independent union 
candidate in a strong Democratic district for Congress but 
was defeated; and in 1874 was again a candidate, endorsed 
by the Republican convention of the district, with the same 
result. He served in i860 as a Bell and Everett elector 
for Maryland. On the 20th of January, 1879, he was com- 
missioned as one of the associate justices of the Supreme 
Court of the District of Columbia, to succeed Judge Olin, 
and served until June 1, 1903, when he retired on account 
of age. He married in 1854 Louisa, daughter of Randolph 
Harrison, of Goochland county, Virginia. The degree of 
LL. D. was conferred upon Justice Hagner by St. John's 
College, Annapolis. He is a member of the Cosmos Club, 
the National Geographic Society, Virginia Historical So- 
ciety, Columbia Historical Society, and of the Sons of the 
American Revolution. 




CLABAUGH 



Hon. Harry [M. Clabaugh.— Maryland has been the 
birthplace of many jurists who have achieved greatness 
and gained places of prominence by reason of their quali- 
fications and eminent fitness. This State has supplied men 
of thought and ability for the leading places on the bench 
and at the bar in all the principal judicial branches of the 
Government. Among the youngest to hold positions oi 
great responsibility and trust is the Hon. Harry M. Cla- 
baugh, chief justice of the Supreme Court of the District 
of Columbia, and in this selection, made by President 
Roosevelt, the State of Maryland has reason to feel grati 
fied at the deserved recognition of another of her favorite 
sons. 

Harry M. Clabaugh, the son of G. W. and Ellen Cla- 
baugl,, was born at Cumberland, Maryland, on July 
1856. In 1862 his parents moved to Baltimore, where 



they resided until the year 1873. While in Baltimore he 
received a preparatory education at Loyola College. The 
family left Baltimore and moved to their country home. 
"Antrim," Carroll county, Maryland. Young Clabaugh 
entered Pennsylvania College, and graduated from that in- 
stitution in 1877. He showed a marked predilection for 
the study of law, and after leaving college entered the 
office of Bernard Carter, one of .Maryland's leading lawyers, 
at the same time pursuing his studies at tin- law school of 
the Maryland University. From this institution he gradu- 
ated in 1878, and at once entered into active practice. Mr. 
Clabaugh was at once recognized as a young lawyer of 
promise. He was associated in the prosecution of many 
celebrated cases and with counsel of distinguished legal 
talent. 

The force in the character of Mr. Clabaugh, added to 
his ability as a lawyer, won the attention of the leaders 
of the Republican party of Maryland. They were casting 
about for a man to nominate for the office of attorney- 
general who cou'd win at the election. They settled on 
Air. Clabaugh. He was a staunch Republican and an able 
lawyer — one whose accomplishments were attractive and 
personal strength great. In 1895 he was nominated and 
won in that election when Lloyd Lowndes was chosen ^>v- 
ernor and the political complexion of the State changed. In 
this office Mr. Clabaugh served ably and well until March. 
1809, when he resigned to accept the appointment of Presi- 
dent McKinley to an associate judgeship of the Supreme 
Court of the Districl of Columbia, made vacant b\ the 
election of Judge Louis E. McCouias to the United States 
Senate. Here Judge Clabaugh has rendered distinguished 
service and given eminent satisfaction. ( In the retirement 
of Chief Justice Bingham, Ma\ 1. 1903, President R 
promptly appointed Judge Clabaugh to till the vacancy, and 
as chief justice of the Supreme Court of the Dis 
Columbia he is proving himself peculiarly fitted to the po- 
sition and an exemplary administrator of justice, lie was 
for four wars chairman of the Republican State Commit- 
tee of Maryland. Justice Clabaugh has a host of admirers 
and friends who rejoice at his well-merited elevation. 

fudge Clabaugh married Katherine. daughter of lion. 
John A. Swope, and the) have two daughters Helen and 
Katherine. With his famih he resides at 1527 Rhode 
Island avenue, northwest. Hi- summer resident 
Antrim. Maryland. 

Hon. Thomas H. Anderson. < the 

Supreme Court of the District of Columl 
illustration ^\ the successful American citi/en. H is a 
son f |,,hn and Amelia Dallas Anderson, and was Iwrn 
in Belmout county, 1 'hit.. < in both his paternal and maternal 
s ij cs l ie 1 : from distinguished 

Robert Alexander Dallas, grandfather of Justice Anderson, 
was of Scotch descent, and belonged !■• the Dallas family 
of which Hon. Alexander Dallas, of Pennsylvania, 

the Treasury under President Madison, and his 
ge M. Dallas. \ ice-President of the Unto 



358 



THE CITY OF WASHINGTON. 



with President Polk, were conspicuous members. His great- 
grandmother on his father's side, Letitia O'Neil, was the 
daughter of Lord O'Neil, an Irish peer. 

Justice- Anderson was educated at the public and select 
i his county and at .Mount Union College, Ohio. 
After leaving college he taughl Eor a short time in the 
schools of Belmont and Guernse) counties, when he became 
principal of the Cambridge high school, which position 
he held until the fall of i S70, when he resigned to complete 
his law studies. In June, 1871, he was admitted to the 
bar at Mount Vernon, Ohio, and entered upon the practice 
of his profession at Cambridge, Ohio, in partnership with 
Hon. foseph D. Taylor, afterward a member of Congress. 
IK- took high rank in his profession almost immediately 
and soon found himself launched in a large and lucrative 
11. the state and federal courts. Upon the election 




HON THOMAS 



ANDERSON 



of Mr. Taylor 1- Congress in 1883, he succeeded to the 

entire practice of lh'' firm, which he not only retained, hut 
increased. In 1884 he associated with him in the 
practice, John I.. Locke, Esq., under the linn name of 
Anderson & Locke, which was dissolved in Vpril, 1893, 
when he removed to Washington. Here, as in Ohio, his 
.1 lawyer and his high character as a man soon 
won i"<>i him an honored place in the legal profession. 1 in < le- 
nt McKinlcy tendered to Justice An- 
ion of United States I listricl Attorney for 

i. which he accepted and tilled with 

conspicu 1901, President McKinlcy 

appointed him a member of the Supreme Court of the 
i hi- appointment was made In the 
President in re he Judge's splendid record as 

United States District . levation to the 



hench he has proved himself an able and upright judge. He 
has a keen sense of justice, thinks for himself and always 
impresses those who practice before him with the fact that 
he is not controlled by prejudice or partiality, but in all 
things is fair, reasonable and just. 

During the four years that former Secretary of the 
Treasury Foster was governor of Ohio. Mr. Anderson 
served on his military staff with the rank of general. In 
1887 he was a prominent candidate for attorney general 
of ( )hio, and in 1889 was appointed by President Harrison 
as minister resident and consul general to Bolivia. At 
that time he was chairman of the Repub'ican executive 
committees of his county and Congressional district, a mem- 
ber of the Republican State executive committee, a member 
of the city council and school board of Cambridge, and 
president of a number of corporations, besides holding 
other positions of trust and honor. Congress having ad- 
vanced the rank of the Bolivia mission in 1890. President 
Harrison appointed Judge Anderson envoy extraordinary 
and minister plenipoteniary of the United States to that 
republic, which position he filled with marked ability. While 
residing in South America he made many valuable reports 
to the Government on the resources, industries and trade re- 
lations of Spanish-America, and at the request of Mr. Blaine, 
then Secretary of State, wrote the " Handbook of Bolivia," 
published by the bureau of American republics in 1893, and 
distributed throughout the United States and Central and 
South America. Judge Anderson has always taken an 
active interest in public affairs, and there are few men who 
have a larger personal acquaintance with men in public 
life than he, and fewer still whose friends are as warm 
and devoted, lie is an eloquent ami experienced public 
speaker, and until appointed to the bench had been prom- 
inenl on the stump in every political campaign during the 
past twenty-live years. B) reason of his ability as a speaker 
and the knowledge gained by him while a resident of tin 
free-silver countries of South America, he was in wide 
demand during the presidential campaigns of i Son and 
1900, speaking throughout West \ irginia, Ohio, Maryland 
and other sections of the country. Before his appointment 
as judge he was prominently connected with a nun her ol 
financial institutions and has an enviable record as a citizen, 
diplomat, business man and lawyer. 

Justice Anderson is a member of the American Bai 
Association, the Sou- of the American Revolution, the ( )hio 
Societj of New York, the Historical Societ) of Washington 
and its affiliated branches; a member ><\ the board of trustees 
of the American University, and ^i Howard University, 
and an active member and trustee i>i the Metropolitan Me- 
morial Methodist Episcopal Church <<i Washington, where 
I 'resident McKinlcy was a regular attendant during the in 
cuinbencx of his great office, lie and President McKinlcy 
were warm personal friends for many years, ami the Mc- 
l\inle\ memorial tablet in this church was the gift of Justice 
Anderson. In 1S70 he was married to Miss Kama ,'.. An- 



THE CITY OF WASHINGTON. 



359 



gustine, daughter of Daniel and Alary Augustine, one of 
the old, wealthy, and influential families of Western Penn- 
sylvania. Mrs. Anderson is a college-bred woman of re- 
fined taste and culture. Their only child. Miss Perie Au- 
gustine Anderson, has been thoroughly educated and has 
traveled with her parents extensively at home and abroad. 

Hon. Job Barnard, associate justice of the Supreme 
Court of the District of Columbia, although not a native 
Washingtonian, has been a resident and importantly identi- 
fied here for more than a quarter of a century, and has every 
right to be considered one of the city's foremost men. Jus- 
tice Barnard was born in Jackson township, Porter county, 
Indiana, on June 8, 1844, of Quaker parentage. He was the 
son of William Barnard, whose ancestors were residents of 
Nantucket for several generations, and his mother's maiden 
name was Sally Williams. He was educated in the district 
public schools, and at the Valparaiso Male and Female Col- 




HON. JOB BARNARD 

lege, and was graduated in law at the Michigan University. 
He began the practice of law in his native State, at Crown 
Point, in 1867, and was a successful attorney there until he 
was appointed assistant clerk of the Supreme Court of the 
District of Columbia in 1873. He held this position for 
three years and then began the practice of law here. I [e w as 
appointed to the Supreme Bench of the District on I Ictober 
1, 1899, by President McKinley. For four years just pre- 
ceding he had been a member of the board of school In 
of this District. 

He procured its incorporation and held the offices 1 
clerk, treasurer, assessor and marshal of the town ol 
Crown Point in the years 1808 and 1869, and held tin- 
office of assistant assessor of internal revenue Eor 1 
diana from 1868 to 1872. His practice of law in this 



city embraced many notable civil cases, and be ac- 
quired the reputation of one of the most learned ami 
best equipped members of the local bar. It was in recog- 
nition of these qualities that he was appointed to the Dis- 
trict Supreme Bench, from among a number of prominent 
candidates for the position, lie has a war record of three 
years, having enlisted on Augusl 7. [862, as a private in 
Cjmpany K. Seventy-third Indiana Volunteer [nfantrv. 
After the battle of Stone River, he was promoted to orderly 
sergeant. He was mustered out of the service on July 4. 
1865. Justice Barnard was married to Miss Florence A. 
Putnam, daughter of Judge Worthy Putnam of Berrien 
Springs, Michigan, on September 25, 1867. Me bad four 
sons, Ralph Putnam, Walter Sinclair. Clarence, and Charles 
Arthur. His second son. Waller, died at the age of two 
years. The others are all living, two of them in business in 
this city, and the other a law student in Harvard University. 

Hon. Ashley M. Gould, the youngest member on the 
Supreme Court bench of the District of t blumbia, is recog- 
nized as one of the ablest jurists of ibis section of the 
country. His appointment to his present high and re- 
sponsible post by President Roosevelt is due solely to his 
sterling integrity and thorough knowledge of the law- of 
the land, and to his personal merit, which is of the highest 
order. Judge Could is a native of Nova Scotia, although 
of Xew England ancestry, lie was bom (ictober 8, 1859. 
He studied for college in the public schools of Hampshire 
county, Massachusetts, and in 1877 entered Amhersl Col 
lege. He graduated from that institution in 1881, and 
immediately thereafter came to ibis city as the represen- 
tative of a Xew England paper. After serving as a corres- 
pondent for a short lime Mr. Gould was appointed to :v 
clerkship in the Post Office Department, and later was 
transferred to the Department of lust ice. win re be was 
engaged in the preparation of the Star Route case. 1 le began 
the study of law at Georgetown University Law School 
in 1883. and soon after obtaining bis degree was admitted 
to the bar of the Supreme Court of the District of Columbia. 
Mr. Gould resigned bis position in the Department of 
Justice on April 1. 1885, and established a law practice at 
Kansas City, Missouri, remaining there until September 
10. [891, when he returned to Washington, becoming al 
first secretary and soon thereafter president of the Washing- 
Ion Title Insurance Company, which position he resigned 
t0 become Assistant United States District Attorney for 
the District of Columbia, under United States Vttorne) 
HeniN E. Davis. Februan i, 1898. Mr. Gould was ap- 
pointed by President McKinlej United States Attorney for 
the District of Columbia on Maj 1. IQOI, earning an envi- 
able reputation by the manner in which be conducted the 
ffi ce . ( )n November 25, 1902. Pn veil ap- 

\lr. Gould associate justice of the Supreme Court 
of the District of Columbia, succeeding Justice Andrew C. 
Bradley deceased. The appointment was received by the 



3 6o 



THE CITY OF WASHINGTON. 



members of the local bar and bench with equal satisfaction. 
Mr. Gould, in c888, married Margaret, the second 
daughter of Horace J. Gray, of the firm of Britton & Gray. 
Mr. Gould has five children. Ten years ago he changed 
his residence from this city to Takoma I 'ark, locating just 




Hon. Jeter C, Pritchard was born at Jonesboro, Ten- 
nessee, on the 1 2th of July. 1S57. He was educated at the 
public schools and Martin's Creek Academy. At the age 
of twelve he was apprenticed to learn the printers' trade. 
After mastering the intricacies of the "art preservative of 
all arts," young Pritchard moved to Bakersville. North 
Carolina, and was employed as foreman in the office of the 
" Independent " of that place. Endowed with ambition and 
a spirit of enterprise, the young man soon became joint 
owner of the paper, and embarked in the field of journal- 
ism. His knowledge of the mechanical side of newspaper 
business, aided by a natural gift for writing, was readily 
felt in the conduct of the " Independent," and its success 
was immediate. 

A force in the character of Mr. Pritchard was not 
permitted long to remain unused after being recognized by 
the people of his adopted town and State, and very shortly 
he was brought to the front in matters political. In 1880 
he was a sub-elector for President Garfield, and thus began 
a career that has been brilliant and uninterrupted. In 
1884 he was elected a member of the House of Representa- 
tives of the legislature of North Carolina, and re-elected 
m [886; in 1890 received an appointment in the Internal 
Revenue service; was licensed to practice law in 1887: 
Republican candidate for lieutenant-governor of North 
Carolina in 188S, and in 1890 was again elected to the 
legislature; in 1891 was the Republican candidate for United 
States Senator when Senator Vance was elected the last 



beyond the Maryland boundary line. He was elected in 

1897 a member of the House of Delegates of Man land. 

i 1 Republican who ever carried Montgomer) 

county. Me wax the caucus nominee for Speaker of the 

Delegates, was chairman of the ways and means 

committee, and the floor leader. The following year he 

contested for the congressional nomination in the Sixth 

Maryland district, and for [,500 ballots was the leading 

candidate. He withdrew, however, in favor of his personal 

friend, Col. George A. Pearre. Since thai time, while 

■1 interest in politics in Maryland, Mr. Gould has 

confined his time to his law practice and to his duties as 

the I listricl of Columbia. 

tli Eacult) of the 1 leorge- 

ichool, is a member of the Arm) and 

I le is a member 

tr. I iould's parents are living 

ere his father is the treasurer 

pany. W hile at 

. being pitcher for 

■ • ing his service in 

i has tried 

. :u which 

r) case, and the 




HON. JETER C PRITCHARD 

nine, and in [892 was candidate for Congress. Mr. Pritch- 
ard succeeded in organizing the co-operative movement be- 
tween the Populists and Republicans in 1894, which re- 
sulted in the election of an ami Democratic legislature, and 

111 [895 was elected to the United States Senate to fill the 



THE CITY OF WASHINGTON. 



36i 



unexpired term of the late Senator Vance. He was re- 
elected to the Senate in 1897, a nd his term of service ex- 
pired on March 4, 1903. In 1900 Senator Pritchard was 
elected national committeeman for the State of North Caro- 
lina, and also chairman of the State executive committee. 
At the expiration of his term as senator he was employed 
as assistant division counsel for the Southern Railway, with 
headquarters at Asheville, North Carolina. 

From the moment he entered the United States Senate 
he attracted the attention of the country. He at once took 
an active part, and was not long in proving himself a leader 
worthy to be followed. Few men from the South, since 
the civil war, have made themselves such a power in the 
United States Senate as did Senator Pritchard. An able 
lawyer, a wise counselor, a good statesman, a conscientious 
gentleman, a painstaking representative of the people of his 
State, gifted with a judicial mind and exceptional forensic 
force, he forged to the front, and at the expiration of his 
term retired with a national reputation and an unblemished 
record to his credit. Senator Pritchard served well his 
State and his country. Recognizing the worth of the man 
and appreciating his fitness, President Roosevelt, on April 
1st, 1903, appointed Senator Pritchard a justice of the Su- 
preme Court of the District of Columbia ; he qualified on 
the first day of May, and his manner of presiding is ap- 
proved by the members of the bar. At the time of his ap- 
pointment he was a member of the well-known law firm 
of Pritchard & Rollins. While in the Senate he served on 
many important committees, at one time being chairman of 
Committee on Civil Service, and later chairman of Com- 
mittee on Patents. 

Hon. Morgan Hawley Beach.— Eminently fitted is 
Morgan H. Beach for the position of District Attorney for 
the District of Columbia, which honor was bestowed upon 
him by the District bench, unsolicited by him, a few months 
ago. Since his tenure of office, Mr. Beach has made many 
friends, not only by his courteous bearing and strong person- 
ality, but by his many capabilities, which admirably befit him 
for public office. The subject of this sketch was educated 
with the greatest care by a father, who was a man of much 
brilliancy and classic attainments. Every care was lavished 
by an indulgent father in affording the son unexceptional 
advantages, all of which were grasped with avidity. Mr. 
Beach is a son of Samuel Ferguson and Elizabeth Morgan 
Beach, and was born on September 20, 1861, at Sandy 
Spring, Md. Samuel Ferguson Beach was a native of 
Connecticut and after graduating at Wesleyan University, 
came South and settled in Alexandria, Va. There In- estab 
lished a large and lucrative law practice. The early educa- 
tion of the son, Morgan, was looked after by the father 
until he reached the age of \\. when lie entered the Epis 
copal High School, near Alexandria, where a two years' 
course for Yale University was taken. In the fall of [878 
Mr. Beach entered Yale and graduated with honors with 

46 



the class of 1882. While there he was a prime factor 
in the affairs of his class, and a member of main- of 
the most exclusive social organizations of the university. 
Among these may be mentioned the Psi Upsilon Fraternitv 
and the Scroll and Key Society, which in its exclusiveness 
bears a class relationship to the famous -Hasty Pudding 
Club" of Harvard. One of the chief honors b 
upon Mr. Beach at Yale was his designation as the philo- 
sophical oration man of his class at graduation. IK- was 
also a member of the Phi Beta Kappa Society. Mi Beach 
was equally prominent in athletics, and was the secretary 
of the Yale Navy, as well as coxswain of his class "'eight." 
After graduation Mr. Beach again turned to the father 
for a preparatory course in his chosen profession, and 
under his able guidance read law until entering the Uni- 
versity of Virginia, where he gained the degree of bachelor 




HON. MORGAN HAWLEY BEACH 

of law under that celebrated jurist. Dr. J. I'.. Minor. In 
the fall of 1884 Mr. Beach was admitted to practice in 
the Virginia Court of Appeals and the Districl courts, and 
a year later lie was admitted to the bar of die Supreme 
Court of the District of Columbia. Mr. Beacli succeeded 
in establishing a line practice and figured as the attorney 
in many important litigations. I le was appointed .1- assistant 
to the Attorney-General on November 15. tgo2, .-md on 
November 24 was nominated for hi- present post to suc- 
ceed Judge Ashley M. Gould, and on January 20, 1903, was 
commissioned, his nomination being confirmed by the Sen 
ate. On Christmas Day, 1805. Mr Beach married Miss 
Elizabeth Grayson, daughter of George Carter, I 
Oatlands, Loudoun county. Virginia. Four children, three 
daughters and a son. have been born to Mr. and Mrs 



362 



THE CITY OF WASHINGTON. 



Walter D. Davidge was born at Baltimore, Maryland, 
on July 5. [823. His father, Francis Hathorn Davidge, a 
man of fine ability and high cultivation, was educated at 
Trinity Mall. Cambridge University, England. He was 
bred to the bar, bill earl) relinquished the legal profes- 
sion for literature and journalism, in which lie was emi- 
nently successful, ai one time editing the Baltimore "Ameri- 
can." IK- married Ann Maria, daughter of Walter Dorsey, 
judge "f die Court of Appeals of .Maryland. John Beale 
Davidge, father of Francis Hathorn Davidge. was son of 
( aptain I Imn I )avidge, of the British army, and was grad- 
uated from St. John'- College, at Annapolis. .Maryland, 
receiving the degree of A.M. in 1789. He subsequently 
wen I to Eurojx:, where he pursued the study of medicine 
at the universities of Edinburgh and Glascow, and received 
the degree of M.I), from the latter in 1793. For some 




DAVIDGE 



tune he practiced bis profession at Birmingham, England, 
bul in 1700 Ik- settled al Baltimore, where he became prom- 
inent, particularly in his profession, in connection with 
which he founded the University of Maryland. lor In, 
time lie was a pro'ifii writer. Besides man) articles in 
surgical periodicals, he published " Dissertatio Physiologica 
e on the Vutumnal En- 
• limatcs, vulgarh c tiled 
Igia Methodica, Classium el 
turn Series \h 

["realise on Amputa- 
ted " Baltimore Phil- 

,-ing instruction from 
Baltimoi tic department 

lout privald tutors, removed. 
m 1842, • upon the 

I [ugh S. 1 .egare, 



then Attorney-General, and afterwards Clement Cox, father 
of the late Walter S. Cox. He was admitted to the bar 
of the Circuit Court of the District of Columbia in 1844 
and of the Supreme Court of the United States at the 
December term, 1850. Upon his admission to the District 
bar, he opened an office in Washington associating with 
himself in the practice Thomas S. Semmes, who after- 
wards became the Attorney-General of the Southern Con- 
federacy. Subsequently, he formed a partnership with 
Christopher Ingle, and, at the time of his death, he had 
associated with him his son, the firm name being Davidge 
& Davidge. He early acquired a large practice and won 
his way to the leadership of the bar, a position he held for 
more than a generation and up to the time of his death. 
He was constantly employed in cases of the greatest im- 
portance, involving the most delicate and far reaching 
consequences, and his arguments elicited opinions now he- 
come landmarks in the law. Such cases as Hayes v. Pa- 
cific Mail Steamship Company I 17 How. 590), to the 
effect that vessels duly registered at New York, and be- 
longing to a company incorporated under the laws of that 
State in the transportation of passengers and freight between 
New York and San Francisco, and between the latter 
port and different ports in Oregon, remaining in California 
no longer than was necessary to land passengers and 
freight and prepare for the next voyage, were not liable 
to assessment and taxation by California: the celebrated 
Sickles Cut-Oft' cases (5 Wall. 580 and [9 Wall. (hi). 
which went to the Supreme Court from this jurisdiction: 
Baltimore & Ohio Railroad Company v. Harris (12 Wall. 
65), to the effect that where a Maryland railroad corpor- 
ation whose charter contemplated the extension of the road 
beyond the limits of that State had been allowed by act 
of the legislature of Virginia, re-enacting the Maryland 
charter in words, to continue its road through that State, 
and was also allowed by act of Congress to extend into the 
District of Columbia a lateral road in connection with the 
road through Maryland and Virginia, that no new cor 
porations were created either in the Districl or Virginia, 
hut that the old one was exercising its faculties in them 
with their permission, and that, as related to responsibilit) 
for damages, there was a unity of ownership throughout, 
and, therefore, the corporation was amenable to the courts 
of the District for injuries done in Virginia on it- road: 
Barnes v. Districl of Columbia (91 U. S, 54° ) • holding the 
District of Columbia to he a municipal corporation liable 
to one injured on its streets, and that the Board of Public 
Work- to which the care of the highways had been en- 
trusted was but the agent of the municipal corporation: 
Beall V. White 104 l. S. 382), on the law of landlord and 
tenant in the District of Columbia, holding that the land- 
lord'-, lien for rent had priority over a deed ai trust made 
by bis tenant after the commencement ai the tenancy, 
whether the chattels covered by the deed were, when it 
was executed, on the demised premises or were subse- 
quently acquired and placed by the tenant upon them: the 



THE CITY OF WASHINGTON. 



363 



Pacific Removal Cases (115 U. S. 2) ; Metropolitan Rail- 
road v. District of Columbia (132 U. S. 1), holding that 
the District of Columbia was a municipal corporation and 
subject to the law of limitations; Hammond v. Hopkins 
(143 U. S. 224), in which the doctrine of laches is most 
exhaustively treated; and Latta v. Kilbourn (150 U. S. 
524), on the law of partnership; and many others may 
be mentioned. ( )f his criminal cases perhaps the best 
known are the famous Star Route Cases and the Guiteau 
case. The latter became a leading authority on the ques- 
tion of jurisdiction, the fatal shot having been fired in 
the District of Columbia, but death having occurred in 
New Jersey, and also the leading American case on insanity 
as a defense to crime, which modified the previously pre- 
vailing doctrine and established the American rule. 

Widely read in ancient and modern literature, a deep 
student of metaphysics and ethics and a man of varied 
tastes, his information and accomplishments were all ren- 
dered tributary to his chosen profession. Active in his 
efforts to uphold the ethics of the bar he founded in 1866 
the Bar Association of the District of Columbia, becoming 
its first president, but he would take no public office, per- 
sistently refusing a place on the bench. He was chairman 
for some time of the committee of one hundred, a body of 
leading residents of the District, organized for the purpose 
of checking the excesses of our local government. Tn [862 
he married Anna Louise, daughter of Dr. Bailey Wash- 
ington of the Navy. He died at Washington, I). C, on 
October 7, 1901. 

Hon. Walter Smith Cox.— The annals of American 
jurisprudence contain the names of many illustrious men 
occupying positions of dignified eminence and universal 
esteem by reason of the signal services they rendered to 
their country, and their profound knowledge of the laws 
of the land, their sound and logical interpretation and just 
and equitable application. Prominently among these giants 
of reason and thought stands out the name of Walter 
Smith Cox, late Justice of the Supreme Court of the Dis- 
trict of Columbia. His Honor was a native of the District 
of Columbia, being born in Georgetown on October 25. 
1826. He was the son of Clement and Alary (Ringgold) 
Cox. After absolving his preparatory education in select 
schools he entered Georgetown College, graduating in 1843, 
and then studied law with his father. Clement Cox, Esq. 
He next attended the Cambridge Law School of Harvard 
University, from which he was graduated with highest 
honors in January, 1847, and was admitted to the bar of 
Washington, D. C, on his twenty-first birthday. In Janu- 
ary. 1848, he succeeded to his father's practice, and was 
lucratively and actively employed in his vocation and adding 
luster to his professional name, until March, 1879, when he 
was appointed to the eminent post of Justice of the Supreme 
Court of the District of Columbia, by President Hayes. In 
'the meantime he had served as recorder of Georgetown, 
and had been president of the board of aldermen of bis 
native city, and later he was for several years auditor of 



the Supreme Court of the District of Columbia. The 
most conspicuous event in bis career was the trial of Gui- 
teau, the assassin of President Garfield, in [881, which 
lasted three months. Since 1^74 Judge Cox had been pro- 
fessor of law in Columbian University and up to the time 
he went on the bench was president of the Arlington Fire 
Insurance Company and a director in the Potomac Insur- 
ance Company of Georgetown, lie was a trustee of tin 
Louise Home and the Corcoran An Gallery, lie received 
degrees as follows: the degrees of I',. A. and M.A. from 
Georgetown University; B.L. from Harvard, and thai of 
LL.D. from Columbian University. Judge Pox was mar- 
ried in October. 1866, to Margaret, daughter of the late 
James Dunlop, formerly Chief Justice of the Circuit Courl 
of the District of Columbia. Mrs. Cox died in February, 
1887, leaving two children, a son and daughter. 

Judge Cox died on June 2^,. 1902. Mr. William F. 
Mattingley, chairman of a committee appointed by the 




HON. WALTER SMITH COX 

president of the Bar Association shortly after the death 
of Justice Cox, and consisting of Messrs. James t ,. Payne, 
J.J. Darlington. R. Ross Perry, A. S. Worthington, 
E. Hamilton, Henry 1-:. Davis. William A. Gordon. Mont- 
gomery Blair, William II. Sholes, and D. S. Mackall. sub- 
mitted a resolution expressive of respeci to Justice Cox's 
memory. The resolution was unanimously adopted. In 
response to it Mr. Peter spoke feelingly in behalf of the 
family of [ustice Cox. Addresses eulogistic of the de- 
ceased were delivered In Associate Justice A. 1'.. Hagner 
of the Supreme Court of the Districl of Columbia, and 
by Mr. Charles W. Xeedham. president of Columbian Uni- 
versity's law department for a number of years. 

lie was descended from a highly respectable family of 
English origin, whosi residence in America antedated the 
revolutionarj war. John Cox, grandfather of 

the late judge, having reached the countr> simii 



3 6 4 



THE CITY OF WASHINGTON. 



before the beginning of the struggle for liberty alluded 
to. Hi- was accompanied 1>> his brother Lawrence, an 
(.flicer in the British army; but that gentleman returned 
to England when a disruption between the colonies and 
the mother countrj became inevitable, while John remained. 
( Ine of his grandchildren, named after him, was reared 
in Baltimore, Md., but before the year 1800 removed to 
own, I). ('., where for many years he carried on an 
1 xtensive mercantili business, and became one of the most 
honored and popular citizens of this city. For twenty-four 
years he served as mayor, having been elected to no less 
than twelve consecutive terms, lie was patriotic, and in 
1S1 1 took up arms in defense of the capital, and was a 
colonel of volunteer troops. Colonel Cox was first married 
to Matilda Smith, and of this union was horn Clement 
Cox, the father of fudge Cox. 




ALEXANDER THOMPSON BRITTON 

Alexander Thompson Britton, son of Alexander 
Britton and Susan Towers, was born in New York City, 
December 29, 1835. At the age of eighteen he entered 
Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island, graduating 
in 1857. \dopting law as his profession he studied in 
of [Ton. James T. Brady and Nathaniel Jarvis, 
Mew York city, and at Harvard Law School. \ few 

titer his graduation he was admitted to the bar, 
via the Supreme Courl of Rhode Island, and began practice 
in that State, removing in i860 t.. Madison, l-Torida. His 
vehement unionism and fearless proclamation of his senfi- 

mpelled his return t<> the North, and the outbreak 
of the civil war found him in Washington, I ». t '. Among 

the lirsl to offer his services to the United States, ami as 

ing member of the "National Rifles," he 
Bridge in the advance guard when 



Burnside's army crossed into Virginia. Settling perma- 
nently in Washington he. in 1864. organized the law firm 
mi' Britton & Gray. Recognized as an expert upon the sub- 
ject of land titles, he was in 1877 appointed by President 
Hayes one of the two civilian commissioners to codify the 
public land laws — the result, a codification in three vol- 
umes, many times republished by Congress but never re- 
vised. The firm of Britton & Gray soon ranked among the 
most successful in the city, its senior member being an 
acknowledged leader in questions of settlement of public 
land titles. 

It is impossible to give here more than a brief outline 
of Alexander T. Britton's character, abilities and achieve- 
ments. He was greatly interested in the prosperity and 
material advancement of Washington, his adopted home, 
and any project tending to these results was sure of an 
ardent, eager supporter in him. His reputation for strictest 
integrity and his_ acknowledged financial and executive abil- 
ity made him largely sought in the promotion and organiza- 
tion of enterprises, and many of Washington's most suc- 
cessful ventures owe their prosperity to the energy and 
wise guidance of this many sided man. He was president 
of the Atlantic Building Company ; member of Board of 
Police, Washington, D. C. and its last president — ap- 
pointed by President Grant : director Georgetown and Ten- 
nallytown Railroad; director Eckington and Soldiers' 
Home Railroad, and director and vice-president of the 
Columbia National Bank ; president, vice-president, chair- 
man executive committee, director. American Security and 
Trust Company; trustee Emergency Hospital; director 
Columbia hire Insurance Company; trustee Tunlaw 
Heights Syndicate (for improvement Georgetown Heights 
property); chairman of committee having in charge the 
inauguration of President Harrison; director and general 
counsel of the Norfolk and Washington, I'. C, Steamboat 
Company: member Hoard of Trade, its general counsel, 
and chairman of committee to secure codification of District 
Laws; trustee Protestant Episcopal Cathedral Foundation 
and chairman of its building committee; charter member 
hi Society of Sons of American Revolution of District of 
Columbia ; commissioner to Columbian Exposition from Pis 
tiTl of Columbia; chairman executive committee on awards. 
Columbian Exposition; trustee New York Avenue Presby- 
terian Church. 

He died at his home in Washington. D. C, July 7. 
1 S, ,, ,. 

Alexander Britton, sou of Alexander Thompson Brit- 
ton and Man Britton, was born in the District of Columbia 
January 1. 1867. He received his preparatory education at 
Emerson Institute, entering Princeton University from that 
school in 1SS4. Graduated from Columbian Law School 
with B.A, degree in 1888, and received M.A. degree in 
1889. I le was admitted to the Supreme Court of the United 
States through the Supreme Court of the District of Co- 
lumbia ami is an active practitioner before that tribunal. 



THE CITY OF WASHINGTON 



36' 




JDER BRITTON 



Iii 1889 he married Louise S. Reed, daughter of Wil- 
liam Bushrod and Catharine Schneider Reed, the result 
of such marriage being two girls. As a member of the 
Board of Trade and the law firm of Britton & Gray, he has 
been active in the affairs of the District. He is a member 
of Princeton Alumni Association ; Blue Ridge Rod and 
Gun Club ; National Geographic Society : Capital Club, 
Chevy Chase Club, and Columbia Golf Club. 

Daniel William Baker, was born at Calvert College, 
New Windsor, Carroll county, Maryland, October 4, [867. 




His father was Andrew Hull Baker, a well-known teacher 
and mathematician, who founded Calvert College and was 
afterwards professor of mathematics at Mount St. Mary's 
College. Mr. Baker was educated at Mount St. Mary's 
College, Emmittsburg, Md. He entered Georgetown Law. 
School in 1S91 and received, in 1892. the degree LL.BI, 
and in 1893 LL.M., and was admitted to the bar of the 
Supreme Court of the District of Columbia on < fctobcr 
10, 1892. In 1897 Mount St. Mary's College conferred 
upon him the degree of A.M. honoris causa. Mr. Baker 
was appointed Assistant United States Attorney for the 
District of Columbia under Mr. Henry E. Davis, but re- 
signed after about a year, to engage in private practice. ( >n 
January 1, 1901, he entered into partnership with Wilton 
J. Lambert, under the firm name of Lambert & Baker. 
Mr. Baker is a lecturer in the Law Department of George- 
town University upon the law of real estate and the law 
of evidence. 

Birney and Woodard, attorneys at law, with a hand- 
some suite of offices in the Washington Loan and Trusl 
Building, at Ninth and Y streets, are foremost among 
Washington's most influential and successful practitioners. 
The firm is composed of the Hon. Arthur Alexis Birney, 
late United States Attorney for the District of Columbia, 
and Henry F. Woodard, until his association with Mr. 
Birney, an active and prominent business man of Wash- 
ington. Few law firms in Washington have conducted the 
affairs of their clients with so much success and marked 
integrity. 

Hon. Arthur Alexis Birney is a scion of a family 

which for three generations has produced men of distinc- 
tion. His paternal grandfather, James Gillespie Birney, 
was one of the most eminent advocates of the abolition of 
negro slavery in the United States, and his great courage 
and ability, united with remarkable purity and strength of 
character, gained for him the high regard of even his po- 
litical opponents. He was in 1840. and again in 1844, 110m 
mated by the free Soil party for President of the United 
States. Of his sons. James, the eldest, was lieuteili 
ernor of Michigan during the civil war, and Iatei 
for eight years as Minister of the United States to the 
Netherlands; William and David wire lawyers of distinc- 
tion, and each attained the rank of major-general in the 
war for the Union, while two younger sons wen- captain 
and major, and lost their lives in that fierce struggle. Of 
the four sons and one grandson of James G. Birney who 
took up arms for the Union, onlj one. the father of the 
subject of this sketch, survived the war. 

Arthur Alexis Birney is a son of General William and 
Catherine Hoffman Birney, and 'was born in Paris, France, 
Oil Ma) 28, [852. When his parents returned to this 
country Mr. Birney was placed in the public schools of 
Cleveland, Ohio. After finishing at the Clevelai 
school, he entered the University of Michigan, where he 
took his degree as a lawyer with the class of 1S7;,. I mine- 



3 66 



THE CITY OF WASHINGTON. 



diately after graduation Mr. Birney came to Washington 
and was al once admitted to the bar. Early in the year 
1X74 he was appointed an assistant to the attorney for 
the Commissioners of the District of Columbia, and as such 
conducted prosecutions at the police court until the summer 




hfON. 



ARTHUR ALEXIS Bll 



• >i 1875, when he received tin- appointment of Assistant 
United Stales Vttorney. In December, 1877, he resigned 
from tin- office, and until Fcrbuary, [893, continued as 
1 member of the firm of Birney & Birney, attorneys, 
of which his father, General Birney, was the head. During 
this period Mr. Birney developed into one of the most 
astute trial lawyers al the Washington bar. In the last 
month of President Harrison's term he appointed Mr. Bir- 
ney t" the United States Vttorneyship for the District of 
Columbia. The Senati rmed the appointment, 

and Mr. Birncy's tenure of office continued undisturbed for 
tin- full term of four years, throughout the administration 
dent Cleveland and his several Vttornej Generals, 
and although a Republican in politics he gained the un- 
bounded respect and confidence of thosi of contrary political 
(1 States Utorney lie prosecuted many 
important raves with success, notable among them being 
the indictment against Elvcrlon R. Chapman, in the trial 
tin' validit\ of a statute providing punishment 
1 questions propounded 
ing committee, was for the lirst time 
established; tin insl II. W. flowgate, indicted 

rom the i >istrict of * 'olumbia, 
bursing officer, and the 
-nix. ' II.' also 
trial for murder, in which, for the 
.1 defendant \\,is con 
>ugh an abertion, tin- 



death of an infant, prematurely born. Retiring from public 
office in 1897 Mr. Birney, as senior partner of Birney & 
Woodard, has been active in his profession. In 1897 he was 
retained by the Commissioners of the District of Columbia 
as their special counsel in the matter of highway extensions. 
In 1898 he was employed with ex-Senator George B. Ed- 
munds in the prosecution of charges against Senator Clark, 
of Montana, before the Senate Committee on Privileges and 
Elections, the result of which was the forced resignation of 
the Senator, after a unaiv'mous adverse report. For over 
twenty years Mr. Birney has been a member of the faculty 
of the law department of Howard University, which has 
done much towards placing the law course of that univer- 
sity upon a high plane. 

Mr. Birney is past master of Pentalpha Lodge, F. A. 
A. M., and a member of the Board of Trade. On November 
3, 1S95, he married Helen, eldest daughter of Richard II. 
and Jane S. Conway, of Baltimore, Md. Mr. and Mrs. 
Birney have seven children living. They are Richard C, 
now a business man of Rutland, Vermont; Margaret M.. 
Edith S., William M., Dion S., and Catherine. Another 
daughter, Helen, married Charles R. Gantz, of Baltimore. 
.Maryland. 

Henry F. Woodard is the son of Henry and Eu- 
genia Woodard. both of Washington, D. C, and was 
horn in this city on October 30. 18(14. He attended the 
public schools of the District and later entered Columbian 
University. Mr. Woodard was engaged in business at the 




corner of Fifteenth and F streets for some years, until he 
engaged in the practice of law in June. 1S01. IIk prac- 
tice grew apace, and Mr. Woodard was soon singled out 
as among the most prominent attorneys at the Washington 
bar. lie continued in practice alone until August 31. 1 S07. 



THE CITY OF WASHINGTON. 



367 



when he became associated with Hon. A. A. Birney. Mr. 
Woodard is the counsel and a director of the Business 
Men's Association, vice-president of the Washington Sav- 
ings Bank, and secretary of the Columbian Marble Quarry- 
ing Company at Rutland, Vermont. Mr. Woodard mar- 
ried Lillias M., daughter of Mr. and Mrs. Charles Scott, 
of Washington, D. C, on October 20, 1886. They have 
two children, Lillias Gertrude, born August 5, 1888, and 
Harry Ridley Woodard, born April 26, 1899. 

Aldis Birdsey Browne, a member of the law firm of 
Britton & Gray, is one of Washington's best-known cor- 
poration lawyers, and one who has devoted his whole time 
to practice since his graduation and admission to the bar 
in 1879. 

Mr. Browne is a son of Jerome, Jr., and Mary E. 
Padgett Browne, and was born in this city on December 




ALDIS BIRDSEY BROWNE 



11, 1857. His earlier education was acquired at the public 
and private schools of the District of Columbia, after which 
he entered Columbian University and there took his degree 
in law. For three years after his admission to the bar 
Mr. Browne practiced alone, and in February. t8S2, he 
became one of the firm of Britton & Gray. Mr. Browne 
has since earned an enviable reputation for himseli in cor- 
poration law. and in consequence is retained by many large 
and influential corporations to look after their varied ii 
terests, among them the American Security and 'Trust ( om- 
pany, of this city, and numbers of railroad and other cor 
porations. 

Despite the many calls upon his time, coincident with 
men of affairs, Mr. Browne has many interests aside from 
his law practice, and his name is found among the directors 
in many of the philanthropic, educational, religious and sci- 



entific institutions of the city. He is a director of loth 
the Atlantic and Pacific Building Companies; trustee of 
the American University, of this city, and a directo 
Washington Hospital for Foundlings: trustee of St. Paul's 
Methodist Episcopal Church, this city, and of tin- Woman's 
College, Baltimore. Among other societies ami institutions 
with which .Mr. Browne is affiliated may lie mentioned 
the Columbian Historical Society, the National Geograph- 
ical Society, the American Geographical Society, the Amer- 
ican Society for the Advancement of Science, the Ameri- 
can Forestry Association, and the Columbian University 
Alumni Association. Mr. Browne is equally prominent 
in fraternity circles, and is a member of the I 'hi Kappa 
Psi, Greek Letter Society, and president of the District 
Alumni Association of this city. His name is also t , , be 
be found on the rosters of the Cosmos Club, of this city, 
and the Lawyers' Club of New York City. 

On December 1. 1880, Mr. Browne married Mary 1!.. 
daughter of Mr. and Mrs. Jacob B. Delahay. Seven chil- 
dren, all of whom are living, have been born to Mr. ami 
Mrs. Browne — Evans, Helen, Alexander Britton, Aldis 
Jerome, Jesse Delahay, Arthur, and Mary Browne. 

Hon. Marion Butler. There are few men who have 

honors thrust upon them so early in life as has Marion But- 
ler, ex-United States Senator from North Carolina, who, by 
dint of hard work and perseverance, despite the innumerable 
vicissitudes that strew his path, has risen step by step. 
until to-day he has readied that enviable position when 
he can look back and feel with complacency thai the goal 
is well worth the struggle. Always endowed with an 
indomitable will and energy. Senator Butler ma\ justly be 
regarded as one of Washington's most successful attorneys, 
with a large clientele in both Raleigh. North Carolina, ami 
New York, where he has branch offices, with large and well 
diversified business interests, his Washington office being 
pleasantly located in the Bond Building. Marion Butler 
was born in Sampson county, North Carolina, in [863, and 
is a son of the late Wiley Butler. Born on a plantation 
at a lime when educational facilities in his native State 
were at their lowest ebb. his earlier education was looked 
after 1>\ his mother, who before her marriage was Miss 
Romelia Ferrell, and when he entered his first school, the 
Salem High School, lie was already well -rounded in geom- 
etry. Finishing there, he entered the Universit) of North 
Carolina in l88l, and graduated with the class of 1SS5 
lust prior to graduation young Butler was called home 1>\ 
th e death of his father. This put a temporary end to his 
dreams of finishing a law course already begun, and he 
was compelled to assume the business affairs of l,js father. 
including farming ami a large general store. The affairs 
of the high school being then in a precarious condition. 
\| r Butler assumed the management of ibis institution 
;,, connection with his other duties, in order that his six 
brothers and sisters mighl he afforded educational advan- 
tages, which otherwise they would Ik- deprived of. When 
Ins brother became sufficiently advanced' he turned over the 



368 



THE CITY OF WASHINGTON. 



home affairs into his hands and embarked in journalism, 
and bought the Clinton Caucasian, a weekly paper. In its 
columns he openly championed the cause of the fanners 
and their organization known as the Farmers' Alliance, 




HON MARION BUTLER 

and by his staunch advocacj of their rights was elected to 
the State Senate in [896, thus talking his first step into 
public life. At this sessidii of the Worth Carolina State 
legislature the State railroad commission was strongly agi- 
tated, and so vigorous was Mr. Butler's prosecution of this 
thai he was made the chairman of the joint com- 
mittee from both houses. This bill was passed, became a 
law and still exists, and as it now exists in North Carolina 



ighi 



,i,. 



rs over the tr 
corporations 



carries in 

port.itio,, companii s and all 

versing its broad acres than in any oilier Stale. In iSu_> 

Mr. Butler was elected president of the State organization 

of the Farmers' Vlliance and scnl as a delegate to the 

national convention, where lie was chosen vice-] 

of the national body, and made its president at the next 

venlion. Then came his election to the 

1 niied tnd : ,ii ;,,-,. familiar with the aggres- 

tics employed by this new and youthful member, 

there not onl) to he heard, but to be listened atten- 

hi ' ntiments and convictions voiced 

ore fruit in all the channels in which 

What will ever stand as a 

monumei the tfortli Carolina Senator, 

wlin un t crm ;,, that august 

die rui en hill, for which he toiled, 






had the keen satisfaction 
as an experimental 



paltry $J thousand 



by thousand, until now it has reached the handsome pro- 
portion of $7,000,000, and since it is self-supporting Senator 
Butler is satisfied, and feels that his work was well done, 
and he expects to see mail delivered to every farmer's 
house in the United States. Another long-cherished hope 
of Senator Butler lies in the postal savings bank. This 
measure he introduced and bitterly contended for until it 
was favorably reported by the committee, and may come 
up at any session of Congress. His researches in this direc- 
tion entailed a vast amount of forethought, detail and 
work and he hopes yet to sec the bill become a law. It 
was the farmer's vote that sent Senator Butler to the Senate 
and it was their interests he ever had at heart while there. 
Since his retirement from public life Senator Butler 
has become identified with several large and powerful min- 
ing corporations, whose affairs are prospering. His time, 
upon which there are many demands, is divided between 
his home city, Raleigh, this city, and New York, and at times 
taking him as far away as Arizona, and sometimes to 
Alaska, where he is also interested. Another distinction 
which belongs to Senator Butler, as well as to his alma 
mater, the University of North Carolina, is that he is the 
first United States Senator, that is known of at any rate, 
to take a law course while in the Senate. His interrupted 
course, begun in 1885, was completed in 1899, when he 
spent three months at the University and received his de- 
gree. In 1894 Senator Butler married ?diss Florence liai- 
son, of Sampson county, North Carolina, five children having 
been horn to them. 




HON. FRANK L. CAMPBELL 



Hon. Frank L. Campbell, who has recently been ap- 
point.,! Assistant Attorney-General tor Department of the 
Interior, was bom in Hancock county. West Virginia, in 
1843. His fathet W. Campbell, and his mother's 



THE CITY OF WASHINGTON. 



369 



maiden name was Hindman. He was educated at the Paris 
(Pennsylvania) Academy, and at Washington and Jeffer- 
son College of Pennsylvania. In early life Mr. Campbell 
was a teacher and superintendent in the public schools 
in Ohio. In the early seventies, however, he gave up his 
work in the Buckeye State and came to Washington, 
where he has since resided. He entered the Government 
service immediately. For six years he was a legal exam- 
iner and reviewer in the Pension Bureau, He was trans- 
ferred to the office of the Secretary of the Interior twen- 
ty-five years ago, and has been promoted steadily since 
that time from one grade to another under the various 
heads of the Department. For two years he was in the 
board of pension appeals and for twenty years an assistant 
attorney for the Interior Department; for three years he 
occupied the position of Assistant Secretary of the Interior 
Department. Mr. Campbell is a member of the bar of 
the District of Columbia Supreme Court and of the Su- 
preme Court of the United States. He occupies the chair 
of federal administrative law in the National University 
Law School of this city. He received the degree of LL. D. 
from Washington and Jefferson College, Pennsylvania-, his 
alma mater, on October 15, 1902, at the same time that 
Attorney-General Knox and Dr. Radcliffe, of the New York 
Avenue Church, of this city, received the same degree. 
In politics Mr. Campbell is a Republican. He served a 
short time in the civil war in the Fifty-eighth Pennsylvania 
Regiment of Infantry. He was present with his regiment 
and participated in the capture of the famous raider, John 
Morgan, in Ohio in August, 1863, after a chase of several 
days. 

Mr. Campbell is a member of Lafayette Lodge No. 19, 
F. and A. M. ; is P. H. P. of Lafayette R. A. Chapter and 
P. G. H. P. of the District of Columbia. He is also a 
member of Columbia Commandery No. 2, of Knights Tem- 
plar of the District. Mr. Campbell was married in 1866 
in Allegheny City, Pennsylvania, to Miss Mary J. Pollock, 
the daughter of Thomas S. and Mary Pollock. They have 
two children, Margaret C. (now Buell) and Edgar C. 

David Abbot Chambers, son of Dr. David and Mary 
Ann (Abbot) Chambers, was born in Zanesville, ( )hio, and 
received his early education in the public schools of that 
city. He removed with his parents to Washington in 1853. 
where he entered the Union Academy and subsequently 
Columbian University, remaining until his junior year, 
when he completed his college course at Marietta College, 
Ohio, graduating in i860, and receiving from that college 
the degrees of A. B. and A. M. Returning to Washington, 
Mr. Chambers held various Government offices until 
and since then he has practiced as an attorney. IF 
attorney for the Southern Pacific Company, the Union 
Pacific Railroad Company, the Pacific Mail Steamship < om- 
pany, and their allied railroad and steamship lines. He 
a trustee of the Columbian University and of the I alvar) 
Baptist Church; a member of the Cosmos Club 
Society of the Sons of the American Revolution, and of 



the Phi Beta Kappa, the Sigma Upha Epsilon and the Di 
Gamma societies. 

Mr. Chambers. October 26, [865, married at Zanesville, 
Ohio, Elizabeth I - er, daughter of John Tileston, 

Jr., and Keturah Benson (Keyser) Fracker. Mr. and Mrs. 
Chambers have three children, two sons and a daughter. 
The oldest son. Tileston Fracker Chambers, gradi 
Princeton University in the class of [890, and at the Theo- 
logical Seiumarv at Rochester, \\ Y., in [894, and has 
since then been pastor of the First Baptist Church of Sara- 
toga Springs. New York. Miss Man Beard Chambers, 
the daughter, married William Andrew Mearns, a member 
of the Banking House of Lewis Job of Wash- 

ington. David Laurance Chambers, t] n, grad- 

uated at Princeton University in [900. He I 
graduate course, and received the degree oi V M. 




DAVID ABBOTT CHAMBERS 

Hon. Charles Cleaves Cole was born in Hir; 

ford county. Maine, on May ^. [841. and is a son - 
Hammonds and Ruth Eastman Cole. He was educated 
in the common schools of Maine, and later 1 

Academy and Maine YVesleyaii Seminary, Kcnts 
11,11. Maine, and afterwards graduated from the la 
f Harvard University in the class of 1867. During his 
earlier life, he was a teacher in tl 

; duation from Harvard be was admitted to 
at Portland, Me., and ever since that lime lias practiced 
;s ion Shortl) aft. r graduating from Harvard 
University Mr. Cole removed 1- Wesl Virginia and there 

aw. His abilitj beinj 
nized lie was elected ttomey of Doddridge 

county, which position lie held during th. 
(87 2 in [873 be moved to Parkersburg. Wesl 

city solicitor ' l 875, until 



37° 



THE CITY OF WASHINGTON. 



January i, 1878. In 1878 he moved to the District of Co- 
lumbia and established law offices here. Soon afterwards 
his brother, Wyman L. Cole, followed him from West 
Virginia and with him formed the law firm of Cole & Cole, 
which continued until he was appointed by President Harri- 




HON. CHARLES CLEAVES COLE 

son, I "'it, .1 States Attorne) For the District of Columbia, in 
which position he served from March 3, [891, until Feb- 
ruary 11. [893, when by the same President he was ap- 
pointed an associate justice of the Supreme Cour ; i of the 
Districl of ( blumbia. 

"'" Justice Cole sal as a member of this court until 

\ 1901, when he resigned his judicial position to 

tigage in the practice of law. Immediately upon his 

resignation from the bench he secured and has since held 

•■i large and lucrative clientele, and is now justl) among 

the very forefront of the lawyers at our bar. 

J ucl £ e < " lr is •' Mason, being a Sir Knight of Columbia 
Commandery, K. T. lie is a member of the District Bai 
' Order of the Loyal Legion, and ol the 
Metropolitan Club. Judge Cole entered the Union arm) on 
:. 1862, when he was j US | twent) one yeai ol ag( 
'''■ ; "" 1 came out as a captain, after serving in 
iged in 43 en- 
I irmishes in the second and 
■ of the Potomac, and was 
'■■■" a single day during this 
1 in all the bal 
hci 13. t86 2 , ... Vppomatox, on 
redcricl burg, < I •■ 

11 from the Wilderness 

bar in this Districl Fudge 
' i» the trial of many of the 



most important cases. When he was United States Attorney 
for the District he prosecuted Howard Schneider for the 
murder of his wife and brother-in-law, which case was bit- 
terly fought by an array of accomplished legal talent for 
the defendant, but finally resulted in the conviction which 
was afterwards confirmed by the appellate courts, and dur- 
ing the time he was an associate justice he presided at the 
trials of many important cases. On January 11. 1887. 
Judge Cole married Miss Elizabeth H. Settle, of Virginia. 

Clarence Woods De Knight is a member of the bar 
of the Supreme Court of the United States, of the Court 
of Claims, and of the local courts, and also of the courts 
of the State of New York, with offices in the Kellogg Build- 
ing, 141 6 F street, northwest, this city. He was born at 
Rocky Mount, Franklin county, Virginia, September 23. 
[867, while his father was temporarily stationed there as 
a volunteer officer of the Union Army. His mother, Roselia 
H. Pettibone, is the daughter of the late John Pettibone, 
who was a sucessful business man and extensive real estate 
owner in the city of Washington. Mr. De Knight was edu- 
cated in the public schools of Washington, and attended the 
preparatory school and college of the Columbian University. 
Me received from the university law school the degrees of 
LL.P... LL.M., and master of patent law. and was admitted 
to the bar in 1892. Prior to his admission to the bar he 
received a thorough training in governmental affairs, both 
local and national, having served as private secretary to 
Senator Gorman, of Maryland : the late Hon. S. A. Whit- 




CLARENCE WOODS DE KNIGHT 



.field, first assistant postmaster general: and the three En- 

ommissioners of the District of Columbia — Colonel 

William Ludlow, Major Charles \\ . Raymond and Colonel 

Henry M. Robert — all of whom were prominent engineers 



THE CITY OF WASHINGTON. 



37i 



in the United States Army. He also served as secretary 
of the Committee on Naval Affairs of the United States 
Senate ; as secretary of the Unfted States Armor Factory 
Board, created by act of Congress ; as secretary of the Porto 
Rican Evacuation Commission, and was an assistant sec- 
etary of the Republican National Convention of 1900. When 
he came to the bar and entered into active practice this 
training, as well as his inclination, naturally led him to make 
a specialty in his professional career of governmental mat- 
ters. He is retained by many large Government contractors 
in their dealings with the Government, and represents large 
railroad, shipping and other corporate interests before Con- 
gress and the executive departments in Washington; and 
his energy, integrity and loyalty to his clients have given 
him an enviable position in his profession. Some years 
ago the late C. P. Huntington, the great railway magnate, 
offered Mr. De Knight a position as attorney for the South- 
ern Pacific Company in Oregon, but he declined the offer 
in order to continue his practice in Washington. Andrew 
Carnegie, whom he first met in 1896, wrote him in the same 
year as follows : " You are bound to succeed. I should bet 
on you." The most valuable part of the tract of land in 
New York city on which stands the three-million-dollar 
palace of Senator Clark, of Montana, was purchased through 
Mr. De Knight after others had failed to conduct successful 
negotiations. He is a member of the Phi Kappa Psi and 
Phi Delta Phi fraternities ; of the Knights of Pythias and 
the Masonic order. 

Charles A. Douglas. — Among the many names on 
the roster of practicing attorneys in Washington none 
stand higher than that of Charles A. Douglas, who has 
figured prominently in legal matters, and as a member 
of the faculty of the law school of Georgetown University 
since adopting Washington as a place of residence, in 1895. 
Though a South Carolinian by birth, Mr. Douglas spent 
much of his youth and obtained a portion of his education 
here, and at that time contracted a fondness for the mani- 
fold attractions of the nation's capital, which ultimately 
resulted in his forsaking his native State and permanently 
settling here. 

Mr. Douglas was born at Winnsboro, Fairfield county, 
South Carolina, on January 31, 1862, the son of John S. 
and Margaret Boyce Douglas. His early education was 
received in the schools of his native State, and after grad- 
uating from Erskine College he entered the Columbian 
University, this city, where he pursued the study of law. 
and there received his degree of LL.B. Mr. Douglas then 
took the bar examination and was admitted to practice in 
the District of Columbia before he had reached his majority. 
He returned, however, to Winnsboro, and there engaged 
in general practice in 1883. When he was twenty-four 
years old Mr. Douglas was elected a member of the South 
Carolina Legislature at the head of his ticket, and the 
following term was re-elected by a handsome majority. 
Mr. Douglas was again the choice of the people in 18SE 
when he was returned as elector-at-large for South Caro- 
lina, and cast his vote in the electoral college for Grover 
Cleveland. Mr. Douglas left Winnsboro in 1891 and re- 
moved to Columbia, South Carolina, where he actively prac- 
ticed his chosen profession until 1895, the date of his 



coming to Washington. Immediately upon his arrival here 
Mr. Douglas formed a law partnership with Mr. II. X. 
O'Bear, under the firm name of O'Bear & Douglas. Simul- 
taneous with this professional arrangement Mr. Douglas 
was elected one of the professors and lecturers in the 
law department of Georgetown University. He began his 
lectures the same year, his theme being "The I 
Torts," and the year following he was designated also to the 
chair of "Negotiable Instruments." and since that time 
he has discoursed upon both topics. Of this latter subject 
Mr. Douglas has made a deep and profound study, and 
now has in press a book for students on negotiable instru- 
ments, which will be used at Georgetown and other similar 
law institutions. With Senator Daniel, Mr. Douglas is now 
engaged in getting out the fifth edition of "Daniel on Nego- 
tiable Instruments." Upon the death of Mr. < ('Bear in 
1897 Mr. Douglas continued to practice alone for one year, 




when be was joined b\ bis brother, Mr. E. Scot! Douglas. 
as junior member of the linn, now known as Douglas iv 
Douglas, occupying a suite of offici s in the Fendall Building, 
within the shadow of the imposing old I lourl I louse. While 
Mr. Douglas lias appeared for the defense in several import- 
ant homicide cases, nevertheles ted bis attention 
almost exclusivel) to civil cases, in which he has met witb 
marked success. Mr. Douglas was chief counsel in the 
celebrated Bonine case, in which Mrs. Bonine was 
with the murder of James Seymour Avers in the Kenmore 
Hotel in May, [901. Mrs. Bonine was tried in November, 
[0 ,oi. liu trial lasted tour weeks, attracted national at- 
tention, and resulted in an acquittal. 

In 1886 Mr. Douglas married Miss Augusta Aiken, of 
South Carolina, and witb their three children, two boys 
and a girl. Mr. and Mrs. Douglas live at 2012 Wyoming 
avenue. 



372 



THE CITY OF WASHINGTON. 



William Henry Dennis comes of an old Rhode Island 
family, but was born in Philadelphia, Pa., February 21, 
[856. His father was Edward Griscom Dennis, who died 
of yellow fever in that year, and his mother's maiden name 
was Katharine Matthews, of that city. He has lived in 




Washington continuous!) since [869; was graduated A. 1'.. 

from Georgetown Universk) in 1874, and from its Law 

School in [876, in which year he was admitted to the bar. 

lie found time to teach himself the printing trade, did 

considerable writing for newspapers, and read law in the 

die United States Attorney. Afterwards he was 

deputj and acting register of wills for some years, ami is 

0! a highly commended book ^n the " Probate Law 

imhia." 

lie v in practice with Col. Enoch Totten, 

mi- railroads, 

tin latter's death, in [898, and was the local 

I Mew York in the Supreme 

the United States for some years. Recently his 

have In en in requisition a.- a fiduciary of trust 

uch as (hose left b) the late Dr. J. Fred. May, 

lame- E. I [arvey, ami others, lie 

' 1 r of the comm 

i . and one of the four I Inked Stales 

1 by the court for thi> I )istrict. lie 

hington June 20, 1901. t lis wife's 

I ec I lughletl, tlaughli 

Daniel 15. Hugl 

Robert Golden Donaldson bom in the 

1 , [875. lie is 
I te \\a- 
in this I listrict, an 



graduated, in the first class, from the 'Washington Business 
High School, and was the valedictorian of his class. In 
his earh life Mr. Donaldson, while attending the public 
schools during the day, kept the books of account for a 
large local business house in the evenings. After leaving 
the Washington Business High School, in 1892. he went 
into the law office of Wyman L. Cole, a brother and law 
partner of Hon. Charles C. Cole, who was at that time 
the United States Attorney for the District of Columbia, 
and who a little later was appointed associate justice of 
the Supreme Court of the District of Columbia by President 
Benjamin Harrison. While in a law office during the day, 
Mr. Donaldson attended in the evenings the law depart- 
ment of Georgetown University and graduated from that 
institution in 1895. Shortly thereafter he was admitted to 
the bar in the District of Columbia, and continued his as- 
sociation with the office of Wyman L. Cole until the lat- 
ter's death, on August 7th. 1899, when he succeeded to his 
practice, which be has retained and very largely increased. 
In 1901 Mr. -Donaldson was unanimously elected presi- 
dent of the alumni association of the Business High School, 
which he assisted in organizing the previous year, and which 
has many novel features, unusual in alumni associations, 
among which is an employment bureau, which has been 
widely successful in keeping all graduates of the school in 
acceptable employment and in many instances accomplish- 
ing substantial advancement for them. He declined re- 
election, and since that time has been a member of the 
executive committee. Mr. Donaldson has been" one of the 




ROBERT GOLDE 



most sucessful of the younger members ^i the District bar, 
and now enjoys a large and lucrative practice. lie has 
been associated in a number of large and important mat- 
ters, and is nov - counsel in important cases 
ical courts. Me took a leading part in the proceed- 



THE CITY OF WASHINGTON. 



373 



ings for the extension of Sixteenth street, northwest, in- 
volving an expenditure of about one million dollars by the 
city of Washington, and which is the largest and most im- 
portant condemnation proceeding instituted in this District. 
Mr. Donaldson is a member of the Bar Association, 
the Washington Board of Trade, and the Business Men's 
Association. He is also a prominent Mason, being a mem- 
ber of Washington Centennial Lodge, Mount Vernon Royal 
Arch Chapter, and a Knight Templar in Washington Com- 
mandery. He is also a noble of Almas Temple, Mystic 
Shrine. On November 20, 1899, he married Antoinnette 
Collet, daughter of Eustace and Mary J. Collet the former 
a distinguished linguist. They have a daughter, Ruth, who 
is now approaching three years of age. 

Hon. William Wade Dudley. Outside of the high 
officials of the National Government, there are few men in 
the United States who are more widely and favorably known 
than is General William Wade Dudley, the lawyer, states- 




HON. WILLIAM WADE DUDLEY 

man and patriot. He served his country in the hour oi 
danger, and in its defense lost a limb, but he gained urn 
versal recognition for his bravery and intense patriotism, 
and the gratitude of every loyal American. As a politician 
General Dudley has no peer, and his administration ol go^ 
ernmental affairs was marked with prudence ami wisdom 
and justice. General Dudley was born at Weathersfiekl 
Bow, Windsor county, Vermont, August 27, [842. He 1: 
descended from early settlers of Connecticut, and he is 
son of the Rev. John Dudley and Abigail (Wade) Dudley. 
He obtained his classical education at Phillips Vcadem , 
at Danville, Vermont, and at Russell's Collegiate Institute, 
at New Haven, Connecticut, acquiring in the latter insti- 
tution a thorough knowledge of military tactics, lie re- 
moved to Richmond, Indiana, where he eng; 
milling business in i860. He raised the City Grays 



pany of that city, and soon was elected captain of that 
organization. His company entered the service of the 
United States July 5. 1861, and was mustered into the 
United States service with the Nineteenth Regiment of 
Indiana Volunteers at Camp Morton, [ndianapolis. This 
was the first three-year regiment from Indiana. General 
Dudley served throughout the war of the rebellion with 
marked distinction, taking part in the engagements at Lew- 
isville, Virginia; Rappahannock Station, Sulphur Springs, 
Gainesville, second I hill Run, and Soutli Mountain, Antie- 
tam, Fredericksburg, Fitzhugh Crossing, ChancellorsvilU-, 
and the Pennsylvania campaign. At ( iettysburg ( '1 ill inel 1 >ud- 
ley was wounded in the right leg, causing amputation. For 
"gallantry in action" in this engagement he was breveted 
brigadier general. He remained in service, doing duty as 
inspector and judge advocate until the close of the war. 
From 1866 to 1874 he was clerk oi the courts oi Wayne 
circuit. Indiana, and in the meantime was admitted 
bar at Richmond. Indiana. I te was cashier of the Richmond 
Savings Bank from 1875 to 1 Sj<;. when he was appointed 
United States marshal lor the district of Indiana, serving 
until 1881, when he was appointed Commissioner of Pen- 
sions by President Garfield. The administration 
office by General Dudley was marked b\ firmness 
of character and administrative and executive abilities of 
the highest order, combined with energy, promptness and 
decision. General Dudley resigned from this post November 
10, 1884, to engage in business with Bateman & Company, 
and later, in 1SS7. became a member of the law firm "\ 
Britton & Gray, in Washington. I). (.'. lie has been a mem- 
ber of the bar of the Supreme Court of the United S 
since 1887. 

General Dudley always took a prominent part in politics. 
In the Presidential campaigns of 1880 and 1884 General 
Dudley took a most prominent part. In the campaign of 
1888 he was treasurer of the National Republic: 
mittee, and took an active interest to nominate General 
Harrison for tin Presidencx and to elect him. Notwith- 
standing the many bitter attacks to which General Dudlex 
was always expos,.,], growing from political animosities, he 
always retained the highest respect and friendship of those 
who knew him best. From 1885 lip to the present lime 
General Dudle\ has been engaged in the practice of law 
in Washington, I'. C. First be was a partner in the law 
firm of Britton & Gra) : now ; ~ senior partner in the law 
firm of Dudley & Michener, and the patent law and claim 
fi rni of W. W. Dudlej S Company, Washington, which 
linns occupy a handsome suite of offices at 624 

General Dudley is an enthusiastic Mason, being 
ber of the blue lodge and the chapter; is als. 
of all degrees; member of the Washington Commandery of 
the Royal Legion; and the past department commander. 
Department Indiana, (band Armj of the Republic. 
nanu- is on the lost,-,- of the Union Veteran Legion, Post 
N - () ,„, 1 1 ilumbia, and llv m l nion, 

anmand, Washington. D. C. and other so- 
cieties and organizations. 



374 



THE CITY OF WASHINGTON. 



I Ictober 18, 1864, General Dudley married Theresa Fiske, 
daughter of the Rev. George F. Fiske, of Richmond. She 
died November u, [897, and of this union there are five 
children — John \\'., George F.. William Northrop, Charles 
Tarbell and Theresa. 1 in March 8, 1899. General Dudley 
married again, his second wife being Nannie Robinson 
Finch, daughter of John Robinson and Elizabeth Kunkle, of 
Maryland. There are no children of this marriage. Gen- 
eral Dudley has a home in Washington, D. C, at 2431 Co- 
Itimbia Road, northwest. 

Hon. Andrew Brown Duvall. There are few mu- 
nicipal offices, if any, accompanied with greater responsi- 
bility, than that of corporation counsel for a great munici- 
pality like the District of Columbia; the officer in some 
cities is called city solicitor. To discharge the duties of 
this highl) responsible posl in the spirit of justice, fair- 




HON. ANDREW BROWN DUVALL 

ncss and impartiality there is required nol only staunch 
. bul also the possession of a thorough knowledge 
ral and municipal law. The Districl of Columbia 
I be proud in having such a man occup} the posi- 
or|K>ration counsel in tl Vndreu Brown 

Duvall. who is held in the highesl esteem l>\ the members 
of the bar and lunch and the people of Washington. 

A native of Washington, D. C, where he was horn 
'.-cendant of Mareen I luvall, 
• not. who emigrated and settled in Mary- 
land in the middle of the seventeenth century. Mr. Duvall's 
5cd iii the capital city. I le attended 
ill of < Columbian ( iollege, where he 
in 1867. After graduation he was 
tutor in the coll udied law in the 

same in 



which he was admitted to the bar of the Supreme Court 
of the District of Columbia and immediately entered upon 
the practice of law. For several years he was in partnership 
with the late Hon. Joseph H. Bradley, a leading member 
of the District bar. Mr. Duvall was for two years lecturer 
on equity and torts in the law department of Georgetown 
University, and is one of the judges of the moot court 
of the law department of Columbian University. He is 
trustee of the American University. He has served as a 
director and treasurer of the Bar Association, and he is one 
of the charter members of the alumni of the Sigma Chi 
fraternity. He is also a prominent member of the Metro- 
politan Methodist Episcopal Church, and is the president 
of the Methodist Home. Before his appointment to his 
present post he enjoyed a large and general practice in the 
courts, and has been engaged in his share of the important 
cases of public interest litigated here. Among these may 
be mentioned the case of Hutton against the District of 
Columbia, in which he succeeded in obtaining the decision 
of the Supreme Court of the United States, opening mem- 
bership on the Metropolitan police force to others than 
those who had served in the army and navy : the compli- 
cated case of the United States against Captain Howgate, 
and the sureties on his bond, as signal officer, in which 
that court sustained the reopening of the officers* accounts, 
which had been settled by the Treasury Department; and 
the case of the United States against Ewing, disbursing 
officer of the Department of Justice, in which there was an 
interesting question as to a claim of credit. 

The Commissioners of the District of Columbia, recog- 
nizing the ability and integrity of Mr. Duvall. on March 
15, 1899, appointed him attorney for the District. The title 
of the office later was changed by Congress to city solic- 
itor; and, again, by the District code, as amended, to that 
of corporation counsel, the last change being accompanied 
by an increase in salary. Novel and important questions 
constantly arise in connection with the conduct of the affairs 
of the municipality, and. as might be expected, many of 
these questions are eventually carried to the courts for 
adjudication. As a consequence, the corporation counsel 
lias a heavy court docket, which taxes the energies of him- 
self and his assistants. A prolific source of litigation was 
developed in the matter of condemnations for numerous 
streel extensions to acomniodate the growth of the " Greater 
Washington." The general scheme of Congress in all its 
acts for Street extensions was to charge one halt of the 
condemnation damages upon the property abutting the pro- 
posed sir, -ei extension. In a case of great public interest 
(Wighl el al \. Davidson, l8l U. S.. 371) the Supreme 
Courl of the United States, reversing the District court of 
sustained the constitutionality of the act of Con- 
the street extensions. Rarel) does a term of the 
I niud Slates Supreme Court pass hut that some District 
case, involving questions "i taxation or municipal liability, 
is reviewed In thai court, while in the courl of appeals 
there are always several such e.ises. 



THE CITY OF WASHINGTON. 



375 



In May, 1872, Mr. Duvall married Mary M. Walker, 
daughter of Mr. Charles E. Walker, of Washington, and 
niece of Captain Samuel H. Walker of Mexican war fame. 
There are six children, four daughters and two sons — Juliet 
Maud (Duvall), married to Dr. H. T. A. Lemon, of Wash- 
ington, D. C. ; Andrew B., Jr., graduate of Princeton 
University of the class of 1899, a practicing attorney in 
this city ; Louise, Mary M., Marjorie B., and Walker 
Mareen. Mr. Duvall occupies a comfortable residence, No. 
1831 M street, northwest, while his offices are in the Colum- 
bian Building, on Fifth street, northwest, opposite the 
United States court-house. 

John Warnock Echols was born at Clarksville, Mer- 
cer county, Pa., May 13, 1849. On the paternal side he is of 
Scotch Presbyterian descent, from Virginia ancestors, who 
emigrated from Scotland to the " Province of Virginia " 




JOHN WARNOCK ECHOLS 

in 1683, and on the maternal side from Scotch-Irish Pres- 
byterian Elder Robert Lyle, who emigrated from the north 
of Ireland and settled in Northampton county. Pa., in 17.27. 
and whose son, Aaron Lyle. was a member of Congress 
from that State from 1804 to 1817. Pie attended West- 
minster College and Lafayette University, but did not grad- 
uate; was traveling salesman for wholesale drug houses 
in Philadelphia and New York in 1870-73, taking partial 
courses in pharmacy and medicine during intervals between 
trips; went to Augusta, Ga., in 1873. and formed the firm 
of Echols & Co., cotton factors and commission merchants; 
married December, 1874. Mary Lou, daughter of the la 
Hon. Joseph H. Echols, member of Confederate Congress 
from Eighth Congressional District of Georgia. In 1877 
Mr. Echols began the study of law with General Robert 
Toombs at Washington, Ga. ; was admitted to Georgia bar 



in 1879, and bar of Supreme Court of Georgia in 1SS0. 
He is also a member of the bars of the United States 
Supreme Court, the Supreme Court and Courts of Common 
Pleas of Allegheny and Mercer counties, Pennsylvania, and 
all the courts of the District of Columbia: practiced law 
at Lexington, Georgia, till 1888, superintending at the same 
time the extensive family plantations : then, on account of 
change of climate required for an invalid member of his 
family, removed to Pittsburg, Pa., and practiced law there 
till 1892; then in Atlanta, Ga.', till 1896; and since in 
Washington, D. C. He was supreme president 1 if the 
American Protective Association during 1S96-97: proprie- 
tor of The Republic, published weekly in Washingt 
1896 to 1899; member of the executive committee of the 
Scotch-Irish Society of America for several years, and per- 
sonally managed the congresses of that society which met 
at Pittsburg in 1890 and Atlanta in [892; secured tin- 
attendance of President Harrison and a portion of his 
Cabinet at the Pittsburg Scotch-Irish Congress, and at the 
President's request replied for him to the address of wel- 
come and resolutions of the Congress. He is six feet one 
and a half inches tall, an all-round athlete, fond of rowing, 
fox hunting and golfing: a member of the Columbia Golf 
Club, a Knight Templar of the Masonic body and member 
of the Order of the Mystic Shrine., Mr. Echols resides at 
Falls Church, Ya., and bis business offices are rooms 706-7 
Columbian Building. Washington. 

Clayton E. Emig was born in York county. Pennsyl- 
vania, on the 4th of November, [862. lie is the youngest 
of ten children of Ely and Magdalena Emig. All of his 
brothers are engaged in agricultural pursuits. He was 
brought up on the old homestead farm purchased by his 
ancestors from the descendants of William Penn. Mis 
father died in 1877. He engaged in farming the homestead 
during the years [882 and [883. \t the age of twenty-two 
he entered Eastman's Business College, of Poughkeep- 
sie. Xew York, having attended the public schools and the 
Emigsville Academy in his native county. After gradu- 
ating at Poughkeepsie he entered ( laskell's Busim s 
in Xew York City, completing a special course in penman- 
ship, where he was afterwards employed as a teacher. In 
[885 '"' entered the preparatorj department of Oberlin 
College. 1 >hio, where after a two years' course lie entered 
the college department and pursued a three years' course 
of Study. In 1890 he entered the law department of the 
University of Maryland, graduating in [892. lie was 
admitted to the bar of the Supreme Court of Baltimore 
City in the same year, and in 1893 to the bar of r 
of Appeals of Maryland. 

.Mr. Emig took up his residence in the Disl 
Columbia in June. [893, and was admitted to and began 
the activi law before the Supreme Com 

District of ( lolumbia, the I >i of Vppeals and 

the United State- Court of Claims, during the same year. 
In 1S04 he married Miss l.elia A. Dromgold, daughter of 
\\ \ \-. a prominent manufacturer, of York, 



376 



THE CITY OF WASHINGTON. 



mia. In [898 he was admitted to the bar of the 
Supreme Courl of the United States on motion of Solic- 

hards, in which court he appeared as coun- 
sel For the plaintiffs in error in the cases of George W. 

: al., executors, versus The United Stales. 




sonic College, Dayton, Rhea county. East Tennessee, which 
position he filled for about three and a half years, and re- 
signed in order to accept a position in the War Department 
in Washington as clerk in the Surgeon-General's office, 
which he secured solely by competitive civil service examina- 
tion. He entered Georgetown Law School a few weeks 
afterwards, to wit. February, 1889, and received the degrees 
of li. L. and Al. I., at said school. In [893 he formed a law 
partnership with W. Wa'ton Edwards, the firm being 
known as Fulton and Edwards. This firm continued until 
September; 1896, when the same was mutually dissolved, 
and .Mr. Fulton then formed a law partnership with A. E. L. 
Leckie, under the firm name and style of Leckie & Fulton. 
Mr. Fulton is a Democrat in politics, hut has never held 
any political office. Recently he was quite prominently men- 
tioned for the position of Commissioner of the District of 
Columbia, made vacant by the death of lion. John W. Ross. 
For this position he had perhaps as large, if not the largest, 
local endorsement of any of the candidates, which was 
particularly strong among the members of the bar. who 
perhaps knew him better than any other class of citizens 
in the District of Columbia. He is a member of tin.' ( Idd 
Fellow and Masonic fraternities, the Golden Cross. Fra- 
ternal Mystic Circle, and a member of the Columbia His- 
torical Society of the District of Columbia, lie is a past 
grand of both the orders of ( Kid Fellows and Golden Cross, 
and a member of the Grand Lodge of the Independent t Irder 



CLAYTON E. E^ 

and 1 Hivcr l , Bosbyshell versu 
li 

and the 
inent. 

Mr. and Mrs. I'.mig are ; 
Baptisl 1 hurch and Sundaj sc 
three daughters. I le is a trustei 



I'he United States. I lis 
if the District, the United 
lartments of the ( lovern- 

ve members of Calvary 
il, and have a family of 
( 'alvary Baptist Church, 



large Bible class, a director of the Central 

Union Mission, a member of the Hoard of Trade, president 

of the Bloomingdale and LeDroit 1'ark Citizens' Association, 

a member of tin- Washington Business Men's Association, 

1 of I larmom I ,odge of the Masonic - irdcr, and 

ted \\ orkmen, 



Creed McT< < ' Fulton was ho 

ounty, Vi 
i Mary ( 



I So 



irginia, being the third 

'atherine Fulton. I lis 

Catherine Rietl. His 

the birthplace of this subject, 

and In- 1 ounty, Virginia. Mr. Creed M. 

\u\ academic schools of 

tnd completed his literary edu- 

rtunty, East T( < 

\.K. and 

lay, 1885. 

■ ton Ma- 




CREED M'TEER FULTON 

of I Idd Fellows of the State of Tennessee. He was married 
June 17, 1SS0. to Miss Emma V. Walsh, of Spring Valley, 
Grayson county, Virginia, daughter of Rev. John and Lu- 
cretia M. Walsh, and has two children — son and daughter — 
treed Walsh Fulton and Marv Ana Fulton. 



THE CITY OF WASHINGTON. 



377 



John Creswell Heald. The legal profession in Wash- 
ington counts among its members many men whose fame 
for legal acumen and attainments is not restricted to the 
capital city, but reaches to all parts of the United States. 
Washington offers an exceptional!)' remunerative field for 




CRESWELL HEALD 



the' good lawyer, and once established in the confidence of 
the people, his way to success seems comparatively easy, 
one of whom is Mr. John Creswell Heald, the well-known 
attorney at law, and member of the firm of "Worthington, 
Heald and Frailey, attorneys at law." who occupy a large 
and handsome suite of offices in the Columbian Building, 
416 Fifth street, northwest, and enjoy one of the best pay- 
ing general law practices in this part of the country. Mr. 
Heald has mastered his chosen profession in all its intricate 
ramifications, and he is perfectly at home in the handling 
of civil as well as criminal cases. Perseverance, integrity 
and conscientious application to the affairs of his numerous 
clientele have assisted Mr. Heald to build up one of the 
best paying law practices in the United States, and his 
clients are numbered among the best class of people and 
wealthy corporations. In civil cases it was the Holt will 
case, and in criminal cases it was the Howgate and Canty 
case which assisted in putting Mr. Heald in the front rank 
of his profession. 

John Creswell Heald, the son of Edward and Caroline 
(Creswell) Heald, was born in Philadelphia April 16, 1850. 
Pie received his education at the Newark (Del.) Academy, 
St. Timothy's Hall. Catonsville, Md„ and at the University 
of Virginia, graduating from these institutions with high 
honors. After having finished his educational courses he 
entered the study of law, and when twenty-five years of age 
established himself in Washington. Ever sine 
forum of this city his rise in bis professii 



unceasing, until to-day he is partner in one of ;i 
known and busiest law firms in this country. Mr. Heald 
is also prominent in social life of the capital and is a mem- 
ber of the Cosmos Club and Chevy Chase Club, lie has 
always taken a deep interest in all matters pertaining t<> the 
welfare of Washington and is an active member of the 
Board of Trade. 

On October 31, 1876, Mr. Heald married Emma C. 
Bradley, daughter of Charles and Catherine C. Bradley. 
From this union there are three children — Edward C, 
twenty-five years old; Bradley, twenty-three years "Id. 
and Catharine B. Heald. Mr. Heald resides at 1720 X 
street, northwest. 

Hon. L. G. Hine. — There are but few men in Wash- 
ington occupying a more coveted position than L. I >. Hine, 
president of the Moholine Composing Company, who has. 
since his residence in this city, dating from [862, filled 
many positions of trust, notably among them that 
trict Commissioner. In each capacity Mr. 1 line's record 
has been an enviable one and one of which he may justly 
be proud. 

Mr. Hine was born on a farm on April 14. [832, and 
was educated in public and private schools, and later in 
Norwalk Seminary, Baldwin University and the State and 
National Law School. He was the editor of the Cleveland 
Commercial in 1851-52. and was practicing law in Cold- 
water, Michigan, at the outbreak of the civil war. when 
he assisted in raising a company for the Northwestern Rifle 




steady and 



Regiment, and was elected its captain, but declined and was 
commissioned first lieutenant in the 441)1 Illinois Volunteers, 
and served until April, 1862. when lie resigned be 
| oss f voice. In Ma\ following lie came to Washington 
,,,, a visit and has since continuously resided in this city. 



37§ 



THE CITY OF WASHINGTON. 



Early in 1863 he became a member of the firm of 
Fitch, I fine & Fox, and attended exclusively to the business 
of that firm in the Court of Claims until the autumn of 
[864, when he formed a partnership with ex-Governor 
Ford and attended principally to trials before courts martial 
and military commissions, until the autumn of i860, when, 
after six months study of tin- law and practice peculiar to the 
courts of the District of ( lolumbia, lie in the spring of 1807. 
opened a law office in this city and from that time con- 
tinuously practiced law in the local courts of the District 
until the summer of 1885. when a malignant attack of 
neuralgia affected his speech to such an extent that he 
retired From practice in 1887. From [869 until [885 he was 
employed in, and personally conducted one side in the trial 
more than one-sixth of all the civil cases that were tried 
in the courts of record of the District. While practicing law 



that seemed to be valuable in that line. A few months 
later Ottmar Mergcnthaler explained to him a device ap- 
parently more feasible than any before known, and the 
money was at once furnished Mergenthaler to make a model 
machine. This seemed practical, and in January. 1884, he 
organized the National Typographic Company to develop 
and construct the Linotype machine. In 1886 the Mergen- 
thaler Printing Company was organized to construct the 
Linotype for sale and use in North, Central and South 
America. Mr. Hine was annually elected president of the 
former company from its organization, and of the latter 
from March, 1889 (succeeding Whitelaw Reid), to Sep- 
tember, 1892. In the summer of 1890 he was elected general 
manager of the business of the latter company and October 
1. assumed its management. During the succeeding year 




JE'S RESIDENCE. 



In- was twice elected president of the Bar Association of 
1 he Dislricl of Columbia. In 1868 he was elected to the 
board of common council, and in 1870 to tin- board of 
aldermen of the City of Washington. IK- was Demo- 
cratic candidate for delegate t" Congress, for the District, 
in 1872, hui \va the polls, lie was appointed 

and again in December of thai year, a Commis- 
■ mfirmed by the Senate, 
bcr, 1890, when he resigned. I lis 
a most enviable one, his resig- 
nation 1" ' throughout Washington, and 
widely commented upon by the press of the country. 

In the autumn "i 1882 Mr. I line became interested in 
mechanical typi nul in connection with Frank 

I lume sooi in all inventions 



the success of the machine became so completely established 
that the stockholders desired to enlarge its factory, and 
some of them to increase its capital stock. The latter only 
was in dispute, and it was finalK agreed to refer the qucs- 
1 i. mi to Francis Lynde Stetson, of the firm of Bangs, Stet- 
son. Tracj & McVeigh. After an exhaustive investigation, 
lasting fr..m October i-( to November 6, 1801. Mr. Stetson 
reported on value as follows: " In consequence of my in- 
vestigation I am of opinion, and believe that the exclusive 
right of tin- use of this machine in North, South and Cen- 
tral America, exclusive of tin- Dominion of Canada, is 
worth $5,000,000, and thai the stock of this compail) if 
issued to thai amount, will, within a short time, have a 
cash value of that amount." Thereupon the Mergenthaler 
Linotype Company was organized with a capital stock of 



THE CITY OF WASHINGTON. 



379 



$5,000,000 and the property of the two above named com- 
panies in that territory was transferred to it. 

His agency in the development of the Linotype is stated 
by Ottmar Mergenthaler in his Biography and History of 
The Linotype, published in 1899, as follows: "It will be 
seen by the foregoing that Mr. Hine undertook the devel- 
opment of Mr. Mergenthaler's plans on his own account 
and not in the interests of the company. It was Mr. Hine, 
Frank Hume and Kurtz Johnson of Washington, who, for 
a long time, paid for all the work done by Mr. Mergenthaler 
under his new plans, and the consolidation of the interests 
held by them in his latest invention with the interests rep- 
resented by his former invention did not take place until 
January, 1884. Mr. Hine being the owner of a controlling 
interest in the old system and absolute owner of the new 
one, had practically absolute power to consolidate, or to 
keep the new system as his own separate property. He 
concluded to do the former. In Mr. Hine the right man 
had been brought into the right place. He combined all 
the qualities essential for a leader in an embryo enterprise, 
being a man of sterling integrity, of commanding- and 
confidence-inspiring appearance, not an enthusiast, but a 
man of rare persistency. Liberal almost to a fault, and 
always ready to give due weight to the opinions of those 
who, by reason of their special training and talent, were 
better qualified to judge mechanical problems, he, better 
than any one before or after him, understood the require- 
ments of the situation and allowed the inventor that liberty 
of action which is so essential to success." 

In the interference case No. 13,523, in the United 
States Patent Office in 1889, Mr. Mergenthaler testified 
substantially to the same facts. Mr. Hine is still the presi- 
dent of the Monoline Composing Company, although since 
the spring of 1898 he has taken no active part in any busi- 
ness. 

William Goodyear Johnson, of the Washington bar. 
was born in the city of Washington June 8, [860. Mis 
father, Henry Lezziardi Johnson, was also a native of this 
city and was born May 21, 1824. He was educated at 
Georgetown College and for nearly forty years prior to 
his death, which occurred in 1888, was in charge of the 
mail equipment division of the Post Office Department. 
Mr. Johnson's paternal grandfather was of English descent, 
his father, Philip, having come to America early in the 
eighteenth century and settled in Maryland, where he en- 
gaged in farming, and where his son Henry was born 
December, 1797. Henry Johnson came to Washington early 
in the nineteenth century. He was also in the Post < Iffice 
Department, but retired some years before the civil war to 
a farm he had purchased in Fairfax county, Virginia, where 
he continued to reside until his death in 1874. 1 le married 
Angelique Lezziardi, of Turin, Province of Piedmont, ltal\ 
Pier father, Antoine Lezziardi. removed from Italy I" 
France, and subsequently served as an officer of the Twent 
first Regiment of Dragoons under Napoleon. 



Mr. Johnson's mother, Emily E. Fitz Gerald, is a 
native of Connecticut, and was born in New Haven. Feb- 
ruary 2, 1834. She is the daughter of \\illi am Pitt Nelson 
Fitz Gerald and Sarah A. Goodyear. Mr. Fitz Gerald was 
the son of John Fitz Gerald, an ensign in Colonel leaser's 
regiment under Burgoyne, which was cut to pieces at 
Saratoga in 1777. Fie came to tins country from England, 
during the revolution, with this regiment, whose member- 
had p'edged themselves not to return to England until 
the colonists were subdued; a pledge which Ensign Fitz 
Gerald kept by remaining in America, lli- son, William 
P. N. Fitz Gerald, by reason of poverty, acquired his edu- 
cation under circumstances of great hardship, bul 
his own unaided efforts he overcame these obstacles and 
himself became an educator, being at one time a pi 
in Amherst College. He studied law at Yale and was State's 
attorney in New Haven in [841. 




IL.LIAM GOODYEAR JOHNSON 



Sarah A. Goodyear, Mr. Johnson's m; 
mother, be'onged to the colonial side of the revolution- 
ary conflict, her ancestors and other kinsmen being in the 
colonial armies in the war for independence. 
the daughter of Thaddeus Goodyear, of New Haven, and 
Fliza Van Randst, of \,- u York, the daughter 
nelius Van Randst, a Dutch resident of Manhattan 
She was the cousin of Charles Goodyear, the inventor. 
and the lineal descendant 1 fifth generation) of Stephen 
( roodyear, deputy governor of \Yu I [av< 1 
,143 to [658. 

Mr. Johnson's early education was obtained b\ private 
instruction at home and at Gonzaj 

formerly known as the Washington Seminary. 
He completed bis education at the Columbian \ ■ 
Washington, in 1880, and in l88l filtered its lav. 



3 8o 



THE CITY OF WASHINGTON. 



graduating therefrom in [883, and in the following year 
the post graduate course, receiving the degree of 
LL. M. in 1884. During his course at the law school 
he also pursued his studies in the offices of Messrs. Hanna 
and [ohnston, a law firm of considerable prominence, com- 
posed of Mr. John I-'. Hanna, who died in 1885. and Mr. 
James M. Johnston, who subsequently retired from the 
liar to engage in the banking business as one of the firm 
of Riggs & Company. Mr, Johnson acknowledges invalu- 
able advantages from the practical experience he gained in 
the office of this firm during the prosecution of his studies 
in tlie law school. 

( )n [une 4. [884, Mr. Johnson was admitted to the 
bar of the Supreme Court of the District of Columbia, and 
before completing his first year at the bar enjoyed the 
advantage of having responsible charge of important legal 
business and of litigation involving large interests. He 
was admitted to the bar of the Supreme Court of the United 
State- in 1889, and the records of that court show that he 
has had his full share of important litigation before it, in 
which he has achieved gratifying success. 

In [887 he became associated professionally with the 
late Calderon Carlisle, which association had the advantage 
of bringing to him new and valuable professional experi- 
ence, and this association becoming closer with each year 
of its continuance, culminated in the formation of a part- 
nership in January, 1894, which continued until, through 
the until Mr. Carlisle, in September, 1901, it 

was dissolved, involving the irreparable loss of an invalu- 
able professional associate and an affectionate and generous 
friend. For more than twenty years prior to his death 
Mr. Carlisle had been legal adviser of the British Govern- 
ment at Washington through its legation and embassy, and 
upon the death of Mr. Carlisle, Mr. Johnson had the honor 
of being selected as his successor. 

In [89] he was chosen b tin trustees as one of the 
faculty of th<- law school of the Columbian University and 
has continued such ever since. Mr. Johnson has never 
held am office, nor been a candidate for anj official posi- 
tion, and has never engaged in any business or occupation 
other than the practice of the law. In [892 lie was married 
to Mary Anna, the daughter of the late James F. Moore 
ill C. Mo,. re. Having always lived in Washington. 
Mr. Johns,, n b. electi\ e franchise, and 

i.ii red from any participation in constructive poli- 
never been affiliated with am political party or 
lion. 

rallmadge A. I ambert, - ! " of the leading attorneys 
">' Hh' V 011 of the late David Lambert 

• Lambert. His 

1 ollege, of I tartford, 

lied law in New York City and was 

the Territory of \Vis- 

family, and where Tallmadge 

mb, r Jo. 1842. ' 



Mr. Lambert was educated at Georgetown University, 
District of Columbia, where he received his degree of A.B. 
in July. 1S62. being class valedictorian, after which he 
entered the law offices of Messrs. Merrick & Morris, the 
firm being composed of Richard T. Merrick and Martin 
F. Morris, at the same time attending lectures at the law 
department of the Columbian University. In the fall of 
1869 he was admitted to the bar of the District of Colum- 
bia ami. in regular course, to the bar of the Supreme Court 
of the L'nited States and also the Court of Claims, and has 
practiced his profession continuously since. His alma mater 
conferred upon him, in addition, the degree of A.M., in 
1871, and in 1893 the degree of LL.D. Mr. Lambert occu- 
pied the chair of civil law in the law department of the 
Georgetown University from 1893 to 1900 when, his health 
failing, he resigned his professorship. During his career 
at the bar he has been prominently identified with leading 
causes of the Supreme Court of the Lnited Stales. Among 
others, may be mentioned (because of their peculiarly local 
interest) : Van Riswick v. Wallach, 92 U. S. 202. arising 
from the confiscation act of 1862; Shoemaker v. United 
States, 147 U. S., 282, founded on the Rock Creek Park- 
condemnations and the special act of 1890; United States 
v. Morris et al., 174 U. S.. 191, known as the Potomac 




River Mats litigation which originated from the special 
art of August o. [886, and which involved nearly the entire 
river fn mi of the city. 

Mr. Lambert served as one of the trustees of the public 
schools of the district of Columbia, and has always been 
dceph interested in educational matters. lie was the 
attorney for the Great balls lee Company from 1874. and 
was its president from 1883 '" ' s "" ; also attorney for the 
Mutual Lire Insurance Compan) from t88o until [898; 



THE CITY OF WASHINGTON. 



38i 



the attorney and director of the Lincoln Bank of Washing- 
ton, and one of the organizers of the Union Savings Bank 
of Washington, D. C, and was one of the directors. He 
was furthermore one of the charter members of the Wash- 
ington Board of Trade and was a director until ill health 
forced him to resign in 1901. Mr. Lambert took part in 
the incorporation of the Citizens' Relief Association of the 
District of Columbia, and is one of the trustees, and is 
also a member of the National Geographic Society and a 
manager of the Columbia Historical Society. He was one 
of the organizers of the Bar Association of the District of 
Columbia, and is a member of the American Bar Association. 
In the intervals of professional work he has contributed to 
divers periodicals both legal and otherwise. 

Mr. Lambert was married, at St. Aloysius Church, in 
Washington, by the Reverend Charles Stonestreet, on the 
27th of April, 1870, to Miss Avarilla Van Riswick, second 
daughter of the late John Van Riswick and his wife, 
Mary Van Riswick, nee Fenwick, now deceased. Three 
children have been born of this marriage, the eldest — Wil- 
ton John Lambert — is a lawyer, and is associated with his 
father, and two daughters, Miss Maud C. Lambert and 
Miss Mildred B. Lambert, who reside with their parents, at 
No. 1 2 19 Massachusetts avenue. 




Wilton J. Lambert was born in 1871; is a native of 

Washington, and the only son of Mr. and Mrs. Tallmadge 
A. Lambert. Mr. Lambert is descended on his father's side 
from one of the oldest families in the State of Connecticut, 
his ancestors having founded the town of Wilton, near 
Norwalk, in that State. His grandfather on his mother's 
side was Mr. John Van Riswick, who was one of Wash- 
ington's most successful business men. Mr. Lambert re- 
ceived his early education at Emerson Institute, this city, 



and graduated from Princeton in 1892. He studied law at 
the law department of the Georgetown University, and 
graduated from there in 1894. He was president of his 
class at the law school, and was admitted to the bar of the 
District of Columbia in 1894, upon which he entered into 
active practice with his father, the firm being at first Lam- 
bert & Lambert, and subsequently Lambert & Baker. In 
June, 1896, Mr. Lambert married Miss Bessie Gorman, 
daughter of Senator Arthur P. Gorman, and has two chil- 
dren, Miss Elizabeth and Master Arthur Gorman Lambert. 
Mr. Wilton J. Lambert has been very active in the prac- 
tice of his profession, having been identified as counsel 
with a number of important legal controversies, including 
the Rock Creek Park condemnation and assessment suits, 
the Potomac Flats cases, the contests between the rival 
electric lighting companies, and the contests over the will 
of Columbus Alexander, involving about $1,000,000. and of 
the will of George W. Utermehle. involving about $1,500,000. 
and many others of unusual prominence. Mr. Lambert is 
attorney for the Washington Base Ball Club of the Amer- 
ican League, and for the Standard Stone Company. He is 
also a director of the Business Men's Association, the L T nion 
Savings Bank, the Colonial Fire Insurance Company, the 
Cerberite Manufacturing Company, and is first vice-presi- 
dent of the Brightwood Citizens' Association, besides being 
connected with a number of other' important corporations 
and organizations. 

John Bell Larner.— It would be a difficult task to 
name a man who is closer identified with the progress and 
welfare of Washington than is John Bell Larner. the well- 
known attorney and counsellor at law. with offices in the 
Adams Building, 1335 F street, northwest, Washington, 
D. C. He has not restricted his efforts towards the interests 
of this city to one particular line, but has given his best 
endeavors to advance the commercial, as well as industrial, 
educational and charitable interests of Washington, and 
his high standing in the community, among all classes, 
is sufficient evidence of his integrity, honesty and fair- 
mindedness. 

Mr. Larner was born in Washington August 3. [858. 
He is the sou of the late Noble D. Larner. His rudi- 
mentary education was received in private schools in this 
city. In 1874 be attended the preparatory department 
of Columbia College, after which be was engaged with 
his father in the insurance business until the fall ■<( [876, 
when be entered the law office of Merrick & Morris. Before 
commencing the Study of law he became greatly interested 

in'amateur journalism, and at one time edited and pub- 
lished The Tribune, a monthly paper, and later The Eclectic, 
the latter being at first a monthly and afterward a weekly 
journal. In 1 S77 he entered the junior class of the law 
department of Columbian University and was admitted to 
t h e b ar ,,1 the Supreme Court of the District of Columbia 
in May, [879, three months before reaching his majority. 
In [tine of the same year be was graduated from the uni- 
versity with a degree of LL.B., taking a prize for an essay 



3 82 



THE CITY OF WASHINGTON. 



on "The Law of Mortgages." [mmediately after his 
admission to the bar he commenced the practice of law, 
being associated with Messrs. Merrick & Morris. Upon the 
nendation of Mr. Merrick, he was appointed junior 
counsel of the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad for the Dis- 




JOHN BELL LARNER 

tricl of Columbia, Mr. Merrick being the senior counsel. 
Alter holding this position For aboul two years his increas 
ing private practice compelled him to resign and open 
il his own. He was admitted to the bar of the 
Supreme Court of the United Stale- April 28, [886. B) 
close application to business Mr. Larner soon limit up one 
of the largest and most lucrative law practices in the Dis- 
trict of Columbia. He gave much attention to the law 
ite corporations, some of the largest corporations 
in Washington having been organized under his counsel, 
thers, the Washington Loan and Trust Company, 
the first trust compam organized in the District of Colum 
was also active in securing the passage of the 
of I >ctober 1. 1890, authorizing the incor- 
ipanies in the District of Columbia. 
>r and general counsel for the \\ ash- 
1 ompany; a director in the Equitable 
iation; vice-president of the 
Glass Insurance Company; director of the 
politan Bank, the National Galleries of \n. 
■ ' nivcrsity. lie was also 
lumbin National Ban! 

I the National Bank of the 
Inch he was a director, and vice- 
ial counsel for 
• and Investment I 1 
In additi 



the general settlement of estates, in which he has had 
wide experience. Mr. Larner is connected with a num- 
ber of religious and charitable organizations, and is a 
prominent member of the Xew York Avenue Presbyterian 
Church, one of the vice-presidents of the Young Men's 
Christian Association, and a member of the Board of Di- 
rectors of the Washington Hospital for Foundlings. He 
was also a trustee of the Washington Public Library. 
Always closely identified with the business interests of 
Washington, Mr. Larner is an active member of the Board 
of Trade. He has not only been successful in his profession 
as a lawyer, but in the field of literature Mr. Larner is 
well known. He is the author of an interesting translation 
of Alexander Dumas' "Life of Napoleon," published in 1894. 
This work had never before bep'.i published in the English 
language. Mr. Larner possesses one of the largest private 
collection of valuable and rare books in this section of 
the country. He is a member of the London Ex-Libris 
Society, and his extended collection of book plates is inval- 
uable. Mr. Larner is also taking the deepest interest in 
the researches of archaeology and is an ardent member 
and treasurer of the Washington Society, Institute of Ameri- 
can Archaelogy. He is also prominently identified with 
the Masonic fraternity and the Columbian Historical Society. 
His wife before marriage was Miss Anna Parker, 
daughter of E. Southard Parker, president of the National 
Metropolitan Bank in this city. There are three children — 
Ruth Parker, Margaret Parker and Isabella Wilson Earner. 
Mr. Larner lives at 1709 Nineteenth street, northwest. 




A. E. L. Leckie, born in Axyshire, Scotland, in the 
year 1S0-, is on< of the most prominent and promising 

practitioners at the District bar. lie has won his way to 

the front rank of the legal profession in Washington bj 

rce of industry and intellectual ability. Starting as 



THE CITY OF WASHINGTON. 



383 



a poor boy, he has struggled unaided to the top. He came 
to this country when a lad of twelve, with no money in his 
pocket and no capital to back him, save the persistence of 
his sturdy Scotch ancestry and the ambition and determina- 
tion to succeed. In Schuylkill county, Pennsylvania, where 
he first settled, he toiled and studied, night and day, to lay 
the foundation for an education in the common schools. 
Then, with the practice of law steadily in mind, he equipped 
himself in the Bloomsburg State Normal School for teach- 
ing, and for five years thereafter devoted himself to teach- 
ing in order to obtain sufficient funds with which to enter 
upon the study of his chosen profession. He came to Wash- 
ington, where he could have the benefit of and access to 
the finest legal library in the country, as well as the inspira- 
tion which proximity to the great legal minds on the su- 
preme bench must give, and matriculated at the law school 
of the Georgetown University. There he proved a brilliant 
scholar, and came out with the degrees of LL.B. and LL.M. 
He was admitted to practice in 1894, and the same quali- 
ties that had helped him through his earlier career brought 
him success almost immediately in the field to which he 
had consecrated the hopes and aspirations of his youth. 
He soon had a lucrative practice, and was recognized as 
one of the coming men at the District bar in both the 
civil and criminal branches of the law. His talent was 
early recognized by his legal associates, and the part he 
took in handling the defense of Mrs. Lola Ida Bonine, 
who was tried for the murder of James Seymour Ayers, 
Jr., as well as his connection with a number of other 
notable cases, not only created a demand for his services, but 
established his reputation as one of the most trustworthy 
lawyers in Washington. 

Benjamin Farnsworth Leighton, reckoned among 
the most prominent members of the Washington bar, is also 
a man of wide business affairs and his name figures in the 
directorates of several of the leading financial institutions 
of the city. Mr. Leighton occupies a handsome suite of 
offices in the Columbian building. Born in Pembroke, 
Washington county, Maine, on November 1, 1847, he is 
the son of Charles H. and Sarah J. Farnsworth Leighton. 
Mr. Leighton is of English descent on both the paternal 
and maternal side. On the paternal side he is a descendant 
of the English family of Leightons. The grandparents on 
both sides of the house were born in England and came to 
this country in the early years of its independence. Desirous 
of fitting him for a profession, his parents afforded him every 
opportunity for an ample education. He first attended 
Kent's Hill Seminary, Maine, and later entered Eastman's 
Business College, at Poughkeepsie, New York. For two 
years, 1871-2, Mr. Leighton taught in the Corinth Academy, 
at Corinth, Maine. Severing his connection with thai 
institution he came to Washington in 1873, and took a 
course in law at the National Law School, this city, was 
admitted to the bar in 1875, and immediately engaged in 
general practice. Ere long he had surrounded himself with 
a large and influential clientele. Mr. Leighton has been a 



director in the Columbia National Bank since 1887, and 
vice-president of the People's Fire Insurance Company 
since its organization, in which he played an important 
part. He has also been a director of the Columbia Title 
Insurance Company since its organization. In 1892 he 
was elected president of the Bar Association, and has been 
the dean of the law department of Howard University since 
1881. When the American University was founded in 
1893, Mr. Leighton was chosen one of its trustees. 

Mr. Leighton is a Republican, but because of his long 
residence in the District of Columbia he has never taken 
an active part in politics. He served with distinction in 
the civil war, having enlisted in January, 1864. at the age 
of seventeen, in Company I, First D. C. Cavalry, at Augusta, 
Maine. He was wounded in battle on June 29, 1864, and 
later taken prisoner, and confined in Libbey Prison, where he 




■ARNSWORTH LEIGh 



was held for two months prior to his exchange in September 
following. Mr. Leighton is a prominent member of the 
Grand Army of the Republic. On August 8. 1870. Mr. 
Leighton married Miss Sarah Adams Foss, daughter of 
Cyrus King and Sarah Adams Foss. of Fairfield. Maine. 
Mrs. Leighton is a descendant on the maternal side of John 
Adams and John Quincy Adams. Presidents of the United 
States. Mr. and Airs. Leighton now reside at 708 Massa- 
chusetts avenue. 

Hon. Joseph K. McCammon.- Years of experience 
in public and professional lite, diligent application and scru- 
pulous fidelity t<> the interests of his large and ever in- 
creasing clientele, have made the Hon. Joseph Kay Mc- 
Cammon, our of the most widely and best known attorneys 
in the United Slates. His legal training began at an early 
age, and to his deep knowledge of the laws and skill in 
handling intricate cases, is due the solution of many in- 



384 



THE CITY OF WASHINGTON. 




volved public questions as well as law points. General of Assistant Attorney-General of the United States, in which 
,,„ has always ta ken the deepesl interest con- capacity he served until 1885. In 1881 Mr. McCammori 
cerning public affairs, and has held a number of highly was also appointed United States Commissioner of Rail- 
rcsponsible positions in the public service. Outside of his roads, and in the same year President Garfield appointed 
| ar&e pra , , ,[ McCammon finds time to devote him to treat with the Bannock and Shoshone Indians. 

himself i" scientific researches which is attested by his President Arthur in 1882 appointed Mr. McCammon to 

treat with the Flatheads and affiliated Indians. During the 
civil war Mr. McCammon was a member of a militia or- 
ganization in Philadelphia. He was Judge Advocate Gen- 
eral on the staff of General Ordway, N. G, D. C. He has 
written a number of books relating to well-known law 
cases and public affairs, among them being: Report on 
Indian Service. 1878; Report of Councils with Bannock 
and Shoshone Indians, 1881 ; Report of Councils with 
Flathead and other Indians, 1882; Arguments in cases 
affecting Pacific and other railroads, and others. 

Mr. McCammon is a member of the American Whig 
Society, Phi Kappa Sigma, a National Geographic Society, 
Metropolitan Club, Cosmos Club, and Chevy Chase Club, 
Washington, D. C. ; University Club, of Xew York; Art 
Club, of Philadelphia. ( >n September 22. 1870, Mr. Mc- 
Cammon married Catherine Ormsby McKnight of Pitts- 
burg, who has since died. There are three children — 
( Irmsby, Abbie Bristow, and Edith Nassau. Mr. Mc- 
Cammon resides at 1324 Nineteenth street, northwest, and 
his offices are located in the Bond building. Fourteenth 
street and New York avenue, where he has associated with 
him in the practice of a general law business. James II. 
Hayden. Esq. 



membership of tin- National I ieo 
1 osmos < 'lull. I fc is prominent 
on the roster of exclusive clubs 
and Philadelphia. 

'Hie I Ion. Joseph K. Mc( 'ammon 
dclphia on ( Ictober 13, [845, being the sou of David t'bam- 
1 .million and Josephine Ka) (Drummond) Mc- 
Cammon. The elder Met 'ammon was a prominent mer- 
chant of Philadelphia, and the owner of sailing and steam- 
moiiR the former being the celebrated clipper ship 
"Morning Light," built by the Cramps for him in [853. 
educated at several academies in Philadcl- 
rinceton College (now Prince- 
111 which he was graduated in the 
ind later rec< i \l. I [e 

is the president of his class, and has been president of 
i \lumni Assi I was for 

\lumni Vssoci 
leaving I Vie. 

interest 
■'pointed 

'. counsel of tin- 

'..dins in 
intimate 

be hid 

the appointment 



raphic Society a 


id the 


n social circles 


and is 


I this city, New 


Y< irk 



ila- 




William Edgar Moses was horn near Mount Sterling. 
Drown county, Illinois, on February 15, 1844. and is a son 
Creth and Anna llohhs Moses. At the age of 
L-ighteen years, the war of the rebellion being waged, he 
enlisted in Company F. [19th Regiment, Illinois Infantry. 
m August o. 1862, and served until September o. 1865. 



THE CITY OF WASHINGTON. 



385 



The three years spent in the United States service were 
active, he having participated in thirteen battles. On his 
return home, in 1865, he entered actively in business in Illi- 
nois, Kansas and Missouri. In 1880 Leadvillc, Colorado, 
seemed to offer superior inducements, and in April of that 
year he cast his lot in that gold camp. While there he 
engaged in the purchase and sale of real estate. In 1883 
he embarked in the land scrip business. In April, 1885, 
he removed to Denver, Colorado, and prosecuted his busi- 
ness more vigorously. 

In 1899, finding that his business had increased to such 
large proportions, and having a large and increasing cli- 
entage, he established himself at Washington, D. C, (con- 
tinuing his Denver office) where he could the better serve his 
clients whose interests he represented in the Department of 
the Interior. Today he enjoys the reputation of being one of 
the most successful and reliable dealers in Government land 
scrip in the United States. On January 1, 1903, he incor- 
porated his business under the laws of Colorado, adopting 
the corporate name of " The W. E. Moses Land Scrip and 
Realty Company," with a capitalization of $100,000.00. 
All of the stock was quickly subscribed for, is fully paid 
up, and is worth par. Although Mr. Moses is president 
and general manager of this company, he devotes his atten- 
tion largely to land practice. He enjoys a large clientage 
extending throughout the public land States. He is essen- 
tially a self-made man. In politics he has always been a 
Republican of the purest type. He has never classed him- 
self as a politician, manifesting an interest in politics only 
when the business of the country seemed to demand the 
attention of all of its patriotic citizens. Secret societies have 
not been given much attention. In the early sixties he 
affiliated himself with the Masonic order. He has been 
an active member of the Grand Army of the Republic, being 
past post commander of his (Reno) post; ex -president 
of the Grand Army of the Republic Memorial and Benevo- 
lent Association, which is composed of all of the Grand 
Army Posts of Denver, Colo.; also ex-chief of staff, Depart- 
ment of Colorado and Wyoming, Grand Army of the Re- 
public. On November 25, 1872, he was united in wedlock 
with Miss Ella Oppy, daughter of Moses Oppy and Hannah 
Jefferson Oppy. 

Arthur Peter was born in Rockville, Md., on Novem- 
ber 16, 1873. His father, the late George Peter, was a 
lawyer of prominence in Maryland, and held various politi- 
cal positions, among which were State's Attorney, President 
of the State Senate, etc. Lavinia Gassaway, his mother, 
was a descendant of Judge Nicholas Gassaway, judge of 
the Superior Court of the Province of Maryland in [691. 
Major George Peter, U. S. A., a member of Congress 
from Maryland for a number of years in the early 
part of the last century, was a grandfather, and Robert 
Peter, the first mayor of Georgetown, District of Colum- 

49 



bia, the great-grandfather of the subject of this sketch. 
The Peter family is Scotch, and are related to the 
Douglasses, the Scotts and the Campbells of Scotland. 
Arthur Peter was educated at the Rockville Academy, Mary- 
land, and at the Rittenhouse Academy of this city, receiving 
the scholarship prize at the last-named institution. At the 
age of seventeen he started the study of law, and the 
following year entered the National University of this city. 
At the age of twenty he was graduated in law from that 
university, receiving the faculty and MacArthur gold med- 
als, it being announced that Mr. Peter had made 100 per 
centum in all examinations, a record never before or since 
equalled in that university. < )n his twenty-first birthday 
he was admitted to the bar in Maryland, and at once moved 
to this city and engaged in the practice of law, entering 
at first the office of Arthur A. Birney, Esq., at that time 




ARTHUR PETER 

district attorney for the District of Columbia. [11 1896 
Mr. Birney offered Mr. Peter a partnership, which was 
continued for a short while, and terminated by the illness 
of Mr. Peter, who was compelled to retire from business 
for nearly a year, lie then returned to this cit) and again 
engaged in the practice of law, forming a partnership for 
a time with Hon. John J. Hemphill. In [899 he was en- 
gaged to deliver a omrse of lectures in testamentary law 
al die National University, and in [900 became a lecturer 
upon the same subject at the Columbian University in this 
city. In tool, upon tin- resignation of the late Justice 
Walter S. Cox. he was given the chair upon real property 
by the last named institution. Mr. Peter is a director in 
tin- Lincoln National Bank, a member of the Par Associa- 
tion, of the Metropolitan and Chevy Chase Clubs, of the 
Bachelor Cotillion, and of the order- of Masons and < Md 

fellows. 



3 86 



THE CITY OF WASHINGTON. 




William H. Robeson was bom in Athens, Tennes- 
see, September 8, iKu>. He was educated ai Emory and 
limn College, Virginia, Easl Tennessee Wesleyan Uni- 
versity, Vtliens, Tenness.ee, and Vanderbilf University, 
■Nashville, rennessee. Mr. Robeson was admitted to the 
bar Jul) i. [883; was appointed Assistant Attorney in 
the Department of Justice September 15, [893, in charge 
of the defense of Indian depredations cases, and resigned 



\11g11sl 15, i8< 
general practici 



tin 



ias been engaged in tli 




William Carlysle Shelley, son of James T. and Mar- 
tha McElwee Shelley, was born at Post Oak Springs, Roane 
county, East Tennessee, August 12, 1854. He was edu- 
cated in private schools and at Rittenhouse Academy ; was 
admitted to the bar at Kingston, Tennessee. December 10, 
1877, and is a member of the bar of the Supreme Court of 
the United States. Mr. Shelley has a'ways been a Repub- 
lican in politics, and as such represented his native county 
in the legislature of Tennessee, 1878-1880. He was not in 
the army, except as a " refugee " to his father, who was 
colonel of the Fifth Regiment of East Tennessee Volunteers 
in the Union Army. Mr. Shelley is a thirty-second-degree 
Mason, and a member of the Sons of the American Revo- 
lution. 

Captain Ammi Amery Thomas. — There an few- 



men who are as well and as 



"11 in the 




world as is Captain Thomas. Having 
sponsible positions in the Government, 



-E SHELLEY 



occupied high 

and being affiliated with the best interests of the national 
capital, his influence and experience is sought by all classes 
of people. His knowledge of the law and distinct skill in 
handling difficult cases to a successful result have aided 
him in building up one of the most lucrative law practices 
in this city. He occupies a large suite of offices in the 

Atlantic building, 930 F street, northwest, and his large 
clientele is ever increasing. Captain Thomas was born in 

Alexander, Genesei county, New York, August 29, [844. 
lie was educated at Middlebury Academy, New York, 
and St. John's Academy, Nashotah, Wisconsin. lie studied 
law ill Milwaukee. Wisconsin, and was admitted to the 
bar in 1872. He had been previously appointed assistant 
United States marshal of Wisconsin, and served as such 



THE CITY OF WASHINGTON. 



38/ 



in 1870 and 1871. He married Elizabeth Parks, of Ocon- 
omowoc, Wisconsin, on August 8, 1869, and removed to 
Kansas in 1872, where he continued the practice of law, 
receiving in the same year the appointment of register of 
the United States Land Office, at Cawker City, and after- 
wards at Kirwin, continuing here until 1877, and removing 
the same year to Washington, D. C, where he practiced 
as an attorney before the departments, though confining 
himself principally to business connected with the general 
land office and the Interior Department. He prosecuted, 
with signal ability and success, some of the most important 
land contest cases that the department ever was called upon 
to consider, some involving vast tracts of the public domain, 
and others involving titles to town sites worth millions 
of dollars. Gradually relinquishing his practice before the 
General Land Office, because of the general falling oil" 
of business in that bureau, Captain Thomas turned his 
attention to such active pursuits as invited investment, 
and with the capital he had accumulated, he soon became a 
stockholder and president of the United States Electric 
Lighting Company ; director in the Second National Bank, 
the Metropolitan Railroad Company, the Brightwood Rail- 
way Company (of which he was the originator and Presi- 
dent), and other enterprises. He is a director in the Amer- 
ican Security and Trust Company, a director and large 
stockholder in the Atlantic Building Company, and one 
of the three projectors and -owners of the Union building, 
a mammoth structure on G street between Sixth and Sev- 
enth streets, northwest, formerly occupied by the Wash- 
ington City post office. 

Captain Thomas' military career began in June, 1862, 
two months after the civil war commenced, when he enlisted 
in Company A, Twenty-Eighth Wisconsin Infantry, being 
less than fifteen years of age. After a period of service in 
this command, he enlisted in Company A, Thirty-Ninth 
Wisconsin, in May, 1864. In August following he was 
taken prisoner and detained in confinement in Alabama 
until February 22, 1865, when he was paroled. Pie was 
finally mustered out of the service in March, 1865. Captain 
Thomas comes from old revolutionary fighting stock, his 
ancestors having been actively engaged in the revolutionary 
war, as we'd as in the war of 1812. His father was Amery 
Thomas, a prominent lawyer in the State of Xew York, 
his mother being Flora (Butler) Thomas. Captain Thomas 
occupies a handsome residence at 13 14 Twelfth street, north- 
west. Pie is a prominent member of the Masons ami Other 
fraternities and societies. 

Hon. John Mellen Thurston, former United States 
Senator from Nebraska, is one of the many who came to 
Washington in an official capacity, and becoming enamored 
of the manifold attractions and possibilities of the national 
capital elected to make it his home. Mr. Thurston upon 
his retirement from the Senate, opened a handsome suite 
of law offices here in the Bond Building, corner of Four 
teenth street and New York avenue, northwest, with a 
branch office at Omaha, Nebraska, and also an office as 



general counsel of the Yacqui Copper Company, at 170 
Broadway, New York. He numbers among his clients 
business firms from all sections of the country of the high- 
est standing in the commercial and financial world, as well 
as public men of influence and power. He is regarded 
as occupying a position in the front rank of the legal 
fraternity in the United States. 

Senator Thurston was born at Montpelier, Vermont, 
on August 2t, 1847. His ancestors were Puritans, and 
their settlement in this country dates back to 1636. His 
grandfather, Mellen, and great grandfather, Thurston, were 
both soldiers in the revolutionary war. His parents, Daniel 
S. and Ruth (Mellen) Thurston, moved to Wisconsin in 
1854. His father was a private soldier in the First Wis- 
consin Cavalry, and died in the service in the spring of 
1803. Senator Thurston was educated in the public schools 




HON JOHN MELLEN THURSTON 



po 



IIW 



Wise >iisin, 
earns and 



manual labor, lie was admitted to the bar May 21. 1869, 
and in Octobet of the same year located in < Imaha, where 
he has since resided. In that cit) he was elected a member 

1874. and a member of the Nebraska legislature in 1875. 
lie was a member of the Republican National Convention 
in 18S4. ami temporary chairman of the Republican Na- 
tional Convention in 1888; was president of the Republican 
League of the United States from 1889 1- 1891, and was 
selected as permanent chairman of the Republican National 
Convention held in St. Louis June 16, 17 and [8, 1896, 
which nominated Major William McKinlej of Ohio, foi 
President. In 1877 he became assistant attorney for the 
Union Pacific Railway Company, and in February, [888, 
was appointed general solicitor of the Union Pacific system, 



3 88 



THE CITY OF WASHINGTON. 



and held that position at the time of his election to the 
Senate. He was the Republican caucus nominee for United 
States Senator in the Nebraska legislature in January, 1893, 
and received the entire party vote, lacking five votes of 
election. On January 1. 1895, he was tendered, in writ- 
ing, the unanimous vote of the entire Republican member- 
ship in the legislature, and was elected January 15, 1895, 
for the term commencing March 4. 1895. In 1901 Senator 
Thurston was appointed United States Commissioner for 
the St. Louis Exposition. With bis wife and four children 
Senator Thurston occupies a handsome home at 2132 Wyo- 
ming avenue, northwest. 

Hugh T. Taggart, son of Hugh T. and Elizabeth 
(Fairgreave) Taggart, was born in Baltimore County, Md., 
August 15, 1844. When but a child his parents removed to 
Georgetown, D. ('., from which place, alter a residence of a 
few years, they removed to the State of Georgia, locating 
near Dalton, where his father purchased a tract of land 
which was cleared and converted into a farm. While here 
Mr. Taggart began his education at a crossroads school, and 
continued it at a school in Dalton. His mother's health 
failing, the family returned to Maryland, where he attended 
the public schools in Baltimore, and graduated from the 
high school in 1863. While reading law in the office of 
John Blair Hoge, esquire, he accepted the position of clerk 
to the contractor who erected the building for the Depart- 
ment of Agriculture in this city. Afterwards he entered the 
law office of the late (•en. Enoch Totten, attended the lec- 
tures at the Columbian Law School, and was admitted to 
the District bar on November 5, 1869, When General Tot- 
ten became the attorney for the city government, in 1870, 
Mr. Taggart became one of his assistants. 

Mr. Taggart established The Washington Law Reporter, 
which began its existence January 13, 1874, and conducted 
it for several years. It is still in existence, and has become 
indispensable to the profession and the public of the District. 

On October u. i.xXi. Mr. Taggart was appointed assist- 
ant I nited States attorney by Colonel Corkhill, and practi- 
callj tin- first duty which devolved upon him as such was the 

preparatii £ the case of Guiteau, the assassin of President 

Garfield, for trial. In one of its aspects, the case presented 
was that of a mortal wound infli< ted in the District of Colum- 
bia and the death of the injured person in the State ol New 
Jersey another jurisdiction and the serious question arose 
whether the offense of murder was legal!) complete in either 
place. If it was not. the jurisdiction of the courts of the 
District extended no farther than to convict merely for the 
assault there committed. This question was wideh discussed 
in the newspapers 1>\ lawyei throughout the country. Mr. 
prepared the Government's briefs for the argument 
upon it in the trial court, and in the appellate court after 
( luiteau's com iction of murder. 

Bj the ;,, 1 oi < ingress entitled " \n act t.i provide for 
protei tiiij! the interests ol the I nited states in the Potomac 
River flats in tin- District of Columbia." it was 1 
dut) ol the Utome) General to institute in the supreme 
court of the District of Columbia a mil against all persons 

and 1 or] tions who ma) have, 01 pretend 1- have, an) 

right, Nile, claim, or interest in an) part of the land or water 
in the I 'istrict of Columbia known as the Potomac Hats. ( >n 
mmendation of A. S. Worthin ton, esquire, then 
United States district attorney, the Utorne) General on De- 
cember 1-,. t886, appointed Mr. Paggart as a special assist- 



ant to the district attorney to take charge of the suit which 
was instituted under this act. The questions of law and fact 
which arose were numerous and intricate, and the magnitude 
of the interests involved made the case the most important 
one that had ever been heard or decided in the courts of the 
District. Among the defendants with extensive interests were 
the heirs of James Marshall and those of his brother, the late 
Chief Justice John Marshall; of Henry Harford, the last pro- 
prietary of the province of Maryland: the heirs and grantees 
of John J,. Kidwell; the descendants of Robert Peter, an 
original proprietor of lands in the city, and others. The de- 
fendants were represented by leading members of the bars of 
the District of Columbia. Maryland, and Virginia. The de- 
cision of the court below was in favor of the Government 
on all points in controversy, and this decision was affirmed 
b) the Supreme Court of the United States. 

In the condemnation proceedings for the acquisition of 
certain tracts of land for Rock Creek Park claims were set 
up by some of the defendants that the value of their lands 




HUGH T. TAGGART 



was greatl) increased b) the existence of mines of gold upon 
them Mr. Taggart was associated in the case, and to him 
was assigned the dut) of meeting the pretension. 'Phis he 
did successfully, demonstrating that under the charter of 
Lord Baltimore and the patents issued b) him as Lord Pro 
prietar) title to mines of -old and silver in patented lands did 
11, .t pass to the grantees, but to tin- State -1 Maryland, and. 

in turn. In its cession ot the District, to the I nited States. 

1 pon the conclusion of the above-mentioned specially 
assigned duties. Mr. Taggart ag; b • meof the regular 

assistants of tin- district attorney, a position he still holds. 
having charge of the grand jury business and the prepara 

tioil of indictments. 

In [877 Mr. Taggarl married Miss Annie M. Jackson. 
,! ol Lie hard 1. Jackson, of Fairfax County, \ a. 

Ten children have been bom of the marriage, all of whom 
are living. Mr. Taggart's home is in that part of the city 
which was lormcrh known as Georg< 



THE CITY OF WASHINGTON. 



Josiah [VI. Vale. — Occupying a spacious suite of of- 
fices in the Bond Building, Mr. J. M. Vale, attorney at law, 
enjoys a large and lucrative practice, and is a prominent 
member of the Washington bar. A Pennsylvanian by birth, 
but, like many others, appreciating the opportunities of- 




fered to young men of energy and brains in Washington, 
he settled here early in life and has since made it his home. 
Mr. Vale is a son of Elisha and Edith Griffith Vale, and 
was born in York, Pennsylvania, on February 16, 1843. 
After passing through the common schools of his native 
town, he entered White Hall Academy, and after complet- 
ing a course in that most estimable institution, he took his 
degree of law at the Columbian University, this city, and 
was at once admitted to the bar. Mr. Vale practiced law 
both here and in Iowa, and has the distinction of being 
the first citizen of the United States to be admitted to the 
bar of the Supreme Court of the Philippine Islands. Mr. 
Vale entered public life here for awhile, and was chief of 
a division in the United States Treasury, ending his career 
as an officeholder at the beginning of President Cleveland's 
first term. Mr. Vale was a Union man in his sympathies, 
and received a commission as second lieutenant in Company 
F, 47th Iowa Infantry. He is a life member and past master 
in the Columbia Lodge, No. 3, Free and Accepted Masons, 
of the District of Columbia; a life member of Columbia 
Commandery, No. 2, Knights Templar, and a member of 
the Loyal Legion. 

Hon. Willis Van Devanter.— The volume, variety and 
importance of the United States law business requires not 
only sterling integrity and high professional learning, but 
also superior industry and executive capacity in those who 
are chiefly charged with its control and disposition. Among 
these is Willis A< r an Devanter, Assistant Attorney General 
for the Interior Department, one of the most difficult sta- 



tions in the public service. Born at Marion, Indiana. April 
*7> I 8S9, Judge Van Devanter received his education in 
the public schools, Indiana Asbury (now De Pauw) Uni- 
versity, and the Law School of the Cincinnati College. He 
began the practice of his profession in his native town in 
1 88 1, and three years later located at Cheyenne, Wyoming, 
where he has been city attorney, member of territorial leg- 
islature, commissioner to revise Wyoming's statute law, 
chief justice of the supreme court (appointed by President 
Harrison during territorial government and elected by peo- 
ple at first State election), chairman of State Republican 
committee, delegate to national Republican convention and 
member of national Republican committee. He was ap- 
pointed to his present position by President Mckinley 
March 23, 1897, and his splendid work in it has both 
sustained the confidence and esteem in which he is held 
in the Western country and won for him the commendation 
of Presidents McKinley and Roosevelt, and Secretaries 
of the Interior Bliss and Hitchcock, in whose adminis- 
trations he has served. 

Judge Van Devanter has come into closer contact with 
Washingtonians and Washington institutions than is usual 
for those whose residence in the capital is temporary and 
official. He frequently participates in the conduct and 
argument of important government cases in the courts of 
the District of Columbia and in the Supreme Court of the 
United States, and is a member of the law faculty of Co- 
lumbian University, being professor of equity jurisprudence 
and of equity pleading and practice. With a clear percep- 




IS VAN DEVANTEF 



tion and resourceful mind he uni 
aptitude fur hard work. These 
a new country ever presenting n 
have made him a strong man ai 
enviable attainments and reputati 



lie experience m 
:ms i" be solved 
essful lawyer of 



39° 



THE CITY OF WASHINGTON. 



Landon Cabell Williamson.— No name stands higher 
at the Washington bar than that of Landon Cabell William- 
son, who has been an active practitioner before the Dis- 
trict tribunals since 1874. A Virginian by birth and a 
member of one of the oldest and proudest families of the 




DON CABELL WILLIAMSON 



(ild Dominion State, Mr. Williamson was born at Char- 
lottesville, nn October 12, 1853. I lis parents are Samuel 
I), and .Marion Rodford Preston Williamson. His early 
education was received at his home from a private tutor. 
until be entered the National University, and received his 
degree in law. Immediately thereafter Mr. Williamson was 
admitted to practice before the Supreme Court of the Dis- 
trict of Columbia, and later before the United States Su- 
preme Court. In politics Mr. Williamson is a Republican, 
lml due to his protracted residence in tbe District of Colum- 
bia (having lived here since (869), lie has taken no active 
par! in politico, nor has he held political office. 

Mr. Williamson has ever been active in church affairs. 
When united in marriage with Miss Almeria Shipherd Van 
\ Ink. daughter of William and Elizabeth Van Vleck, of 
WW York on March 3, t88o, Mr. Williamson was a member 
oi Ik- First Presbyterian Church. Since thai, however, he 
ha- been on,- .,1 1 In most active members of the Assembly's 
Presbyterian Church, of which he is an elder. Twice he 
was made superintendent of its Sabbath School, and Mill 
instinct- a large Bible class there. For four years Mr. 
Williamson was president of the local Young Men's ( hristian 
\ ociation, and is still one of its directors. In Masonic 
circles Mr. Williamson has always taken a foremost pari. 
Me first entered the Washington Centennial Lodge, No. ij. 
and for three years was its worshipful master, and, with 
others, founded the 1 Isiris Lodge No. 26, in which he 
still retains membership. Other societies with which Mr. 
Williamson 1- connected ma\ be mentioned: -LaFayettc 



Royal Arch Chapter No. 5, of which he was at one time 
high priest; Orient Commandery, Knights Templar, No. 
5, and as a thirty-third degree Mason belongs to the A. A. 
Scottish Rite for the southern jurisdiction of the United 
States. He is also a member of the Order of the Eastern 
Star, was the first Patron of Naomi Chapter, No. 3. and 
first Grand Patron of the Grand Chapter, O. E. S.. District 
of Columbia, as well as the Most Worthy Grand Patron of 
the General Grand Chapter of the 0. E. S. Mr. William- 
son is one of the incorporators and directors of the Eastern 
Star Home and for four years was president of the Masonic 
Relief Association of the United States and Canada. Mr. 
and Airs. Williamson have no children. 

Jesse Henry Wilson, the son of John Henry and 

Marcelina V. Wilson, was born at Georgetown. District 
of Columbia, on January 3, 1855. He entered the college 
of Columbian University, graduating therefrom in the year 
1874, and in 187(1 from the law school of the same in- 
stitution. He 1 
to 1876. Since 
the practice, of 
numerous client: 
himself. 

Mr. Wilson has served several terms as a director of 
the Ear Association, and is at present one of the examiners 
of candidates for admission to the bar of the Supreme Court 
of the District of Columbia, lie was from September 30. 
1893, to the reorganization of the present Hoard of Educa 



tutor at the university from 1872 
Mr. Wilson has devoted himself to 
) the satisfaction and profit of his 
with a laree measure of success to 




JESSE HENRY WILSON 

lion. June 6, 1900, a member of the hoard of trustees of 
the public school-, being for most of this period chairman 
of the committee on ways and means and of the high and 
norma! schools committee. It was during Mr. Wilson's 
term of office that the line Western High School building 



THE CITY OF WASHINGTON. 



39i 



on Thirty-fifth street was erected, in which project he had 
a large part, and the departure from the stereotyped style 
of school architecture inaugurated by this building was in 
a large measure due to his efforts. He is a trustee of the 
Peabody Library, a member of the Columbia Historical 
Society, a member of the board of directors of the Potomac 
Insurance Company, and a trustee of the Dumbarton Street 
Methodist Episcopal Church, one of the oldest churches 
of that denomination in this country. Mr. Wilson's father 
has the unique distinction of having been the leader of the 
choir of this church in Georgetown for the past fifty-five 
years. 

Mr. Wilson has represented for the past twenty-five 
years as attorney or counselor most of the financial insti- 
tutions of Georgetown. He is an expert real estate lawyer 
and a sound counselor. He was married December 19, 1877, 



to Lizzie Woodward, daughter of George Thomas Wood- 
ward and Rebecca Woodward, and has had five children — 
Jesse Henry Wilson, Jr., Guy Woodward Wilson (died in 
June, 1901), Irving Thomas Wilson, Ralph Octavius Wilson 
and Elizabeth Wilson. 

Nathaniel Wilson, the son of Charles G. Wilson and 
Harriet Abbot Wilson, was born August 9, 1836, in Zanes- 
ville, Ohio. Pie received his early education in the public 
schools of that city, after which he entered Shurtliff College, 
Illinois, whence he was graduated with high honors. He 
moved to Washing-ton over forty years ago and was ad- 
mitted to the bar of the District of Columbia in 1861. 
Since that time he has been steadily engaged in the general 
practice of law, and has been of counsel in many of the 
most important cases tried in the District. 



PATENT ATTORNEYS. 




JAMES LAWSON NORRIS 

James Lawson Norris. A Washingtonian by birth 
and education, with the exception of a few years spent at 
Dickinson College, Carlisle, Pa., James L. Norris, now 
one of the foremost patent attorneys at the national capital, 
has devoted the best years of his life to the advancement 
and improvement of his home city, and by his tireless energy 
and steadfast principles has attained a high place among the 
best representatives of Washington's citizens. Descended 
from an old and distinguished family both on his paternal 
and maternal sides, Mr. Norris was born on October 15, 
1845. His grandfather, Barnett T. Norris, who was born 
in St. Mary's county, Md.. moved about 1790 to the vicin- 
ity of Waterford, Loudoun county, Va. After settling on 



a farm he married Miss Barbara Ordner, of Frederick 
county, Md. Sixteen children were born to Mr. and Mrs. 
Norris, one of whom died in infancy, and the survivors, with 
the exception of two, who lost their lives in their country's 
service, one at the battle of Craney Island, in the war of 
1812, and the other in the Mexican war, were in the course 
of years scattered in different parts of the country. Of 
this large family John Edmund Norris, father of the sub- 
ject of this sketch, a lawyer of distinction and a€I}ity, and 
a politician of much prominence, was born on October 23. 
1816, and was educated at Dickinson College, Carlisle, Penn- 
sylvania, where he married Eliza Tidings Phillips, daughter 
of John Phillips, who was early connected with Dickinson 
College after it came into the hands of the Methodists. 

James Lawson Norris is the fourth child of this union. - 
After attending Everett Institute, then a noted school of 
Washington, presided over by Professor E. W. Parley, he 
received a collegiate education at Dickinson College. While 
there he read law with Judge Graham, a well-known jurist 
of Carlisle, and subsequently with his father, John Edmund 
Norris. During his college life Mr. Norris became a mem- 
ber of the Belles-Letters Society and of Zeta Chapter, Phi 
Kappa Psi fraternity, and upon his return to Washington, 
with- several others, founded (he Alpha Chapter of that 
fraternity at Columbian College, in the District of Columbia. 
After leaving college Mr. Norris entered the United States 
Patent Office, serving on the examining corps in the classes 
of mechanical engineering and philosophical instruments, 
under Chief Examiners Albin Schoepf and William I'.. Tay- 
lor. In 1869 Mr. Norris resigned his office and entered 
upon the practice of his chosen profession, establishing 
offices at the northeast corner of F and Seventh streets. I lu~ 
efforts were so crowned with success that ten years later he 
purchased the proper!) on the northwesl corner of F and 
Fifth streets and circled thereon the office building now- 
bearing his name. Mr. Norris, as his father was before him 
in politics, is a staunch Democrat, lie has always worked 



392 



THE CITY OF WASHINGTON. 



with great energy for the success of his party in all cam- 
paigns, National, State and Congressional, and has held 
many posts of honor in the councils of his party. Upon his 
father's death,, in 1887, who for many years had been presi- 
dent of the Jackson Democratic Association of the District 
of Columbia, next to Tammany the oldest political organ- 
ization in the United States, Mr. Norris was unanimously 
elected to this position, and has been re-elected each suc- 
ceeding year, holding that office at the present time. 

Mr. Norris has held many positions of honor and trust 
in the councils of his party. From 1888 to 1892 he was 
advisory committee of the Democratic National Committee 
for the District of Columbia. In 1892 he was elected a dele- 
gate from the District of Columbia to the Democratic Na- 
tional Convention at Chicago, and served as national com- 




NORRIS BUILDING. 

mitlccman from the District I'n.m [892 to [896. In the 
latter year he was appointed assistant treasurer of the Demo- 
cratic Committee, and two years later, upon the death ol 
lion. William P. St. John, was made treasurer. 

For many years he has been the treasurer of the Demo- 
mgressional Committee, and also served as the rep 
resentative of the District of Columbia on that committee. 
In October, 1889, Mr. Norris was designated and recom 
mended by the Democratic Central Committee of the Dis 
tricl ol Columbia to be Democratic National Committee 
man, and was imanimoush seated by the Democratic Na- 
tional < lommittee, February 22. [900, whereupon he resigned 
the treasurership of thai committee, ii being the unwritten 
law that a member of the committee could not b< 
urer. April to, moo. the primaries were held in the Dis- 



trict of Columbia to select 66 delegates and 66 alternates for 
the city convention to select six delegates to the Kansas City 
Convention. Out of this number Mr. Norris received 56 
delegates and 56 alternates, three delegates and three al- 
ternates, elected on an independent ticket, afterwards throw- 
ing their votes to Mr. Xorris. The Norris delegation carried 
the city, 20 legislative districts out of 22. His plurality was 
5,926 out of some 14,000 votes cast. 

Mr. Norris, aside from his large and growing profes- 
sional duties, is interested in many corporations and business 
enterprises. In 1898 Mr. Norris was elected president of 
The Oak Hill Cemetery Company, having been a director 
and trustee from about 1890, he being elected president on 
the death of its president. Mr. Matthew W. Gait. In 1898 
Mr. Norris was elected director of the United States Elec- 
tric Lighting Company of the Dis- 
trict of Columbia, and later made 
its president. He has been a mem- 
ber of the Board of Trade of the 
District of Columbia from about the 
date of its formation. On may 22. 
1899. the board of directors of the 
Washington Board of Trade passed 
a resolution requesting the Commis- 
sioners of the District of Columbia 
to name one hundred citizens to 
serve as a reception committee to 
Admiral Dewey, and of the one hun- 
dred Mr. Xorris was a member. Mr. 
Xorris. with five other members, re- 
ceived the President. Mr. McKinley. 
and Admiral Dewey at the Capitol: 
also received President McKinley's 
entire Cabinet and conducted them 
to the -rami stand, east front of the 
Capitol, where the sword was deliv- 
ered. Mr. Xorris was a member 
and vice-president of the Schley 
Home Fund, and in the centennial 
of the location of the seat of Gov- 
ernment at Washington he was a 
member of the committee, and with 
Dther members escorted the Diplomatic Corps into the House 
of Representatives where addresses were delivered b) Sena- 
tors Daniels, McComas and others. 

Cor years Mr. Norris was a director of the National 
Bank of the Republic, and later was elected a director and 
vice president of the National Bank of Washington, which 
position he now hold-, as well as those of director and vice- 
president of the Franklin Insurance Company and director 
and vice-president ol the Mutual Protection Fire Insurance 
1 ompany. I lis name has long been identified with the chari- 
table institutions of this city, he being at the present time a 
trustee of the Children's Hospital, a member of the board 
of visitors of the Providence Hospital, and a member of the 
executive committee of the American Colonization Society. 
In movements denoting a public spirit Mr. Xorris is equally 



THE CITY OF WASHINGTON. 



393 



prominent. In 1897 he was appointed a member of the Na- 
tional Pure Food Drug- Congress, appointed by the Commis- 
sioners of the District of Columbia. In November, 1898, he 
was selected as a member of 200 citizens of, the District, des- 
ignated by the Commissioners of the District of Columbia, 
to receive the District regiment on its return from Cuba, and 
escorted President McKinley to the stand in Convention 
Hall, where the returned soldiers were received and ad- 
dressed by President McKinley. In 1891 he was selected by 
the Justice of the Supreme Court of the District of Co- 
lumbia as one of three commissioners to appraise lands con- 
demned by the Government for the formation of the Na- 
tional Rock Creek Park. This commission, of which Mr. 
Norris was chairman, determined the value of nearly 2,000 
acres of land, an area nearly one-third the territory of the 
District of Columbia, under the titles of more than one hun- 
dred claimants. The awards of the commission, despite 
some contests, were approved by the Supreme Court of the 
District. Property owners and the public were satisfied 
with the equitable spirit of the board, and there was a gen- 
eral sense of relief when title to the park was finallv vested 
in the Government. 

Mr. Norris is too well known, both nationally and locally, 
to need encomiums here, but suffice it to state that he is 
a rock-ribbed Democrat of the Jackson school, a fearless 
fighter, a most pronounced party man, one of the solid men 
of Washington, and at the head of a prosperous patent busi- 
ness. Pie was a member of the inaugural executive commit- 
tee at the first inauguration of President Cleveland, in 1885, 
and in 1892-1893 he was chairman of the inaugural com- 
mittee having in charge the second induction into office of 
Mr. Cleveland. Pie also served as a member of the inau- 
gural executive committee at both inaugurations of Presi- 
dent McKinley. He accompanied Mr. Bryan through a por- 
tion of his tours in the eastern and western sections of the 
country during the campaigns of 1896 and 1900. 

In 1S67 Mr. Norris married Miss Annie Virginia Robin- 
son, daughter of Col. Israel Robinson, of Martinsburg, 
West Virginia, who served during the civil war at the head 
of the Sixty-ninth Virginia Regiment. At the death of 
the distinguished Confederate, in 1863, he was buried from 
the capital at Richmond, Virginia, being a member of the 
lower house at the time. The married life of James L. 
Norris was most happy, but it was sadly terminated on 
January 12, 1895, by the death of Mrs. Norris. ( )f the 
seven children who blessed the union, five survive. Edith 
Norris married the Rev. P. Parker Phillips, rector of St. 
Paul's Protestant Episcopal Church, of Alexandria, Virginia, 
and Grace James Norris became the wife of Arthur Pue 
Gorman, Jr., son of the distinguished Maryland Senator. 
Emma Virginia, James Lawson, a member of the bar of 
the District of Columbia, and Rastus Ransom Norris, the 
younger children, are still under their father's vine and fig 
tree. Mr. Norris lives at 331 C street, northwest. There 
he seldom allows business to intrude, and he enjoys the com- 
panionship of his children and his many friends to the 
fullest extent. 



Sturtevant and Greeley, attorneys and counselors in 
patent and trade-mark causes, Atlantic Building, Washing- 
ton, D. C. Foremost among the patent attorneys in this 
city is the firm of Sturtevant & Greeley, consisting of Charles 
Lyon Sturtevant and Arthur Philip Greeley, both men of 
marked ability and sterling integrity. With a lucrative prac- 
tice as a patent attorney established by Mr. Sturtevant, and 
with years of experience" gained by Mr. Greeley as a high of- 
ficial in the Patent Office, this firm is ably and fully equipped 
to most successfully conduct the affairs of its large and ever 
increasing clientele. 

Charles Lyon Sturtevant, the senior member of the 
firm, is a Washingtonian by birth, and a son of parents who 
came to Washington in the early sixties, and received his 
entire education in Washington. He is a son of Albert L. 
and Susan A. Sturtevant of Springfield, Mass.. his mother's 




CHARLES LYON STURTEN 



maiden name being Kinslcx 
original settlers of the sub 
Sturtevant was graduated fi- 



ll is father was one of the 
rb of Mount Pleasant. Mr. 
n the high school in the class 



of 1SS1. In 1885 he took his degree of I'.. S. at the 
Columbian University, and later entered the Law School 
where he took his degree of LL.B. and LL.M. in 1888 and 
1889, respectively. After admittance t<> the District bar he 
engaged in general patent practice, opening his own office 
in [89) and practicing alone until Mr. A. P. Greeley, former 
Assistant Commissioner of Patents, became associated with 
him. Mr. Sturtevant is also a member of the bar of the 
Supreme Court of tin' United States. 

On February 14, 1893, Mr. Sturtevant married Miss 
Bessie Dillon; three children, Allien Dillon. Ruth Howard, 
and William North Sturtevant, being born to them. Mr. 
Sturtevant is a member of the prominent clubs, and his 
name is to be found on tlu- roster of the Cosmos, the Chevy 



50 



394 



THE CITY OF WASHINGTON 



Chase, the Columbia Golf Club of this city and the Reform 
Club of New York. He is also a member of the May- 
flower Association and the American Institute of Electrical 
Engineers, the Anthropological Society, and the Board of 
Trade, and Historical Society of this city. Other orders 
that claim him as a member are the B. B. French Lodge, 
F. A. A. M. ; Hiram Chapter, Washington No. i, Com- 
mandery; Almas Temple, Mystic Shrine; Phi Kappa I 'si 
college fraternity, and Phi Delta Phi legal fraternity. 




ARTHUR PHILIP GREELEY 

Arthur Philip Greeley, the junior member of the 
(inn, was born in Meihneii, Massachusetts, and is the son 
of ihe Rev. Edward II. and Louise M. (Ware) Greeley, 
the former a direct descendant of Andrew Greeley, who 
settled m America in t68o, and was one of the original 
settlers and proprietors of Salisbury, Massachusetts.. Mr. 
Greek) was educated at the Concord High School, from 
which he graduated with high honors in (876, From thence 
he entered Dartmouth College, where in the class of [883 
he took his degree of A.B. In [886 he received his degree 
of LL.B. from the Columbian University, and that oi II VI, 



in the District < 


ourts, and subsequently 


was admitted to 


practice before 1 


he Supreme Courl of t 


le United States. 


In |NN| Mr. ( ir 


•eley began his career i 


1 the Patent < >f- 


lice in the capac 


t) of assistant examine 


1 le was made 


principal examin 


, ,,, 1891, and examine 


- in chief in [895 


b) 1 'resident tie 


eland. Me was appoint? 


d Assistant I om 


missioner of Pi 


tents in 1897 b) Pr< 


sident McKinley. 


That his appoin 


mi hi was virtually a r< 


ward of merit is 


substantiated by 


the fad thai the promi 


tion was entire!) 


unsolicited upon 


his part, the Senate confirming the ap- 


pointment witho 


11 so much as 


ing voice. From 


[891 to [893 M 


. Greele) v\ .'is a membc 


r of the commit- 



tee which arranged the patent exhibit at the World's Fair, 
Chicago, and later on that which served in the same 
capacity for the exhibit at Atlanta, Georgia. The late Presi- 
dent McKinley commissioned Mr. Greeley to revise the 
patent and trade-mark laws under an Act of Congress 
passed June 4, 1898. In April, 1900, Mr. Greeley resigned 
his post in the Patent Office and the partnership with Mr. 
Sturtevant was then formed. 

Fond of outdoor sports. Mr. Greeley is a member of 
several clubs, among them the University, New York, and 
the Cosmos of this city, and is also prominently identified 
with the B. B. French Lodge. F. A. A. M. : Lafayette 
Chapter R. A. M., and Columbia Commander)'. Knights 
Templar, and Psi Upsilon college fraternity. < In November 
16, 1892, Mr. Greeley married Miss Helene H. M. Herzog, 
daughter of Charles and Hildegarde Herzog. < If this union 
two sons, Arthur E., and Philip PI. Greeley, were born. 

William George Henderson, by his untiring efforts 
and unceasing energy has built up a large and lucrative 
practice in patent and trade-mark cases in both the District 
of Columbia and before the United States Circuit Courts 
throughout the States where litigation is in progress. Mr. 
Henderson occupies a bright and attractive suite of offices 




WILLIAM GEORGE HENDERSON 

at 501 I' street, northwest. William G. Henderson is a 
son of William and Sarah J, (Faucett) Henderson, of Bal- 
timore, Md., and was horn in Washington city, 1 Ictober 15. 
1852. lie received his education in various private schools, 
including the preparator) school to Columbian College. 
Receiving an appointment as clerk in the office of the in- 
spector of building materials for the ITreasur) Department's 
extension, he remained there until he secured .1 better 
appointment in the Agricultural Department, leaving this 



I 



THE CITY OF WASHINGTON. 



395 



in 1868 to accept a clerkship in the United States Patent 
Office, where he was for a number of years a member of 
the examining corps, until 1874, when he resigned. At 
this time he received his degree of bachelor of law from 
Columbian College Law School, graduating with the class 
of 1874, and was admitted to practice before the Supreme 
Court of the District of Columbia. For two years after be- 
ginning the general practice of law Mr. Henderson had his 
office in connection with the offices of the late Walter D. 
Davidge. Subsequently he concluded to make a specialty 
of patent cases before the federal courts. On the motion 
of Mr. Davidge Mr. Henderson was admitted to the bar of 
the United States Supreme Court on May 10, 1880. Mr. 
Henderson is also identified with many interests outside 
the pale of his practice, among them the Washington Board 
of Trade, of which he is a director, and chairman of 
its committee on streets and avenues. He was the first 
president of the North Capitol and Eckington Citizens Asso- 
ciation which was organized in 1896. He has served in 
this capacity with the exception of two terms, and is still 
its president. Mr. Henderson is a member of the Masonic 
fraternity and is a past master of The New Jerusalem Lodge, 
No. 9, F. A. A. M., and past grand master of Masons of 
the District of Columbia. He belongs to Columbia Royal 
Arch, Chapter No. 1, and Washington Commandery No. 1, 
Knights Templar. Mr. Henderson married Miss Kate S. 
Nicholls, of Blackshear, Georgia, whose father John C. 
Nicholls, represented the first Georgia District in Congress 
for two terms. Four children of this union are still living : 
Namee Clopton, wife of Mr. Ralph H. Bowles, professor 
of English in the Phillips- Exeter Academy, of Exeter, New 
Hampshire; Sara, Louise Adelaide, and Shirley Dee Hen- 
derson. Mr. Henderson, with his family, occupies a hand- 
some home at Eckington. 

Wilkinson and Fisher.— One of Washington's best 
known and prominent patent law firms is that of Wilkinson 
& Fisher, with large and well-equipped offices in the Atlantic 
Building, 930 F street, northwest. The firm is composed 
of Ernest Wilkinson and Samuel T. Fisher, which member- 
ship was formed in 1897. 

Ernest Wilkinson, the senior member of the firm, 
was born on his father's plantation in Plaquemines Par- 
ish, Louisiana, in 1859, and was graduated from the United 
States Naval Academy at Annapolis, Maryland, in 1880. 
He served in the United States Navy, after graduation, 
for ten years, during that time making a cruise to the 
Arctic, in search of the Jeannette, and later a cruise on 
the North Atlantic Station, followed by a trip around the 
world. Mr. Wilkinson also served while in the Navy, lor 
two years on the scientific staff of the Smithsonian Institu- 
tion, and for two years as an instructor at the United States 
Naval Academy. He studied law while in the naval service, 
was admitted to the bar and resigned his commission in 
July, 1890, having in the meantime spent some months in the 
law offices of Charles S. Whitman, the eminent patent 
lawyer and author on patent law, and was immediately taken 



into partnership by Mr. Whitman, and remained a member 
of the firm of Whitman & Wilkinson until the death of 
the senior member of that firm in 1896. In 1897 he formed 
a partnership with Samuel T. Fisher, then Assistant Com- 
missioner of Patents, who resigned from that post to enter 
the firm of Wilkinson & Fisher. Mr. Wilkinson has con- 
fined his attention almost entirely to patent law and has 
made a specialty of matters pertaining to ordnance and war 
material generally. Fie has been employed in many impor- 
tant patent causes relating to ordnance, notably the suit 
of Sir William Armstrong, Whitworth & Company, of Lon- 
don, England, versus Admiral O'Neil, Chief of Ordnance, 
and others, in which he was employed by the Attorney 
General of the United States to defend the Government 
officials who were being sued. He was also employed in 
die suit of the Howell Torpedo Company against the E. W. 




ERNEST WILKINSON 

the American ( Irdnance Company and 
(inn and Ammunition Company; and 
the Hotchkiss Company <<i Paris, Fra 
in this country. 

Mr. Wilkinson is of involutional 
tors having figured prominently h 
the Republic, lie is a son of Jose] 
signer of the articles of secession foi 
in [861. In January, [8S8,,he married Gulielma Bostick, 
daughter of Captain Edward Bostick, of South Carolina, 
and of Maria ,\l. Martin of Maryland, i )f this union there 
is one child. Theodore Stark Wilkinson. Jr. Mr. Wilkin- 
son is a member of the Metropolitan, the Army and Navy 
and the Chevy Chase Clubs; of the Washington Hoard 
of Trade; of the Sons of the American Revolution, and 
of the Sons of the Revolution, and also of 1',. I:. French 
Fodge Xo. 15. F. A. A. M. 



ot litigations between 
d tin- Driggs Seaburj 
,1 in contests between 
ranee, and their rivals 

ary slock, his ances- 
the earl) historj of 
1 Biddle Wilkinson, a 
the State of Louisiana 



39 6 



THE CITY OF WASHINGTON. 



Tie junior member of the firm of Wilkinson & Fisher 



Samuel Tucker Fisher, who was born in Canton, 
Massachusetts, February 12, 1855. On his father's side 
he is descended from old Puritan stuck, his ancestors having 
come from England to Massachusetts in 1037. His great- 
grandfather, and namesake, was a soldier throughout the 
revolutionary war. His mother was of Huguenot extrac- 
tion. His younger days were spent on a farm, and at the 
age of seventeen he entered Harvard University, and was 
graduated therefrom in due course, four years later. While 
in college he paid special attention to mathematics and 
natural science, especially to electricity and chemistry, drop- 
ping the study of the classics after the first year, under 
the elective system. .After graduation he went to Colo- 
rado, first taking, however, a short special course in sur- 
veying, mining engineering and assaying in the .Massa- 
chusetts Institute of Technology. In Colorado he took up 
surveying, receiving an appointment as United States 
Deputy Surveyor. This work, however, was not to his 
liking, and he returned to Massachusetts and spent several 
years as a private tutor, journalist, and analytical chemist. 
In 1886 he entered the Talent < Iffice as a fourth assistant 
examiner. By competitive examination he passed through 
all the lower grades and was appointed law clerk in 180.1, 
and principal examiner in the same year, having in the 
meantime studied law and been admitted to the Massa- 
chusetts bar. In [893 he received the Presidential appoint- 



& Fisher, formerly Whitman & Wilkinson. This firm has 
been, and now is, actively engaged in the practice of patent 
law, both before the United States Courts and the Patent 
Office. They have clients in every State in the Union, and 
all the important foreign countries. 




V 



^ 



OCTAVIUS KNIGHT 




Knight Brothers, Patent Lawyers.— This firm enjoy: 



SAMUEL TUCKER FISHER 



nieni ol \ssistant ( 
held id a little over 
carefull) considers 
in the Patenl < iffice 
resigned in [897 to 



nmissioner of Patents, which place h< 
our years. I lis decisions were always 
and gave general satisfaction, both 
id to the inventors and attorney - I I 
Her the present law linn of Wilkinson 



hed 



[84; 



itmcti 

. Tl 
by th 



rland. 
d thei 



.Ma 



by b. 



being the oldest patent law firm 
le linn of Knight Brothers was estab- 
e present proprietor's uncle. Mr. George 
of Knight's Patent < Iffice Manual, who 
when a young num. in the early days 
Wesl was |i\ wa\ of railroad to Cum- 
thence by stage through Pennsylvania, 
on the ( Ihio River to the West. Thir 
teen years later, in [856, the present proprietor's father. 
Mr. Octavius Knight, the well-known patent expert, es- 
tablished the present Washington office, and by bis recog- 
nized ability and constant devotion to bis clients' interests, 
established for the Washington linn the enviable reputation 
which il has enjoyed ever since. While maintaining a resi- 
dence in New York fit \ in deference to the exacting de- 
mands of a large practice in experting in patent litigation, 
be siill retains the deepest attachment for Washington and 
interest in its welfare. 

Hervey S. Knight, the present proprietor, was born 
in Georgetown (now West Washington), D. C, on Januarj 
s. t866; was educated in the Washington schools, and in 
the law department of the University of Georgetown, and 

is a member of the bar. and practices in the courts of the 
District of Columbia, ami in the federal courts throughout 
the Unite. 1 States. For more than fifteen years Mr. Knight 
has devoted his entire lime to the practice of patenl law, 



THE CITY OF WASHINGTON. 



397 



and stands in the front rank among the members of the 
patent bar. He is an associate of the American Society 
of Mechanical Engineers, and a member of the Washington 
Patent Law Association. 

Another brother of the original proprietor, formerly 




police court without jury. This firm, to test the question 
of the constitutional right of a person accused of a felony 
to a trial by jury, took up a case of a person serving out 
a sentence by the judge of the police court and sued out 
a writ of habeas corpus. Their client was released. The 
practice in such cases was then changed, and a jury trial 
in the pol.'ce court was provided for by an act of Congress. 
Although not actively engaged in the real estate business, 
Whitaker & Prevost have successfully promoted several 
large deals, one of more recent date being the purchase by 
them of the Young Men's Christian Association property 
on New York avenue, between Fourteenth and Fifteenth 
streets, for the Provident Life and Trust Company, of Phil- 
adelphia, for $120,000. Whitaker & Prevost have a large 
practice before the Patent Office and in the circuit courts 
of the United States in connection with patents and patent 
litigation, and practice before the United States Supreme 
Court. This firm occupies a large suite of offices, appointed 
with all modern appurtenances, at 610 F street, northwest. 

Jesse Hadley Whitaker, is a son of Ira and Hannah 
Gove (Hadley) Whitaker, and was born in Fulton county. 
New York, on December 5, 1842. On his mother's side 
Mr. Whitaker is closely related to Professor Hadley. Yale's 
scholarly president. Born and raised on a farm, Mr. 
Whitaker was afforded the best educational advantages 
available. After attending the common schools at home, he 
entered the Middlebury Academy in Wyoming county, New 



associated with this firm, was Edward IT. Knight, A. M., 
LL. D., author of Knight's Mechanical Dictionary, United 
States Commissioner at the Centennial Exposition, and at 
the Paris International Exposition of 1878. 

The firm of Knight Brothers has ranked high in the 
profession since its establishment, sixty years ago. It has 
been identified with much of the important patent litigation 
of the country during its existence, and numbers among 
its patronage a large and distinguished clientele in the 
United States and abroad, being attorneys in this country 
for the Ivrupp Gun Works of Essen, German}-, as well as 
the Magdeburg branch of that firm; for the celebrated 
physicist, Lord Kelvin (Sir William Thomson), of Scotland, 
and a large number of prominent engineers and manufac- 
turers in this country. 

Whitaker and Prevost. -This well-known firm of 
patent and general practicing attorneys is composed of 
J. II. Whitaker, G. A. Prevost and Louis Prevost Whitaker, 
the latter a son of J. FI. Whitaker and admitted to the firm 
in 1892. The partnership between Mr. Whitaker and Mr. 
Prevost was entered into in 1886, and since that time this 
firm has earned a most enviable reputation and is reckoned 
among the most active and influential practicing in the 
District of Columbia. Whitaker & Prevost haw figured 
as the attorneys in many important cases, notably among 
them being one which involved the trial, sentence and pun- 
ishment of persons charged with a felony, by trial in the 




Washing! 



JESSE HADLEY WHITAKER 

lished. In 1864 Mr. Whitaker came to 
/as at first an assistant to the reporters 
ig the proceedings of the United Stales 
remained one year. After this he was 
Few York State agency in this city pro- 



39§ 



THE CITY OF WASHINGTON. 



viding for the care of the Empire State's soldiers through- 
nut the war. After the cessation of hostilities Mr. Whitaker 
was employed in the Pension Office and Post Office Depart- 
ment, until 1877, when he entered the Patent Office. En- 
gaged in a clerical capacity, he steadily improved his position 
by close application to his duties and rose step by step. In 
1878 he was made third assistant examiner; second assistant 
examiner in 1879; first assistant examiner in 1880, and 
principal examiner in November, 1881, which post he held 
for five years. Mr. Whitaker had taken a degree of law 
at Columbia College, and was for a time engaged in a 
general law practice in New York city with Arnoux, Ritch 
& Woodford, but, due to failing health, returned to Wash- 
ington. This was prior to his entering the Patent Office. 
On leaving the latter office he associated himself with Mr. 
Prevost, as already stated, and has since lived and prac- 
ticed in this city. On June 16, 1868, Mr. Whitaker mar- 
ried Miss Eleanor Prevost. Mr. and Mrs. Whitaker live 
at 142 1 T street, northwest, and have one son living, Louis 
Prevost Whitaker. 

George Allen [Vlallet-Prevost comes of an old distin- 
guished Swiss family, which settled in this country a century 
or more ago, clue to political disturbances about the time of 




PREVOST 



ilu- French Revolution. The Family's original name was 
that ni' Mallei Prevost, but of recent years the prefix t>> the 
hyphenated name has been frequentlj dropped, unless used 
separately. Mr. Prevosl i- the youngest child of Andrew <i. 
M. Prevosl and Sarah M. Allen Prevost, and was born in 
rrenton, N. J., on March 22, [863. His grandfather, Louis 
Mallet Prevost, served with distinction as a lieutenant in the 
war of [812, having come to this countrj with his father, 
General Paul Henry Mallet-Prevost, who came .here because 
of his thorough and outspoken democratic proclivities which 



rendered him unpopular at home. The subject of this sketch, 
after graduating from the high school in the pioneer class 
of 1878, attended Emerson Institute in this city. He grad- 
uated in law at Columbia College in 1885, at which time he 
received a prize for an able essay on the legal status of 
married women, and at once engaged in practice, and in 
1886 entered into partnership with Mr. Whitaker. 

Mr. Prevost married Miss Maud C. Swormstedt, of 
Washington. Mr. and Airs. Prevost have one son, George 
Mallet Prevost, and reside at 3562 Thirteenth street. X. \Y. 




LOUIS PREVOST 



Louis Prevost Whitaker, the junioi 

of \\ hitaker & Prevost, was born Mi 
tided the public schools and graduated i 
a the Washington High School. There 



imber of the 
j, [869 II. 
• 
■ he attended 



the Columbian Law School, from which he received the 
degrees of bachelor and master of laws. Entering the em 
ploy of the firm of Whitaker & Prevost in 1886, he was ad- 
mitted in [892 as a partner. Mr. Whitaker is an ardent 
golfer, and is a member <>\ the Columbia Golf Club, lie 
married Miss Nellie S. Salmon, of ibis city, in iSmj. and 
resides at 1717 Willard Place. 

Ernest Wilder Bradford. Foremosl among Wash- 
ington's patent lawyers is Emesl Wilder Bradford, with 
offices in the Washington Loan and Trusl Company's build- 
in-, at tin cornel oi Ninth and F streets, northwest, lie 
enjoys a large and lucrative practice, having Keen success 
fully associated with many large and intricate cases in 
litigation. Few men who have risen to the prominence at- 
tained h\ Mr. Bradford can with truth say, as he can. that 
their success is due entirely and alone to their own efforts. 

Mr. Bradford is a sou of Charles Gamaliel Bradford, 
and was born al Mattawamkeag, Penobscot county, Maine, 



THE CITY OF WASHINGTON. 



399 



on May 23, 1862. Five years later both parents died and 
the orphan boy was taken to live with relatives. His early 
education was received in the district country schools of 
Winslow, and at Oak Grove Seminary, a Friends' prepara- 
tory school at Vosselboro, Maine. When seventeen years 




Lernest wilderi. Bradford: 3 

old Mr. Bradford left the home of his relative and started 
out in the world to carve a name for himself. By working 
at farming and teaching school during vacation time he 
acquired sufficient means to secure his degree from Oak 
Grove. He then went to Indianapolis, Ind., and while clerk- 
ing in a law office took a course in law at the Central Law 
School of Indiana, graduating in April, 1882, and was at 
once admitted to practice in the State supreme and United 
States circuit courts. In 1893 he was admitted to the 
United States Supreme Court bar. For several years prior 
to this date he was a member of the law firm of C. & 
E. W. Bradford in Indianapolis. In the fall of 1893 Mr- 
Bradford came to Washington and opened offices, and has 
been unusually successful ever since. An ardent and active 
Republican, casting his first vote for James G. Blaine and 
every successive Republican Presidential nominee, Mr. 
Bradford has never held a public office of any kind. 

He is an active Odd Fellow and a past officer of Beacon 
Lodge No. 15, Fred. D. Stuart Encampment No. 7. (anion 
Washintgon No. 1, P. M., is now going through the chairs 
of the Grand Lodge I. O. O. F., of the District of Columbia, 
and is at present commissary-general on the general staff of 
the commander-in-chief of the Patriarchs Militant branch, 1. 
O. O. F. for the world, with the rank of brigadier-general. 
Mr. Bradford is unmarried. 



Edward Gregory Siggers.— Tuesday, May r. 1899, 
was the day on which Edward Gregory Siggers, the well- 
known patent attorney of this city, started out to practice 
in his own name, after years, of experience in assisting 
others, — years in which he learned every minute detail of 
the patent business. To-day Mr. Siggers occupies a prom- 
inent position in the front rank of patent attorneys. That 
he has been able to build up so large a business in such 
phenominally short time, and yet to keep its various branches 
so specialized that the interests of each individual client 
receives the same attention and care they received when 
the office was not so extensive, is possible only through 
Mr. Siggers' ceaseless attention to detail and his tireless 
energy and application. 

Mr. Siggers is a Virginian by birth, son of George 
Siggers and Mary E. (Gregory) Siggers. He was born 
in Alexandria, Ya., on February, 14, 1864. At the age of 
four his parents moved to Washington, where young Sig- 
gers received his education in the public schools. At the 
age of sixteen he left school and accepted a place in the 
office of a prominent patent attorney, where he stayed until 
October, 1882, after which he engaged with another firm 
of patent lawyers, always learning that which would be 
of benefit to his future career. On February 14. 1885. 
when Mr. Siggers was twenty-one years old, he was taken 
in as a member of this firm and until May 1, 1899. the firm 
remained as then constituted. During the years 1887-88-89 
he took a course in law at the National University, and 




EDWARD GREGORYHSIGGERS: 

was admitted to the bar of the Supreme Court of the Dis- 
trict of Columbia in June, [889, In June, 1896, In- received 
the degree of Piaster of patent laws from the Columbian 
University of Washington, P. C. Mr. Siggers occupies 
most advantageous offices in the National Union Building, 



4oo 



THE CITY OF WASHINGTON. 



918 F strict, northwest. He is within one minute's walk 
of the Patent Office, and the building in which his office 
is located is one of the finest in the city. At present Air. 
Siggers has an office force of eighteen employes, and his 
offices occupy seven rooms on the third floor of the National 
Union Building. I lis Patent Office force comprises three 
specification writers, two examiners, five typewriters and 
stenographers, and three draftsmen. In addition to the 
management of the patent business, Mr. Siggers conducts 
the Inventive Age, a scientific journal devoted to the patent 
business, and furnishes weekly correspondence to over 



3,500 newspapers scattered throughout the United States 
and Canada. Although taking- an active interest in all 
matters pertaining to public affairs, Mr. Siggers has never 
held nr solicited a public office. His entire time and efforts 
are devoted to his ever-increasing business. He is a Mason 
in ii- various degrees, a Knight Templar and a member 
<>f tlie ( irdcr of the Golden Cross. 

On August 10,1888, Mr. Signers married Miss Myrtle 
Stalnaker, and from this union there are three children — 
Paul V., Philip E., and Mary P. Mr. Siggers' family 
residence is at 306 F street, northwest. 




ARMY AND NAVY CLUB. 



Tf 



CHAPTER XXVI. 



REPRESENTATIVE MEN. 




ALEB CLAPP WILLARD.— One of the 
most striking examples of the self-made man 
in Washington is Caleb Clapp Willard, now 
one of its wealthiest citizens and one who has 
toiled unceasingly for more than half a cen- 
tury to reach the enviable position he now 
occupies. Reaching Washington when but 
a lad of fifteen years, and, after re- 
ceiving an education, he was launched 
into the hotel business at Old Point Com- 
l fort, Va., and there and in other places 

he gained an experience which stood him in good stead 
when he entered the hotel field of Washington as proprietor 
of the Ebbitt House at Fourteenth and F streets, which 
hostelry has for years been one of Washington's most 
exclusive and popular hotels, as well as the acknowledged 
headquarters for Army and Navy officers, who are pro- 
verbial as seeking the good things of life. While Mr. 
Willard's fortune is a large one, and he is said to pay more 
taxes than any individual in the District of Columbia, not 
excepting the late W. W. Corcoran, yet with it all he is 
a modest, unostentatious man, living in an unpretentious 
home, where the late Mr, Kingman, whose writings over 
the nom cle plume of "Ion," were familiar to all, lived 
for so many years. In this house, at the corner of Four- 
teenth and P streets, Mr. Willard with his family now lives. 
Mr. Willard is quite as unostentatious in his charities as 
in the mode of his living, and few who appeal to him for 
help, if- worthy, are turned away empty handed. 

Descended from an old distinguished New England 
family, Caleb Clapp Willard was born on August 10, 1834, 
in Westminster, Vermont. His parents were Joseph and 
Susan Dorr Clapp Willard, both of Vermont. On his 
father's side he is a direct descendant of Simon Willard, 
builder of Pjimker Hill Monument, while his maternal an- 
cestry is quite as illustrious. His maternal grandmother, 
Nancy Dorr, was a direct descendant of Ehenezer Dorr, 
who accompanied Paul Revere on the night of his memor- 
able ride from Old South Church, Boston, to sound the 
war alarm. When ten years old Mr. Willard went to live 
with Judge Baxter at Bellows Falls, A^ermont, where he 
attended school, at the same time working in a store. A 
year later, he went to Wisconsin to be with his uncles. 



In those clays there were no railroads and the trip was 
made by canal from Troy to Buffalo, thence by steamer 
to Milwaukee, Chicago at that time not being deemed a 
place of sufficient importance for the steamers to stop at. 
Remaining there but a year Mr. Willard returned to New 
England and thence to Washington to join his brothers, 
Henry A. and Joseph C. Willard. then the proprietors of 
Willard's Hotel. This was in 1849 a °d after attending the 
Washington Seminary, now Gonzaga College, Mr. Willard 
received his first insight into the hotel business, which 




ifte 



CALEB CLAPP WILLARD 

; proved to be the nucleus of his fortune. When 
he reached the age of nineteen his brothers put him in 
charge of the old I lygcia lintel at 1 )ld Bunt Comfort, Vir- 
ginia, which at that time had ;i capacity for one thousand 
guests, and was the only summer hotel south of New York, 
the Messrs. Willard having purchased it from Reynolds 
& Mehaffy. Yellow fever became an epidemic in Norfolk. 
Virginia, a few years later, or in [855, and the house was 
closed. Shortly afterwards it was purchased by the Hon. 
Joseph Segar. .Mr. Willard then decided to trj hi- for- 



4-02 



THE CITY OF WASHINGTON. 



tunes in the West, and drifted to Chicago, where he became 
connected with the Tremont House, then owned by Gage 
Brother & Drake, with whom he remained one year, going 
on to Prairie Du Chein, Wisconsin, to engage in the com- 
mission business with his brother-in-law, George M. Dick- 
inson. Phil Armour, the late millionaire, was a regular 
customer of this house and visited it weekly to purchase 
grain and hides. A year later Mr. Willard came back to 
Washington on account of the illness of his brother Joseph. 
It was at this time that he purchased one-half interest of 
Mr. Segar in the Hygeia Hotel and had the exclusive man- 
agement of it until 1862, when the Government ordered 
the hotel to be torn down. The privilege of superintending 



for six months' rations for 10,000 troops. He returned 
on a transport with 1,000 three months' men from Vermont 
under General Phelps of the United States Army. This 
regiment was composed of the best young men from the 
( rreen .Mountain State, and was camped in tents where 
the present Xew York Post Office now stands. Upon his 
return to Fort Monroe, Mr. Willard was appointed com- 
missary storekeeper, and ordered to receive the stores from 
New York, and had under his charge one hundred Bos- 
ton stevedores, each man measuring more than six feet. 
After attending to this commission Mr. Willard resigned. 
His hotel destroyed, he hardly knew which way to turn, 
and went to Xew York and became half owner of the 




EBBITT MOUSE. 



this destruction, however, was granted Mr. Willard, one 
hundred soldiers and fort) carpenters being placed at his 
disposal. The ground was cleared off in two weeks. The 
furniture, consisting of eleven hundred suites, and all the 
lumber was taken to Camp Hamilton, two miles distant. 
For this destruction Hon. Joseph Segar and C. C. Willard 
put in a claim, but up to this date have received no compen 
sat ion. Later Messrs. Segar and Willard were allowed 
1 small hotel nu the dock which formed the nucleus 
of the present new large Hygeia, now being removi d b 
the order of tin- United States I iovernment. 

At the outbreak of the civil war Mr. Willard was sent 
to Xew York for the Government to take the firsl order 



Girard Hotel with the late Milford Smith of the Grand 
Hotel, Broadway, There he remained hut a few months, 
finding that business again called him to Fort Monroe. 
Before the destruction of the old Hygeia Hotel the Cnv 
ernmenl reserved three fourths of it for hospital purposes^ 
requesting Mr. Willard to keep the other part for the 
accommodation of officers and exchanged prisoners from 
both North and South, who were placed in his custodyj 
( If these, by means of his universal kindness and 1 
Mr. Willard made many friends, some of whom are living 
at the present time. Mr. Willard is among the few sur- 
vivors who witnessed the memorable battle between the 
Monitor and the Merrimac. In 1864 Mr. Willard came 



THE CITY OF WASHINGTON. 



4°3 



to Washington and purchased the 
Ebbitt House, and built it up to 
what it now is, which, up to fifteen 
years ago, was equal to any hotel in 
the country, and can show upon its 
registers more prominent names than 
any hotel in the city. Mr. Willard 
made the Ebbitt a home for army 
and navy officers, and during the 
time Congress made no appropria- 
tion for their pay he invited the 
officers to be his guests. This offer 
was duly accepted and highly appre- 
ciated, and made him many life-long 
friends, among them General Sher- 
man, who always spoke of Mr. Wil- 
lard's success with personal enthusi- 
asm, saying, ' he made a fortune 
and there was not a dirty shilling 
in it. " 

Mr. Willard was a personal friend 
and ardent admirer of President Mc- 
Kinle} r . One of his most cherished 
possessions is a photograph where 
both were taken together, showing a 
striking facial resemblance between 
the two. Mr. McKinley was a guest 
at the Ebbitt for fourteen years, and 
went from there to the White House. 
Mr. Willard was tendered the Com- 
missionership of the District of Co- 
lumbia by Mr. McKinley, as well 
as many other important offices of 
trust, but these he invariably de- 
clined, preferring a life of retirement 
to an official one. In the develop- 
ment of F street Mr. Willard was the 
pioneer, and was the first to con- 
struct large office buildings in that 
section, notabl}^ among them the 
Adams Building, a large, double 
iron structure, still one of the finest 
in the city. His confidence in this 
locality was so great that, at low 
prices, he secured the frontage on 
F street, from Thirteenth to Four- 
teenth streets, on which are now 
located the Ebbitt House and Geo- 
logical Survey Building, his modesty preventing him from 
ever putting up his own name over any of his buildings. 
In 1889, after conducting the Ebbitt House for twenty-live 
years, Mr. Willard leased it to a syndicate and retired from 
business. He reserves a handsome office in the Adams 
building, where his time is fully occupied in looking after 
the many details connected with the management: of his 
large estate. 

Of the many large office buildings in Washington 
and especiallv of those on F street, none stand on more 




historic ground than the Adams building, the line six-story 
iron office structure owned by C. C. Willard. It was orig- 
inally a stately and roomy edifice, which was occupied by 
John Quincy Adams about 1X20. and from which he went 
to the White House after he had been elected President 
in 1825. While .Mr. Adams was Secretarj of State, Mrs. 
Adams gave the most brilliant receptions of the period in 
this old mansion, and it is stated that the most beautiful 
women and the most distinguished men always graced the 
receptions of Mrs. Adams. To this building Mr. and Mrs. 



4 o 4 



THE CITY OF WASHINGTON 



Adams returned after his presidential term had expired. 
The property has only changed title once from the Adams 
estate. In 1884 it was conveyed to L. M. Hubby, of Cleve- 
land, ( >hio, and a year later to Mr. Willard, its present 
owner. Mr. Willard has completely remodeled the old 
structure, about the only thing left standing being the old 
wall in the room where Mr. Adams used to sit in his 
chair and gaze from his window at the Capitol, for there 
were no buildings at that time to obstruct the line of vision. 
The new Adams building is a fine lofty edifice built of 
iron and made as nearly fireproof as possible. It has 
fourteen distinct brick fireproof vaults. It is seven stories 
high and most of the walls have four-foot foundations and 
arc twenty-two inches in thickness from the ground up. 
Every care was taken to make the building solid and sub- 
stantial and only the best material was employed in its 
construction. 

Another of the many handsome properties owned by 
Mr. Willard may be mentioned the J looe iron building, 
almost adjoining the Ebbitt House, on the south side of 
F street. This building is occupied by the Geological 
Survey Bureau of the United States Government. Its 
size and proportions at once strike the eye as the structure 
looms above the buildings on each side, rivalling in height 
tin- Ebbitt House. It was completed at an estimated cost 
of more than $250,000, including the price of the land on 
which il stands. It is seven stories high, 159 feet deep, 
with a frontage of 75 feet. The first story is divided into 
three large and well appointed stores, with a large hall 
running through the center of the structure. The building 
is thoroughl) fireproof and is an ornament to Washington. 

Levi Zeigler Leiter was born November 22, 1834. 
in the town of Leitersburg, Washington county, Mary- 
land, founded by his ancestor. Jacob Leiter, a Dutch 
Calvinist, who sailed from Rotterdam, Holland, in 1760. 
His parents, |oseph and Ann Zeigler Leiter. were both 
ol" the same faith. This faith was carefully instilled 
into the mind of the so,,. Joseph Leiter was able to 
give his so,, a careful education in tin- schools of the 
town founded by his ancestors, but was powerless to re- 
strain — even if he bad desired to— the spirit of enter- 
prise, backed by sound judgment, that determined the son 
early in life to si els in the larger and more promising fields 
of the then Ear West an outlet for bis energies, which the 
small town nestling among the foothills of the Blue Ridge 
gave no promise of affording. At the age of eighteen 
young Leiter settled in Springfield. ( >hio. Here be entered 
the employment of Peter Murray, a prominent merchant, 
where be remained one year. This time sufficed to convince 
him 1l1.it the arteries of commerce would inevitably con- 
verge where nature had provided cheap and effective water 
transportation and where tin- facilities for collecting and 
distributing tin- produce of that vast region known as the 
Mississippi Valley, if not at hand, would by the force of 



natural causes be created. It is this faith in the future 
greatness of Chicago which in 1854 determined Mr. Leiter 
to settle there and which, since that time, has prominently 
connected his name with nearly every effort to advance the 
commercial, industrial, political, moral and intellectual de- 
velopment of the western metropolis. In a community 
famous for the number of its public-spirited citizens the 
name of L. Z. Leiter will always retain an honored place 
in the front ranks of those who have " deserved well of 
the State'" — few equalling it and none surpassing it. 

Mr. Leiter 's commercial career in Chicago began by 
employment in the house of Downs & Van Wyck, and sub- 
sequently that of Cooley, Wadsworth & Co. It was not yen- 
long, however, before he was able to do business on his 
own account. Together with Marshall Field, who had been, 




-EVI ZEIGLER LEITER 



like himself, connected with Cooley, Wadsworth & Co.. 
he purchased an interest in the business of Potter Palmer. 
Under the name of Field, Palmer & Leiter the new firm 
did business for two years, at the end of which period 
a reorganization, under the name of Field, Leiter & Co.. 
w.i, effected Hie exercise of ran- intelligence, based upon 
the soundest business principles, rapidly increased the pres- 
tige of the linn until it attained a position and standing 
which can justl) be said to have left it in its own chosen 
field without a rival in the country. On January 1, 1881, 
.Mr. Leiter, bavin- large real estate and other interests, and 
desiring freedom from the daily duties of an exacting busi- 
ness, sold bis interest to his partners, thus enabling him to 
devote more of his time to his family, to travel, and to his 
choice library, which contains, among other treasures, one 



THE CITY OF WASHINGTON. 



405 



of the best private collections of " Americana " in the 
United States. Since 1883, Mr. Leiter has maintained 
a residence in Washington, D. C, where he remains during 
the winter months with his family. 

In the rebuilding of Chicago, since the fire of 1871, 
Mr. Leiter has proved himself to be one of the most pro- 
gressive and energetic of its citizens. He has erected 
many handsome office and store blocks in the business dis- 
trict. For many years he was director of the Chicago 
Relief and Aid Society, and gave much time and patient 
study to the wise distribution of charity ; and not only 
in this enterprise, but in all intelligently directed charities 
he has been an indefatigable worker and liberal contributor. 



a moving spirit. His means and his business sagacity have 
been enlisted in many worthy enterprises. He was the 
first president of the Commercial Club, and is now a lead- 
ing member of the Chicago, the Calumet, the Washington 
Park, the Metropolitan, the Cosmos and the Union League 
Clubs. He took an interest in reorganizing the Chicago 
Historical Society after the great fire, and contributed liber- 
ally to its building fund, for the purchase of books, and for 
the payment of the debt which had for a long time ham- 
pered the operations of the society. He was also in 1885 
president of the Chicago Art Institute. For many years, 
in fact ever since its organization, Mr. Leiter has been a 
heavy stockholder in The Illinois Trust and Savings P.ank. 




■s RESIDENCE 



The American Sunday School Union has always been one 
of his favored instrumentalities for doing good. With 
a keen insight into the springs which govern human action 
he has never courted popularity, but has preferred, at all 
times, in speech and action, to do his whole duty to the 
community in which he lived, as he saw it, and without 
reference to the applause it might bring him. For that 
reason he has never sought or held public office, though 
he has ever been a diligent student of politics and a singu- 
larly clear minded commentator of current events. In- all 
that goes to advance the social and educational, no less 
than the business interests of Chicago, Mr. Leiter has been 



( in ( Ictober in, [866, he was married to Mar) Theresa, 
daughter of Benjamin Carver, a descendant of the family 
of John Carver, first governor of Plymouth Colony. They 
have four children — Joseph, actively interested in assist- 
ing his father in his business affairs; -Mary Victoria, who 
was married to the Right Honorable George Curzon, now 
Lord Curzon of Kedleston, Viceroy of India; Nancy Lath- 
rop Carver, and .Marguerite Hyde. In addition to his 
house in Washington, he has residences in Chicago; " Lin- 
den Lodge." on Lake Geneva, Wis.: "Walton House," a 
small fishing preserve, also on Lake Geneva, and "Big 
Red," a ranch in Wyoming. 



406 



THE CITY OF WASHINGTON. 



George Westing ho use. — Although Washington counts 
an unusual number of famous men among its residents, it 
is probable that none of them are so widely known through- 
out the world as George Westinghouse, for wherever the 
railway has gone, his great invention of the air-brake has 
made traveling safe and swift, and his name is familiar to 
the dweller in Siberia and South Africa, as well as in 
Europe and America. 

Mr. Westinghouse is not a native of Washington, hav- 
ing been born at Central Bridge, Schoharie county. New 
York, in October, 1846. His life has been romantic enough 
in his mature years, but it lacks that touch of romance 
common to so many of our rich men. of having been a 
poor boy. His father was a manufacturer before him, so 
that his mechanical genius comes to him naturally. Al- 
though only a boy during the civil war, his large stature 




ig wl 



/ESTINGHOUSE 

enabled him to gratify his desire to fight for the I 
he lia-, trie unique rro.nl of bavin- served in the 
and cavalry of the army, and. For the last year ol 
as an enngineer officer in the nav\ 
fighting was over. 

Alter a short stay at Union ( Allege I which has honored 
itself, since he became famous, by conferring a degree on 
him) he began active business life in the exploitation of a 
railroad switch which he had invented. This brought him 
in touch with railroad problems, of which the most im- 
portant was the discovery of an efficient power brake. While 
studying the problem the successful use of compressed air 
in the construction of the Mont Cenis tunnel was made 
public. He alone grasped the hint. His mind had already 
formulated the mechanism. Here was the power — com- 
pressed air. Thus, in 1868, he invented the air brake, which 
is undoubtedly the greatest advance 



ilroacling since 



Stephenson's use of forced draft in the Rocket. We cannot 
go into the story of the introduction of the brake and of 
its improvement, but it is to be noted that Mr. Westing- 
house has always studied to improve it, and his later in- 
ventions of the " triple-valve " and quick-action brake are 
almost as epoch-making as that of the air-brake itself. It 
is not exaggerating to say that these inventions have made 
modern, high-speed railroading possible and safe. Mr. 
Westinghouse is not only a mechanical genius and inventor, 
but a skillful executive and financier. As soon as he had 
the brake well developed, he organized a factory for its 
manufacture, which has grown to the great works at Wil- 
merding, Pennsylvania, one of the most remarkable exam- 
ples of highly specialized and efficient manufacturing in the 
world. It is worth noting, in this connection, that in his 
air-brake works, as far back as the 70's, Mr. Westinghouse 
introduced the Saturday half-holiday and the 54-hour week, 
a practice followed in all his later works. 

Applying the experience gained in the use of com- 
pressed air with the brake to his old work with switches 
led to the pneumatic switch and signal, now so common. 
and this line of industry has developed into another of his 
works, the Union Switch and Signal Company. With the 
the use of electricity to operate the valves in the pneumatic 
system he was brought to study this comparatively new 
agent, and out of this has grown the greatest of his com- 
panies, the Westinghouse Electric and Manufacturing Com- 
pany. One of the qualities for which Mr. Westinghouse is 
noted among those who know him best is his remarkable 
foresight. Twenty years ago he seems to have foreseen 
the tremendous possibilities of electrical development and 
even the line along which they would proceed. Nearly all 
other workers in the electrical field were developing direct 
current, but he saw that the transmission losses would keep 
this form within narrow limits. Alternating current would 
take care of tlie transmission, but a means must be provided 
for readily changing the high pressure needed for trans- 
mission to the low pressure needed for application. 1 he 
( laniard and Gibbs transformer patents offered a solution; 
these he bought, and started the electric company, t hie 
more thing was needed for complete success — a simple and 
reliable motor. This was supplied h\ Tcsla. who was hacked 
by Mr. Westinghouse while working it out. The story of 
the tight to introduce alternating current, which was carried 
on by .Mr. Westinghouse single handed against incredible 
opposition, is as fascinating as a romance, but space limits 
forbid going into details. We may only mention the light 
ing of the Chicago Fair and the great Niagara plant as 
among his earliest triumphs. He has the satisfaction now 
of seeing his ideas approved by the whole electrical industry, 
and what was ;l feeble infant grown to a giant. The great 
dynamos for the elevated and under-round toads in Xew 
York, ami for the underground road in London are among 
his latest triumphs. Besides the work thus far described, 
Mr. Westinghouse lias taken a foremost part in the de- 



THE CITY OF WASHINGTON. 



407 



velopment of the gas engine and the steam turbine, which 
are built by the Westinghouse Machine Company. He was 
also the moving spirit in the exploitation of natural gas in 
the Pittsburg district, his special merit coming from work- 
ing out its piping over long distances, which was at first 
thought impossible. 

Works for the manufacture of the air-brake have long 
been established in England, France and Germany, followed 
by electric works in France, and more recently by the great 
works of the British Westinghouse Electric and Manufac- 
turing Company, at Manchester, England, which in the first 
year of operation are employing about five thousand men. 



plished what he has done, and even now he works harder 
than any of his lieutenants. 

The Westinghouses have for a number of years occu- 
pied the Blaine house, on Dupont Circle, in the winter 
(they purchased it a few years ago), making their summer 
home at Lenox, Massachusetts, where they have one of 
the most beautiful estates. They have also their fine old 
home in Pittsburg, where it was among the first of the 
large houses in what is now the residential district. His 
numerous business cares do not leave Mr. Westinghouse 
much time for social enjoyment in Washington, although 
he has entertained many distinguished guests, including 




MR. WESTINGHOUSE'S RESIDENCE. 



In all. Mr. Westinghouse is president of nearly a score of 
companies employing about thirty thousand people, and 
representing a capital of nearly one hundred millions of 
dollars. With all this wonderful achievement to his credit, 
the man himself is modest and unassuming. Indeed, owing 
to his great dislike of anything like personal advertising, 
and his absolute refusal until very recently to let his por- 
trait be published, only those who had met him personally 
know his appearance. He is a man of very attractive per- 
sonality and charm of manner, and of large and vigorous 
physique. It is obvious that only a man of tremendous 
capacity for work and splendid health could have accom- 



Lord Kelvin, the nestor of science. Mrs. Westinghouse, in 

all of her beautiful homes, is the ideal hostess, gracious and 
charming, and possessed of that rare tact which, without 
apparent effort, makes ever) guesl feel thoroughly at home 
and draws out his best efforts towards the general enter- 
tainment, assured of a sympathetic audience. She is oni 
of the most generous contributors to the Associated Chari- 
ties, a patron of music, and deservedlj beloved for her bene 
factions. In May of 1899 Mrs. Westinghouse gave a grand 
reception to the Society of .Mechanical Engineers, of which 
Mr. Westinghouse is an honorary member, which is said 
to have been the finest reception ever given in a private 



408 



THE CITY OF WASHINGTON. 



residence in Washington. They have one son, George 
Westinghouse, Jr., who is now a student at Yale. Mr. 
Westinghouse has been decorated with a number of foreign 
orders, including the Legion of Honor, the Royal Crown of 
Italy, and the Order of Leopold of Belgium. He is also 
one of the two living honorary members of the American 
Assosciation for the Advancement of Science. Washing- 
ton may well be proud to count among its distinguished 
residents this man who has done so much for industrial 
development, and who, by the invention and perfection of 
the air-brake, is justly entitled to a high place among the 
benefactors nf the race. 

Noble D. Larner. — Occupying an exalted position in 
local matters, insurance and Masonic circles, Noble D. Lar- 
ner, a Washingtonian by birth and residence, spent a life 
fraught with usefulness and distinction. The son of Michael 




NOBLE D. LARNEF 



and Christiana Larner, he was burn on January 9, 1830. 
lie was "in- nf the organizers of the National Union Fire 
lii-m, in.,' Compan} in [865, and was elected its first sec- 
retary, which position he held continuously to the time of 
In death, on March 19, [903. Asa Mason .Mr. Larner held 
ever) important position within the gift nf the subordinate 
and grand lodges, and at the time nf his death was past 
grand master, past grand high priest and past grand com- 
mander nf the District "f 1 :ohnnbia, and past general grand 
high priest vA the United States, 

His earlj education was received at the District private 

Schools, after which he entered the printing establishment 

of his grandfather, Jacob Gideon, and there learned the 

"art preservative nf arts." In April. [861, Mr. Lamer 
answered President Lincoln's first call for troops for ninety- 
days' service and served until the expiration nf bis term 
of enlistment. Some time after Mr. Larner bad been dis- 



charged from the army he was drafted to serve for three 
years under a call by the President. Sometime after this, 
he, in connection with others, formed what was known as 
the Third Ward Draft Club, its object being to secure 
money to purchase substitutes for those citizens of the 
third ward that might be drafted. In this effort the club 
was so successful as to procure substitutes enough to re- 
lieve all that were drafted in that ward except the last 
two who were sent to the army. Some time afterwards 
President Lincoln decided that he would place in the army 
a substitute to the credit of the District of Columbia, and 
communicated his desire to the provost marshal general of 
the District, with the request that he select the gentleman 
who should fulfill his wishes. The provost marshal general 
sent for Mr. Larner, stated to him the President's wishes 
and placed the matter in his hands. After considerable 
trouble, substitutes being scarce, he succeeded in getting 
one. He was sworn in, dressed in uniform, taken to the 
White House and introduced to the President, who spoke 
verv pleasantlv to him as to the duties of a soldier. Presi- 
dent Lincoln subsequently sent Mr. Larner a check on Riggs 
Bank in this city in payment of the price he had paid for the 
substitute. At another period during the year 1864 or 1865 
the city council of Washington received notice that a dele- 
gation of the Baltimore, Maryland, city council intended to 
make a visit to Washington. The council of Washing- 
ton appointed a committee, of which Mr. Larner was chair- 
man, to receive and escort them to the places of interest in 
the city. After visiting various places they expressed the 
desire to visit the President. After entering the President's 
office and being introduced to him. he was informed that 
the visitors desired to sing him a song or two. The Presi- 
dent said he would be glad to hear them. They then formed 
a circle around him and sang several patriotic songs, much 
to the pleasure of the President. During the singing they 
used a tine American flag which they waved around his 
head. After they bad concluded their singing and the 
President had thanked them for the pleasure they had given 
him they repaired to the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad 
station in return home. After they had gotten upon the 
train they called Mr. Larner to then) and presented him with 
the Hag they bad waived around the President's bead. That 
flag is still in the possession nf Mr. Lanier's family and very 
highly prized by them. 

In December, [860, be received an appointment to 
a clerkship in the Interim- Department, where be remained 
until 1865, resigning In accept the .secretaryship nf the 
National Union lire Insurance Company, "i Washington, 
which position be held till death. Mr. Larner was equally 
prominent in the District's public affairs, and as a mem- 
ber "i 11- city council be left a most enviable record. He 
became a member nf the council in June. [863, serving 
until rune, 1865, and was chairman ^( the committee on 
improvements throughout his incumbency and was vice- 
presidenl ^\ that bod) for one year. While a member 
nf the council Mr. Larner introduced many important 
measures, among them the bill to arch the old canal; to 



THE CITY OF WASHINGTON. 



409 



sewer the old Slash Run, on L street, northwest, and to 
arch the sewer which ran from what is now Florida avenue 
down Eighth street, northwest. The measures were de- 
feated at the time because of the great cost involved, but 
were subsequently introduced and adopted by the Board of 
Public Works. Mr. Larner took an active part in the 
passage of the act establishing a paid fire department in 
the District. He also introduced and had passed the bill 
in both branches of the council for the establishment of 
the paid fire alarm telegraph system. Another important 
bill introduced at his instance was that providing for the re- 
moval of ashes from residences. This bill was not passed, 
because of lack of funds, but the District government his 
since adopted the regulation. Mr. Larner always took an 
active interest in politics, and was Democratic in his sym- 
pathies. 

On the 19th of October, 1863, Mr. Larner became a 
Master Mason of B. B. French Lodge ; the following De- 
cember a charter member of Lafayette Lodge, No. 19, and 
on the 31st of December he was elected secretary; in 1864 
senior warden, and worshipful master in December, 1865 
and 1866, serving as such two years. November 6, 1866, 
he was elected grand secretary of the Grand Lodge of the 
District of Columbia, and served for five years, and was 
grand master in 1881 and 1882. He became a member 
of Mount Vernon Royal Arch Chapter No. 20, then under 
the registry of Maryland and District of Columbia Grand 
Chapter. In 1867 he united with others in the formation 
of the Grand Chapter of the District of Columbia. On June 
1, 1867. he became high priest of the new chapter, Lafay- 
ette No. 5, and served as such two and a half years. He 
became grand secretary at the time of the organization of 
the Grand Chapter, serving until November, 1872, when 
he was elected deputy grand high priest, and served one 
year. He was also chairman of the committee on cor- 
respondence of the Grand Chapter for many years. In 
November, 1873, Mr. Larner was elected grand high priest. 
At Nashville, Tennesee, in 1874, he was elected general 
grand captain of the Host of the General Grand Royal Arch 
Chapter of the United States, and general grand scribe of 
the same order at Buffalo, August 24, 1877: general 
grand king- at Detroit, Michigan, in 1880: deputy general 
grand high priest at Denver. Colorado, in 1883, and general 
grand high priest in Washington, District of Columbia, in 
1886. He first attended a convocation of the General 
Grand Chapter held in St. Louis, Missouri, in [868, and has 
been present at every convocation held by that body since 
that time. He received the order of knighthood in Co- 
lumbia Commandery, No. 2, of Washington, !). C, in May, 
1866, and affiliated with De Molay Mounted Commandery, 
No. 4, February 16, 1872, and was elected eminent com- 
mander from the floor, December, 1877. Upon the organ- 
ization of the Grand Commandery of Knights Templar in 



this city, Mr. Larner was elected its first grand commander, • 
which office he held for one term, during which the duty of 
organizing and placing the Grand Commandery in proper 
working order devolved upon him. which duty was per- 
formed to the entire satisfaction of the members of the 
Grand Commandery. In cryptic masonry he united in the 
movement made in Washington in organizing a council of 
Royal and Select Masons, in 1870. In the following year 
(1871) he was elected thrice puissant grand master, and 
in 1878 he received the degrees of the Ancient Scottish Rite 
up to and including the thirty-second degree. On January 
31, 1887, Mr. Larner assisted in the formation of the 
Washington Masonic Veteran Association, and refused to 
accept the office of president at that time. Subsequently, 
on February 22, 1893, he was elected president of the asso- 
ciation and has continued to hold that office. On February 
22, 1901, he was elected president of the District of Colum- 
bia Society of the Sons of the American Revolution, and 
on February 22, 1902, he was re-elected. During his 
incumbency it was more successful in the number of new 
members enrolled than at any previous time, and in 1902 
Mr. Larner was elected vice-president of the National 
Congress of the Sons of American Revolution. 

On November 25, 185 1, Mr. Larner married Miss Ann 
Margaret Keller, of Harrisburg, Pennsylvania. ( )f this 
union four sons were born — Philip F. Larner, now secre- 
tary of the National Union Fire Insurance Company of 
Washington, and John B. Larner, a member of the Wash- 
ington bar; Harry Day Larner, who died in infancy, and 
Charles N. Larner, who died on October 30. 1895. in the 
thirty-fourth year of his age, at that time being assistant 
secretary of the National Union fire Insurance Company 
of Washington City. 

Mr. Larner died suddenly on the 19th day of March. 
1903, at a meeting in the lecture room of the New York 
Avenue Presbyterian Church, after presenting his report 
as treasurer of the board of trustees of that church, having 
been a trustee of the church for nearly twenty years. Me 
was buried with high .Masonic honors from the church on 
March 23. 1903, and his remains were interred at the Con- 
gressional Cemetery in Washington. 

Henry Augustus Willard.— Prominent in Washing- 
ton's history for more than titty years has been Mr. Henry 
A. Willard. who although in his eighty-first year is still 
active and robust, with an alert and keen mind, and who 
daily dispenses the duties connected with the management 
of his affairs and the many interests in which he is directly 
or indirectly connected. Mr. Willard since his residence 
in Washington, has taken a foremost place in its affairs. 
He is a self made man. There are few of the city's large 
financial institutions that Mr. Willard is not identified with 
at the present time, as he has been in the past. His name 



52 



THE CITY OF WASHINGTON. 



is synonymous with the rapid growth and prosperity of 
Washing-ton, many of which changes and improvements 
lie was mainly instrumental in bringing about. 

Henry Augustus Willard is a son of Joseph and Susan 
Dorr (Clapp) Willard, and a great-grandson of Joseph 
Dorr, one of the "Tea Party" who destroyed the tea in 
Boston harbor in the revolutionary times. He was born 
at Westminster, Vermont, on May 14. 1822. His education 
was acquired at the common schools of his -native town 
and at the academy at Walpole, Xew Hampshire. The 
early years of his manhood were spent in a life of useful- 
ness and energy, so much so, in fact, that his fame as a 
purveyor to the public's taste preceded him to Washington, 
and upon the receipt of an urgent request from Benjamin 
( )gle Tayloe, Mr. Willard came to Washington and assumed 
the management of the old City Hotel, which occupied the 




propei 
Hotel. 
1853, 
Willai 
I aylo 
Willa 
his bi 



of 1 - 



HENRY AUGUSTUS WILLARD 

he now magnificent Willard Hotel, which prior to 
ie had not been a pecuniary success. From that 
the hotel prospered and flourished until its reputa- 
o\v international. In a short while after his assump- 
he management of the hotel Mr. Willard leased the 
• and changed the name to that of " Willard's 

A little more than live years thereafter, thai is. in 
c and his brother .1. C. Willard, purchased the 
Hotel property of the late Hon. Benjamin Ogle 

He first i—k his eldest brother, the late I dwin 

her, the late Joseph C. W illard, became a pan- 
he business. In [858 they purchased the adjoin 
pert) and erected a large addition on the corner 
■teenth ; nd F streets, northwest. The\ continued 



to conduct the hotel under the firm name of J. C. & H. A. 
Willard until 1861, when they leased the hotel to Sykes, 
Chadwick & Co., and subsequently to other parties. In 
1892 H. A. Willard sold his half interest to his brother, 
the late Joseph C. Willard. In 1867 he organized the 
National Savings Bank, now the National Safe Deposit, 
Savings and Trust Company, and was its president for 
several years. For a number of years he was vice-presi- 
dent of the National Metropolitan Bank, resigning in 1897. 
He was appointed by President Grant a member of the board 
of public works, serving with the late Alexander R. Shep- 
herd, and on the latter's being appointed Governor of the 
District of Columbia, he was elected to succeed him as 
the vice-president of the Board of Public Works. He held 
this office until the change to the present form of municipal 
government was made by Congress. He was also appointed 
by President Grant a member of the Board of Public Health. 
He was elected a director of the Columbia Railway Com- 
pany, and subsequently, about 1874, became its president 
and continued to hold this office until 1889. Mr. Willard 
organized the Columbia Fire Insurance Company in 1881 
and was its president for nearly eleven years. He was one 
of the organizers of the Garfield Memorial Hospital and 
was on the committee which selected the present site. 1 Ie 
is at present vice-president of this institution. He was 
appointed by President Grant a member of the board of 
trustees of the reform school and held that office for many 
years. In 1877 he was chairman of the board of trustees 
of All Souls Church and superintended the building of 
the present church edifice. ' He was not only the largest 
individual contributor to the building fund, but was instru- 
mental in raising the funds necessary to build the church. 
lie has been active in building operations in this city, 
having erected many dwelling bouses. He built bis present 
liome, [333 K street, in 1873 and has lived there contin- 
uously since, lie is at present a director of the American 
Security and Trust Company, the National Safe Deposit, 
Savings and Trust Company, the Chesapeake and Potomac 
Telephone Company, and a member of the Columbia His- 
torical Society of Washington, and of the Vermont Slate 
Association of Washington. Mr. Willard has just erected 
the Willard Building, a fireproof building for office pur- 
poses, on the site of bis ftVsl residence. 513-515 Fourteenth 
street, northwest, which in design and construction is one 
of the handsomest buildings in the city. 

1 In November 6, [855, Mr. Willard married Sarah 
Bradlej Kellogg, of Westminster. Vermont, she being the 
daughter n\ Judge Daniel Kellogg, and great-granddaugh- 
ter of Hon. Stephen Rowe Bradley, first Senator of 
Vermont, and granddaughter of Hon. William C. Bradley, 
elected to Congress from Vermont in 1814, and again in 
[826. Mr. and Mrs. Willard have one son. Henry Kellogg 
Willard. who was bom October 20, 1856. 



THE CITY OF WASHINGTON. 



Charles Mather Ffoulke, son of Benjamin Green 
and Jane (Mather) Ffoulke, was born on July 25, 1841, 
at Quakertown, Bucks county, Pennsylvania. His paternal 
and maternal ancestors for generations were land owners, 
and several of them were land surveyors and conveyancers 
and were called " counsellors of the peace " because of their 
devotion to the amicable settlement of controversies of all 
kinds among the county families. His father was prom- 
inent among this number, and, on account of the reliance 
upon his equity and justice by the people in the counties 




MR. FFOULKE'S RESIDENCE. 

traversed by the North Pennsylvania Railroad, he was 
invited to secure, without restrictions, the right of way 
for said railroad, and did so without a lawsuit. 

The Ffoulke family is of Welsh origin, and its ancestry 
for eight generations in this country is recorded in the 
"History of Gwynedd," by Howard M. Jenkins, and is 
traced in Welsh documents without a break from 1125 
to 1625. Mr. Ffoulke's daughter, Helen, is the seventh 
generation born upon the same land — that is, on part of 



the large tract taken up by his ancestor, Edward Ffoulke, 
on his arrival in this country, and under the provisions 
granted by William Penn. All of Air. Ffoulke's ancestors 
in America were members of the Society of Friends, and he 
was educated in the Friends' schools in Quakertown, Gwyn- 
edd and Philadelphia. Mr. Ffoulke's first occupation was as 
teacher in the Friends' school in Philadelphia, of which 
Aaron B. Ivins was the head. He was afterwards, for 
two years, principal of the Friends' school in Quakertown. 
In 1 861 he entered the wool business in Philadelphia, from 
which he retired in 1872, and since 
that time he has not been engaged 
in any commercial business. 

Mr. Ffoulke went abroad in 
1872, and remained on the other 
side of the Atlantic over two years 
in the study of art, particularly as 
expressed in paintings and in tapes- 
tries. In 1884 he went abroad again 
for the same purpose and remained 
there over live years, and also made 
many trips between 1874 and 1884, 
as well as subsequently. He owns 
one of the largest, most varied, 
and important collections of antique 
tapestries in private hands in the 
world. In 1888 he acquired the en- 
tire collection of the Barberini fam- 
ily of Rome, consisting of one hun- 
dred and thirty-live antique tapes- 
tries, practically all of which are 
included in the inventories for the 
year 1690 of Cardinal Charles Bar- 
berini and his brother, the grand 
prior of France, both of which in- 
ventories are still preserved in the 
Barberini library at Rome. Pope 
Urban VIII, who was a Barberini, 
assisted by his nephew, Cardinal 
Francis Barberini, began the collec- 
tion in i6to. It is the only collec- 
tion of a sovereign that will ever 
come to this country. Urban YIII 
was not only Pope, but exercised 
temporal sovereignty over an ex 
tended part of Central Italy. Mr. 
Ffoulke has been oc< upied for a 
number of years in writing a "His- 
tory of the Barberini Collection of 
Tapestries," a "General History ol 
Tapestries," and '•The Art Tapestries in America." He 
has frequently published articles on all these subjects, and 
has lectured on them before art societies or under the 
auspices of art museums in Boston. New York. Philadel- 
phia. Chicago, Washington, etc. 

Mr. Ffoulke is interested in several important com- 
panies. He is a director of the Fletcher Manufacturing 
Company of Providence, Rhode Island, in which company 
his children will be the fourth generation holding a COntill- 



THE CITY OF WASHINGTON. 




INTERIOF 



OF 



RESIDENCE. 



nous interest for over a century. The company has been 
in existence one hundred and five years, during all of which 
period it never defaulted on a note or an obligation of 
any kind, and never failed to make fash dividends annually 
mi its shares. Mr. Ffoulke has never held any political 
office, nor taken an active part in politics exccpl as a 
member of the Union League Club of Philadelphia, from 
which he resigned some years ago. He was one of its 
earliest members and was deepl) interested in its work of 
raising several regiments for service in our civil war, being 
incapacitated by physical infirmities from taking an active 
part in the struggle himself. 

lie is a member of several leading clubs, among which 
are the Metropolitan, Country and Chevy Chase Clubs, of 
Washington, D. C, and he was For several years president 
of the latter, lie is also a member of the Geographical 
and Historical Societies of Washington, l>. C, of the Na- 
tional Arts Club of New York, and of several other societies 
in this country and in Europe. Mr. Ffoulke was married 
in Paris, December io, [872, to Miss Sarah \. Cushing, 
of Providence, Rhode I -land. They have five children, 
viz. : Horace dishing, Helen Seagrave, Gladys, Gwendolyn 
and I hat le Math r Ftou ke, Jr. 




CHARLES MATHER FFOULK 



THE CITY OF WASHINGTON. 



413 



Amzi Lorenzo Barber, A. M., LL. B., was born at 
Saxton's River, Windham county, Vermont, on June 22, 
1843. His father was the Rev. Amzi Doolittle Barber, 
whose grandfather, Thomas, and father, Calvin, settled 
and lived in Townsend, Vermont. Thomas Barber, with 
two brothers, came to this country before the revolution. 
One brother, named Joseph, settled in Massachusetts ; the 
other brother went West or South, and of him nothing fur- 
ther is known. Mr. Barber's mother was Nancy Irene 
Bailey, who was born in Westmoreland, Oneida county, New 
York. His ancestors on his father's side were Scotch-Irish, 
and on his mother's side French-English, and he has, per- 
haps, in some degree, inherited the striking characteristics 
of these four different nationalities. His father was a 




1ZI LORENZO BARBEF 



self-educated Congregational clergyman of great simplicity 
of purpose and strength of character. He was one of the 
students who left Lane Theological Seminary in Cincinnati 
because the discussion of the slavery question had been pro- 
hibited by the faculty of that institution, and he walked 
across the State of Ohio to Oberlin and entered < Iberlin 
College, from whose theological department he graduated 
in 1841. His father was engaged in ministerial work up 
to within a short time of his death in 1901. 

Early in life Mr. Barber contemplated a professional 
career. The family moved to Ohio in 1852 and lived at 
Bellevue, Huron county, until 1858; then in Cleveland un- 
til 1862, and afterward in Austinburg and Geneva, Ash- 
tabula county. Mr. Barber attended various schools and 
academies, including the high school of Cleveland, dur- 
ing his minority, and in 1862 he entered Oberlin < ollege 
at the head of his class in the preparatory department, 
An attack of pneumonia compelled him t<> leave college 



for a year, which he spent in the wilds of northern Michi- 
gan. He graduated from Oberlin College in 1867. taking 
the degree of bachelor of arts, and subsequently received 
from that institution the degree of master of arts. By 
working upon farms in the summer time and teaching 
school in the winter, he saved enough money to meet his 
college expenses. While pursuing a post graduate course 
in the theological department of Oberlin College, he was 
invited by General O. O. Howard, then at the head of 
the Freedmen's Bureau, to take charge of the normal de- 
partment of Howard University, and in April. 1868. he 
moved to Washington for that purpose. Subsequently 
he took charge of the preparatory department, and later 
on was elected to a professorship of natural philosophy in 
that university. In 1872 he resigned his connection with 
that institution and engaged in the real estate business in 
Washington. A year later there followed the panic of 
1873, which was commenced by the failure of Jay Cooke's 
banking house. The depression in prices was very great- 
and continued for several years, during which time many 
people engaged in the real estate business in Washington 
lost heavily. Mr. Barber, however, held on to his real estate 
interests and ultimately sold out to good advantage and 
realized a handsome profit. Real estate operations in the 
District of Columbia led him to appreciate the value of 
good streets, and in 1878 Mr. Barber became interested 
in the laying of Trinidad sheet asphalt pavements, and intro- 
duced this pavement into many cities of the United States 
and Europe. During the twenty-one years of his connection 
with the business, upward of 30,000.000 square yards of 
asphalt pavements were laid. In 1899 the consolidation of 
a large number of companies was effected. He soon after 
retired from active business to become largely interested 
in the manufacture of " Locomobiles." 

In 18(18 Mr. Barber married Celia M. Bradley, of 
Geneva, Ohio, who died in 1870. In 1871 he married Julia 
Louise Langdon, daughter of J. LeDroict Langdon, formerly 
of Belmont, New York. They have had live children, of 
whom four are living, namely. LeDroict Langdon, Lorena 
Langdon (Mrs. Samuel T. Davis, Jr.), Bertha Langdon, 
and Roland — the first three being adults and tin last six 
teen years old. Mr. Barber retains a strong affection foi 
( Iberlin College, and has long served it as one of its trustees. 
In 1 Sj5-(> Mr. Barber took the course of lectures in the 
law department of Columbian University at Washington, 
and received the degree of Bachelor of Laws. Subsequently 
he was admitted to the bar in Washington, hut has never 
made a regular practice of law. lie is now a director of 
the Washington Loan and Trust ^Company. 

years has spent much of the summer season living with his 
family on hoard his steam yacht, at anchor in the harbor 
of New York, or visiting the many places of interest and 
beauty along the coast from Bar Harbor to the Chesapeake. 
In the winter of 1893-94 he took his famiL on a yachting 
trip through the Mediterranean Sea. visiting all the prin- 



414 



THE CITY OF WASHINGTON. 



cipal points of interest from Gibraltar to Jaffa, and from 
Marseilles to Constantinople. He considers money so spent 
as wisely invested, not merely in the pursuit of pleasure 
and of new sights, but in the direction of health and knowl- 
edge, geographical, scientific and historical. Since Mr. 
Barber has become a yachtsman, it has been his desire to 
build a steam yacht to meet his own ideas and requirements, 
and after giving much careful thought to the matter, he 
placed an order in 1901 for the " Lorena," having a length 
of about 300 feet. The " Lorena," was launched January 
14, 1903, and will be ready for sea during the summer of 
1903. She is equipped with turbine engines, being the 
third of that type constructed. Mr. Barber is a member 
of various scientific and social organizations. He is a Isl- 



ington, but now a part of that city. Under Mr. Barber's 
personal management this enterprise was remarkably suc- 
cessful, and realized large profits to all persons interested. 
Mr. Barber reserved the choicest part of the property for 
his own use, and built a fine stone mansion with stable, 
known as " Belmont," which has been the permanent home 
of the family. He purchased the property known as " Ards- 
ley Towers." at Ardsley-on-Hudson, built by Cyrus \Y. 
Field for his son, whose financial difficulties made a sale 
of the property necessary. Mr. Barber has occupied this 
place a part of each year. His library and picture gallery 
contain many rare and beautiful works of art. Mr. Barber 
is a man of literary and artistic tastes, benevolent disposi- 
tion and great energy. 




MR. BARBER'S RESIDENCE. 



he American 


Soc 


iet) 


( 


of the Sociel 


V 1 1 I 


A. 


ts 


of the Royal 


Thai 


les 


N 


Mi'ln ipi 'lil.'in. 


1 im 


ers 


in 



Civil Engineers ami a 
i London, lie is also a 
In Club of London, ami 
Republican. New York 
Yacht and Atlantic ('lub of Xew York, ami of the Vmerican 
Geographical and the New England ami Ohio Societies of 
-v. i ork, and the Metropolitan Museum of Art. and the 
American Museum of Natural History, lie is also .1 non- 
resident member of the Buffalo Club of Buffalo. 

In 1SS0 he became associated with Senator John Sher- 
man ami others in the purchase and sale of the Stone 



ipert) . 1 20 acres, then situated '>n the outskirts of \\ ash 



Hon. John Brooks Henderson. — Few nun in any 
State's history have Found so main- opportunities, or have 
more usefullj embraced the same to mark- out an honorable 
career, than has John Brooks Henderson, lawyer and states 
man. Ili> efforts for the benefil of his country and humanity 
ai large are engraved in indelible letters on the pages of 
history, and In- name will go down in history hand in hand 
wuli those "i the heroes who gave their best endeavors 
and sacrificed their lives for their country's honor and stand- 
ing. General Henderson was born in Pittsylvania county, 
Virginia, November id. iNjo. His father. James Hender- 
son, married lane Dawson. They removed to Lincoln 



\/ 



THE CITY OF WASHINGTON. 



4i5 



county, Missouri, in 1832. Both parents died before Tohn 
'j was ten years old, leaving him with other and younger 

children, with small means of support. But he obtained 
I a good education from the common schools and from 

excellent classical teachers, so that by diligent application 
J he acquired a more than ordinary education in the English 

branches, mathematics and in Latin. Whilst teaching district 
J schools he studied law, and was admitted to the bar of the 

Pike county circuit in 1848, beginning the practice a year 
I later in Louisiana, Missouri, and continuing there until 
! 1861. He was elected to the legislature from Pike county 
j in 1848 and again in 1856. In i860 he was defeated by 
J James S. Rollins in a memorable and close contest for Con- 
I gress wherein, however, he displayed the qualities as a 



State troops. In 1862 he was appointed by Lieutenant- 
Governor Hall to fill the vacancy in the United States 
Senate caused by the expulsion of the Hon. Trusten Polk, 
and the next year was elected by the legislature to fill out 
the term, and then to serve six years ending March 4. 
1869, his vote being 84 against 42 for John S. Phelps. 
General Henderson's pronounced unionism carried him into 
the Republican party, as was the case with so many others 
in Missouri. In the United States Senate his ability was 
promptly recognized by his election to the important com- 
mittees of Finance, Foreign Relations, Postofhce, Indian Af- 
fairs, Claims, District of Columbia and others. As chairman 
of the Committee on Indian Affairs, and as special commis- 
sioner in 1867, he organized the Indian peace committee 




ANDERSON'S RESIDENCE. 



debater and political tactician for which he became noted in 
after years. He was a Douglass delegate to the Charleston 
and -Baltimore convention in i860 and from that time 
forward opposed secessionism and its kindred ideas with 
all the force of his character. In i860 he was a presi- 
dential elector on the Douglass Democratic ticket, the only 
full electoral ticket pledged to Douglass that carried any 
State. In 1856 he was a Democratic Presidential elector. 
In February, 1861, Mr. Henderson was elected as a Unionist 
to the State convention, called to consider the relations of 
Missouri to the other States, and in the several sessions 
of that body took a conspicuous part. He was in the sum- 
mer of 1861 appointed by the provisional government as 
a brigadier-general of militia and organized a brigade of 



which concluded treaties quieting the Sioux, t heyennes, ami 
other hostile tribes who had been ravaging the upper Mis- 
souri River country. As a Senator he effected the reimburse- 
ment from the Federal Treasury of Missouri's war expendi 
hires, thus re-establishing the State's credit, lie contributed 
to the country the thirteenth amendment to the United 
States Constitution, abolishing slavery, which amendment 
he wrote and introduced into the Senate, and was among 
the original agitators of the suffrage amendment embodied 
in the organic law as the fifteenth amendment. Senator 
Henderson voted tor acquittal of Presidenl Andrew John 
son at his impeachment trial, thus contributing to save him 
from conviction. This act of justice, however, doubtless 
COSt Senator Henderson his re-election and ended his public 



THE CITY OF WASHINGTON. 



career in Missouri, for, although his party nominated him 
for Governor in 1872, it was as a leader of a forlorn hope. 
( hi the expiration of his senatorial term in 1870, having 
on June 25, 1868, married in Washington Miss Mary New- 
ton Foote, daughter of Judge Elisha Foote, of New York, 




HON. JOHN BROOKS 



prac- 
Grant 



he removed to St. Louis and devoted himself 
tice. In May. 1875, he was appointed by Pre 
to assist the United States district attorney in the prosecu- 
tion of violators of the revenue laws relating to the whisky 
tax. In [884 he was president of the National Republican 
Convention that nominated James G. Blaine for the Presi- 
dency of the United States, and ex-officid chairman of the 
committee of notification. As a writer on economic sub- 
jects, finance particularly, General Henderson's contribu- 
tions to literature have been numerous and forceful. Whilst 
living in St. Louis the home of General and Mrs. 1 lender- 
son was an attractive social center. For sunn- years past, 
however, their residence has been in Washington, where, 

moving to Washington < ieneral I [enderson lias been a regent 
of the Smithsonian Institution, elected by Congress in Janu- 
ary, [892, and again in 1 S< )S. lie was a member of the 
International (Pan American) Conference, composed of 
delegates from all the North, Central and South American 
Republics, held in Washington 1889-90. It is. however, in 
connection with Missouri affairs thai General Henderson's 
life has been chiefly spent. Mrs. General Henderson is a 
highly accomplished woman and takes a lively illteresl in 
art and the advance of science and literature. Her hospi- 
tality in her beautiful home, " Boundary Castle." Sixteenth 
street and Florida avenue, is unstinted. .-111(1 her intellectual 
brilliancy, her Familiarit) with European capitals, and her 
fluenc) in French make her ver_\ popular in diplomatic anil 
social circles m \\ ashington, She is a member of a number 
of art, .scientific, patriotic and philanthropic societies, 



Curtis Justin Hillyer is another exponent of that class 
who, after spending a greater portion of their lives else- 
where, ultimately succumbed to the manifold attractions 
offered b\ Washington both as a place of residence and 
as a rich field for investment. Mr. Hillyer is a son of 
Justin and Bathsheba Howe Hillyer. who late in the last 
century emigrated from Xew England to Granville, < )hio, 
where their son was horn on May 31, 1828. After attend- 
ing the public schools of his native town. Mr. Hillyer 
entered Yale University as a sophomore, and graduated 
with honors in the class of 1850. he being chosen to deliver 
the valedictory oration on presentation day. After leaving 
Yale Mr. Hillyer studied law with Bellamy Storer, of Cin- 
cinnati, supporting himself in the meantime by teaching 
in the high school. When ready for examination for ad- 
mission to the bar, iii 1S52, his health failed him, and he 
determined upon a trip to California, by the Isthmus route. 
At this time the gold craze was at fever-heat in the far 
West, and after reaching California Mr. Hillyer worked 
in a mine 111 Placer county for awhile, there regaining his 
health, which has since, despite of his threescore and ten 
years and more, remained unimpaired. In the spring of 
1853 he opened a law office in the mining district of I'lac.r 
county, and after three years spent in most successful prac- 
tice he removed to Auburn, Colorado, and formed a law- 
partnership with C. A. Turtle, and there continued in prac- 
tice until [862, when Governor Stamford appointed him 
reporter of the Supreme Court of California, a position 
which, together with the sale of his reports, netted him 




alioiit $7,000 a year. The appointment was for a term 
four years, bul al the end of the second •" Mr. ilillyc 
resigned to enter the law linn in Virginia City, Nevada 
of which United State.- Senator Stewart was the senio 
member, From 1864 to 1881 Mr. Hillyer, with one or tw 



THE CITY OF WASHINGTON. 



417 



short interruptions continued in the active practice of law and after building a number of residences there during the 
m Virginia City, Nevada. During that time he was engaged 8o's his faith was rewarded, as the property took a boom and 
in most 01 the important litigations where mining interests 
were involved, especially in the defense of disputed titles, 
and he enjoyed a large and very remunerative practice. 

Mr. Hillyer's connection with Washington began in 
1871, when he first visited the city on professional business. 
Being much impressed with the prospect of the city as out- 
lined by the plans of the Board of Public Works under the 
new regime, and in connection with Senator Stewart and 




others, he purchased a considerable number of unimproved 
lots in the northwestern section of the city, paying usually 
one-third cash for them and the balance secured by mort- 
gages on the property purchased. By the receipts from bis 
practice on the Pacific Coast, he was enabled to hold on to 
his property and meet the payments as tney became due, 
throughout the panic which ensued from 1873 to 1879, when 
the valuations so decreased that they were not considered 
worth the amount for which they were mortgaged. His 
faith in the future of this location was unbounded, however. 



he realized handsomely on the investment. In 1873 Mr. 
Hillyer built the fine residence on Massachusetts avenue, 
between Twenty-first and Twenty-second streets, in which 
he lived for many years. In 1881, his hearing having be- 
come impaired, he gave up bis practice on the coast and 
since has resided constantly in Washington, continuing for 
a few years to attend to cases in the Supreme Court of the 
United States, until increasing deafness compelled him to 
retire from practice. The last impor- 
tant case argued before the United 
States Supreme Court by Mr. Hillyer 
was one of unusual interest to property 
holders in Washington, which involved 
the right of a court of equity to grant 
affirmative relief to holders of lots for 
the period prescribed by the statute of 
limitations and without any other title. 
This case was won by Mr. Hillyer, and 
established a precedent which gave a 
clean and marketable title of hundreds 
of lots owned by various holders in the 
city who previously were in the same 
position as his client. 

Mr. Hillyer. though taking always 
an active part in politics, and though 
often urged, refused to accept official 
positions, devoting all his time and 
energies to the practice of law. Only 
once did he yield in this direction, 
when he consented to be returned to 
the legislature of Nevada, in 1869. At 
that session he introduced a constitu- - 
tional amendment giving suffrage to 
women, and supported it in a speech 
which was widely published in Nevada 
and California. The amendment was 
(allied by a two-thirds vote in both 
houses, but was lost in the succeeding 
egislature. Mr. Hillyer is a staunch 
bimetallism and lias written on this 
subject many articles for the journals 
and a pamphlet entitled "A Silver 
Basis." which was extensive!} circu- 
lated and attracted much attention, 
lie is still an advocate of free coinage, 
and expects t" see it restored. 
In 1856 Mr. Hillyer married Miss Angeline Alex- 
ander, daughter of James and Mary !•'.. Alexander, of 
Sacramento. California. Threesons — E. C. Frank M. and 
W. L. Hillyer — are still living. Mr. and Mrs. Hillyer re- 
side in a beautiful bouse al c6i8 Twent) first street, north- 
west, which is in the heart <>i that district to which Mr. 
Hillyer pinned bis faith and money when be first came to 
Washington. Mr. Hillyer is still bale and active, and is 
a constanl attendant at the Metropolitan and Chevy (base 
Clubs. 



THE CITY OF WASHINGTON. 



Alfred S. Gillett. — There are few men residing in 
Washington who have a closer intimacy with the city and 
its affairs, extending over so long a period, than has Alfred 
S. Gillett, the organizer and president of the Girard Fire In- 
surance Company, of Philadelphia, who for the past ten years 
lias maintained a palatial residence here, at ifiij Twentieth 
street, N. W., although he has been a regular yearly visitor to 




MR. GILLETT'S CITY IRESIDENCE. 

the national capital since [837. Alfred S. Gillett, although 
for fifty years a resident of Philadelphia, was horn in the 
parish of Gilead, town of Hebron, Connecticut, on March 

17. l8l8, and is a son of Reverend Nathan Gillett and l.\dia 

Jones, the former a pastor there for twent) five yeai His 
both on his father's and mother's side weir among 
mists of Ne'A England. I [1 



of the seventh generation from Nathan Gillett. who, with 
his brother Jonathan, had emigrated from near Dorchester, 
England (where the family had long before fled from 
France to avoid religious persecution ) , and settled at Dor- 
chester, Mass., not many years after the landing of the 
Pilgrims. From here the family scattered in course of time 
to various parts of the country, the ancestors of the subject 
of this sketch locating prior to 1700 
in Windsor, Conn. Many of these 
ancestors aided in the building of 
the block houses to defend the in- 
habitants against the French and 
Indians, and Mr. Gillett's most 
cherished possession is the commis- 
sion of a captaincy conferred upon 
Samuel Jones, his maternal grand- 
father, from King George of Eng- 
land, and who took an active part 
in this war. Upon his mother's 
side. Mr. Gillett is descended from 
the Jones family, famous in colonial 
and revolutionary times. Among 
the first to lay aside the plow and 
respond to the war alarms sounded 
at Lexington, marking the begin- 
ning of that memorable and success- 
ful struggle for independence, were 
Nathan and Zacheus Gillett, grand 
father and grand uncle, respectiveh . 
of Mr. Gillett. The former served 
as a lifer and the latter as a captain 
in the continental army. Alfred S. 
Gillett, as a boy. went to Western 
New \ ork with his parents, hut was 
sent hack to Connecticut to finish 
his business education, and subse- 
quently to enter the counting house 
of an elder brother, where lie re- 
mained until 1837. Then he went to 
Georgia as bookkeeper for a large 
house. After mastering the details 
of mercantile life. he. with a large 
stock of merchandise, emigrated to 
Texas in 1S40. and realized hand- 
some profits from his venture. \\ bile 
there he was intimately acquainted 
with Samuel Houston, then presi- 
dent of that republic. Mr. Gillett is 
replete with many charming anec- 
dotes <<\ the western life of those 
troublous times, and although he has considerably passed 
his fourscore years, lie is a rare reconteur, his mind active 
and alert, supplemented by a keen sense oi the ridicu- 
lous, which cannol fail to charm his listeners. \ shorl 
time afterwards he returned to Georgia and engaged in 
business for himself near his former location, and on Janu- 
: "'\ 17, 1843, ,lc was appointed postmaster at Haynesville, 



THE CITY OF WASHINGTON. 



419 




Ga., by Postmaster General Charles C. Wickliffe, under 
President Harrison. Mr. Gillett still has the original docu- 
ment — the certificate of his commission. For awhile his 
business prospered, but the discontent and animosity which 
finally culminated in the civil war, made it uncomfortable 
for a man of his temperament and determination, familiar 



with and having ties which strongly bound him to both 
North and South, touching the questions at issue, hence 
he again sought the region of his nativity, where he again 
engaged in business. He located in Chicopee, which is 
now a part of Springfield, Mass., and after spending some 
time in the law office with the Hon. Charles R. Ladd, he, 
in 1847, entered into the vocation to which the greater 
part of his life has been devoted, that of insurance. He was 
among the earliest if not the actual pioneer in the starting 
of a general insurance agency system. In connection with 
the number of insurance agencies he held, he issued on 
March 6, 1850, the initial number of the Insurance Ad- 
vocate and Journal, the first insurance publication issued 
in the United States, and so far as known, in the world. 
In the same year Mr. Gillett decided upon Philadelphia 
as a future field for expanding his insurance interests, 
and there located. There he drew around him the leading 
men of the Quaker City, including Hon. Joel Jones, first 
president of Girard College, Chief Justice George W. Wood- 
ward, Judges Loring and Strong, Hon. Judge Cunningham, 
Hon. Furman Sheppard, Messrs. Swain, Abell and Sim- 
mons, then publishers of the Philadelphia Ledger, and many 
other men of similar worth and prominence, and with 
them organized the Girard Fire Insurance Company. Mr. 
Gillett wrote and obtained the Company's charter in 1853, 
with an original capital of $200,000, and Hon. Joel Jones 
was selected as its first president ; Hon. George W. Wood- 
ward, vice-president, and Mr. Gillett its secretary and treas- 
urer. .Shortly afterwards Mr. Gillett succeeded to the presi- 
dency, and has continued actively at the head of this flour- 




GIL-LETTS COUNTRY RESIDENCE. 



420 



THE CITY OF WASHINGTON. 



ishing institution until the present time. In delivering his 
annual address to the directors of the company a short 
while ago Mr. Gillett pointed to the fact that of the original 
officers, directors and stockholders of the Girard, he was 
the only survivor. Much of Mr. Gillett's time has been 
devoted to travel and there is hardly a spot in the United 
States of interest that he has not visited. He is an earnest 
and whole-souled American, proud of the part his ancestors 
took in carving out the history of this great Republic and 
charitable to a fault. 

Mr. Gillett has twice married. His first wife was Miss 
Martha Fuller, daughter of General Asa Fuller, whom 
he married in 1841. Two children, a son and a daughter, 
graced this union, but both died early in life, their mother 



Dr. Abram P. Fardon was born in Monmouth county, 
New Jersey ; attended public schools and a classical insti- 
tute ; continued his studies at New Brunswick. Xew Jersey, 
and Brooklyn, New York, where afterwards he practiced 
his profession, and also in his native State. His great- 
great-grandfather was born in France, and emigrated to 
America in the seventeenth century and settled upon a large 
tract of land at Hempstead, Long Island, where some of 
his descendants now reside. His grandfather, Thomas, was 
born there, and died in Brooklyn, New York, in 1802. At 
the date of his death he was a merchant and owner of a 
large tract of land upon which the finest ' portion of that 
city is now built. The father of Abram P., also named 
Thomas, was born in Brooklyn. New York, in 1793. and 




-ETT'S COUNTRY RESIDENCE. 



following them in [880. Again, in [883, Mr. Gillett mar- 
ried, this time his choice Falling upon Miss Ella Gratz, 
daughter of Mr. Edward Gratz, a well- known Philadelphia 
merchant. No children have been bom of this union. In 
homes VIr. Gillett is well supplied. \.s before stated, his 
winter residence is in this city, while the Spring and fall 
ire penl at bis beautiful farm. "Evergreen Lodge," near 
Leesburg, Loudoun County, Va., consisting of 200 acres. 
brought i" the highest state of cultivation under his super- 
vision, and improved with modern farm buildings, while 
the residence is a delightful example of colonial architec- 
ture. The summer months Mr. and Mrs. Gillett pass at 
I h< Hermitage," near Media, Pa., where they have a 
beautiful and mi >dei n home. 



died in 1S77 at the advanced age of eighty-five years. He 
was a non-commissioned officer in the war of [812-15, 
and participated in most of the battles in Canada and New 
York, lie was at Lundy's Fane with Scott, and aide-de- 
camp of General Pike when he was killed at Little York. 
lie was made a Mason at Sacket Harbor, Xew York, ill 

[814. After the war he was principal of a large academy 
in Monmouth county, Xew Jersey. While there he mar- 
ried Eliza Ketcham, the daughter of Daniel Littleton 
Ketcham, descended from Lord Littleton of England, whose 
ancestors came to America and settled upon a large grant 
of land on the " Nave Sink" Hills or Highlands of Xew 
Jersey, and was one of the organizers of a Baptist church 
at Middleton in [668. After the marriage of the parents 



THE CITY OF WASHINGTON. 



42] 



of Abram P. they moved to Staten Island, and his father 
established a boys' academy at Tompkinsville, which he 
conducted for several years. In 1832 he, with others, formed 
the " Trinity Land Company," establishing mills and trading 
posts on Trinity river and vicinity in Mexico. During the 
Texas revolution all of its investments were swept awav. 
Returning to the United States, he settled in Monmouth 
county, Xew Jersey, and resumed teaching. After this he 
became a nursery-man and fruit raiser. From early man- 
hood he was an active church worker, and held several 
positions of honor and trust. He was a prominent Demo- 
crat until after the war of the rebellion, when he left that 
party. His son Abram, however, became a Republican 
a long time before he cast his first vote in 1859. He was 
almost politically alone in his own neighborhood and town- 
ship. There were scarcely a dozen Republicans in a voting 




population of three hundred or more. He took an active 
part in the Lincoln and Hamlin campaign in i860, speaking 
daily for several weeks in his native State. After the 
election of Lincoln, his Republican friends of that section 
were so well pleased with the effective young champion 
of their cause that they purchased the only Republican paper, 
at that time, The Inquirer, in the county, and tendered it 
to him as a present if he would consent to become its 
editor. After much persuasion he did so, and conducted 
it successfully for a year or more. He was pour, and 
though this afforded a neat income, he did not desire to com- 
mence life with a gift, preferring rather to rely upon his 
own efforts for success. Having an opportunity to sell il 
at cost, $4,000, he ascertained the names of all the generous 
donors, and returned to each the full amount of their sub- 
scription. He then resumed the practice of his profession, 
and served on a State military commission for the organi- 
zation and examination of volunteers. 



His first visit to Washington was in the summer of 
1864. Xew Jersey was the only Northern State that did not 
by legislative act allow its soldiers to vote in the field 
or camp during the war of the rebellion. Its legislature 
during the whole war was strongly Democratic. Repre- 
senting the Republican State committee, he came to Wash- 
ington to represent its political interests, and to have as 
many soldiers and sailors, as well as civilians of his State 
to get a leave of absence for them to go home to their 
respective districts to vote, and also many other matters 
relating to the welfare of his State. He had frequent 
interviews with the President, his cabinet and other civil 
and military officers of government. He became well ac- 
quainted with President Lincoln, who manifested much 
interest in him, and when he was about to return to his 
State the President suggested that he remain in Washington 
and take a position in the internal revenue service. He 
accepted an appointment, and resigned from that office as 
chief of a division in 1871. After he had concluded to 
make Washington his home he invested in real estate. He 
purchased several lots in the neighborhood of what is now 
Dupont Circle in 1867, and in 1871 purchased, with others, 
forty acres of land north of the boundary of the city, and 
which is now the finest portion of Washington Heights, 
east of Columbia Road. From that time to the present 
he has confined most of his investments to real estate, 
and has at various times owned many properties, both urban 
and suburban. He is now a large holder of realty, and 
has always been prominent and persistent in the develop- 
ment of the national capital. He was elected a member of 
the common council from the first ward in 1869, a,1( l was 
chairman of the committee on public schools ami the com- 
mittee before Congress. This gave him the opportunity 
to advocate and carry forward his idea of improving and 
beautifying the national capital. At that time but few of 
the streets and avenues were paved. The sidewalks were 
laid along and abutting the building line, and all the rest 
of the thoroughfare was a broad, treeless expanse of mud 
or dust. He inaugurated the street parking system — 
that is, establishing carriage-ways in the center of from 
thirty to fifty feet wide, with sidewalks twelve feet wide on 
either side, and the rest of the si reel to the building line 
devoted to parks: and. also, that no private citizen be 
allowed to plant trees upon the streets, but all in lie done 
uniformly by the Government. After its endorsement by 
the council and board of aldermen of the city of Washing- 
ton, the authorit) of Congress had to be obtained. After 
persistent effort and arguments before the Senate and 
House Committees, Congress enacted the law. The fust 
done under this law was in 1870 — a block on K street 
east of Fourteenth street and has continued from year 
to year upon all resident avenues and streets as they are 
graded and improved. This beautiful feature exists in none 
Other of the world's capitals, but is exclusively ours. These 
grand parks and well-shaded streets, so beautiful and attrac- 
tive, is a lasting monument to its originator, Dr. Fardon. 
His life in Washington has been a bus\ one in both public 



422 



THE CITY OF WASHINGTON. 



and private affairs. He was a marshal representing New 
Jersey at the inauguration of Lincoln in 1865, and also 
at his funeral ; on the inaugural committee, and one of 
the managers of the ball, March 4, 1865 ; was secretary of 
the school board for a number of years; paymaster for 
the District of Columbia under its territorial government, 
and afterwards connected with the Board of Health ; was 
president of the Union Railroad Company that built all 
that portion of the road now owned by the Metropolitan 
Railroad west of Seventeenth street ; was a charter member 
of the humane society, and for many years was a director 
and active worker in the Associated Charities; was chair- 
man of the Republican and citizens' committee in the 
election of Mayor Emery; one of the incorporators of the 
West End National Bank, and for several years its vice- 
pi esident, and at various times a director in other organ- 
izations; is now president of the Columbia Real Estate 
Company (incorporated) ; director in the Washington Loan 
and Trust Company and the Columbia Fire Insurance Com- 
pany ; is a director, a member of the executive committee, 
and chairman of the committee on public schools of the 
Board of Trade ; a member and one of the vice-presidents 
of the National Board of Trade; prominent member of the 
Masonic Order, the Mystic Shrine and the Eastern Star; 
a member of the Baptist church and the Young Men's 
Christian Association; is well known in Washington and 
vicinity, with a large circle of friends ; is an interesting 
speaker, and prominent in social and business life, and 
enjoys the esteem of the business community. Dr. Fardon 
was vcr\ strongly endorsed for District Commissioner as 
the successor of Commissioner Truesdell. lie has always 
taken a .ureal interest in the public schools, and has given 
much time and labor for their good. 1 lis kind and benevo- 
lent nature has not Only been shown to bis elder brothers 
and sister and their children, but to many others. Not- 
withstanding bis long residence in Washington, he has 
ever retained bis interest in bis native State, and has always 
taken part in speaking there in every Presidential cam- 
paign since [860. Me represented his State in man) con- 
ventions, and has delivered many addresses upon other 

lersev, under fine cultivation, with large Eruit orchards. 
He spends much time there each summer, enjoying the 
friendship and hospitality of his many friends in thai section. 

Stilson Hutchins.— Few men in Washington have 

been as prominently identified with the growth and progress 
Of this city, as well as its material welfare, as has Stilson 
Hutchins. whose name will ever be perpetuated by manifold 
deeds prompted by a public and philanthropic spirit. Mr. 
Hutchins was bom at Whitefield, Coos county, New Hamp 
shire, November 14. 1838, bis maternal ancestor being 
Francis Eaton, who came over in the Max (lower, and his 
greal uncle Nathaniel Hutchins, who foughl at Bunker 

I lill. 1 le is a son of Stilson and Clara 1 EatOIl 1 Hutchins. 

Mr. Hutchins was educated in Sanborn University at Hop 
kinton, New Hampshire, ami the Dana Preparator) School 
of Harvard University. Electing newspaper work as bis 



profession he began his career on the Boston Herald in 
1855, being then but seventeen years of age. In 1856 he 
went with his parents to the new State of Iowa, where he 
started a country newspaper. His vigor and force as a 
political writer soon attracted the attention of party leaders, 
and the result was an invitation to take charge of the 
leading organs of the Democratic party, first at Des Moines, 
the capital, and shortly afterwards at Dubuque, the largest 
and most prosperous city of the growing State. There 
he first edited the Herald and soon acquired it. At the 
close of the war in 1866 Mr. Hutchins went to St. Louis, 
where he founded the St. Louis Times. After bringing it 
to an enviable state of profitableness and influence, he sold 
it at a high price in order to indulge in a year or two of 
needed rest. In 1877 Mr. Hutchins again took up the work 
for which he seemed best constituted and founded The 




STILSON HUTCHINS 

Washington Post, selling it some years after to its presenl 
owners at a handsome profit. Not heme; content to 
retire from the journalistic field he purchased the Wash 
ington Times, which was started and conducted ^w a co- 
operative plan b) printers. This propert) he successful!) 
conducted until it was placed on a well paying basis. 
In November, [901, he sold it to Frank A. Munsey, of New 
York, at a large advance over its purchase price. 

Mr. Hutchins has ever been an ardent Democrat and 
always used bis influence to elect the choice of his party, 
and served several terms in both the New Hampshire and 
Missouri legislatures, lie has contributed much toward 
enhancing the beaut) <>i Washington and has erected and 
presented to the city several handsome statues. .1111011- which 
the marble statue of Benjamin Frankltn which stands at 
the intersection of Pennsylvania avenue and Tenth and 
1) streets, northwest, and the bronze statue of Daniel 



THE CITY OF WASHINGTON. 



423 



Webster, located in Scott Circle, directly opposite the pala- 
tial residence of Mr. Hntchins, 1613 Massachusetts avenue, 
northwest. To him is mainly due the credit for bringing 
about the establishment of a home for the blind in this 
city, he having donated the major part of the purchase price 
for the building in which the home is situated. Mr. 
Hutchins is one of the largest stockholders in the Mergen- 
thaler Linotype Machine Company, and is interested in 
a number of manufacturing plants in the city. He has 
been twice married, and has two sons by his first wife, who 
are actively engaged in business in this city. His present 
wife before her marriage was Miss Rose Keeling of Balti- 
more, Md. 

Charles B. Church.— One of the solid and substan- 
tial men of Washington, one who has contributed more than 
his share to the improvement of the city, and added more 




CHARLES B. CHURCH 



to its material welfare than many of Washington's citizens 
whose names are more publicly known, is Mr. Charles B. 
Church, of 306 Eleventh street, southwest. Mr. Church's 
life history is replete with evidences of his sterling in- 
tegrity, push, industry and energy. It is interesting as 
well as instructive, showing the indefatigable zeal of a 
man who was bound to succeed in life and attain results 
by honorable and fair means and measures. 

Mr. Church was born in Jefferson, Frederick county, 
Maryland, September 11, 1826, being the son of Shephard 
Solars Church and Eliza Cherry Church. He received his 
final education at Professor Wells' Institute, at Norfolk, 
Virginia. When fourteen years of age (in 1840) Mr. 
Church came to Washington, where he entered the firm of 
William A. Harris to learn the carpenters' and joiners' 
trade. On March 4, 1847. he married Matilda S. Harris, 
the daughter of his employer. After having finished his 



apprenticeship he embarked in business on an independent 
basis in 1845, an( ' carried on the carpenters' and joiners' 
business until 1876. In 1861 be added to his already flour- 
ishing business that of the lumber business, and carried 
it on under the firm name of C. B. Church & Co., com- 
posed of Charles 1!. Church and S. H. Howell. In 1X7,, 
Mr. Howell withdrew, and the lumber business was con- 
tinued under the name of C. B. Church & Sons, and is now- 
being carried on by W. A. II. Church and Thomas P. Ste- 
phenson, a nephew of C. B. Church. In 1866 Mr. Church 
assisted in organizing the Great Falls Ice Company, of 
which he was elected vice-president and general manager. 
In 1873 he was elected president and general manager of the 
Independent Ice Company, which position Mr. Church held 
until the conipam was merged in the American Ice Com- 
pany, in 1898. Mr. Church, on account of his intimate 
knowledge of the Washington market and the general es- 
teem in which he was held by the business men of New York 
and this city, was elected director and general manager of 
the American Ice Company for Washington, which position 
he held until his health, which was poor, compelled him 
to resign a few years since. In 1876 he was appointed 
by the citizens committee of one hundred, of which Mr. 
George W. Riggs was chairman, to the position of chair- 
man of the river and harbor sub-committee, which office Mr. 
Church held to within a few years ago, when he resigned. 
At the time of Mr. Church's appointment to that position 
the depth of water at the wharves was only from twelve 
to fourteen feet, and now-, after accomplishment of tin 
work of the committee of which Mr. Church was chairman, 
there are from eighteen to twenty-two feet of water, and 
vessels drawing twenty-four feet can come up as far as 
Alexandria. Mr. Church lias served a number of years 
as a director of the Washington Board of Trade, and on 
its railroad committee. He assisted in organizing the first 
co-operative building- association in Washington, in [867, 
and was its treasurer for eleven consecutive years. Mr. 
Church also helped to organize the first National Building 
Association, and was its president during its existence. 
Mr. Church, in 1852, being then a young man of twenty 
years, performed a great service to the city of Washing 
ton, showing his energy and enterprise as well as his public 
spirit and concern for the welfare of Washington and vi- 
cinity. When in the spring of [852 a freshet -wept awaj 
the Long Bridge, connecting Washington with Virginia, 
the municipality of Washington was in a quandary as to 
how and who could restore the structure in as short time 
as possible. The name of Mr. Church was suggested to 
Mayor Magruder, and he requested Mr. Church to investi 
gate and report to him (the mayor). Mr. Church reported 
that the bridge could be restored for something like $5,000, 
being a much lower sum than the municipal authorities 
had estimated. Mr. Church, by resolution of the city coun- 
cil, was authorized to restore the bridge. This piece of 
work was completed by Mr. Church in the remarkably 
short time of twenty-one days, thus restoring to the citi- 



424 



THE CITY OF WASHINGTON. 



zens of Washington and Virginia the only means of com- 
munictaion and transportation between the two points. 
Another feature of Mr. Church's enterprise which re- 
dounded to the benefit of Washington is the building up 
and the improvement of the southwestern part of Wash- 
ington, lie built rows of houses, drawing his own plans 
and specifications, and being his own builder and con- 
tractor. These buildings he sold on easy terms, and today 
those who invested in Mr. Church's houses are the pro- 
prietors of valuable property, due to the liberal and gen- 
erous disposition of Mr. Church. Not only to the building 
of houses did Mr. Church restrict his usefulness. He also 
built boats, and he is the builder and designer of a number 
of the fastest crafts afloat in these years on the Potomac 
and neighboring waters. The interest and welfare of Wash- 
ington was always nearest his heart, and it is largely due 
to his efforts before Congress that the river and harbor 
improvements received that close attention they did, and 
which made the capital city accessible to crafts of more 
than twenty-four feet draught. 

Mr. Church is a member of the Masonic fraternity, 
being on the roll of Centennial Lodge. In 1847 Mr- 
Church married .Matilda S. Harris. He has four sons, all 
of whom arc prominent business men in this city. They 
are: C. W. Church, of the firm of D.ep'ue & Church; W. 
A. 1 1. Church; of the firm of Church & Stephenson; Richard 
II. Cliurch, engaged in the ice business, and Frank Lee, 
who is an invalid. There are also four daughters — Henri- 
etta, Mary A., Alice Virginia Depue, and Mattie E. Berkley. 
Mr-,. Church died September 26, 1901. Mr. Church re- 
sides at 306 eleventh street, southwest, Washington. 

Brainard H. Warner was born .May 20, 1847, at Great 
Bend, Susquehanna, county. Pa. He came to Washington in 
April, L863, when but fifteen years of age, and entered 
Judiciary Square Hospital, where he was employed three 
months as clerk in the office. He then entered the general 
service of .the United Slates Army under enlistment of five 
years, and was detailed for duty in the office of the Adju- 
tant General, War Department, where he remained until 
December 31, [866, when lie received .-in appointment in 
the Treasury Department. In the following May he was 
appointed Deputy Collector of Internal Revenue for the 
Ninth District of Pennsylvania, and at once entered upon 
In- duties. Me remained here a year and a half, during 
which time he commenced to study law with the Honorable 
Thaddeus Stevens, who was at that time a Representative 
in Congress. IF resigned his position, and. after a brief 
tour through the West as a newspaper correspondent for 
the Harrisblirg Telegraph, returned to Washington, and 
1 olumbian College Caw School, where he gradu- 
ated in [869. lb' was reappointed to his position in the 
Treasur) Department, remaining there only four months. 
win 11 he entered the real estate business, in which he was 
engaged up to Maj 1. [902, when he sold his interest in 
the I'.. II. Warner Company in order to enable him to attend 
to other interests which he desired to promote. 



Mr. Warner has probably had a more active career 
in reference to the formation of associations, companies and 
corporations than any other citizen of the District of Colum- 
bia. For nearly thirty years he has been connected with 
every important public project in some capacity. He has 
devoted a great deal of time, not only to the promotion of 
individual interests, but to public work. He has been presi- 
dent of several building associations, a number of syndicates, 
was one of the originators of the Belt Line Railroad, was 
a charter member of the Second National, Central National, 
and Columbia National Banks, was formerly a director 
in the National Safe Deposit, Savings and Trust Co., Metro- 
politan Savings Bank, and the National Metropolitan Bank. 
In 1887 he founded the Columbia National Bank, and was 
for some years its president. In 1889 he founded the 
Washington Loan and Trust Co.. erecting for both these 
institutions handsome business structures lie has been 




several times school trustee, and was president oi the 
school board some ten years ago; was president of the 
National Philharmonic Society, the Choral Society, and 
is now president of the well-known Georgetown Orchestra. 
He was treasurer <<\ the 26th National Encampment of 
the Grand Army of the Republic, and aKo of the Harrison 
Inaugural Committee. In [890 he founded the town of 
Kensington, Maryland, buying a farm in that section, and 
stimulating the growth of the community so that at present 
it is one of the most rapidh growing and prosperous towns 
in Maryland. Mr. Warner has been frequently spoken of 
for various political positions, and although he denies any 
intention to enter public life, he is still regarded by politi- 
cians as an available dark horse in case of Congressional 
or Senatorial complications where other candidates cannot 
be agreed upon, lie has a winter residence at No. Jtoo 
Massachusetts avenue and a summer home at Kensington. 



THE CITY OF WASHINGTON. 



425 



General Anson Mills was born on a farm near Thorn- 
town. Indiana, August 31, 1834. his father, James P., and 
his mother Sarah Kenworthy both being of Quaker descent. 
He attended the district schools during the winter and 




GENERAL ANSON MILLS 

worked on the farm during the. summer season and at the 
age of eighteen his father sent him to the Charlottesville 
Academy, Schoharie county. New York, where he remained 
until appointed a cadet at the United States Military Acad- 
emy, in 1855. On leaving the academy in 1857 he went 
to the frontier of Texas, and engaged in engineering and 
land surveying. He laid out the first plan of the city of 
El Paso, Texas, in 1858, and was surveyor to the boundary 
commission that established the boundary between New- 
Mexico, Indian Territory and Texas. In February, 1861, 
on submission to the popular vote of the State of Texas, 
the question of " Separation " or " No separation," he cast 
one of the lonely two votes in the county of El Paso 
against separation, to 985 for separation. In March, 1861, 
he abandoned the State, going to Washington, and there 
joined the military organization known as the " Cassius 
M. Clay Guards." armed and equipped by the United States 
and quartered in the old " Willard Hall," and served there, 
protecting Federal officers and property, until relieved by 
the volunteer forces called out by the President. He mar- 
ried Miss Hannah Martin Cassel, of Zanesville, Ohio, Octo- 
ber 13, 1868. 

General Mills was appointed a cadet at the United 
States Military Academy July 1, 1855; resigned February 
18, 1857. On May 14, 1861. he was appointed first lien- 
tenant, Eighteenth Infantry, on the recommendation of 
every member of the class which succeeded him at the 
Military Academy, and had inscribed on his sword " No 

54 



abolition ; no secession ; no compromise ; no reconstruction 
— The Union as it was from Maine to Texas." During the 
four years of the war of secession General Mills was never 
absent from his regiment either on leave or for sickness, 
and was present at all of -the engagements in which it par- 
ticipated. Fox's " Regimental Losses " states on page 2 
that his regiment (Eighteenth Infantry) lost more in killed 
and mortally wounded than any other regiment in the regu- 
lar army, and that his company, H, First Battalion (page 
420), lost more in killed and mortally wounded than any 
company of his regiment. He was promoted captain, April 
27, 1863; transferred to Third Cavalry, January 1, 1871; 
major, Tenth Cavalry, April 4, 1878; lieutenant-colonel. 
Fourth Cavalry, March 25, 1890; colonel, Third Cavalry, 
August 16, 1892; appointed by joint resolution of Congress 




RESIDENCE. 



Mexic; 
merits 
[893; 

active 



Bouncian 

" o 1I1 mel 

igadier-gen 

rvice fune 



Dec 



June id. 1897, and 

1 Si ,7. luit to continue 



id emolu 
•mbcr 12. 
ired from 

duties as 



426 



THE CITY OF WASHINGTON. 



boundary commissioner. He was breveted captain, Decem- 
ber 31, 1862, for gallant and meritorious services in the 
battle of Murfreesboro, Tennessee; major, September 1, 
1864, for gallant and meritorious services in the battle of 
Chickamauga, Georgia, and during the Atlanta campaign ; 
lieutenant-colonel, December 16, 1864, for gallant and meri- 
torious services in the battle of Nashville, Tennessee, and 
colonel, February 27, 1890, for gallant services in action 




MILLS BUILDING. 



againsl Indians al Slim Buttes, Dakota, September 9, 1876. 
He participated in the siege of Corinth, S.pril 29 to June 5, 
[862; battles of Perryville, Kentucky, October 8, 1862; 
Murfreesboro, Tennessee, December 29, iNi.j. to January 
5, 1863; Hoover's Gap, rennessee, June 25 and 26, [863; 
Chickamauga, Georgia, September im and 2c [863; siege 
of Chattanooga, Tennessee, September 21 in November 4. 



1863 ; Missionary Ridge. Tennessee, November 24 and 25, 
1863; Tunnel Hill, Georgia, February 23 and 24, 1864; 
Buzzard's Roost, Georgia, February 25 and 26, 1864: 
Atlanta campaign. May 3 to September 8, 1864; Resaca, 
Georgia, May 13 to 15, 1864: Dallas, Georgia, May 24 to 
June 5, 1864; New Hope Church, Georgia, May 29 to 31, 
1864; Kenesaw Church. June 22 to July 3. 1864: Neal Dow 
Station, July 4. 1864; Peach Tree Creek, Georgia, July 20. 

1864. where he was wounded: 

Utoy Creek. Georgia, August 
7, 1S64: Jonesboro, Georgia, 
September 1, 1864. and Nash- 
ville, Tennessee, December 15 
and 16, 1864. 

He was a member of the 
Board of Visitors of the United 
States Military Academy in 
June. 1866: commanded Big 
Horn expedition. September 
and October, 1S74: in engage- 
ment against hostile Indians 
at Little Powder River. Mon- 
tana, March 17. 1876: at the 
battle of Tongue River. Mon- 
tana, June 9. 1S76: Rosebud 
River. Montana, June 17. 1876, 
and at Slim Buttes. Dakota, 
September 9. 1876, where he 
commanded: was military at- 
tache to the Paris Exposition. 
May. 187s. to March. 1S79. 
While in active service he in- 
vented what is known as the 
Mills woven cartridge belt and 
the loom for its manufacture, 
now adopted exclusively for 
tin- United States army, navy. 
and marine corps, as well as 
In the army of Great Britain. 
Ob retiring from active 
service in the regular army, in 

addition to devoting himself 

to the duties of the boundary 

commission, he conducted the 

manufacture of his belt at his 

factory in Worcester. Massa 

chusetts. He recently built 

what is known as the " Mills 

Building," on the corner of 

Seventeenth street and Pennsylvania avenue, in this city, 

now leased and occupied b) die \av\ Department, where 

die Admiral of the Nav) and Commanding General of the 

Marine Corps and various oilier officers and departments of 
have quarters. His residence is No. 2 Dupont 

Circle, and i» considered one of the most beautiful of that 
of the city. 



THE CITY OF WASHINGTON. 



427 



Duncan Clinch Phillips. — Few cities in the world 
offer so many attractions and the pleasant environments 
for a place of residence as does the national capital, and 
each year its colony of residents is increased with the ad- 
vent of families of wealth and culture, who, untrammeled 
by the cares of business or profession, choose this beautiful 
city in which to spend their winters, or, indeed in many 
instances, settle upon it as a place of permanent abode. In 
this category may be mentioned Duncan Clinch Phillips, 
ex-army officer, and a retired glass manufacturer of Pitts- 
burg, who came to Washington in 1897 and built the beau- 



colonial service, and afterward was colonel of a regiment 
of New Jersey militia during the revolutionary war. Major 
Duncan Clinch Phillips is a son of the late Captain Elias 
Phillips, U. S. A., and Mary Mahon Ormsby, daughter of 
Oliver Ormsby, one of the earliest settlers of Pittsburg, 
Pennsylvania. He was born March 1. 1838, in Pittsburg. 
After attending- various schools in his city, among them the 
Western University, Mr. Phillips entered Brown University, 
at Providence, Rhode Island, and graduated with the class of 
1861. At the beginning of the civil war, fresh from college, 
he elected a military career, and first saw service as a lieu- 




IPS' RESIDENCE. 



nlii 



tiful home at 1600 Twenty-first street, nortlrv 
with his wife and two sons, he now occupies. 

Major Phillips' ancestors for many generations have 
been military men. They were from Lawrenceville, New- 
Jersey His father, Captain Elias Phillips (graduated at 
West Point in 1823) and two of his (Ellas') brothers 
were officers in the regular army. His grandfather, Major 
John Phillips, and two of his (John's) brothers served as 
officers in the New Jersey continental line, and later 111 the 
New Jersey militia until the close of the war. His great- 
grandfather, Joseph Phillips, was an officer in the British 



tenant in the Fourth Pennsylvania Cavalry. His regiment 
was a portion of the Army of the Potomac, and throughout 
that memorable struggle, in winch this corps took so active 
and gallant a part, the Fourth Cavalry was ever in the thick 
of the fray, and young Phillips participated in ami witnessed 
war in its grimmest aspect. On February 16, 1865, he 
resigned, having in that time risen to the grade of major. 
Returning to Pittsburg, Mr. Phillips engaged in the manu- 
facture of glass, under the firm name of Beck, Phillips & 
Co. The business prospered and grew, until in 1886, ha\ 
in-' amassed a comfortable fortune. Mr. Phillips retired 



428 



THE CITY OF WASHINGTON. 



from business. Being aware of the manifold attractions 
of Washington, he, with his family, removed here in 1897. 
In 1883 Air. Phillips married Miss Eliza Irwin Laughlin, 
daughter of James Laughlin, Esq., of Pittsburg. Their two 
sons — James Laughlin, and Duncan Clinch Phillips, Jr.— 
are now preparing for college. Mr. Phillips is a member of 
the Metropolitan and the Chevy Chase Clubs. 




DUNCAN CLINCH PHILLIPS 

Hon. Thomas Hudson \1cKee. There are few men 
in the service oi the 1 nited States Government who discharge 
their duties with as much painstaking conscientiousness 
and in such accomplished manner as does the Hon. Thomas 
Hudson IVIcKee, Journal Clerk of the House of Repre- 
sentatives. Gen. McKee is one of the best known men 
at the Capitol and what he does not know about public 
men. Senators and Representatives, and public measures, 
1- nol worth the knowing. He is well posted on all ques- 
tions ol national import, and brought to his present respon- 
sible posl a deep and comprehensive knowledge of political 
science and statistical data, having been engaged in this 
s " rl "' work for tin' last twenty-five years. Mr. McKee 
was born in Washington county, Pa., and is the son of 
Roberl V . McKee and Adaline Orwin McKee. He never 
attended school, except a few months in bis childhood. He 
1- a self-educated and self-made man in the fullest and 
truest sense ol the meaning. Public men and public ques- 
tions have always attracted his attention more than any 
oilier subject, and for twenty-five years he has devoted 
lnniseU to political writing and statistical work. He came 
to Washington, I). C, in 1SS1, and having the full confi- 
dence ol both branches of Congress served as document 
clerl ol the Mouse and Senate for eight years. In [895 
he was appointed journal clerk of the I louse of Representa- 
tives, which position he still holds. 

In politics, Mr. McKee is regarded by the party man- 
age... oi the Republican party as a potent factor and his 



advices concerning political management are sought by 
those occupying the highest positions in the councils of 
the Republican party. He was associated with the National 
Republican Committee in 1892, 1896 and 1900 as the man- 
ager of distribution of literature, which important post 
and duty he discharged with most gratifying results and 
to the greatest satisfaction of the party. Not only public 
affairs attracted Mr. McKee's attention, but be is also 
closely identified with the business interests of Washing- 
ton, having been secretary and treasurer of the M. A. 
Winter Company, .339 and 341 Pennsylvania avenue, north- 
west, since the organization of this firm in 1898. Mr. 
McKee has also an enviable war record, establishing his 
ardent and intense patriotism. He enlisted on September 
11, 1861, at Wheeling, W. Va., in Company B of the First 
Regiment Virginia Infantry. He was promoted success- 
ively from private to first lieutenant. When West Virginia 
was formed as a State in 1863 the regiment took the name 
" West Virginia." Mr. McKee took part in the battles 
of Winchester, Va., March 23, 1862 ; Port Republic, Va., 
June 9, 1862; Cedar Mountain, Va., August 9, 1862; 
Pope's campaign, closing with the second battle of Bull 
Run, August 28, 29 and 30, 1862. He was captured in 
an engagement at Moorefield, Va., September 11, 1863, 
and was held as prisoner of war for eighteen months, being 
paroled at Wilmington, N. C, March 1, 1865. Mr. McKee 
is prominent in Grand Army and Masonic circles, being 




HON. THOMAS HUDSON M'rKEE 

a member of the Loyal Legion of the United States ; Kit 
Carson Post G. A. R., Washington, D. C. ; Harmony 
Lodge, F. A. A. Masons ; Washington Almas Temple, Mys- 
tic Shrine; Royal Arch and Knights Templar. 

October 14, 1869, Mr. McKee married Nancy M. Funk, 
daughter of George and Man' Funk, of Juniata county, 
Pennsylvania. There is one daughter living (married). 



THE CITY OF WASHINGTON. 



429 



Frederick Augustus [Miller, lieutenant-commander 
"nited States Navy, retired, is one of the staunchest be- 
evers in the future of Washington, which he predicts will 
n the course of a few years not only be the most beautiful 
ity in the world, but is fast becoming the Mecca for the 
wealth, fashion and culture of the United States. With 
[be courage of his convictions, within the past few 
rears Captain Miller erected at the northwest corner of 
Massachusetts avenue and Twenty-second street one of 
the most beautiful homes in the national capital. No 
Ixpense was spared in this work, and the house stands 
joldly forth on the bluff it occupies, as one of the best 



Captain Miller's beloved profession furnished the theme 
for the many nautical figures that there abound. The same 
taste, elegance and refinement are displayed in its furnish- 
ings, while on the walls many, handsome canvasses are 
displayed. 

Frederick A. Miller was born at Elkton, Cecil county, 
Maryland, on June 12, 1842, and is a son of Frederick A. 
M. and Martha Mason Abercrombie Miller. His early 
education was obtained at home schools, after which he 
attended Trinity College, Hartford, Connecticut. When 
the civil war broke out he was in South America, but return- 
ing home, declined an appointment to the naval academy at 




CAPTAIN MILLER'S RESIDENCE (i 

Examples of the architect's (Pelz) art and skill. It is of 
jthe French Rennaissance school, so careful in its treatment 
(that the French Ambassador, M. Jules Cambon, requested 
permission to forward a duplicate set of the plans to his 
iGovernment, that the proposed French legation at this city 
jmight possibly be modelled on the same exquisite lines. The 
thief charm of the Miller home lies in its detail, which has 
been so carefully planned and executed that the master hand 
of an artist is plainly noticeable at every turn. The hand 
Icarving which adorns the newels, cornices and arches are 
Iworks of art, while in design it is plainly discernible that 



01 MASSACHUSETTS AVE.. N. W.) 

Annapolis, Maryland, preferring immediate action, and en- 
tered the navy as master's mate on September 1 1. [861. He 
took an active part in the fights at Donaldsonville ; some 
small affairs cm the Mississippi River; in the capture of 
Mobile, and in the operations in Mobile Bay. He was 
recommended for promotion three times, rose grade by 
grade until lie reached that of lieutenant-commander in 
April, 1882. Captain Miller was retired on November 30, 
[885. Since then his life has been mainly that of an altruist, 
and there are many charitable institutions in the District with 
which he is connected. Among them ma) be mentioned St. 



43° 



THE CITY OF WASHINGTON. 



John's Orphanage, of which he is treasurer ; a director of 
the Workingman's Club; a director of the Eye, Ear and 
Throat Hospital and a regent of the Blind Men's Home. He 
is vice-president of the Emergency Hospital, a vestryman 
of St. John's Protestant Episcopal Church, and vice-presi- 
dent of the Churchman's League. Possibly Captain Miller's 
most, cherished work is done in the Newsboys' Home, he 
being president of the board of trustees. He is now ear- 
nestly at work endeavoring to enlarge the scope of this 
noble charity, and has every assurance of success. Captain 
Miller is a member of the Metropolitan, Cosmos and Chevy 
Chase Clubs of Washington, and the Corinthian Yacht Club 
of Philadelphia. Captain Miller married Alice, daughter of 
Charles A, Townsend, of Brooklyn, New York. Of this 
union there are two daughters and one son. Mrs. Miller 
ably assists her husband in his works of charity, and is 
one of the most active workers in those institutions whose 
affairs are governed by the representative women of Wash- 
ington. 

Colonel Henry [Slay. — The Mays of this country are 
from the Anglo-Norman family of De Maies (such it seems 
was the original spelling), and are the descendants of two 
Knights, Eleaz and John De Maies, of the Demesne of 
Barfleur, Val de Saire, Normandy. These gentlemen en- 
tered England in the suite of William the Conqueror, and 
for valorous services at the battle of Hastings were, by royal 
charter, granted the manor known as "King's Chase," after- 
wards Mayfield, in the county of Sussex. Here the family 
lived in opulence, and as befitted their rank, up to the close 
of the " Wars of the Roses," when through such mis- 
fortunes as overcame many others of the nobility, they 
were reduced in circumstances, and turned their attention 
to business pursuits. A descendant of Eleaz and John 
He Maies was John May, born at Mayfield, England, in 
[590. In 1616 he came to America in the ship St. James. 
landing at Boston, and subsequently locating at Roxbury, 
Massachusetts, where tin- family lived for many years, 
and where were born and reared some of its illustrious 
son>. John May here died in 1670. Colonel John May, 
., grandson of the American pioneer of the family, was a 
soldier in the Continental army of the revolutionary war; 
served as colonel in the First Massachusetts Regiment, 
and later did service under Rochambeau in the Rhode Island 
campaign. Me was also a member of that hand of patriots 
who composed the "tea party" in Boston harbor on that 
memorable December 16, 1773. 

When Washington was hut a straggling town, attrac- 
tive 011I3 in location, Frederick May moved hen from 
Roxbury, Massachusetts. He took up his residence in 
New Jersey avenue, on Capitol Mill, in what is now known 
as the " Ma\ residence," a place of historic interest, and 
still in good state of preservation. Here was born Henry 
'.. 1 of the presenl I tenry, in the year 1816. \\ an 
early age he moved to Baltimore, and soon became one of 
the prominent figures of Maryland in social, business and 
circles. He was a lawyer of prominence, and 



of exceptional forensic power. He was a member of Con- 
gress from Baltimore, and served well his constituents and 
his country. In 1845 Henry May married Henrietta, daugh- 
ter of William de Courcy, of Bracknock, Oueene Anne 
county, Maryland, whose ancestors came over with Lord 
Baltimore from Kinsale, Ireland, and Eleanor Rosier (Not- 
ley) de Courcy, of Prince George county, Maryland, both 
of prominent families of that State. He died in 1866 full 
of honors. A brother of Representative May was Dr. 
John Frederick May, an eminent surgeon, and well remem- 
bered by Washington's older residents. 

This epitome of family chronology brings us to Colonel 
Henry May, of Washington, who at first glance impresses 
one with his fine soldierly bearing, a representative scion 
of a famous house of military men and heroes. He is affa- 
ble and courteous, and with a directness of manner that 
bespeaks the gentleman and the tactician. Colonel Henry 




COLONEL HENRY MAY 

May, die -on of the Hon. Henry May, was horn in Haiti- 
more in 1855. lie received his education at various Jesuit 
colleges of Europe and the Polytechnic Institute at Stutt- 
gart, Germany. In 1S75. when twenty-one years of age, 
he went to California, where he became interested in quick- 
silver mining, and lor a number of years was superin- 
tendent of the Guadalupe Mines of Santa Clara county. 
Here he was actively engaged until 1883, when he went 
to Europe. After several years of travel throughout the 
countries of the Old World, he returned to this country, 
and settled in Washington, occupying the house [325 K 
street, northwest, for some years the residence of the late 
Hon. Edwin M. Stanton, Secretary of War in the Cabinej 
of President Lincoln. Here Colonel May has continued 
to reside and has surrounded himself and famil) with 
comforl and elegance. 



THE CITY OF WASHINGTON. 



43 1 



The male members of the May family have always been 
distinguished for their fine physique and great stature, and 
the Colonel is no exception. He has grouped in his dining 
hall the portraits of six brothers (his father and five 
uncles) of a former generation, whose heights aggregated 
thirty-seven and a half feet. In contemplating these pic- 
tures one recalls the magnificent specimens who composed 
the body guard of Frederick the Great. These brothers 
were : John Frederick May, surgeon ; Charles May, colonel 
Second Dragoons, United States Army; George May, 
merchant of New Orleans; Hon. Henry May (father), 
member of Congress and lawyer; William May, United 
States Navy, who rendered distinguished service in Mexico, 
and was of the South Pole expedition party, and Julian May, 
of the Mounted Rifles, United States Army, in the Mexi- 
can war. 

The instinct of the soldier with Colonel May is inher- 
ent, following as if predestined the profession of many of 
his illustrious progenitors. He is colonel of the First 
Regiment of the District National Guard, which position 
he has actively filled since 1898, and his work as an organ- 
izer, together with his keen appreciation of the requirements 
of a good soldier, have been of great benefit to the organ- 
ization. He is a hard worker and very popular with his 
regiment. Aside from his interest in quicksilver mining 
he has no direct business connections. In social circles 
the Colonel is a well-known figure, and is a member of 
many clubs, among them being the Union, now known 
as the Pacific Union Club, of San Francisco; Maryland 
Club, of Baltimore; Social Science and Union, of New 
York; the New York Yacht Club; Southampton, Long 
Island, Club; Pequot Club, of New London, Connecticut; 
Aztec Club, of Mexico; Metropolitan, Golf and Country 
Clubs, of Washington. In 1881 Colonel May married Isa- 
bel Teresa, daughter of James Leigh and Maria Louise 
Coleman, of New Jersey. Of this union there are four 
children — Henry Coleman, a student at Harvard Univer- 
sity ; Isabelle Louise, Gerald de Courcy, and Cecilia Jacque- 
line. The Colonel maintains a delightful summer residence 
at Quinnepeag, Connecticut. 

Dr. Henry D. Fry was born in Richmond, Virginia, 
April 11, 1853. His ancestry came from English stock, 
and its first noted representative in this country was Colonel 
Joshua Fry, whose name is so closely associated with Vir- 
ginia in the early colonial days. Joshua was born in Somer- 
setshire, England, and was educated at Oxford. It is 
uncertain when he came to America, but his name is found 
in the parish register as a vestryman and in the records 
of the court as Commissioner of Essex county, between 
1710 and 1720. He married the widow of Colonel Hill, a 
large landed proprietor on the Rappahannock River. Her 
maiden name was Mary Micou, and she was daughter 
of Paul Micou, physician and surgeon, a Huguenot exile 
from persecution in France. Colonel Joshua Fry settled 
in Madison county, and the old homestead, which is still 
standing in a good state of preservation, is described in a 



memoir of his life, published by Rev. P. Slaughter, as 
"having in it a historical room originally dedicated to 
the muses of music and the dance, in which William Wirt, 
in his youth, played his pranks and wrote comedies ; where 
Thomas Jefferson, in his journeys to and from Wash- 
ington, in his French landau, refreshed himself with hos- 
pitable cheer." Quoting from the same work, the author 
says : "I know of no other person in our history of like 
social position, wealth, capacity, character, and public ser- 
vice as Colonel Fry, about whom there is so little to be 
found in print, and that little so scattered in infinitesimal 
items. We have to trace his career by the posts of honor 
which he filled, as we would track the general of an army 
by the names of his battles in ignorance of the details of 
his campaign." Among the posts of honor we find he 
occupied a professorship in William and Mary College. 
The foundation of the president's house of that institution 
was laid on the 30th of July, 1732. Joshua Fry was one of 
the five who laid the first five bricks. Many honorable 
trusts were confided to him by the governor. He was 
one of the commissioners of the crown for marking the 
line defining the western limit of the northern necks and 
the line between A'irginia and North Carolina. 

In 1745, with Peter Jefferson, the father of Thomas 
Jefferson, he finished a map of Virginia, known as Fry 
and Jefferson's map. In 1752 he was one of the commis- 
sioners for Virginia in negotiating the treat) of Logstown. 
In 1754 troops were raised to resist French aggression in 
the Ohio Valley, and Governor Dinwiddie appointed Colonel 
Joshua Fry commander-in-chief of the Virginia regiment. 
George Washington was lieutenant-colonel, and went in 
advance to clear a road for the artillery, which was in 
follow with Colonel Fry. When the expedition had reached 
Fort Cumberland, on the Potomac River, at the mouth 
of Will's Creek, Colonel Fry died. May 31st. 1754. George 
Washington, being next in rank, succeeded to the com 
maud. Among the family papers is a manuscript which 
states that Colonel Fry was buried near Fort Cumber- 
land, and that Washington and (he army attended the 
funeral. On a large oak tree, which now stands as a tomb 
and a monument to his memory, Washington cut tin- fol 
lowing inscription. "Under this oak lies the body of the 
good, the just, and the noble Fry." Colonel Fry made 
Peter Jefferson his executor and left him his mathematical 
instruments. Their sons. Rev. Henry Fry and Thomas 
Jefferson, were intimate friends. Among the letters in 
possession of the family is one from Thomas Jefferson to 
tin' Rev. Henry Fry, dated Washington, June 17. 1804, 
in which he advises him to ride a trotting horse tor relief 
of lii^ "visceral complaint." Jefferson says he suffered from 
the same trouble, and. on the advice of Dr. Kustis. of Bos- 
ton, he was cured by Sydenham's method of riding a trol 
ting horse. 

Hugh Walker Fry, Jr., the fourth lineal descendant of 
Colonel Joshua Fry, was bom April 14. iSji>. lie grew up 
and received his education in Richmond, and with his father 
anil brothers conducted an extensive commission business. 



432 



THE CTTY OF WASHINGTON. 



He entered the militia service of his State when quite young, 
arid was commissioned first lieutenant when twenty-two 
years of age. At the breaking out of the civil war he was 
major of the 179th Virginia Regiment, and served through- 
out the war with General Henry A. Wise. He married 
Mary L., daughter of John Davidson, of West Washing- 
ton, D. C, and the only living offspring of the marriage 
is Dr. Henry D. Fry. His boyhood and school days were 
spent in Richmond and Washington, and on reaching man- 
hood his inclination led him to the study of medicine. 
At the age of twenty-three he was graduated from the 
medical department of the University of Maryland, and the 
same year obtained an appointment by competitive examin- 



formed in the District of Columbia. He has since had a 
second successful case. Both operations were done after 
the Sanger method. He also has to his credit the perform- 
ance of the first symphysiotomy in the District, and saved 
mother and child. Dr. Fry was an early advocate of anti- 
septic midwifery. In 1887 he translated from the French 
Dr. Paul Bar*s " Principles of Antiseptic Methods Applied 
to Obstetric Practice," and at various times has contributed 
to medical literature articles on the same subject. His 
most recent contribution was the President's Address for 
1894 to the Washington Obstetrical and Gynaecological 
Society, in which he demonstrated by statistics from the 
Health Department of Washington that deaths from puer- 




S RESIDENCE. 



ation as interne in the Jersey City Charity Hospital. Hav- 
ing completed the term of service at that institution he 
returned to Washington, in 1S7X, and commenced the active 
practice of his profession. ID formed the acquaintance 
of Dr. W. W. Johnston, who controlled a large and selecl 
clientele, and for fourteen years they were associated in 
' perience was added to years. Dr. Fry grad- 
ually dev 1 for special work, and drifted almost 
unconsciouslj into gynaecological and obstetrical practice. 
In [890 he visited Europe for the purpose of enlarging 
his knowledge of operative work by scrutinizing the meth- 
ods "i the besl foreign operators. In the sartie year Dr. 
Fry did the fust successful Cesarean section ever per- 



pend septic diseases were lamentably frequent, and still 
showed a lack of COinformity to antiseptic rules, lie has 
sent numerous contributions to medical periodicals on gyn- 
aecological and obstetrical subjects. 

In 1890 Dr. Fn was appointed professor of obstetrics 
in the medical department of Georgetown University, lie 
is in charge of the gynaecological and obstetrical service 
at the Garfield Memorial Hospital; is a member of several 
local medical societies: was president for several years oi 
the Washington Obstetrical and Gynaecological Society, 
and is a member of different national medical societies, 
anion-- them the American Gynaecological and the South- 
ern Surgical and Gynaecological. Owing to the increased 



THE CITY OF WASHINGTON. 



433 



demand of his private work, in 1899 Dr. Fry resigned 
the chair of obstetrics in the medical department of George- 
town University, and was elected emeritus professor of 
obstetrics and clinical professor of gynaecology. He is 
also obstetrician of Columbia Lying-in Hospital and pro- 
fessor of obstetrics and gynaecology in the Washington 
Post-Graduate Medical School. Dr. Fry married Miss Ger- 
trude M. Campbell, of Washington, who died in 1891, 
leaving him two little girls. 




?E'S RESIDENCE 



Hugh S. Legare.— Among Washington's young 
men prominent in the city's affairs is Hugh S. Legare, who 
occupies one of the most beautiful residences on Massa- 
chusetts avenue. Mr. Legare, a South Carolinian by birth, 
is descended from an old Huguenot family which settled 
in the Palmetto State early in 1600. Mr. Legare is a son 
of George Washington Seabrook and Alice Brown Legare, 
of Charleston, S. C, and was there born on February 4, 
1863, and was named for his cousin, Hon. Hugh S. Legare, 
Secretary of State under President 
Tyler. Attending the schools of 
Charleston, he entered West Point 
Military Academy, but left before 
completing the prescribed four 
years" course. Mr. Legare then 
came to Washington and received 
an appointment in the State Depart- 
ment. After remaining there for 
some time, he resigned to become a 
silent partner in the banking house 
of Crane, Parris and Company, but 
this, too, he resigned several years 
ago. In social matters Mr. Legare 
has ever been prominent, and is a 
member of the Metropolitan. Coun- 
try, and Chevy Chase Clubs. 

In icS 9 2 Mr. Legare married 
Mis- Uberta Kent, daughter of Syd- 
ney A. Kent, of Chicago. One son. 
Sydney, now nine years old, is the 
only child of this union. The Le- 
gare residence at 17 14 Massachusetts 
avenue is a large double structure 
of red sandstone, with an imposing, 
large, square hall, whose mullioned 
windows and paneled oak ceilings 
and walls are suggestive of an old 
English castle, with charming 
and coiners, where cushion -cats 
face a large open fireplace, in which 
gas logs crackle merrilj . and spread 
a fitful glow about the apartment. 
The drawing, reception, music, and 
dining rooms all open upon this 
hall, and their walls are covered 

frames, from the brushes ol old 
master. Above, the 
arrangement is to be found, and 
alto-ether the home is one of the 
besl and most richh appointed in 
\\ ashington. 



434 



THE CITY OF WASHINGTON. 



Hon. Thomas Barker Ferguson is a son of the late 
Col. James Ferguson, a soldier of the war of 1812, and a 
grandson of Mr. Thomas Ferguson, a member of the council 
of safety of the Provincial Congress of South Carolina, a 
member of the legislative council of the General Assembly 
of that State during the war of the revolution and a stren- 
uous promoter of the independence of the colonies. Thomas 
B, Ferguson was born on his father's estate, near Charles- 
ton, South Carolina, on the 8th of August. 1841. He was 
in that city at the commencement of hostilities in the late 
war between the Stairs, being a member of the graduating 
class of the State Military Academy, which is an institution 
modeled after West Point Academy, and occupying the 
citadel of Charleston. He was detailed in the winter of 
1861 as cadet engineer to superintend the construction of 
the " Star of the West Battery," on Morris Island, and with 
his fellow cadets manned the guns .which opened lire on the 




:.HON. THOMAS IBARKER FERGUSON 

Steamer " Star of the West," when she attempted to relieve 
Fori Sumter. Subsequently he served continuousl) in the 
armies of lite Confederate Slates, and was severely wounded 
at Jackson. Mississippi, in (863, having been shol through 
the right lung, while in command of the artillery of ( ieneral 
Walker's division of (ieneral Johnston's army. Prior to 
and at the imie of die evacuation of Charleston and the 
Carolina sea coast, he commanded the first military dis- 
trict of the Department of South Carolina, Georgia and 
Florida, with his headquarters at Georgetown, South Caro- 
lina. On evacuating Georgetown he joined General John 
stmi's army in North Carolina, and oil its surrender took 
the oath of allegiance to the United Stales. ||, thereupon 
returned to his home iii South ( 'arolina and devoted himself 
earnestl) to repairing the devastation which the war had 
caused in his native land and to establishing good feeling 
between the seel i< >ns. 



In 1867 he removed to Baltimore and became a citizen 
of Maryland. He soon became identified with the public 
measures and politics of the State of his adoption and held 
positions of honor both in the city and State. He was 
appointed State Fish Commissioner on the organization of 
the Fish Commission of Maryland. His labors in that 
capacity soon brought him into contact with the United 
States Commission of Fish and Fisheries then recently 
established. The head of the commission at that time was 
the lamented Professor Spencer F. Baird. who was quick 
to recognize the energy and ability with which Mr. Ferguson 
conducted his commission, and invited him to the Smith- 
sonian Institution that he might carry on his experiments 
and original researches in the compartively new field con- 
jointly with the United States Commission. Mr. Ferguson 
had earned a national reputation in matters pertaining to 
fish culture, when in 1876 he was selected as expert judge 
of awards at the Centennial Exposition of that year. In 
1878 he was appointed by the President assistant commis- 
sioner to the Paris Expositon, and on his return at the 
close of the exposition he was tendered the position of 
Assistant Commissioner of Fish and Fisheries for the United 
States, which office he accepted and held until the death of 
Professor Baird in 18S7. 

During Professor Baird's able administration of this 
department, which commenced with an appropriation of $9,- 
000 in 1872, and had developed and grown to a great work 
supported by an annual appropriation of nearly half a mil- 
lion of dollars at the time of his death, he freely expressed 
to many of those then and still members of Congress or 
occupying other important positions in the Government, 
the opinion that Mr. Ferguson's discoveries, inventions and 
devices had revolutionized the fish culture of the world and 
made it possible to conduct the artificial culture of fish on 
a wholesale scale. When Professor Baird fell his end 
approaching he wrote to the President as follow-: " Far 
gone with a disease of the heart which may have a sudden 
termination any moment, I anticipate the vacancy which 
may he produced in the office of United States Commissioner 
of Fish and Fisheries by respectfully asking that Mr. T. I'.. 
Ferguson, the present Assistant Commissioner, he promoted 
l'\ appointment to the place. IK- i- thorough!) acquainted 
with the details of the complicated business of the Com- 
mission; in every way competent to conduct it. Know- 
in- this, ami with ever) confidence in his integrity, I 
have no hesitation in assuring you that to the best of m\ 
knowledge .and belief there is no one else in the United 
Slates so able to discharge the duties of the United States 
Fish 1 omniission." 

Mi. Ferguson was appointed envo) extraordinary and 
minister plenipotentiary to Sweden and Norway h\ Presi- 
dent Cleveland during his second administration. The 
was unreservedly commended by the contempo- 
raneous press in terms of which the following is an ex- 
ample; "Major Ferguson is not only well qualified for 
the post to which he has been named, hut would make one 
-1 [lie best ministers the country has sent abroad for many 



THE CITY OF WASHINGTON. 



435 



years. He has tact and manners, as well as ability, and is 
accustomed to the uses of diplomatic intercourse." That 
he fulfilled the expectations of his friends and served his 
country well is abundantly attested by those who had af- 
fairs with the legation and by the many citizens of the 
United States who visited Stockholm during his residence 
in Sweden. 

Mr. Ferguson married, in 1867, Jean I'.yrd Swann, a 
daughter of Governor Thomas Swann, of Maryland, who 
represented Baltimore city for many years in Congress. 
Three sons and a daughter survive Mrs. Ferguson, who 
died in 1893. Mr. Ferguson moved his family to Wash- 
ington in the spring of 1879, and has been identified with 
the advancement of the city of Washington. Soon after he 
made Washington his home he built a residence on High- 
land Terrace, Massachusetts avenue, in which he lived many 
years until it was sold to the Imperial German Government 
and became the embassy of that nation. 

Robert Portner, merchant, was born at Rahden, Wes- 
phalia, Prussia, March 20, 1837, son of Henry and Henri- 
etta (Gelker) Portner, and was educated in the Prussian 
school, Annaburg, Saxony, where he remained until sixteen 
years of age. In 1853 he came to the United States and 
held various positions until 1861, when he went to Alexan- 
dria, Va., and started a small grocery business with a 
friend; also a small brewery, and was largely engaged in 
selling supplies to sutlers of the armies. At the close of 
the war they dissolved partnership, Mr. Portner retaining 
the brewery as his share of the business. Fie incorporated 
the same in 1883 as the Robert Portner Brewing Company, 
some of its stock being sold to the employes. The business 
soon became so extensive that the National Capital Brewing- 
Company of Washington was organized, of which he became 
vice-president, and a brewery was built in that city. Pie 
also became interested in artificial refrigeration, and invented 
the first successful machine for that purpose, with direct 
ammonia expansion, in 1878. He started three building 
and loan associations in Alexandria, of which he was presi- 
dent ; originated the Alexandria ship yards, to build a—' 




ROBERT PORTNER 



:pai 



later the 
president. 



'nnan Banking Company, 

_h elected him president, lie is a stockholder and 
director in the National Bank of Washington, the American 
Security and Trust Company, the Riggs Fire Insurance 
Company, the Virginia Midland Railway, the National Bank 
of Manassas, Virginia : president of the Capital Construction 
Company, and in 1880-81 was president of the United States 
Brewers Association. In 1881 he removed to Washington, 
D. C, where he has since resided and invested largel) in 
real estate. His summer home -Annaburg." Manassas. 
Virginia, consists of 2.500 acres, on which are to be Eound 
main fortifications and breastworks thrown up during the 
civil war. On April 4. 1S72. he was married to Anna. 
daughter of johann Jacob von Valaer, a native oi Switzer- 
land. They had thirteen children, ten of whom are living. 




PORTNER FLATS. 



436 



THE CITY OF WASHINGTON. 



John Cammack, the son of William and Ann Cam- 
mack, was born in Washington on December 23, 1828. 
His father and uncle, Edmund, left their home at Spauld- 
ing, England, in the year 1817, and sailed for America. 
Attracted by the promising outlook in the " Federal City," 
although at that time but a city in name, they cast their 
lot here and located in Georgetown. Edmund engaged in 
merchant tailoring, while William, the father of John, 
started the business of gardening and floriculture. For 
a number of years William Cammack was foreman in the 
gardening business for Jesse Brown, proprietor of the 
"Indian Queen" hotel (now the Metropolitan ), at that 
time the leading hostelry of the city, and operated on 
" The Island," as South Washington was then called. It 
is interesting in this connection to note that the Metro- 
politan is still in the family of the Brown's, being owned 
by Jesse Brown and Mrs. Wallach, widow of ex-Mayor 
Wallach, grandchildren of William Cammack's employer. 
John Cammack received his education at private schools 
of Georgetown, and as a boy commenced work with his 
father on a tract of land he had purchased, known as Lot 
240, and bounded by Thirteenth, Fourteenth, and R 
streets. This part of Washington was then open country 
(save for some remnants of forestry), and largely under 
cultivation, devoted to the raising of garden produce and 
feed for stock. The nearest house to this garden — a 
grocery store — was located at about the corner of Four- 
teenth and L streets, and to the north there was but one 
house within the city, that the home of an overseer for 
Joshua Pierce, a gardener, between R and S streets, on 
Fourteenth, who had under cultivation six squares of land. 
In this square, once cultivated by Mr. Cammack, now Maud 
hairdsome residences, two churches — St. Andrew's Prot- 
estant Episcopal and Unity Presbyterian — and on all sides 
stretches an unbroken city of buildings. Here the business 
of gardening and floriculture was successfully conducted 
for man) years by the Cammack family, consisting of the 
father and three sons, John, Robert and Edmund, the two 
latter now deceased. Subsequently tin- linn opened branch 
greenhouses al Thirteenth and E streets, and here did a 
flourishing business, three houses on the site, since erected, 
being now owned by Mr. Cammack. They were the lead- 
ing florists of Washington, and then, as now, the business 
in flowers was an extensive one. Mr. Cammack 's mother 
died in February, [870, aged 76 years; the father in 1X71. 
aged 74 years. Mr. Cammack retired from business in 
1X7,1, a wealthy man and one of Washington's most sub- 
stantial citizens. 

\li- Cammack has an interesting fund of Washington 
reminiscences, and can tell much of die city's earl) his- 
tory. In connection with his business as florisl lie remem 
hers with clearness the visit to Washington of ih, Princi 
of Wales (now King Edward VII), in [860. The 1 am 
the contract for furnishing the floral decorations 
for < >dd Fellows Hall, then the leading place of entertain 
menl of the city. Mr, Fountain was at tin", time ministei 



from England, and his wife was in charge of the decora- 
tions. He can tell of the extravagant display of flowers, 
the prodigal expenditure of money, and the immense crush 
of people in according the visitor a royal reception. He 
recalls the popularity of the vegetables raised in their gar- 
den on Fourteenth street, and how eagerly they were 
sought by the proprietors of the leading hotels. Henry and 
Caleb C. Willard, proprietors of the Ebbitt House, were 
regular customers in the sixties, and would daily make trips 
to the place to secure fresh asparagus. Mr. Cammack re- 
members distinctly and was acquainted with Daniel Web- 
ster, Henry Clay and other distinguished statesmen of that 
period, and supplied the flowers for many social functions 
in their set. He remembers Presidents Harrison, Tyler, 
Polk. Taylor, Fillmore. Pierce and Buchanan and many 
interesting incidents and episodes connected with their 




from a tract of comparative waste land into a beautiful 
cit) .1 center oi education, refinement and general pro- 
gress and can well feel proud of his connection with 
Ibis growth. 

Mr. Cammack is an extensive owner of real estati . and 
holds connection with many financial institutions of the 
city. He is a director of Columbia National Bank; stock- 
holder in Riggs National Bank, Washington Loan and 

1 rust Company, American Securit) and Trust Company, 
Washington das Light Company, Georgetown Gas Light 
Company, Mergenthaler Linotype Company, and others, as 
well as member of the Board of Trade and trustee of Co- 
lumbia Title Insurance Company. Before the street rail- 
ways ot Washington were merged into the Washington 
Railwa) and Electric Company he was a director and the 
largest stockholder in the Metropolitan and the Columbia 



THE CITY OF WASHINGTON. 



iv 



lines, the shares of which were purchased by the new com- 
pany. His nephew, Robert D. Weaver, former president 
of the Metropolitan Railway, is president of the new com- 
pany that will operate the Great Falls line. Mr. Cam- 
mack has twice married. His first wife was Sarah Little, 
daughter of William and Annie Little, of Buffalo, New 
York, from which union there were three daughters. His 
second wife is Lizzie May, daughter of Philip May, a re- 
tired business man of Washington. They have one son. 
Mr. Cammack still owns the homestead, at 3553 Bright- 
wood avenue, where he resides. 

Robert Reyburn, M- D., of Washington City, D. C, 
was born August 1, 1833, in Glascow, Scotland, and is 
of Scotch descent. His early education was received at 
the public schools of Philadelphia, Pa. He studied medicine 
under the preceptorship of Dr. Lewis D. Harlan, and was 
graduated M.D. at the Philadelphia College of Medicine in 
1856. He received the degree of A.M. from Howard Uni- 
versity in 1871. He practiced medicine in Philadelphia 
from 1856 to 1862, then entered the United States Army, 
as acting assistant surgeon, on May 7, 1862; was commis- 
sioned as assistant surgeon United States Volunteers on 
June 4, 1862; was recommended for immediate promotion 
and commissioned surgeon United States Volunteers on June 
13, 1862. He was mustered out as brevet lieutenant-colo- 
nel volunteers in 1866, and was commissioned as assist- 
ant surgeon United States Army, with rank of captain in 
1867, but resigned the same year and commenced the 
practice of medicine in Washington, D. C, where he has 
been located ever since that date. Dr. Reyburn was chief 
medical officer of the Freedmen's Bureau during the last 
two years of its existence, in 1871-1872; was surgeon in 
charge of the Freedmen's Hospital from 1867 to 1875; 
professor of clinical surgery, medical department, George- 
town University, 1866- 1867; professor of surgery, medical 
department, Howard University, 1868; professor of anat- 
omy, medical department, Georgetown University in 1878. In 
In 1880 he was appointed professor physiology and clinical 
surgery in the medical department of Howard University. 
In 1902 Dr. Reyburn was appointed professor of preventive 
medicine and hygiene in the medical department of Howard 
University, and in the same year was elected dean of the 
medical faculty of the same institution. He is a member of 
the American Medical Association; member of Medical So- 
ciety, District of Columbia, and the Medical Association, 
District of Columbia; member and vice-president, 1891-2, of 
the National Microscopical Society ; member of the Micro- 
scopical Society, District of Columbia; member of the An- 
thropological Society; member of the Biological Society; 
member of the American Society of Anatomists ; consulting 
surgeon to Providence Hospital, and Freedmen's Hospital, 
District of Columbia; visiting physician to St 
Church Orphanage; member and president of Board of 
Health, District of Columbia, in 1870-1 ; member „l board 



of school trustees of Washington, D. C, in 1877, 1878 and 
1879, and was one of the board of councilmen of George- 
town in 1865. He was married in 1854 to Catharine White, 
and to them were born eight children. In 1881 he was 
chosen as one of the six surgeons who had charge of the case 
of President James A. Garfield, and from the time he was 
wounded until his death. Dr. Reyburn has written a large 
number of articles for the various medical journals. His 
list of papers contributed to medical journals are ; American 
Journal of Medical Sciences.— No. 1, Remarks on Disease 
among the Freed People of the United States, April, 1866. 
p. 364; No. 2, Four Cases of Aneurism Treated by Liga- 
tion, July. 1868, p. 112; No. 3, Reduction of Dislocation 
of Fourth Cervical Vertebrae, January, 1871. p. 110. I 'apers 
to National Medical Journal, Washington, D. C, and other 




ROBERT REYBURN. 



publications.— Two Cases oi Trephining, July, [870, p. 
228; Case of Popliteal Aneurism (Ligation Followed b\ 
Tetanus), September. 1871. p. 224; Rupture of Uterus 
Followed by Recovery, October, 1877, p. 200; Lacerated 
Wound of Abdomen, Recovery, November, [871, p. 351; 
Life Histon of Micro-Organisms with its Relation to the 
Theory of Evolution, Monograph, 1890; Vaginal Hysterec- 
,,„ m for Carcinoma of Uterus, Medical News, February 10. 
[894; Diphtheria ["rcated b) the Earl) Local Use of Germi- 
cides! March 5. 1802; Aseptic Surgen in the Hospitals 
f p ar i Si [892, Medical News, December 7. 1892; Llfe 
Growth of the tell Applied to Human Anatomy, Maryland 
Medical rournal, October 7, (893; Life Histon oi Bacillus 
Tuberculosis in its Relation to the Cure of Tuberculosis 
i„ Man. Medical Age, August 10. i*.,,: Eas } Methods ol 
Carrying Out the Principles of Aseptic Surgery, Maryland 



438 



THE CITY OF WASHINGTON. 



Medical Journal, June 2. 1894; Electricity in Modern Sci- 
ence, Journal of American Medical Association, April 14, 
1898; On a New Industrial Application of Professor Roent- 
gen's X-Rays, Photographic Times, May. 1897; Type of 
Disease Occurring among the Freed People of the United 
States, Monograph, 1891 ; Vaginal Lithotomy, Medical 
News, October 25, 1890; Treatment of Purulent Tubercular 
Peritonitis with Illustrative Case, Journal American Medical 
Association, August 20, 1898; Treatment of Diseases of 
Children Two I kindred Years Ago, Medical Record, Sep- 
tember 24, 189S; Clinical History of Case of President 
James A. Garfield, Journal American Medical Association. 
March 5 to March 24, 1894; Pollution of Potomac River, 
Journal American Medical Association, February 4, 1899: 
Life History of Bacillus Tuberculosis in its relation to 
the treatment by Tuberculin. Journal American Medical 
Association, October 1, 1898; Curiosities of Homoeopathic 
Pharmacy, Journal American Medical Association, Octo- 
ber 4, 1890; Laws of Growth of Bacteria Applied to Aseptic 
Surgery, Journal American Medical Association, October 
7. 1893; A Day with Professor Pasteur, Maryland Medical 
Journal. ( Ictober 23, [886; Aseptic Surgery in the Hospitals 
of Paris in [892, Medical News, December 17. 1892; A Day 
with Professor Virchow at Chavite Hospital, Berlin, in 1892, 
Journal American Medical Association, March 11, 1893; 
Type of Disease Among the Freed People, Mixed Negro 
Races, of the United Stales, Medical News, December 2. 
1893: Abstract of Case of President James A. Garfield, 
American Medicine, September jX. 1901; Prevention of 
Disease Infection through Mouth and Nasal Cavities, 
American Medicine. June. [90) : Inertness of Petroleum 
Compounds when Used Medicinally. Medical News, August 
24, 1901 ; Failure of the Knife in the Cure of Cancer, Medi- 
cal Record, 1 Ictober [9, \^>\ ; Simple Methods of Testing 
Strength of Galvanic Currents l>\ Milliarrjpere Meier, and 
also of Using a Galvanoscope as Milliampere Meter, Journal 

Advanced Therapeutics, May I. l<)<>2; (ails,- of Cancer. 

Medical Record, August 2. 1002. 

Dr. Reyburn has always been an ardent Republican, and 
has been identified for several years with tin 
secure the rights of suffrage ami a representative govern- 
menl to the citizens of the District of Columbia, [n [901 
Dr. Reyburn and the Rev. Dr. Ceo,-, \\ . Lee were can- 
didates for the positions of Republican Presidential electors 
for the District of Columbia, on the occasion of the second 
election of Presidenl William Mckinley. The election For 
Presidential electors was held in the District of Columbia on 
March i>. [900. ["hough the Rev. Dr. George \\ . Lee and 
Dr. Robert Reyburn received the majorit} of vo tes cast, 
yet by means well know,, to professional politicians they 
"'"' "counted out." Dr. Reyburn has for many years 
taken a deep interesl in the affairs of the District of Co 
lumbia. I le has written a large number of articles on mat- 
ters "'" '"''■• |l interest, and has written a number of short 
poems, which have mostly appeared in the columns of the 
daily papers of \\ ashington 1 it v. 



A. B. Richardson, A. M., M. D.— In October. 1899, 
Dr. A. E. Richardson was appointed superintendent of the 
Government Hospital for the Insane, and in making 'his 
selection President McKinley was guided by wise discrim- 
ination and rare judgment. To fill the position of super- 
intendent of such an institutions requires a man of excep- 
tional parts, and to find this man it is necessary to search 
carefully among the students of medical science, both 
general and special. To care for the insane— to compre- 
hend, or approximately understand human nature as di- 
verted by the hobbies of an aberrated mind, to grasp the 
limitations of a diseased brain— comes within the scope of 
a man who has not only made a study of these ailments and 
learned the proper care and treatment, but who is also in 
thorough sympathy with the work and its subject. To 
discern between treatment for the ravin-' maniac 




imeiil to 



simp 



ICHARDSON. 



Illllll 



en analyst and the 
SSOtirces oi a master of method. Such a man was Dr. Rich- 
rdson, and to his efforts and organization are due the 
'lniirahic system and successful adminstration of affairs 
1 St. Elizabeth, District of Columbia. 

Dr. Richardson was born at Portsmouth, Scioto county, 

>hio, on September It. 1S52. and was educated at the 

"union schools of the county, the Ohio University at 

thens, < »hio, and the < ihio Wesleyan Universitj at Dela- 

are > Ohio. lie took a course in medicine at Cincinnati. 

I afterwards at New York city, graduating from 

Bellevue Hospital, at the latter place, in [876. lie was 

at once recognized as a leader anion- the specialists in 

nervous disorders and kindred ailments, and his course 

at Bellevue and close application to the study of the insane. 

course in practice. 1 le was 

m for the Insane 



( >h 



led him to adopt thi 
physician at 



ih 



his 

Athens 



THE CITY OF WASHINGTON. 



439 



,for about three years, and for two years following prac- 
ticed medicine at his native town, Portsmouth. In March, 
1 88 1, he was appointed medical superintendent of the 
Athens Asylum, and remained in that position until May, 
1890. After severing his connection with this institution, 
he engaged in private practice in Cincinnati until 1892. 
when he was appointed medical superintendent of the Hos- 
pital for the Insane at Columbus, Ohio. This position 
Dr. Richardson held until 1898, when he was made medical 
superintendent of the State Hospital for the Insane at 
Massilon, Ohio, and opened the hospital for patients in 
August of that year. This position he was not long per- 
mitted to retain, as President McKinley, searching for the 
right man and attracted by the course of Dr. Richardson, 
chose him for the superintendency of the Government Hos- 
pital for the Insane, and in October, 1899, he received the 
appointment. In 1892 Dr. Richardson was appointed by 
Governor McKinley member of a commission of three to 
locate a situation for a new hospital for the insane of Ohio, 
and on a report of this commission in the fall of 1892, was 
appointed for five years on a board of trustees to prepare 
plans and construct the institution, serving out the term. 

Seeing the need for improvements at St. Elizabeth 
Asylum, Dr. Richardson asked Congress for an appropria- 
tion of $1,000,000 with which to carry out his plans. The 
recommendations were recognized as timely and the improve- 
ments needful for the better care of the unfortunate insane, 
and the appropriation was at once allowed. These philan- 
thropic plans were being carried out and the construction 
going on when Dr. Richardson died, on June 27, 1903. The 
doctor was married in 1876 to Julia D. Harris, of Athens, 
Ohio. Four children were born to them — Dr. William W. 
Richardson, a graduate of the University of Pennsylvania, 
who has been appointed on the medical staff at the Govern- 
ment Hospital for the Insane; Mrs. W. G. Neff, Edith H., 
and Helen. 

Dr. Richardson was a courteous and affable gentleman, 
and deservedly popular with the medical officers an 1 at- 
taches of the St. Elizabeth hospital, and warmly commended 
by visitors to that institution. He was the author of many 
valuable treatises in medical science, and was a recognized 
authority in his special lines. The doctor was a member 
of the ( )hio State Medical Society, the American Medical 
Association, the Medico-Legal Society of New York, and 
the American Medico-Psychological Association. 

William Harrison McKnew, for many years proprie- 
tor of the large mercantile establishment at 933 Pennsyl- 
vania avenue, was born in Washington in 1855. He re- 
ceived his primary education in the schools of the District 
of Columbia — completing his education at Rensselaer Poly- 
technic Institute in Troy, N. Y., where he obtained the 
degree of civil engineer, graduating at the head of his class. 
Mr. McKnew early gave promise of attaining distinction 
in his chosen profession, while engaged in various engineer- 
ing enterprises in the West, and especially while superin- 
tending important engineering work on the upper Missouri 
River, near Plattsmouth, Nebraska. He returned to Wash- 



ington in 1885 to superintend the construction of a sea wall 
around the Potomac flats. 

Upon the death of his uncle, Mr. R. H. Taylor, lie 
succeeded to the well known mercantile establishment at 
933 Pennsylvania avenue. As a merchant Mr. McKnew 
displayed the same energy and ability which had marked 
his career as a civil engineer, and in a short time had built 
up the largest ladies' cloak and suit business in this city. 
Since Mr. McKnew's death, which occurred April 6, 1902, 
the business has been continued by Mrs. William H. Mc- 
Knew, under the management of Mr. Anton Stephan, who 
had been associated with Mr. McKnew for many years. 

Mr. McKnew was a man of singularly kind and gentle 
nature, combining with every desirable attribute of the 
successful business man, a lovable character that endeared 
him to a large circle of friends and won for him the respect 




HARRISON M=KNEW 

and admiration of his business competitors, and the devotion 
of his employees, by whom he was regarded more as an 
adviser and friend than an employer. He was an enthusi- 
astic Mason and had attained the honor of the thirt) second 
degree, was a Knight Templar of many years standing, 
and was a member of the Scottish Rite and Lafayette 
Lodge. His well known probity and his interest in local 
financial affairs made him a director in the Traders National 
Bank and the Union Trust and Storage Company. One 
of his chief interests was the welfare of Columbian Qni 
versity, with which he was intimatel) associated the first 
year after his return to Washington. He soon became a 
trustee of die institution and until his death served as 
chairman of man) important committees. Me contributed 
liberally to man) charitable enterprises. Me was an earnest 
member of Calvary Baptist Church, and was repeatedly 
elected chairman of the board of trustees. 



44° 



THE CITY OF WASHINGTON. 



Hon. John Walker Babson, descended from an old 
and influential Puritan family, has been identified with the 
official life and public affairs of Washington since 1861, 
when he left his native State of Maine, and from that 
time until the present has uninterruptedly held important 
posts in the Government service, his present position being 
that of a chief of division in the United States Patent 
Office. Mr. Babson was born at Brooksville, Maine, on 
August 15. [835, and is a son of Samuel Brown and Nancy 
Tapley Babson, both of whom died at a ripe old age. 
The advent of the ancestors of Mr. Babson to this country 
is somewhat unique. In a party of emigrants which left 
England in 1(132 were James Babson, his wife, Isabel, and 
their son James, two years old. 'While en voyage the 
father died. The widow, a woman of courage and ability, 
proceeded to Salem, Massachusetts, and thence to Cape 




and her son James." This lot, through which now passes 
Fronl street, ('ape Ann. remained in the possession of the 
Babson Family for upwards of 150 years. From the in- 
fant James have descended all the Babsons now in this 

tober to, 1700. was a captain of privateers in tin- revolu 
tionary war, anil still another, who died December 30. [831, 
was engaged in privateering during the war of [812. John 
W. Babson, the subject of this sketch, is the seventh in 
lineal descent From the widow fsabel. Mr. Babson was 
educated in the Maine public schools, and Bluehill Acad- 
: finall) at the Maine Weslyan College al Redfield. 
on taught for a time at the latter institution, as 
well as in the public 



Early in life Mr. Babson manifested a keen interest 
in politics, and on his twenty-first birthday was elected 
chairman of the Republican town committee of his native 
town, and has participated in every campaign since then. 
He was president of the stormiest Republican convention 
ever held in Hancock county. In the Fremont campaign in 
183d, when accompanying Hon. Hanibal Hamlin, afterwards 
Vice-President, an incident occurred by which the latter's 
life was endangered. A friendship then started between the 
two which remained unbroken until Mr. Hamlin's death. 
When the Lincoln administration began in 1861, Mr. Babson 
was made postmaster of his native town, but resigned the 
same year to come to Washington with Vice-President 
Hamlin, and remained with him until the expiration of his 
term in 1S65, and continued an officer of the United States 
Senate, where he remained until February, 1800. resigning 
to accept an appointment tendered him by Secretary of the 
Interior James Harlan, in the Pension Bureau. Here he 
soon reached the position of chief of a division, which 
be held for some years. Mr. Babson was commissioned 
by President Grant Deputy Commissioner of Pensions on 
December 21, 1875. This post he resigned in February. 
1877, to enter the more inviting Bureau of Patents, where 
in 1878 he assumed charge of the publication of the " Offi- 
cial Gazette," then a comparatively small weekly, which 
under his capable management, has expanded to its present 
imposing proportions. In 1880 the Issue division was ab- 
sorbed by the Gazette division and it has since become 
known as the Issue and Gazette division, of which Mr. Bab- 
son is the chief. 

In the affairs of the District he has always taken an 
active interest. He was one of the originator- of the 
East Washington Citizens' Association — the oldest organ- 
ization of its character in the District, permanently organ- 
ized in 1871. and in active existence since that date. He 
was its president for live years, voluntarily retiring, but 
has ever since continued a member of its executive com- 
mittee, lie was a member of the ( lid Citizens' Committee 
of One Hundred, and chairman of its committee appointed 
for the purpose of securing the selection of this city as the 
location of the World's Exposition ^\ 1803. and made an 
exhaustive and vigorous report in its favor, which was 
commended by the public press. The initiative ^i tin move 
ment for the celebration of the one hundredth anniversary 
of the laying of the cornerstone of the National Capitol on 
September iS. [S93, was taken by the East Washington 
Citizens' Association at its monthly meeting May 5, (893, 
An elaborate report made by Mr. Babson. then its president, 
resulted in a delegation waiting upon the District Com- 
missioners, the calling of a public meeting, and the appoint- 
ment of a general committee, of which Mr. Babson was 
one. He was also chairman of the committee Oil scope. 
Mr. Babson was also one of the promoters of the " Patent 
Centennial." held in this cit) April 8. o and 10. 1 So 1 . 
chairman of its central committee and a member of its 
executive committee. lie was appointed by the CommtS- 



THE CITY OF WASHINGTON. 



441 



sioners of the District on June 1, 1899, a member of the 
committee of one hundred to make suitable and timely 
preparations for Washington's welcome to Admiral Dewey, 
upon Ids return from Manila, and was selected as a member 
of its executive committee, and elected and served as its 
treasurer. Mr. Babson was a member of the special escort 
committee, who met Admiral Dewey at New York with a 
palatial railroad train on October 2, 1899, and brought him 
to Washington to receive the sword voted by Congress, 
at the hands of President McKinley, at the east front of 
the Capitol, October 3, 1899. He is a member of the Board 
of Trade, and chairman of its committee on public library. 
He has now entered upon his second (three years) term 
as one of the directors of the Board of Trade. 

Mr. Babson has twice married. His first wife was 
Louise A. Tibbetts of Brooklin, Maine, to whom he was 
married on November 5, 1855, and who died in this city, 
October 2, 1863. By this marriage there were three chil- 
dren. His second wife was Eliza A. Tibbetts, a cousin of 
his former wife, to whom he was married in Boston, Mass., 
September 1, 1868. Mrs. Babson has vied with her husband 
in active interest in the affairs of the city and has become 
well known in charity work. She is a member of the Board 
of Children's Guardians, a member of the Citizens' Relief 
Committee, appointed by the District Commissioners, and 
a veteran in the work of the Associated Charities, of the 
board of managers of which she has for many years been 
an active member. She is a member of the Church of the 
Reformation, and prominent in the ladies' work of that 
church. By this marriage there have been five children. 

While for over forty years a resident of this city, 
and an owner of property here, Mr. Babson has retained 
the ownership of the old family homestead in his native 
town, in Maine, where his family spend their summers and 
he his vacation, and where he has uninterruptedly retained 
the right of suffrage. 

Christian Heurich.— Many efforts have been made in 
the past and are being made every day by public spirited 
and enterprising citizens of Washington to utilize the natural 
and other advantages of the national capital to their fullest 
extent in order to make it not only the most beautiful 
city in the world, but also the manufacturing center it 
deserves to be. These men have by their own efforts 
proven to the people of this city and manufacturers of 
other places that Washington is well qualified to accommo- 
date within its borders manufacturing enterprises of all 
sorts. Head and shoulder with these public-spirited men 
stands Christian Heurich, the well-known brewer of this 
city, who by sheer progressive energy and strict attention 
to business has succeeded in building up one of the finest 
plants in his particular line of trade in the country. 

Thirty-one years ago Mr. Heurich came to Washing- 
ton and started in business on his own account, conducting 
a small brewery in conjunction with Mr. Paul Ritter, whose 
interest he bought in the succeeding year. From this small 



beginning has grown the great modern brewery , c< ivering 
the tract between Twenty-fifth and Twenty-sixth. D and 
Water streets, northwest, which in equipment and quality 
of product is second to none in the world. Mr. Heurich 
has been a public benefactor in many directions. It was 
due almost entirely to his efforts and his enterprise that 
the price of ice was lowered in this city, at a time when 
exorbitant rates for that necessity prevailed. He installed 
an ice-manufacturing plant in 1895, and not only made 
ice for his own immediate use. but supplied it to his cus- 
tomers and patrons, which had the effect of bringing the 
high price of that commodity, charged by other concerns, 
down to the normal rate. Mr. Heurich has always been 
a zealous advocate of pure foods. He is a warm champion 
of the pure-food bill, and is using his best efforts Lo secure 
its passage by Congress. In this connection Mr. Heurich 
is a striking example of the man who does what he preaches. 
His master stroke was his action which resulted in com- 
pelling the Agricultural Department to publicly announce 
the results of an analysis of different brands of beer on 
sale in Washington, D. C. The analysis was made under the 
pretext of exposing adulterations of food and drink, and 
when published by the department stated in what cities 
the beers were manufactured, but failed to give the names 
of the manufacturers. Mr. Heurich insisted that the anal- 
ysis of his beers be made known to the public. It was at 
first refused, but on appealing to Congress the Department 
of Agriculture yielded and announced that the Heurich 
beers were found to be "pure and free from admixtures." 
The winning of the silver medal at the Paris Exposition 
by Mr. Heurich was most significant and the products of 
his establishment having been endorsed by the American, as 
well as French Government for purity and wholesomeness, 
are finding ready market everywhere. 

Mr. Heurich's career is interesting and instructive, 
and may with profit be read by the younger generation. Ik- 
was born at Haina-by-Roemhild, Saxe-Meiningen, Ger- 
many, in 1842. His first education was received in his 
native town. In [866 he came to the United States and 
his first work in a brewery, in this country, was in Bal- 
timore: thence he went West and found employment with 
Seipp & Lehmann, of Chicago. He remained in their 
employ until 1868, when he returned to Baltimore and 
was engaged as a malster. Mr. Heurich's ambition to be- 
come a master of his own establishment asserted itself, 
anil he decided to go into business for himself and receive 
the benefits of his energy and efforts. In [872 he cum 
to Washington where lie has since remained. His thor- 
ough knowledge of his profession stood him in good stead 

traveled extensively in Germany and Austria, visiting all 
the principal breweries of those countries. This experience 
covered a period of seven years, during which time he 
worked as a journeyman in all the celebrated breweries of 
die Fatherland and the Austrian empire, in order to perfect 
himself 111 the art of making heel's. 



442 



THE CITY OF WASHINGTON. 



Mr. Heurich's brewery is of modern construction and 
supplied with the best equipments. This structure may 
justly be termed the model brewery of the world, from 
a standpoint of construction. In conjunction with the archi- 
tect \vh< i planned the buildings, and the engineer who super- 
intended its construction, many valuable hints were made 
by Mr. Heurich, whose practical knowledge of the require- 
ments of such a structure proved of valuable aid. The 



i 




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MR. HEURICH'S RESIDENCE 

brewer) in even respect is as near fireproof as ii is possible 
to make a building of its massive proportions. 

Mr. Heurich's influence is far reaching, and no man 
occupies a higher place in business circles throughout the 
city. < 'n January i i, [899, Mr. Heurich married Miss 
Amelia Keyser, of this city. One sun. Christian Heurich, 
Jr., has graced this union. The Heurich residence, a mas 
sive granite structure, at the corner of New Hampshire 



avenue and Sunderland Place, embodies all the features of 
modern architectural beauty and artistic embellishment. 
This residence was the first fireproof dwelling built in Wash- 
ington. To the architects called upon to submit plans for 
such a structure it was long a perplexing question, and 
not until a few valuable suggestions offered by Mr. Heurich, 
was the problem solved. Every precaution and device 
known in the construction of modern office buildings to 

guard against the ravages of fire 

have been herein embodied, regard- 
less of cost. The interior of the 
palatial Heurich home is well worthy 
of mention. The spacious hallway, 
triangular in shape, is of beautiful 
proportions, and leads to a library, 
on the left of the entrance, whose 
rich walls are covered by many fine 
canvasses of the modern school. 
Hack of this large room rises the 
stairway of brass, marble, and onyx, 
whose graceful curves greatly en- 
hance the beauty of the hall. Op- 
posite the library is the drawing 
room, a lofty apartment of noble 
proportions, whose richly decorated 
ceiling, done by a master hand, of 
exquisitely delicate tints, fade to a 
handsome and richly carved ivor) 
frieze, which, in turn, blends into 
the softer tints of the paneled side 
walls. The reception room is next 
to the drawing room: then music 
room and dining room. The draw 
in- room opens into the music room, 
a smaller apartment, which is over- 
hung by a mezzanine gallery, and 
is also \ isible from the front hall- 
way. Another reception room, in 
the rear of the music loom, is be. in 
tifully proportioned, furnished, and 
lighted, and opens into the large. 
stately, superbly paneled dining 
room. In the rear of this room 
the conservator)', rookery, fernery. 
and aviary, wherein the plash of 
an electric fountain lends an en 
chantmenl to the charming environment. Above stairs the 
apartments are sumptuous and regal in their magnificence. 
The slate chambers, a suite designed b) Mrs. 1 teurich, are i'u 
for royalty. The same beautiful taste and refinement re- 
flected in the soft tones and color scheme of the house 
throughout, are to be found at every turn, and which places 
the Heurich residence far in the lead of the many beautiful 
homes in this beautiful city. 



M':#,7f 



THE CITY OF WASHINGTON. 



Albert Carry was born at Hechingen, Hohenzollern, 
Germany, on February 17, 1852. After obtaining an edu- 
cation at the schools ot his native town, he entered the 
employ of a brewer, where he learned the trade which has 
been the means of gaining for himself a competence and 



•443 
especialh popular 




ALBERT CARRY 

a conspicuous place in the commercial world. When twenty 
years of age, with a well-grounded knowledge of the busi- 
ness of brewing, he came to this country, landing in New 
York. In that city he remained a short time, when, seeing 
a brighter prospect in Cincinnati, he went there and ac- 
cepted a position as brewmaster. Thus began a successful 
career. Being a faithful worker and of thrifty disposition, 
Mr. Carry began an accumulation of money, by careful 
saving of earnings, that has now, in its fruition, compen- 
sated him for his many practices of economy. 

He remained with this firm in Cincinnati for sixteen 
years, and then came to Washington. He invested his 
earnings by purchasing an interest in what is now the 
Washington Brewery, and was thus engaged in business 
for three years. At this time a small brewery, owned by 
Henry Rabey, at 1337 D street, southeast, being for sale, 
ami the outlook bright and time propitious, Mr. Carry 
bought it. Forming a company, he was 'made the presi- 
dent of what is now the National Capital Brewery Com- 
pany. Then commenced a rebuilding, the introduction of 
new machinery, and a general system of improvement. 
From time to time additions have been made and new plans 
adopted, and a thoroughly up-to-date brewery with facilities 
for increased output is the result. The capacity of the 
National Capital Brewery is to-day 100.000 barrels. The 
plant is a model one. with every known convenience and 
facility, and is largely the outgrowth of the directing mind 
and hand of its president. The reputation of the products* 



of this brewery is far reaching, and 
with patrons in this city. 

Aside from his connection with this brewery, Mr. 
Carry is identified with many of the city's business and 
financial institutions. He is a director of the National 
Capital Bank and of the American Security and Trust Com- 
pany, and also an extensive owner of real estate, lie owns 
the Columbia apartment house, on Columbia Heights; the 
Lincoln, on' Twelfth street, southeast, and will be one of 
the stockholders in the new hotel to be erected on the site 
of the Lawrence. His residence at 135 Twelfth street, 
southeast, is a handsome home of comfort and convenience. 
He also owns a fine country seat, " Red Gables," in Prince 
George county, Maryland, a well-ordered farm, in a high 
state of cultivation, surrounding an attractive building, 
which he occupies as a summer residence. Mr. Carry in 
1875 married Miss Wilhelmina Bock Hauck, of Cincinnati, 
Seven children have been born to them — two boys and 
five girls. 

Charles Gordon Patterson, merchant ami railroad 

builder, has resided here since 1898, but previous to that 
date led an active life in New York City, and in various 
parts of the West. Several important railroads of the 
country are the direct result of his business ability. Mr. 
Patterson was born in 1835 at Plattsburg, Burlington 
county, N. J. Pie is the son of Charles Gordon Patterson, 
M.D., his mother's maiden name having been Catharine 




CHARLES GORDON PATTERSON 

B. Wainwright. lie was educated in the district schools >'i 
Monmouth county. X. J. Mr. Patterson began Initios in 
a general merchandise store at Freehold, X. J., in [851, 
and later lie was with the linn of Amos & Abbot! Lawrence 
in Xew York City, and continued with them until [859. 



444 



THE CITY OF WASHINGTON 



After this experience of eight years, which was chiefly edu- 
cational, he went to California, and returned to New York 
in 1861. 

In the fall of 1868 Mr. Patterson established a home 
in Yonkers, N. Y., and lived there until 1872. In politics 
he lias never been a pronounced partisan, but during this 
residence became a candidate for the mayoralty of the city 
on the Democratic ticket. He was defeated by a small 
majority in favor of Robert P. Getty, who was his neighbor 
and personal friend. In 1875 Air. Patterson moved to 
Boston, Mass., and remained there until 1888, where he 
was actively engaged in the construction and management 
of railroads. He first built what is now known as the 
Cleveland, Canton & Southern Railroad, in Ohio, being 
general manager of same from 1878 to 1883. In 1884 he 
commenced the Topeka, Salina & Western Railroad and 
in 1886 sold it, unfinished, to Jay Gould. This road has 
since been incorporated into the Missouri-Pacific system. 
Mr. Patterson began the building of the Findlay, Fort 
Wayne & Western Railroad in 1890, and was its general 
manager until completed in 1895. He resumed his resi- 
dence in New York City in 1896, and moved to Washing- 
ion in 1898. 

Hon. Dominic I. \1urphy was born in Philadelphia. 
Pennsylvania, and is now in his fifty-sixth year. He was 
educated at the public schools, graduating from the high 
school in 1865. For some years be was associated with 
his father and brother in the manufacture of cotton and 
woollen goods. In 1871 he came to Washington and re- 
ceived an appointment in the Pension Office, where he re- 
mained until 1889 — just previous to the inauguration of 
President Harrison — when he resigned. As an emplove 
of this bureau Mr. Murphy at once attracted the attention 
ol his chief by close application to business, a comprehensive 
grasp of his duties, and their ready and faith ltd perform- 
ance. Recognition of merit followed, and during these 
years of service in the Pension < Iffice he rose by successive 
steps to he chief of division, supervising special examiner, 
and chief clerk. 

Alter the second election of President Cleveland, Mr. 

-'oner oi pensions, which he accepted. With the changes 
of the heads of depart incuts and bureaus incident to the 
reversal of administration, came the retirement of Com 
missioner Loughran, and Mr. Murphy was appointed Com 
missioner of Pensions, the appointmenl being promptly 
confirmed bj the United States Senate. His administration 
was eminently successful and satisfactory, and his conduct 
of the office wo,, him the confidence and friendship ol all 

"ill: who,,, he had dealings, and rendered him espectall) 

popular with the employes of the bureau. He filled the 
office until some time after the inauguration of President 
Mckinley i first term i, when he resigned to become a mem 
ber oi the firm of Hopkins, Murphy & Hopkins, attorneys, 
lie carried into this able and well known firm of attorneys 
a knowledge of pension law and technicalities, and a judg- 



ment for applying same, that has been of inestimable value 
in the prosecution of their work. The firm, with offices at 
27-32 Washington Loan and Trust Building, takes rank 
with the first in the country. Mr. Murphy is publisher 
and general manager of The New Century, a weekly journal 
of high character and great influence — an ideal family 
paper of clean literature. It is Catholic in tone, but emi- 
nently fair and impartial in its treatment of religious sub- 
jects. 

Mr. Murphy is a gentleman of culture and refinement, 
and is deservedly popular as a man of broad and liberal 
views. He is prominent in Catholic societies, being con- 
nected with the Knights of Columbus, Carroll Institute, 
Catholic Benevolent Legion, Catholic Knights of America, 
and is a trustee of St. Vincent's Orphan Asylum. He i> 
a widower, and the father of two children, die elder. Joseph 
James Murphy, being the editor of The New Century, while 
the younger, Don F. Murphy! is a medical student. 




HON. DOMINIC I. MURPHY 

Lord Oqilvie. The Right Honorable Robert Walter 
Findlater Ogilvie, the Lord of Banff and heir to the Earl- 
dom -1 Findlater in Scotland, is well known in Washington 
as a successful lawyer. He is a graduate of three uni- 
versities, having won the degrees of A.B. and A.M from 
Princeton; those of LL.B. and I.I..M. from the Columbian, 
and is also a graduate from the Universit) of \ irginia. He 
is a practitioner at the bar of the United States Supreme 
Court, in addition to the courts of the District of Columbia. 
The family of Lord Ogilvie, from and through whom he 
succeeds to titles and estates in Scotland, trace their lineage 
back, through direct male descent for more than a thousand 
years, to the time when the Scottish clans were known and 
designated by the names of their respective leaders. The 
" Ogilvies " were distinguished for courage and loyalty. 



THE CITY OF WASHINGTON. 



445 



The founder of the family won his honors and titles in 
the eleventh century. Under the designation of " Gillis- 
chroisd," as chief of the Ogilvies, he led his clan in support 
of the royal line and against the bloody usurper, Macbeth, 
in Scotland. He fought so valiantly that upon the down- 




LORD OGILVIE 

fall and death of Macbeth, the King Malcolm Canmore 
made the chief of the Ogilvies the Earl of Angus, at the 
same time conveying estates commensurate with the titles. 
It was about this period, 1120 A. D„ that the title of " Earl " 
was introduced into Scotland, to supplant that of " Thane,'' 
previously used. Thus " Gillischroisd " was the founder of 
the family under the noble designations, and with die estates 
that come down to the present day. The record of this 
noble and historic family on down through the centuries 
has been preserved unbroken and entire, and, together with 
patents of nobility, and divers other evidences on parch- 
ment and otherwise, is now in possession of Lord Ogilvie, 
the present peer and representative. The Ogilvies have 
been conspicuous and distinguished in every era ot Scot- 
tish history. The British peerage, besides the illustrious 
earldoms of Findlater and Airlie and several barons ot 
high consideration, contains the names ot many other 
members of this distinguished family. 

Lord Ogilvie married January 3°, I9° 2 . Miss Innasule 

Bledsoe Desha Harman, Kentucky's greatest beauty the _ 

youngest daughter of the late Colonel Bledsoe Desha Har- 

I man, of Kentucky, a distinguished cavalry officer of the 

' Confederacy, and Mary Loftin, a former famous belle of 

I Tennessee. Though an American by birth. Lady ( gilvie is 

I of French and German lineage, and is descended from the 

I nobility of both countries. The Harman family also repre 

' sents the best blood of the old Virginia-Kentuck) ans 

tocracv. Lady Ogilvie is a lineal descendant of Gen. Isaac 



Shelby, the first governor of Kentucky, a great-grand- 
daughter of General Joseph Desha, who was governor of 
Kentucky, besides filling other prominent public positions. 
General Isaac B'.edsoe, of revolutionary fame, was another 
ancestor. General Bledsoe won high military honors even 
prior to the war of the revolution in subduing the Indians 
in Tennessee. He was designated by the Indian title " Talla- 
Tuska," The Waving Corn Blade. The Indians had a 
superstition that General Bledsoe was invincible. Lord and 
Lady Ogilvie maintain a spacious home in Washington. 
They spend a portion of the year on their Scotch estates, 
where amid the moors and forests of the Highlands of 
Scotland, are their ancient and historic castles of Findlater, 
Banff and The Boyne. 

George W. [M. Custis, A. M-, M- D., son of William 
H. Custis, of Accomac county. Virginia, and Eliza Bury 
Wheeler, of Washington, D. C. was born June 5. 1830, in 
Washington, D. C, and received his early education in the 
private schools of that city. When in his seventeenth year 
he was offered the position of assistant teacher in one of 
the public schools, which he accepted and served as such for 
six months. At eighteen be went to New Castle. Delaware, 
and entered the locomotive works then existing there to 
learn the business of engine building. It was the beginning 
of an experience which led him through the various grades 
of the railroad mechanical department to the position ot 
master of machinery, and then to that of superintendent 
of transportation, and eventually general superintendent ot 




railroads. Wli 
and Atlantic R; 

as a represent at 
and during bi- 



le general superintendent of the Camden 

tilroad of N'cw [crsey he was twice elected 

; ve in the I louse of Vssembl) of thai State, 

second term was speaker of thai body. 



1 ie subsequently stu< 



ine and graduated from the 



446 



THE CTTY OF WASHINGTON. 



medical department of Columbian University, which had 
previously conferred on him the honorary degree of master 
of arts. Afterwards he took a post graduate course in 
medicine at the Hahnemann Medical College of Philadelphia 
and graduated from that institution in 1888. 

Dr. Custis is a member of the American Institute of 
Homoeopathy ; president of the Washington Medical Society 
of the District of Columbia ; member of the Society of Colo- 
nial Wars and of the National Geographic Society; is an 
elder in the Presbyterian Church, and frequently represented 
his church in presbytery and synod, and was twice elected 
by his presbytery as commissioner to the General Assembly, 
the highest court of the denomination. 

He was married to Sarah Evans Wells of Chester 
county, Pennsylvania, who is a member of the Society of 
The Daughters of the American Revolution. Their children 
aie Dr. J. P. Gregg Custis and Villa C. Cuslis. 




J. B. GREGG CUSTIS, M. D. 

J. B. Gregg Custis, M. D. - For more than a quarter 
of a century Dr. J. B. Gregg Custis has been an active 
medical practitioner in this city, and no name in the school 
of homoeopathy stands higher than his. Born in i8s" 
a son of Dr. G. W. N. and Sarah £. Custis, his early edu- 
cation was received at Femsmith's Preparatory School, in 
Philadelphia'. He then entered Columbian University and 
there received the degree of bachelor of arts in 1875 He 
then attended the New York Homoeopathic Medical School 
graduating and receiving the degree of doctor of medicine 
in 1878, since which time he has practiced his profession 
in tins city, first on Capitol Hill, and during the last two 
years occupying as his office and residence the handsome 
premises ai 912 Fifteenth street, northwest. Or Custis 
has always been actively engaged in advancing the cause 
of homoeopathy, and was one of the original promoters 



of the Homoeopathic Hospital, of which he was chief of 
staff in 1885 and 1886, and from 1890 to 1894 inclusive. 
Pie is also chairman of the committee on legislation of the 
Homoeopathic Medical Society, and represented the society 
in the work of securing the passage of the medical practice 
act, and the law requiring medical colleges, not incorporated 
by special act of Congress, to make reports to the Com- 
missioners of the District. 

Since the establishment of the medical examining 
boards he has been president of the homoeopathic medical 
examining board and member of the board of supervisors, 
of which he was also president from July, 1898, to July, 
1900, and was again reelected in 1902. Dr. Custis was chair- 
man of the committee on arrangements for the entertain- 
ment of the American Institute of Homoeopathy, at its ses- 
sion held in Washington, in 1S92. Pie was also chairman 
of the local committee, as member of the national committee 
that erected the monument to Samuel Hahnemann, which 
occupies the site on Scott Circle. In 1897 Dr. Custis was 
chosen president of the American Institute of Homoeopathy, 
of which organization he has been a member since 1879, 
and since 1897 he has been chairman of the International 
Bureau of Homoeopathy. He is also a member of the 
International Hahnemann Association, the American Plom- 
oeopathic Ophthalrnological, Otological and Laryngological 
Society, the National Geographic Society, National Society 
of Colonial Wars and the Washington Board of Trade. 

In 1879 Dr. Custis married Miss Catherine, daughter 
of Alfred Ritter, of Frederick, Maryland. Two sons, J. B. 
Gregg, Jr., and Horace H, and a daughter, Catherine Cus- 
tis, were born to Dr. and Mrs. Custis. 

Hon. Abraham Depue Hazen.— The late Hon. Abra- 
ham Depue Hazen, Third Assistant Postmaster-General, be- 
longed to the New Jersey branch of the family of that name, 
which was of English origin. Its genealogy in this country is 
traced back two centuries and a half. He was the second 
son of David B. and Susan (Depue) Hazen, and was born 
at Lower Mount Bethel, Pa., February 24, 1841. He re- 
ceived his early education at Belvidere, N. J., where Gen. 
E. L. Campbell was one of his teachers. Afterwards he 
entered as a student at Lafayette College, Easton, Pa., in 
the class of 1863, but left college in his junior year. Sub- 
sequently he removed to Washington, and in 1866 was 
appointed a first-class clerk in the Post Office Department. 
Here he was promoted regularly up through all the grades 
until 1870, when he was assigned as principal clerk in 
charge of the stamp division. In conjunction with his other 
duties he was appointed by President Grant, in 1872, a 
member of the civil service examining board for the Post 
Office Department. In 1874 the office of chief of the 
division of stamps, with a handsome increase of salary, 
was created lor him by act of Congress, upon the urgent 
recommendation of the Postmaster-General, in recognition 
of his services in connection with the introduction of the 
postal card system and of official stamps for the use of 
the several departments, rendered necessary by the abolition 



THE CITY OF WASHINGTON. 






of the franking privileges. It was during his tenure as 
chief of this division that the mode of collecting postage 
[on newspapers and periodicals mailed to subscribers was 
changed by requiring prepayment in special adhesive stamps. 
In the meantime he devoted his evenings to the study of 




DEPUE HAZEN 



law, and graduated from the Law Department of Co 
lumbian University in the class of 1877, having been hon- 
ored with the presidency of his class, numbering about 
fifty members, and shortly afterward was admitted to the 
bar of the Supreme Court of the District of Columbia. Vt 
the commencement exercises at Lafayette ( ollege, in Jinn 
1877, the trustees conferred upon him the honorary degi 
of master of arts. In the same mouth. General Barbe 
having resigned the office of Third Assistant Postmaster- 
General, Mr. Hazen was appointed by the President 
succeed him, upon the recommendation of I 
General Key, who had been quick to discern In- execul 
ability, efficiency, and the purity of his personal 
At the first executive session of the Senati 
ination had been sent in, it was unanimously confi 
The appointment was universally commended b; 
at the time as one highly creditable to the administi 
and as a practical example of civil servi 

Mr. Hazen was much liked and respected I 
dinates, and his kindness of heart and unifot 
endeared him to all with whom he came in 
his private life Mr. Hazen was much respi 
simplicity and purity of his habits, 
uprightness. His charities were numeroi 
of heart had won for him a 






In 1865 Mr. Hazen married (In 

V. Painter of this city. On D 

died after a protracted illm >s 

general breaking down of his 

continued work. I It- funeral was 

concourse of condoling friends, among win 

men prominent in publi 

national capital. I [c was buried in tin 

Mount Bethel cemetery. His widow 1 

northwest, Washington, 

Dr. William P. C. Ha/cn 

in Lower Mount Bethel, Northamptoi 
son of the late I >avid B. and ? 
brought up on the old famih homes! 
common schools of the count) . 
ical course at Belvidere Academy, Bel 
N.u Jersey. Leaving the hum in 
was appointed an ajxjthecan in tin 
and detailed t.. do duty at the N'aval I 
D. C. While there he took up am 
medicine, graduating from ll 
lege in the spring of 1877. 
July 17. 1S77. and accept, d tin ; 
physician to the Washington \sylui 
lion he occupied until September 11. 
as ward physician from Dcccmher 
1882, when he ri sigw 







cian to tit 
is a meml 



448 



THE CITY OF WASHINGTON. 



and Surgical Society; served as president of the Medical and 
Surgical Society, and was one of the organizers of the so- 
ciety, in the deliberations of which he takes a prominent part. 
He was one of the organizers of the Emergency Hos- 
pital, and was a charter member of the Casualty Hospital, 
in which institution he filled the chair of diseases of women 
for a number of years. lie has been a frequent contributor 
to some of the leading medical journals. To his energies 
was due the starting of the National Capital Bank, having 
called the first meeting for the purpose of organizing at his 
office in September, i SS<j. 1 le has since served as a member 
of the board of directors, lie is a member of the Wash- 
ington Board of Trade, being among its early members. 
He is also a director of the German-American Building 
Association, and a director of the Asphalt Block and Tile 
Company, of which lie has served as director and vice- 
president since its organization. Dr. Ila/.en is a Mason 
and is prominent in Masonic circles. ( )n January 8, 1878, 
Dr. Hazen married Catherine E. Wood, daughter of L. A. 
and Alary A. Wood, of Washington, J). C, and from this 
union there are three children — Emma, Bessie and Kath- 
crine. 

Dr. David Henry Hazen. — Washington counts among 
its medical profession men whose name ami fame for thor- 
oughness and skill and experience extends far beyond the 
limits of the District of Columbia and its adjoining States. 
The people of the national capital are fortunate enough to 
have in their midst, residing among them, the peers of 
the medical profession. Among these men of science and 
learning Dr. David Henry Hazen occupies a prominent 
position, lie is one of the most experienced practitioners 
in Washington, and he counts among his clientele the best 

Dr. I la/en i> a broad-minded, public-spirited man, and has 
always taken deep interest in the welfare of Washington, 
and stood for the best improvements in educational facilities. 
Dr. Hazen was horn in [846 in Upper Mount Bethel, North- 
ampton county, I'a., being the son of David I!. and Susan 
1 Depue I Ila/.en. I lis early education he received in the 
public schools of Lower Mount Bethel, I'a. At the age 
of sixteen he entered I'.elvidere Academy, Belvidere, \. ).. 

knowledge, as well as classical literature. Young Ila/.en 
at thai age had determined to earn sufficient money to 
enable him to secure a cpllegc education and prepare him 
self for his present profession. At intervals he taught 
school in Upper Nazareth Township, I'a., from there again 
returning to I'.elvidere Aca.demy to finish his education. 
He afterward also taught public schools in Oxford Town 
ship. V J. After having saved some mone) in older to 
continue the pursuit of his studies, he came to Washington, 
D. C, in 1870, where he has since resided, and where he has 

hllilt up one of the best and most lucrative medieal praC 

tices in the city. Upon his arrival in the city he matriculated 
at the Medical Department of Georgetown University, grad- 



uating in 1873 with high honors. In order to perfect him-: 
self in his chosen career. Dr. Hazen occupied the position|' 
of resident physician at the Washington Asylum for two 1 ' 
years, and also at the Xaval Hospital. In recognition ofr 
his meritorious services. Governor Sbepard appointed Dr. 1 
I lazen, in December, 1873, physician to the poor, which posi- 
tion he held for three years. After that he was appoint^ 
contract surgeon to the Army at the Washington Arsenal,' 
performing this duty for a period covering four years. Ever. 
since then Dr. Hazen engaged in private practice, which 
on account of his thoroughness and skill, has grown to 
he one of the best in Washington. His conscientious atten-| 
lion to his professional engagements did not prevent Dr. 
Hazen from taking a deep interest in matters pertaining 
to the education of the youth of Washington, lie serve! 




as a member of the Hoard of Education from [890 to [900, 
proposing many schemes and improvements in the existing 
educational systems. Dr. Ila/.en is a member ot the Medi 
cal Vssociation of the District ^\ Columbia, the American 
Medical Association, the Medical Societx of the District of 
Columbia, the Board of Trade. Lebanon Lodge, \o. -, 
V. A. A. M. 

< )n l Ictober --3. (878, he married Emma Louise Honey - 
llian, daughter of Robert and Margaret I loncyman of \Yw 
Jersey, ["here is one son, Henn Honeyman Hazen, a grad- 
uate of the public and high schools of Washington, and 
also of Johns Hopkins University. Baltimore. Young Mr. 
1 lazen absolved the Washington schools with great credit 
to himself, and graduated from Johns Hopkins "multa cum 
laudc." He is now in the first year of his medical course 
at ibis latter institution. Dr. I la/en resides at \OTJ Sixth 

street, southwest, Washington. D. C. 



THE CITY OF WASHINGTON. 



449 



Dr. Robert B. Donaldson was born in Loudoun 
county, Virginia, in 1826. Having lost his father in child- 
hood, he was sent to Alexandria, Virginia, to school at the 
age of seven, where he remained until he was seventeen. 




DR. ROBERT B. 



when, having his own way to make in the world, ami hav- 
ing a natural aptitude for mechanics, he secured a position 
in this city with a mathematical and philosophical instru- 
ment maker, with whom he remained until he was twenty- 
one years of age. He then commenced the study of dentis- 
try, and in 1852 entered upon the practice of that profession 
in this city, and for a period of forty-five years enjoyed 
a large and lucrative practice, during the course of which 
he served some time as professor of operative dentistry in 
the Maryland Dental College in Baltimore, and was the 
recipient of honorary degrees from two dental colleges. 

In the course of his long practice, he invented several 
new and useful dental instruments and appliances, and 
since his retirement from the practice of his profession 
he has been engaged in the manufacture of dental instru- 
ments of his invention, which are highly esteemed in the 
profession and have a large sale throughout the world 
where dentistry is practiced. Dr. Donaldson has for many 
years been prominent as a Mason, and served during 
the years 1869-70-71 as grand master of Masons of the 
District of Columbia. He is a director in the Union Trusl 
and Storage Company, and enjoys the respect and con- 
fidence of the community. 

John Doyle Carmody. -Business energy and tact 
are among the chief characteristics of John 1 )< 9 le ( arm. id) . 
and were mainly instrumental in placing him in a position 
of prominence in both the business and social worlds oi 
Washington. Mr. Carmody is descended from old colonial 
and revolutionary stock. His maternal great-grand father, 



Captain John Doyle, came to this country with General 
Lafayette, and commanded the first independent company 
of Pennsylvania troops raised in the city of Philadelphia 
during the revolutionary war. He was born in London, 
England, and is a son of John Philip and Marian Doyle 
Carmody. He was educated atGonzaga College, the public 
schools of the District, and later at Georgetown University. 
His first insight into active business life was as secretary 
and counsellor of the Korean Legation, he being the first 
to fill that post. 

In 1897 Mr. Carmody became associated in business 
with II. K. Fulton, at 314 Ninth street, northwest, where 
he has since continued. Mr. Carmody is a licensed auc- 
tioneer, a notary public, and is the Commissioner for tin- 
State of Minnesota in the District of Columbia. In politics 
he is a Republican, and is a member of the city council 
of Mountain Lake Park, Garrett county, Maryland, where 
he maintains his residence. In the affairs of the District 
Mr. Carmody has always taken a keen interest and promi- 
nent place, although but a young man. lie is serving his 
second term as a director of the Business Men's Association 
and a member of the Board of Trade. In social organiza- 
tions he is equally prominent, and is among the members 
of the National Geographic Society, a member of the board 
of managers of the Sons of the American Revolution, Sons 
of the Revolution, and ( )rder of Cincinnati. Among other 
organizations of which Mr. Carmody is a prominent mem- 
ber are the B. P. < ). Elks, of which he is a life member, 
and a past president of the Fraternal < )rder of Eagles. 




\ eteran Asocial 



ary affairs he is equallj active, lie was re 
,1 an officer in the Naval Battalion, D. C. A G.; 

ice -president of the Washington Light Infantry 
id also a member of. the District of 



450 



THE CITY OF WASHINGTON. 



Columbia Revolver Association, and is the donor of the 
beautiful " Carmody Trophy," presented by him to encour- 
age revolver practice in the District of Columbia between 
the Metropolitan Police and the citizens. The contest for 
this trophy has aroused such enthusiasm that the Montreal 
Revolver Association of Canada have asked for a match 
with the local team. 

Mr. Carmody has served as a member of important 
local committees, among them the Peace Jubilee, the Dewey 
Celebration, the Capital Centennial, the last inauguration of 
President McKinley, and the last G. A. R. celebration, and 
was appointed on the committee composed of five members 
each from the Board of Trade and the Business Men's As- 
sociation, by the District Commissioners, to investigate the 
alleged discrimination against Washington in the delivery 
of coal. Mr. Carmody is a keen sportsman, and is a mem- 
ber of the Columbia Golf Club, Palm Beach Golf Club of 
Palm Peach, Florida, Swannanoa Golf Club of Asheville, 
North Carolina, and of the National Automobile Club of 
this city. Mr. Carmody married Miss Florence Mabel Pul- 
ton, daughter of Mr. and .Mrs. 11. EC. Fulton, and with their 
two children, John Fulton and Alice Marian, reside at 
1 213 Vermont avenue. 

Cotter T. Bride was horn in Monanville, County Cork, 
Ireland, on July 30, 1846, of Scotch-Irish parentage, and of 
a family renowned in its country's history. His father, 
Daniel Bride, was a government contractor, and as such 
supervised and planned the construction of roads through- 
out the county. His mother, Nora McCarthy, traced among 
her ancestors the famous McCarthys who built Blarney 
Castle in the eleventh century and the later McCarthys and 
Muskerrys who erected Drishane, considered by many to 
be Ireland's most beautiful ruin. These estates wore for- 
feited to the crown during the reign of Henry VII] for 
failure to follow his religious teachings. Colter was the 
eighth of ten children to grace the union. His early edu- 
cation was gotten from a tutor engaged by the family, and 
later he attended tin- academy at Mallow, wIh-it he received 
an academic education. In 1866, after taking quite an active 
part in politics, he came to America along with many 
others from his immediate neighborhood and settled in 
Baltimore with his brother, Judge Daniel Bride, then one 
of the prominent jurists of Maryland. Mr engaged in the 
plumbing business in Chicago, Peoria, an, I other western 
cities and afterward in Washington, where he has since 
remained. While engaged in plumbing, he invented sev- 
eral articles that are still used by the trade. In iK<n he 
launched into the real estate business quite successfully, 
and is at present vice president and director of the Xewport 

News and Hampton Title and Guarantee Company. 

In [876 he married Louise \\ itthaft. the only daughter 
of William Witthaft, a well tb-do German and president of 
several building associations. Two children. William W'itt- 
hafl Bride and Doroth) Louise Bride, have cemented the 
union. The former is a student at Georgetown University 



School of Law, is president of his class, a member of the I 
inter-collegiate debating team of the university, and has; 
made quite a name as an orator in political circles. The; 
daughter attends Georgetown Convent. 

In politics Mr. Bride is a Democrat of a pronounced 1 
type. He is president of the East Washington Democratic 
Club, and national treasurer of the American Anti-Trust 
League, an organization numbering many thousand mem- 
bers. In 1900 he was unanimously elected a delegate to 1 
the Kansas City Convention, where he had the pleasure 
of voting for his friend. William Jennings Bryan, who is 
his frequent guest at his Washington home. Xo. 131 B 
street, southeast. 




rER T. BRIDE 



Henry E. Wilkens, son of Julius c. and Babetta V 
Wilkens, was horn iii Baltimore on December 24th, 1868. 
lie received bis preparatory education at private schools, 
and afterwards a course at the Baltimore City College. As 
a youth he entered the employ of A. Schumacher ,\ Co., 
general agents of the Nord Deutscher Lloyd Steamship 
Company, in a clerical capacity, where he laid the foundation 
for a business career. \lter severing his connection with 
this linn. Mr. Wilkens engaged with the well known and 
extensive tobacco manufacturers, G. W. Gail \- \\. of 
Baltimore. \t this time the father, the hue J. C. Wilkens. 
was a member of the firm of ('.ever & Wilkens. extensive 
tobacco exporters, and in is„„. giving up his place with 
Messrs. Gail & \\. Henrj E. associated himself with his 
lather, succeeding Mr. Geyer, and the firm became J. ('. 
Wilkens & s,.n. Thc\ successful^ conducted operations 
until iS,,N. when the senior member died, and the business 
was discontinued. 

In 1898 he commenced the publication oi The Patent 
Record, a technical ami finely illustrated monthly review tor 



THE CITY OF WASHINGTON. 



45i 



the inventor and manufacturer, forming a company, of which 
he was president. This publication at once attracted the 
attention and commanded the patronage of the class to 
which it catered, as well as a large clientele who were fond 




HENRY E. WILKENS 

of a literature that entertained and instructed. In 1900 
Mr Wilkens was admitted to. practice, and became and u 
still a member of the firm of Evans, Wilkens & Company, 
patent attorneys, with offices at 6x5 F street, northwest. 



In April, 1900, he established in Washington, at 618 
F street, northwest, The Patent Record Printing Company, 
an establishment the output of which marked a new era in 
the printing business of this city. The plant embraced the 
best, latest improved, and largest printing machinery ever 
used at the national capital, and its product bore a -tan, 
excellence and artistic finish that was really an innovation. 
In September, 1901, the firm name was changed to I he 
Henry E. Wilkens Printing Company, and the plant removed 
to the imposing building at 717-19-" Thirteenth street, 
northwest, its present site. Here the publication..! 1 he 
Patent Record is continued, and here is conducted one 
of the finest printing and publishing houses in the South. 
The policy of "turning out" nothing but the best in the 
printing line is an invariable-even inviolable- rule, and 
the office has won a splendid reputation with all with whom 
it has dealings, and more particularly with that class oi . us 
tomers whose knowledge of the art renders then, competent 
judges and persons of discrimination. 

^He is fond of and actively interested in athletics, bav- 
in* served as captain of the Maryland Athletic Clut lal- 

timore for three terms, and although now a resident of 
Washington, is still on its board of governors. During r 9 o2 
he served as a director of the Dime Savings Bank ol Balti- 
more, resigning that position upon his removal to Washu 
ton. He is a Mason, and past master of Concordia I odge, 
No 13; member of Jerusalem Chapter. No. „. K. A. M.; 
Maryland Commandery, No. 1, K. T., of Baltimore, and 
recently affiliated with Almas Temple, Mvstic Shrine, oi 
Washington. On February 13, 1894, Mr. Wilkens was mar- 
ried to Miss Lena Von der Horst, daughter of John 11. and 
Foh anna Von der Horst. of Baltimore. Of this union there 
are six children two boys and four girls. He resides at 
1810 Kalorama avenue, northwest. 




452 



THE CITY OF WASHINGTON. 




HOME OF THE YOUNG MENS CHRISTIAN ASSOCIATION. 



CHAPTER XXVII. 



PROMINENT FEDERAL OFFICIALS. 




»N. JAMES McMILLAN, late United States 
Senator from Michigan, was born at Ham- 
ilton, Ontario, on May 12, 1838; died at 
his summer residence, Manchester, Mass., 
on October 10, 1902. His parents came 
to Ontario from Scotland in 1836, and his 
father, William McMillan, for many years 
held prominent official connection with the 
Great Northwestern Railway Company. 
Young McMillan was given a practical 
I education in the grammar school of his 

native town, and at the early age of fourteen he accepted 
a position as clerk in a hardware store and began his re- 
markable business career. In 1885 he moved to Detroit, 
Michigan. There he entered a wholesale hardware store, 
and worked for two years, when he was appointed pur- 
chasing agent of the Detroit and Milwaukee Railway. 
While performing these duties he attracted the attention 
of an extensive railroad contractor and was employed by 
him to secure men, purchase supplies and care for the 
finances in connection with the execution of a large contract. 
Although but twenty years old, he performed these duties 
in a highly satisfactory manner, and when they were com- 
pleted again resumed his duties as purchasing agent of the 
Detroit and Milwaukee road. 

The foundation of Senator McMillan's fortune was laid 
in the manufacture of railway cars. He entered upon this 
business in 1864, when he associated himself with Mr. John 
S. Newberry and two other gentlemen in organizing the 
Michigan Car Company. Out of that grew the immense 
industrial enterprises of the present day, with which the 
names of McMillan and Newberry became identified as 
financial magnates the country over. Among the must 
important of their enterprises are the Detroit Car \\ heel 
Company, the Baugh Steam Forge Company, and the 
Detroit Iron Furnace Company, of all of which Mr. Mc- 
Millan was president and principal owner for many years. 
The average number of employes in these enterprises is 
over 2,500, and the business transacted averages all the way 
from $3,500,000 to over $5,000,000 annually. The Sen- 
ator's car-building enterprises were not confined to Detroit, 
He filled important contracts for the government. He 



was long prominently connected with and heavily interested 
in car works at London, Ontario, and Cambridge. Ind., and 
at St. Louis, which enterprises are largely indebted to his 
sagacity and administrative ability for their success, lli- 
brother, the kite William McMillan, eventually purchased 
the St. Louis works. 

These, however, were only a portion of his business 
undertakings. He was a principal holder in all the tele- 
phone lines of Michigan, and also a large owner in the 




HON. JAMES 



Detroit ami Cleveland Steam Navigation 1 ompany, of which 
his son, W. C. McMillan, is president; the Detroit Trans- 
portation Company, and several other freight and trans- 
portation lines upon the Great Lakes. This branch of hi> 
holdings was of great financial value. He wa 
interested in the Duluth, South Shore and Atlantic Rail- 
road, of which he was for man) years president. This 
road across the upper peninsula was constructed through 



(453) 



454 



THE CITY OF WASHINGTON. 



muh^^. 



II it 




SENATOR M= 



'S LATE RESIDENCE. 



rail- 



Mi 



road prospects I'm- the development of no 
ami Detroit. IK' was interested in numerous banks, having 
been for several years a director of the First National Bank 
hi" Detroit ami of the Detroit Savings Bank, lie was 
prominently connected with the Detroit Cit) Railway Com 
pany, with tin- I >. M. Ferrj Seed Company, which is one 
hi' the largest concerns of the kind in the United States; 
in ih«> Detroit Railroad Elevator Company, ami in the 
Union Depot Company, of that city. I lis estate includes 
immen e holdings of Detroit property, ami of property in 
ilir District of Columbia, outside of his splendid residence, 
mi I Vermont avenue, lie hail three other line bomes — 
I'm- in Detroit, a suburban home at Grosse Point, near 
that city, ami a summer home at Manchester-bv-the-Sea, 



Senator McMillan was the genuine type 
of gentleman. He possessed with it a rare 
administrative ability that enabled him to 
keep a grasp on his extensive wealth and 
yet find leisure for personal recreation and 
improvement. One characteristic was his 
ability to select and attach to himself men 
of good judgment and business capacitv. 
He was quick and sure in his judgment of 
character, and trusted fearlessly when once 
he had given his confidence. He was ready 
in decision, broad, clear, and liberal in his 
views, and wise and just in administration. 
Thoroughly quiet and unostentatious in his 
manner, he was an agreeable and loyal friend. 
Notwithstanding the arduous work he per- 
formed, he kept the physical man in the best 
possible condition, and. as a result, his nat- 
ural kindliness of disposition remained un- 
changed. He never displayed fatigue or 
impatience such as to repel the multitude of 
people who were constantly seeking him 
here at the Capital and in his own State. 

Senator McMillan's political career be- 
gan in 1879. when he succeeded the late 
Senator Chandler as chairman of the Re- 
publican State Central Committee, and was 
chairman in 1SS6, 1S90. 1892, and 1894. 
It is noteworthy that both men died at al- 
most the same age. and that they hold the 
longest records of service in the Senate from 
Michigan, Senator Chandler having served 
eighteen years. Mr. McMillan's earlier am- 
bition was to become governor of Michigan, 
but he was notable to secure the nomination. 
In the campaign of t8S6 he announced him- 
self as a candidate tor the Senate, but was 
defeated by Stockbridge, who died in [894. 
IK' was a Presidential elector in 1SS4. ami 
was president of the 1 letroit Park Commission 
for three years. He received the unanimous 
of the Republican members of the Michigan 
ami was elected to the United Stales Senate 
Thomas Witherell rainier, and look his seal 
889. In 1895 he received every vote in the 



March 4 

joint legislative convention for re-election, and was again 
re cKcie. 1 in nun. When death ended a useful and brilliant 
career, Senator McMillan was serving on the following 
committees: District of Columbia (chairman), Coast anil 
Insular Survey, Commerce. Corporations Organized in the 
District of Columbia, Naval Affairs, Relations with Cuba. 
In hi- general legislative capacity at the Capitol, outside 
of District mailers. Senator McMillan was one of the fore- 
most men. Mis advice and _ counsel were a factor in the 
proceedings of that body, and made him what compara- 
tive!) few men attain to there, one of the prominent leaders. 
lie was next to Senator l-'rvc. the chairman of the Commit- 



THE CITY OF WASHINGTON. 



455 



tee on Commerce. Since Senator Frye became presiding 
officer of the Senate, Mr. McMillan assumed a large part 
of the duties of presiding over that committee. He took 
an active part in the framing of the ship subsidy bill, on 
which he possessed much practical knowledge, having been 
an extensive ship builder as well as a ship owner, and was 
the leading conferee of the river and harbor bill. 

Senator McMillan was of philanthropic disposition, and 
gave generously to charities and to institutions of learning. 
Among his many benefactions was a well-equipped hospital 
in Detroit — Grace Hospital — established to the memory 
of a daughter who died some years since. He was long 
the president of that institution. Palestine Lodge of Free 
Masons, in Detroit, of which he was a member, received 
from him from time to time large donations. He gave to 
the University of Michigan one of the most complete 
Shakespearean libraries in the United States, and he also 
gave to that institution McMillan Hall. To the Michigan 
Agricultural College, at Lansing, he gave the Teper col- 
lection of insects, and to Albion College the McMillan 
chemical laboratory. He also gave to the Mary Allen Sem- 
inary, of Crockett, Tex., a school for the education of 
colored girls, $16,000, necessary to complete its endowment. 
He also gave much money to churches of different religious 
denominations, among them the Jefferson Avenue Presby- 
terian Church, of Detroit, where he ami his family attended. 
Senator and Mrs. McMillan, who was Miss Mary L. Wet- 
more, of Detroit, before their marriage in i860, have been 
prominent in the best society of the capital ever since they 
came here. The Senator was a member of the Metropolitan 
and Chevy Chase clubs. They had five children, four sons 
and one daughter. 

Senator McMillan was a popular man here not only 
because of his manifest interest in the welfare of Wash- 
ington, but also by reason of his many admirable traits of 
character and sterling principles. He was admired, re- 
spected and esteemed by all, and no man has departed this 
life within the history of Greater Washington who was 
more sincerely and universally mourned. Commissioner 
Macfarland upon learning of the death of this friend of the 
District, thus expressed himself: "This is the time of 
bereavement for the District of Columbia. While our flags 
are still at half mast for Commissioner Ross we received 
the shock of this new and great sorrow. Our personal 
grief is great, but it is exceeded by our sense of the loss 
to the District. This amounts to a calamtiy in the present 
crisis of the District's affairs in Congress. The District 
has many friends in Congress, but they all recognized 
Senator McMillan as its chief friend. As chairman of the 
Senate District Committee he, during the past decade, be- 
came more and more interested in the District's affairs and 
more and more devoted to its welfare. He was the Senator 
for the District of Columbia, its representative and advo- 
cate, quite as much as he was a Senator for Michigan. 
* * * He had great personal influence in the Senate 
and exerted it all for the District of Columbia in an entirely 
disinterested way. His circumstances gave him opportunity 



to serve the District which other Senators just as willing 
did not have. He improved this opportunity on every occa- 
sion, in the District Committee, in the Appropriations Com- 
mittee, and on the floor of the Senate. We are under a 
great debt of gratitude for his varied and important ser- 
vices. We shall realize it more as we miss him in the 
future. Personally he was a modest, courteous, and gener- 
ous gentleman. Neither his unusual ability nor his unusual 

success affected his manners, and he was kind to the 1 r 

and sympathetic with the suffering. I am told that he gave 
away one-half of his income in wise ways of benevolence." 
The "Washington Post" of October 11, 1902, spoke 
editorially as follows: "The sudden death of Senator Mc- 
Millan, of Michigan, will fall upon the country, as it has 
fallen upon Washington, with all the horrors of astonish- 
ment. Under any circumstances, had the event been ex- 
pected as a natural consummation, the decease of this ureal 
public man would have brought widespread affliction in 
its train. Especially here in Washington, where for so 
many years he has been conspicuous, not merely as a slates 
man and a lawmaker, but in society and in the domestic 
affairs of the District, his loss will be felt on all hands with 
a poignancy both intimate and profound. Few members 
of Congress during the past quarter of a century have be< n 
so closely related to Washington, so prominent in the social 
and governmental affairs of the capital < Hit in Petroit, 
where his home was and where he was affectionately known 
to everybody, he has been always spoken of as " the mayor 
of Washington." His deep and genuine interest in this 
beautiful city, his constant and sincere labors in the interest 
of Washington's advancement and adornment — all this 
has endeared him to us. while it ha- challenged the ap- 
proval and admiration of his fellow-citizens in far-of) 
Michigan. The splendid patriotic work, inaugurated b\ the 
venerable Morrill and the brilliant Ingalls, has been carried 
on with equal enthusiasm by Senator McMillan. What 
they designed for the glory and beautification of this capital 
he has earnestly striven to realize, and it will be remem- 
bered of him with gratitude and honor thai hi- efforts were 
inspired by a tact as delicate as it was potent, lie brought 
to his chosen task the vasl influence of high position and 
a commanding and attractive personality. lie enlisted 
the indifferent, he spurred the sluggish, he convinced the 
skeptical. And. over and above all. there was the charm 
of an ingenuous sincerity that won the heart. This is a 
loss thai will he felt in every class and coterie — social, 
political, or official. What it will be to Michigan we can 
onlj guess, but we take no risk when we assert that here 
at the capital, whether in public or in private life, bis lament- 
able decease will he mourned with practically universal 
sorrow. Quite apart from his gifts as a statesman and 
his devotion as a patriotic' legislator, the interest he has 
displayed in our immediate affairs and the good will be 
has earned 011 all hands as a gracious and a kindly gentle- 
man will evoke from every resident of Washington the 
tribute of a genuine lament." 



456 



THE CITY OF WASHINGTON 



Hon. William Andrews Clark, pioneer, miner, mer- 
chant, banker and United States Senator, was born on a farm 
near Connellsville, Fayette county, Pennsylvania, on the 
8th day of January, 1839. He is the son of John and Mary 
(Andrews) Clark, both natives of that county. His grand- 
parents emigrated from County Tyrone, Ireland, and settled 
in Pennsylvania soon after the revolutionary war. His 
parents lived in Pennsylvania until 1856, when they moved 
to Van Buren county, Iowa, where his father died in 1873. 
In religious belief his father was a Presbyterian, and an 
elder in that church for forty years before his death. His 
mother, Mrs. Mary Clark, now lives at Los Angeles, Cal- 
ifornia, and is eighty-nine years old. 

Senator Clark's father being a farmer, his boyhood 
days were spent on the homestead, where he enjoyed the 
advantages of three months' winter school, and nine months 




HON. WILLIAM ANDREWS CLARK 

of farm work. At the age of Fourteen he entered Laurel 
Mill Academy, where he prepared for college. Alter the 
removal of the family to Iowa, he attended an academy 
in Birmingham for a shorl time, and afterwards entered 
Iowa Wesleyan University al Alt. Pleasant, and later studied 
law for two years. In [859- [.860 be was teaching school in 
Missouri, ami in iXi.j he spenl ili«' winter working quartz 
mines in Central City, Col. In [863 he started for Bannock, 
a town then in Eastern Idaho, and after sixty-five days' 
travel with an ox team arrived in time to join a stampede 
I" Horse Prairie. It was here, in the working of a claim 
which be located, that be made the basis of bis future 
fortune, making a net profit of $1,500 the first year. Me 
did not, however, continue in the mining business, but took 
advantage of the opportunities offered for trade and busi- 
ness, and was soon ai the head -1 one -1 the largest mer- 
cantile establishments in tile Territory. Mis first venture 



in this new district was to bring in a wagon load of pro- 
visions from Salt Lake City, in 1863-1864. In 1865 he 
opened a general store in Blackfoot City, and in 1866 he 
went to Elk Creek and started another, selling out in the 
fall and going to San Francisco, making a good portion 
of the journey on horseback. In 1866 Mr. Clark made a 
trip in the East and South, visiting some of the principal 
cities, and returned to Montana the following year, where 
he contracted the star route between Missoula and Walla 
Walla. In 1868 he went to New York and formed a co- 
partnership with R. W. Donnell. and later S. E. Larabie was 
admitted into the business, and the firm of Donnell, Clark 
& Larabie entered upon a successful mercantile and banking 
career, first at Deer Lodge, and then at Butte. Later Messrs. 
Donnell and Larabie were succeeded by James Ross Clark, 
brother of the Senator, when the banking house of W. A. 
Clark & Bro., of Butte, Montana, was established, which 
is still in existence. 

Senator Clark soon turned his attention to the develop- 
ment of quartz mines, and in order to fit himself for the 
business, in 1872-1873 attended the School of Mines at 
Columbia College, where he took a complete rnetalurgical 
course. Since that time he has been closely identified with 
mining industries, and its auxiliary interests in Montana, 
Utah. Wyoming. Idaho, Colorado, New Mexico and Ariz- 
ona, and has been for many years the largest individual cop- 
per producer known in the metal world. I lis business inter- 
ests to-day are scattered from Maine to San Francisco, and 
include banking, mining and smelting, railroading, maim 
facturing, merchandising, and, in fact, there is hardly any 
line of business in which he is not more or less directly or 
indirectly connected. Notwithstanding his busy and stren- 
uous life, be has found time to hold many positions of honor 
and trust during his career, as well as having made a thor- 
ough study of art. and with his family, went to Europe 
and mastered the French and German languages. .Mr. Clark 
has probably the finest private collect ion of pictures in the 
United States. Governor Potts in [876 appointed him 
State orator to represent the Centennial Exposition from 
the State of Montana. In 1877 he was elected Grand 
Master of the Masonic Lodge of Montana, and it is said 
that he has conferred every degree in Masonry upon can- 
didates in this order, with the single exception of the thirty- 
third. 

During the \ez Perce invasion, in [878, Mr. Clark 
received the commission of major, and led the first battalion 
to the front against Chief Joseph. In 1SS4 be was appointed 
by President Arthur as one of the commissioners of the 
World's Industrial and Cotton Exhibition at Mew Orleans, 
where he spent several months in the interests of his chosen 
rerritorj . 

Mr. Clark received the Democratic nomination for del- 
e-ate to Congress in [888, hut was defeated. When Mon 
tana was admitted to the Union be was elected a membei 
i<\ the constitutional convention, and was afterwards chosen 
presiding officer. In [899 he was a candidate for United 
Siate- Senator, and received the unanimous vote of his 



THE CITY OF WASHINGTON. 



457 



party in caucus and in joint session, but by reason of a 
Republican majority in the Senate, his claims for a seat 
were not long- considered. He was again a candidate for 
Senatorial honors in 1893, and would have been elected 
but for a split in the Democratic party, one wing of which 
was headed by Marcus Daly. In 1898 Mr. Clark was again 
elected to the United States Senate, but a protest was filed 
against his taking his seat in the Senate. After a long and 
bitter fight before the Committee on Privileges and Elec- 
tions of the United States Senate, Mr. Clark resigned and 
returned to the State of Montana, where the question was 
again submitted to the people of that State. It was soon 
discovered that a very friendly feeling existed throughout 



In March, 1869, Mr. Clark was married to Kate L. 
Stauffer, of Connellsville. Pennsylvania, and started on 
their wedding day for their future home in the Rockies. 
Mr. Clark has attributed his success in a very large measure 
to the good judgment, advice and intelligence of his beau- 
tiful wife, to whom he was devoted, and who was a fitting 
helpmate, always willing to do her part during his early 
struggles in surmounting difficulties with which only pio- 
neers are familiar. It was on the 191I1 day of <>et<>ber. 
1893, that Mr. Clark met with the greatest loss of his life, 
in the death of Mrs. Clark, at their family resilience in 
New York. Six children were born to Mr. and Mrs. Clark, 
four of whom arc still living. 




SENATOR CLARK'S RESIDENCE 



the State, and when the fall election was over it was apparent 
that a very large majority of the members of both Houses 
would support Mr. Clark for the United States Senate. 
As soon as the Legislature assembled, and a joint ballot 
was taken, Mr. Clark was elected by a very large vote. He 
proceeded to Washington and took the oath of office on 
March 4, and has since enjoyed without interruption the 
honor conferred upon him. By reason of his modes! de- 
meanor, broad experience, and great intellectuality, he has 
proved a power in the Senate, and was soon assigned to 
a large number of the most important committees oi tin- 
Senate, and to-day has the distinction of being a member oi 
more committees than any other United Stales Senator, 
amongst them that of Foreign Relations. 

58 



Hon. Chauncey Mitchell Depew. — The pages of 

history furnish no name more familiar to the reading pub- 
lic than that of Chauncey M. Depew, and no name is more 
closely identified with the business and social worlds than 
that of the junior United States Senator from New York. 
To give anything akin to an exhaustive sketch of the life 
of Senator Depew, one thai would comprehend bis busy 
life in its multifarious callings, would be impossible in an 
article of this scope. To summarize his undertakings, his 
achievements and his successes would lead one to wonder 
thai so much could be crowded into a lifetime. Yet with 
all these affairs, so main business interests to keep straight, 
such a multitude of concerns to demand his directing band. 
the Senator has found time to mingle in the social circle 



45» 



THE CITY OF WASHINGTON. 



and be a leading spirit, for he is the prince of entertainers. 
As an after-dinner talker and a ready orator Mr. Depew 
is pre-eminently the fashion, and the function that secures 
him as the orator is indeed fortunate. 

Mr. Depew was born in Peckskill, New York, on April 
23, 1834. He prepared for Yale College, and was graduated 
from that institution in 1856, and in 1887 received the 
degree of LL.D. from his alma mater. Choosing the pro- 
fession of law, he entered the office of Hon. William 
Nelson, of Peekskill, was admitted to the bar in 1858, and 
commenced the practice of his profession the following 
year. In 1861, at the age of twenty-seven, Mr. Depew 
was the choice of his party as a member of the assembly, 
and in [862 was re-elected, serving as chairman of the 
committee on ways and means during the latter session. 
I [e was elected Secretary of State in [863 by 30,000 major- 




HON. CHAUNCEY MITCHELL DEPEW 

and refused a renomination for the office, lie was ap- 
pointed minister to Japan, and the appointment was con- 
firmed b) the Senate, but he declined to accept the office. 
In t866 he was appointed attorney for the New York and 
Harlem Railroad Company, and has since continuously 
been identified with that and the New York Central and 
Hudson River Railroad Company, the successor of the 

prising and allied to the Vanderbilt system as general 
counsel: became president of the New York Central and 
Hudson River Railroad in 1885. He resigned in [899 to 
becomi chairman of the boards of directors of the New 
York Central, the Lake Shore, the Michigan Central, and 
the New York, Chicago and St. Louis Railroad companies. 
In [867 he was appointed count) clerk of Westchester 
County by Governor Fenton and resigned; in [870 was 



made emigration commissioner by the New York legisla- 
ture, but declined to serve; in 1875 was appointed and 
served as boundary commissioner, fixing the State line 
with adjoining States; in 1872 was candidate for lieuten- 
ant-governor on the Liberal Republican, or Greeley, ticket, 
but acted with the Republican party the next year, and 
has canvassed the State and country for the party even- 
year since 1872, as he had every year before 1872. begin- 
ning the year he graduated from Yale College. In 1874 
Mr. Depew was elected regent of the State University, and 
appointed one of the commissioners to build the State cap- 
itol ; in 1S81 was a candidate for United States Senator 
to succeed Thomas C. Piatt, who had resigned, and after 
a protracted and exciting contest, in which he received 
the votes of a majority of the Republican legislators, he 
withdrew and Warner Miller was chosen: in 1885 the 
Senatorship was tendered him. but his business and pro- 
fessional engagements at that time prevented acceptance : 
was a candidate for the Presidential nomination at the 
Republican national convention at Chicago in 1888, and 
received 99 votes: was delegate at large to the conventions 
in 1892 and 1896, presenting the name of President Har- 
rison for renomination to the former and that of Governor 
Morton to the latter. Mr. Depew has been the orator on 
three great national and international occasions — the un- 
veiling of the Statue of Liberty in New York Harbor, the 
statue having been purchased by the contributions of the 
people of France and brought over here by the members 
of the cabinet, of the legislature, and of the army and 
navy of the French Republic: the centennial celebration 
of the inauguration of the first President of the United 
States. George Washington; the opening of the great 
World's Fair at Chicago, in 18^2. celebrating the discover) 
of America by Columbus, lie was also selected by the 
legislature to deliver the oration at the centennial cele- 
bration of the formation of the constitution of the Slate of 
New > ork, at Kingston: at the centennial of the organiza- 
tion of the legislature of the State of New York; at the 
services in the legislature in memory of General Sherman, 
Genera] I lusted, and Governor Fenton, and at the memorial 
services of President Garfield in New York, and was also 
selected as the orator for the unveiling of the statue of 
Alexander Hamilton in Central Park, and at the centennial 
celebration of the capture of Major An. lie at Sleepy Hol- 
low. Mr. Depew was elected to the United States Senate 
to succeed Edward Murphy, Jr., Democrat, and took his 
seat March 4. [899. In that hod\ he serves on the follow- 
ing committees : Revision of the Laws <>i the United States 
(chairman), Commerce, Forest Reservations and the Pro- 
tection of Game, Judiciary, Pacific Islands and Porto Rico 

In the business world Senator Depew's connections 
are many. He is a director oi the following railroads and 
institutions: New York Central and Hudson River Rail- 
road. Lake Shore and Michigan Southern Railway. Michi- 
gan Central Railroad, New York and Harlem Railroad, 



THE CITY OF WASHINGTON. 



459 



West Shore Railroad, Canada Southern Railroad, New 
York, Chicago and St. Louis Railroad, Chicago and North- 
western Railway, Cleveland, Cincinnati, Chicago and St. 
Louis Railway, Chesapeake and Ohio Railway, Chicago, 
Milwaukee and St. Paul Railway, Chicago, St. Paul, Min- 
neapolis and Omaha Railway, Boston and Albany Rail- 
road, New York, New Haven and Hartford Railroad, New 
York, Ontario and Western Railway, Fonda, Johnstown 
and Gloversville Railroad and the Delaware and Hudson 
Company ; the Equitable Life Assurance Society, Equitable 
Trust Company, Union Trust Company, Mercantile Trust 
Company, Western Union Telegraph Company and West- 
ern National Bank. 



Hon. Stephen Benton Elkins, lawyer, financier. 
Secretary of War in the Cabinet of President Harrison, 
and now United States Senator, a man of striking appear- 
ance, exceptional ability and unlimited capacity for work, 
has gained for himself by his own' talents and application, 
an honorably attained fortune. He was born in Perry 
county, Ohio, September 26, 1841, his father being a 
farmer. During his early boyhood the family moved to 
Missouri. Mr. Elkins received an excellent education in 
the public schools and at the University of the State, and 
displayed ambition even in school, where he applied himself 
so diligently as to attract attention. He graduated in 
i860, at the head of his class. After fitting himself for 
practice of the law, he was admitted to the bar in 18(15. 




SENATOR DEPEV 

Senator Depew holds membership in the following 
clubs and societies of New York : the Century, Metropoli- 
tan, Union League, University, St. Nicholas, Transporta- 
tion, Lawyers, Tuxedo, Riding, Yale, N. Y. Yacht, Ardsley, 
Players, Lotus, Republican, Authors', Strollers, Psi Up- 
silon, and Phi Beta Kappa Clubs; the Holland Society, 
Sons of American Revolution, Lafayette Post, Kane Lodge, 
Huguenot Society, New England Society, Young Men's 
Christian Association. In Washington — Metropolitan, 
Country, Chevy Chase and Alibi Clubs. Senator Depew 
was married on November 9, 1871, to Miss Elsie Hege- 
man, to whom one son was born. She died in March. 
1893. His second wife, who was Miss May Palmer, he 
married in December, 1901. 



RESIDENCE. 



During (he war. he joined the Union forces, and for a while 
served on the Missouri border, with die rank of captain 
The spirit of adventure and a desire to practice Ins 
profession in a field which was not overcrowded, led him 
in 1864 to cross the plains to New Mexico, then a rougli 
border country, inhabited by a population two thirds oi 
whom were Spanish. The life of the territory was full 
of hardship and danger at that linn-, but presented op- 
portunities for success to an enterprising man. Finding 
it necessary, at once, to master the Spanish language, Mr. 
Elkins became proficient in that tongue within one year. 
Stalwart and capable, he soon attracted important clients 
and a large practice, and gained popularity and influence. 
In 1866 he was elected to the legislature. His speeches in 
ihai ImkK revealed greal force of character and devotion 



460 



THE CITY OF WASHINGTON. 



to the welfare of the territory. In 1867 he rose to the 
positon of attorney-general of New Mexico. 

In 1868, President Johnson appointed Mr. Elkins to 
be United States District Attorney of the territory, and he 
was one of the few officials of that administration whom 
President Grant did not remove. In this position, it fell 
to the lot of Mr. Elkins to enforce the act of Congress, 
prohibiting slavery or involuntary servitude in the terri- 
tories of the United States, and he had the satisfaction 
of restoring to liberty several thousand peons, who were 
then held in'practical slavery by the Mexican residents. He 
was the first public official to enforce this law, and per- 
formed liis task in the face of serious opposition, against 
the prejudices of the rich and influential and under threats 
of personal violence. In 1869 Mr. Elkins was elected 
president of the First National Bank of Santa Fe and held 




HON. STEPHEN BENTON ELKINS 



Ibis 



in for thirteen years. Mis income from law 
practice and other sources was considerable, and. being 
careful in his expenditures, at an early day he was enabled 
to invest large sums of money in lands and mines, so. m tak- 
ing rank among the largest land proprietors in the country 
and an extensive owner in the silver mines of Colorado. In 
[873 Mr. Elkins received an election as delegate from 
New Mexico to Congress, defeating bis opponent, a Mexi- 
can, by 4,o(K) majority. In Congress, he served his con- 
stituents so well, that, in [875, while traveling in Europe, 
notwithstanding a positive refusal to accepl the office again, 
the territory re elected him by a large majority to the Forty- 
fourth Congress. He could do no less than accept the honor 
thus bestowed and serve a second term. In Congress be 
quickl) gained prominence by industry, ability and effective 
support of important measures. During his second term, he 
was especially untiring in efforts to secure the admission 
of New Mexico as a Stale. An elaborate speech, setting 



forth the resources and claims of the then little known 
territory, gained for him a national reputation. 

While in Congress, Mr. Elkins married a daughter 
of ex-Senator Henry G. Davis, of West Virginia, a woman 
of great refinement and social ability. 

Four years of experience in Washington brought Mr. 
Elkins well into the arena of public affairs. From the 
beginning, an active, earnest and aggressive Republican, 
he favored especially the policy of protection to American 
industry. His advocacy of constructive measures made 
him, during his first term in Congress, one of the leaders 
of his party, and in 1S75, a member of the Republican 
National Committee. Upon this committee he served dur- 
ing three Presidential campaigns. In 1884 the executive 
committee elected him chairman. A warm and intimate 
friendship soon sprang up between James G. Blaine and 
Mr. Elkins, and the latter was influential in bringing about 
the nomination of Mr. Blaine for the Presidency in 18S4. 
He was equally instrumental in the nomination of Benjamin 
Harrison in 1888 and 1892. December 17, 1891, he became 
Secretary of War under President Harrison. He was 
especially well fitted to perform the duties of this office, 
having had a large acquaintance with the army and affairs of 
the War Department in the West. His appointment brought 
into the service of the army a man of intellectual strength, 
an excellent organizer and a courteous gentleman. He 
was invariably cordial and obliging to persons engaged 
in public business, and exceedingly helpful to Senators and 
Members. Patient in investigation, prompt in decision, 
and sincerely desirous • of promoting the welfare of the 
army, he proved a successful and useful Secretary of War. 

Mr. Elkins' reputation does not rest entirely upon 
his public services. His progress in the field of business 
and finance has been marked. About 1878 he removed 
from New Mexico to West Virginia, and there devoted 
himself, in company with ex-Senator Davis, to the devel- 
opment of the railroads of the State, and the coal and 
timber lands of the Cumberland region. While practical 
affairs soon compelled him to abandon legal practice in 
the courts, he has always retained his interest in the law. 
and superintends all legal matters connected with his various 
enterprises. Success has followed effort in these enter- 
prises, but it should be mentioned that while adding to SOm< 
extent t<> his private fortune. Mr. Elkins has conferred 
upon the people of his adopted State far greater benefits 
than lie has received, lie has been vice-president of The 
Wesl \ irginia Central & Pittsburg Railway Company since 
its organization, and of The Piedmont & Cumberland Rail 
road, and is president of The Davis Coal & I oke Company. 
Through his agency large amounts of capital hav< been 
brought into the State, and employment provided for 
thousands of nun. 

In December, [892, Mr. Elkins received the com- 
plimentary vote of the Republicans of the Legislature of 
West Virginia For I nited States Senator. A forcible ora- 
tor, he has made many public addresses, all of which have 
shown originality, public spirit, and thorough acquaintance 
with economic and political questions. During the cam- 
paign of [894, he led the Republicans of West Virginiz 
in the Struggle, which, for the first time since the period 



THE CITY OF WASHINGTON. 



461 



of reconstruction, broke the Solid South. Congressman 
Wilson, in whose district Mr. Elkins resides, was defeated 
by a decisive majority; four Republicans were elected to 
Congress ; the Legislature was made Republican by twenty- 
nine majority on joint ballot ; and the State carried by 
13,000 majority. As a result of this revolution the Legis- 
lature elected Mr. Elkins United States Senator in 1895. 
His home is the beautiful country seat of " Hallie- 
hurst," at Elkins, in Randolph county, West Virginia. 



dence in New York, where his business affairs required 
him to pass much of his time, he associated himself with 
many local interests, thoroughly in accord with his ener- 
getic nature, and became a member of the Union League. 
Republican, Ohio, United Service, Metropolitan and Man- 
hattan Athletic Clubs, and the Southern Society. Like other 
public-spirited citizens, he also contributed to the support 
of those favorite projects of refined New Yorkers, the 
Metropolitan Museum of Art, and the American .Museum 




SENATOR ELKINS' RESIDENCE 



This large mansion stands upon a mountain site of unusual 
beauty, containing a magnificent view of the valley 
beneath and the forests and mountain peaks which frame 
the scene. The house, four stories high, with towers, seems 
from a distance greatly like an old-time castle. A porch 
surrounds the structure on three sides, and the main hall, 
fifty-eight feet long by twenty-five feet wide, indicates 
the size of the other apartments. During his casual resi- 



cograpn 

lil, more 



of Natural History, as well as the S.mer 
ical Society. A man of Sjtrong and slur 
than six feet in height, with fine features, and a large head 
set firmly on powerful shouiders, be is yet in the prime 
of life and an active force in affairs. His favorite room 
at In nne is bis library, and be spends most of his time 
there, in the company of a large and well selected collec- 
tion -1 I ks. 



462 



THE CITY OF WASHINGTON. 



Hon. Thomas C. Piatt, the senior United States 
Senator from New York, was born in Owego, Tioga county, 
New York, on Jul}' 15, 1833. He is the son of William 
Flatt, for many years a lawyer and land agent in that town. 
After having attended school at a local academy, Thomas 
C. Piatt, in 1849, went to New Haven and entered the class 
of 1853 at Yale. He left college after about a year and 
became a merchant at home. He carried on a lumber 
business in Michigan for a time, then became president of 
a bank in Owego, and finally a director and afterward 
president of the Southern Central Railroad Company. His 
first office was that of county clerk of Tioga county, to 
which he was elected in 1858. About that time he formed 
a friendship with Alonzo B. Cornell, who was active in 
politics in the neighboring county of Tompkins, and the 
two were of material aid id each other in their future 




HON. THOM/ 



C. PLATT 



Mr. I Mail was nominated for Congress in 1870 as the 
result of a deadlock between two candidates, to one of 
whom lie was pledged, lie declined in accept the nomina- 
tion, :ind im.'ilh his man won, Me was elected to Congress 
in iXjj, and again in 1X74. In bis first term lie served on 
the Committee on Post < iffices and Post Roads, and in the 
next Congress served on the Committee on Pacific Railroads. 
Mr. I ' 1 ,- 1 1 1 was an unsuccessful candidate I'm- 1 be Postmaster- 
General in the Cabinel of President Hayes. Failing to re- 
ceive ibis appointment, be retired from office and devoted 
himself to business. In 1X7,1 l ie was elected general manager 
and secretar) of the United States Express Company, and 
in [880 president of that corporate m. 

The ncxl appearance "i Mr. Piatt in politics was at 
the Stale Convention of 1877. al Rochester. President 
[-Iayes had removed Mr. Arthur from the office of collector 
of the port of New York, and Mr. Cornell from the office 



of the surveyorship. This action brought on war between 
the administration and the Conkling machine. Senator 
Conkling had been chosen to preside over the State con- 
vention, but he substituted Mr. Piatt in his stead, and the 
latter opened fight on President Hayes in a speech, attacking 
the administration and the civil service reform policy. The 
more noted speech by George William Curtis and the reply 
of Senator Conkling took place at the same convention. 

The contest for the United States Senatorship to suc- 
ceed Francis Kernan in 1881 was a lively one. The prin- 
cipal candidates were Richard Crowley, of Lockport, and 
Thomas C. Piatt. Vice-President-elect Arthur favored Mr. 
Crowley, while Governor Cornell favored his old friend 
Mr. Piatt, from the southern tier of counties. Mr. Piatt 
carried the Republican caucus and was elected Senator on 
January 18, 1881. His career in the Senate might have 
been one of great interest, except for the quarrel between 
President Garfield and Senator Conkling over the disposi- 
tion of New York patronage. The President, on March 
23, 1SS1, sent to the Senate the name of William 1 1. Robert- 
son to be collector of the port of New York. Judge Robert- 
son had been a delegate to the Chicago Convention of 1880, 
and organized the bolt against the unit rule in the New York 
delegation, which had been instructed for General Grant, 
and so contributed materially to the possibility of General 
Garfield's nomination. Senators Conkling and Plait bitterly 
opposed Robertson's confirmation, and finally the Presi- 
dent was driven by their opposition to withdraw from the 
Senate the other Xew York nominations which had been 
made with a view to conciliating Mr. Piatt and Mr. Conk- 
ling. Among these was that of General Stewart L. Wood- 
ford to be United States District Attorney, and Louis F. 
Payn to he United States Marshal. 

The next day Senators Conkling and Piatt resigned 
their seats in the Senate of the United States. It was said 
at the time that the excitement caused by their action was 
not exceeded by any event that occurred in the most excit- 
ing days of the Rebellion. The resignations were entirely 
unexpected. At the beginning of the session of the Senate 
that day it was noticed that the Vice-President, General 
Arthur, was flushed and nervous. Before the chaplain had 
finished his prayer, it was observed, however, that In- had 
resumed his usual composure, and when the journal had 
been read he handed to the clerk what appeared to he an 
ordinary communication with the remark: " 1 am directed 
to laj before the Senate the comrhunication which the Clerk 
will now read." The Clerk read the resignation of Senator 
Conkling. Senator-, heard the reading of the letter with 
amazement, and several requested that it might be read 
again. Before they had time to recover from their aston- 
ishment, the Vice-President laid before the Senate a second 
communication, which was read 1>\ the Clerk as follows; 

SENATI l 11 VMB1 K. Ma\ [6, l88l. 

T 1 Hon. C. V \ki in k. Vice-President: 

Sir: I have forwarded to the Governor of the Stale of 
\,-„ York my resignation a- Senator of the United Stales 
for the State ><i New York. Will you please announce the 
fact to the Senati \\ ith ureal respect, your obedient 
servant, 

T. C. Platt. 



THE CITY OF WASHINGTON. 



463 



Announcement had been made two weeks before in the 
.public prints that Mr. Piatt intended to resign his seat in 
the Senate if that body confirmed Judge Robertson's nom- 
ination, but in the excitement of the time the report had 
not attracted much attention. The announcement, however, 
it is now known, was made upon the authority of a gentle- 
man to whom Mr. Piatt had communicated his intention. 
At that time it was not suspected that Mr. Conkling in- 
tended to pursue the same course, as no intimation of the 
kind had been hinted by him. 

In their letter to Governor Cornell, Messrs. Piatt and 
Conkling said : " The Legislature is in session ; it is Re- 
publican in majority, and New York abounds in sons quite 
as able as we to bear her message and commission in the 
Senate of the United States. With a profound sense of the 
obligations we owe, with devotion to the Republican party 
and its creed of liberty and right, with reverent attachments 
to the great State whose interests and honor are dear to 
the United States, we hold it respectful and becoming to 
make room for those who may correct all errors we have 
made, interpret all duties we have misconceived." 

Mr. Piatt and Mr. Conkling sought a re-election as a 
vindication of their attitude, but were opposed by the 
national administration. The chief opponents of Mr. Piatt 
and Mr. Conkling were Chauncey M. Depevv and William 
A. Wheeler. After prolonged balloting Warner Miller was 
elected as Mr. Piatt's successor and Elbridge G. Lapham 
as tlie successor of Roscoe Conkling. Mr. Piatt was appar- 
ently without political power when he thus resigned his 
office as United States Senator in 1881, but he quietly weiit 
to work in the southern tier of counties and by 1884 had 
become such a power that with his old opponent Warner 
Miller he nearly controlled the Republican State Convention 
of 1884, held at Utica. Mr. Piatt also attended the NationaJ 
Republican Convention as a delegate and contributed largely 
towards the bringing about of the nomination of James G. 
Blaine for President. In 1888, once more a delegate, but 
this time a delegate-at-large to the Republican National 
Convention, he was influential in swinging the New York 
delegation over to the support of Benjamin Harrison for 
President. In 1892, Mr. Piatt, once more a delegate-at-large 
to the Republican National Convention, opposed the renom- 
ination of President Harrison. In 1896 Mr. Piatt, with 
the majority of the members of the New York delegation 
in attendance at the Republican National Convention, sup- 
ported Levi P. Morton for President, and then joined in 
the motion that the nomination of William McKinley be 
made unanimous. 

Mr. Piatt was selected as their candidate for United 
States Senator by the Republican members of the Legisla- 
ture in 1897 by a vote of 142 to 7; the other Republican 
candidate being" Joseph H. Choate. Mr. Piatt was re-elected 
to the Senate in 1903, and is a member of the following- 
important committees: Printing (chairman), Census, Civil 
Service and Retrenchment. Finance, Interoceanic Canals, 
and Naval Affairs. His term of service will expire March 
3, 1909. 



Hon. Thomas Robert Bard was born at Chambers- 
burg, Pennsylvania, on December 8, 1841. His a 
were Scotch-Irish, and among the earliest settlers of that 
part of the Cumberland Valley in which Chambersbnrg is 
situated. Mr. Bard's early education was received at the 
common schools, afterwards- graduating at the Chambers- 
burg Academy. He chose as his vocation the profession 
of law, but before completing his studies went to Hagers- 
town, Maryland, where he engaged in railroading. He 
remained in this place but a few years, the field being too 
restricted, and having great faith in the future of the far 
West, and a prophetic belief that there was the place for 
the better advancement of his material interests. Mr. Baird, 
in 1864, moved to California. He settled in Ventura county 
of that State, and here mapped out a career that has been 
eminently successful, finding a congenial home in Hueneme, 




HON, THOMAS ROBERT BARD 



and in the region surrounding a profitable field for the 
starting and exploitation of wide and diversified business 
interests. Here he has remained and continuously en- 
gaged in wharfing and warehousing, banking, petroleum 
mining, sheep grazing, and dealing in real esiate. 
Mr. Bard's close application to his business in 
gave him no opportunity for many years to pay attention 
to politics, and though frequently importuned to enter the 
arena — to allow the use of his name in connection with 
important offices — he remained firm in his office chair, was 
obdurate to appeal, and indifferent to the allurements and 
emoluments of political life. , He was frequently, however, 
a valued counselor in the affairs of his party, and was en- 
dowed with a sagacity that was mam times of the utmost 
service to those who sought advice. But with the \vi 
Ins personality and the strength of his character, Mr. Bard 
was bound to become a public man. and in 1892 he was 



464 



THE CITY OF WASHINGTON. 



prevailed upon to expose himself to the searching rays 
of the political sun, and right well he withstood them. In 
the Presidential election of that year, when Cleveland made 
a sweep through many of the supposedly stalwart Repub- 
lican States, Mr. Bard was the only successful elector on 
the Republican ticket in California, an endorsement of per- 
sonal strength and popularity that was not soon to be 
forgotten by the people of the State. On February 7, 1900, 
at an extra session of the legislature of California, by an 
unnanimous vote of the Republican majority, he was elected 
to the United States Senate to fill the vacancy occasioned 
by the expiration of the term of Stephen M. White, Demo- 
crat, .March 3, 1899, and took the oath of office in the 
Senate on .March 5, 1900. His term of office will expire 
March 3, 1905. Senator Bard serves on the following 
committees: Fisheries, Indian Affairs, Irrigation and Rec- 
lamation of Arid Lands, Public Lands, Territories, and 
Woman Suffrage (select). 

The Senator is popular in Washington, and his social 
qualities have made him many friends and admirers. His 
long Business training makes him a useful conferee in 
committee work, and his opinions are valuable contributions 
toward the adjustment of difficulties that arise. Senator 
ami Mrs. Bard, with their family, when in Washington, 
reside at the Nbrm'andie. 

Hon. Henry Moore Teller is of Holland stock, his 
ancestors being among the early Dutch settlers of Manhat- 
tan Island. His father. John 'Teller, was born in Schenec- 
tady, Ww York, but at the time of the son's birth lived 
at the town of Granger, in Allegany county, of that State, 
where Henry M. Teller was born on the 23d of May, 1830. 
His mother. Charlotte Moore Teller, was of New England 
origin and a native of Windham, Vermont. The first years 
of Mr. Teller's life were passed upon his father's farm 
OUllty, and the first money he earned was 
ork in the harvest fields of his father's neigh- 



in Allegany 
paid him foi 

In 'IS. 



Senator Teller is a self-made man. He early in lite 
evinced an ambition to secure a better education than was 
afforded by the schools in the immediate vicinity of his 
father's home, and soughl access to the neighboring insti- 
tutions of learning, lie attended for a time Alfred Uni- 
versity, at Alfred Centre, which has since conferred upon 
him ill' 1 degree of I.1..1'.. and afterwards, for four years, 
the academj al Rushford, at which place he sustained him- 
self by teaching school in the winter season and farm 
labor during vacation. He taught for seven years, ami 

then entered the law office of Hon. Martin drover, of 

Angelica, New York, afterwards of the New York conn 
ol appeals, where he remained for three years, being ad- 
mitted to the bar in January, [858. Later in the same year 
he removed to Whiteside county, Illinois, and afterwards, 
in iNiu, to Central City, Colorado, where he has since 
maintained his legal residence, Although a young man 
when In- removed to Illinois, Mr. Teller took an active part 
in politics during his brief residence in thai State, which 



covered one of the most exciting periods politically in the 
State's history, embracing as it did the Lincoln-Douglas 
debate, the Presidential campaign of i860, and the begin- 
ning of the war of the rebellion. Mr. Teller had begun 
life as a Democrat, but only a few years after the attainment 
of his majority he espoused the principles of the then newly 
formed Republican party. He became an admirer and 
staunch supporter of Mr. Lincoln, and took an active part 
in the campaign which resulted in Mr. Lincoln's nom- 
ination and election to the Presidency. He attended the 
national convention of i860 at Chicago, and went on the 
stump after the nomination. 

While never losing his interest in politics after he 
removed to Colorado and keeping at all times abreast of 
public affairs and in thorough touch with the masses of the 
people, Mr. Teller devoted himself assiduously to the prac- 




HON. HENRY MOORE TELLER 

tice of law in (hat Territory, ami except for a brief service 
as major general of the Colorado State militia in [863, 
never held any office until he was elected to the United 

States Senate upon the admission oi the Stale into tin 
Union in [876. Thoroughly grounded in the principles 
of the law. he immediately took a high rank in the practice, 
and from the lime of his arrival at Central City, in lSi.i. 
until his election to the Senate. 15 years later, conducted a 
larger law business than any other lawyer in that section 
of tli. country. IK- was engaged upon one side of almost 
every lawsuit of importance tried in the 'Territory during 
that time. From tin- beginning of his residence in Colorado 
In made the interests of the Territory his especial study, 
and at all times took a prominent part in the questions 
f (i,,. d a y, H e organized the Colorado Central railroad in 
1865, ami was its president until the line was consolidated 



THE CITY OF WASHINGTON. 



465 



with the Union Pacific, five years later. He was known 
throughout the territory, and when the time came for choos- 
ing representatives of the- State in the Senate at the national 
capital, after the admission into the Union in 1876, there 
was little division of opinion as to the selection in this 
case. After the first State election, in October, 1876, he 
announced himself as a candidate for the United States 
Senate. He received the caucus nomination of the Repub- 
lican party, and on the 14th day of November, 1S76, Hon. 
J. B. Chaffee and he were elected as the State's first United 
States Senators. At the convening of the Senate on the 
3d of December, 1876, he drew the Senatorial term ending 
March 3, 1877, and in December, 1876, was elected for 
the full term of six years commencing on the 4th day of 
March, 1877. 

That the choice of the people of the new State made 
by the first State legislature has been sanctioned and sus- 
tained by their successors is shown by the fact that he has 
since been re-elected five times, and has been kept in the 
Senate, almost without effort on his part, unless the per- 
formance of official duty may be designated as such effort, 
during the entire period of the State's existence, except 
three years, from 1882 to 1885, when he served as Secre- 
tary of the Interior in President Arthur's cabinet. Mr. 
Teller entered the cabinet on the 17th of April, 1882, hold- 
ing this position until the 3d day of March, 1885, when, 
upon the expiration of President Arthur's term, he retired 
to resume his seat in the Senate, having been in the mean- 
time re-elected to that body. In the winter of 1S91 he was 
re-elected to the Senate, without opposition in his own 
partv, for another full term of six years. He left the 
Republican party at St. Louis in 1896 on the financial ques- 
tion, and in January, 1897, was re-elected to the Senate 
by a vote of ninety-four out of one hundred, and in the pres- 
ent year (1903) was elected to the Senate as a Democrat, 
and on March 5, 1903, entered upon his sixth term. Mr. 
Teller's popularity is attested by his committee assignments 
—as follows- Private Land Claims (chairman), Appropria- 
tions, Claims, Finance, Relations with Cuba, Rules, and Five 
Civilized Tribes of Indians (select). 

He accepted a Cabinet position with reluctance, and 
only after great pressure had been brought to bear upon him, 
but administered the affairs of the Interior Department in 
a most efficient and satisfactory manner. His experience 
as a lawyer and his knowledge of all the questions coming 
before the Department gained from his long residence in 
the West especially adapted him for the duties of chief of 
this Department. While he has made a specialty of finan- 
cial questions, espousing particularly the cause ol the res- 
toration of the free coinage of silver, he has never allowed 



any question of general importance 



to come before the Sen- 



eign policy, and also of the tariff and other subjects per- 
taining to the revenues of the Government. 

Mr. Teller was married in 1862 to Miss Harriet M. 
Bruce, of Cuba, New York. They have three children, a 
daughter and two sons. Fie is a prominent member of 
the Masonic fraternity, having long since attained to the 
33d degree, and is now Inspector General of the Order. He 
is a past grand commander of the Knights Templar, and he- 
was for seven years grand master of the < )rder in Colorado. 

Hon. Henry Clay Hansbrough, now serving his third 
term in the United States Senate, is another forceful ex- 
ample of what may be accomplished by a man of positive 
character, whose admirab'e qualities have elevated him 
from the printer's case to the Senate forum. Mr. Hans- 
brough was born in Randolph county, Illinois, on January 
30, 1848. His early education was confined to the public 



ate without giving it his careful consideration. A man of 
convictions, he never fails to take a position (,1 one side or 
the other, and few Senators are more frequently heard in the 
general debates. He has been especially prommenl in deal 
in<x with legal and Western questions and questions ot foi- 




schools, the best means available at thai period and place. 
In his youth he entered a printing office and learned the 
trade of compositor, and from ibis embarked into jour- 
nalism. In the newspaper field he had a wide experience, 
and held many responsible positions in the States 
fornia and Wisconsin and Dakota Territory. He became 
a resident of Dakota in t88l, settling at Devil's Lake, his 
present home. Mis popularity with the people of his 
adopted home was almost instant with his arrival, and was 
manifested twice in his election to the office of mayor of 
the City. lie was a delegate to the Rept 
Convention in [888, and was national committeeman for 
eight years. 

Dakota Territory was now rapidly increasing in popu- 
lation, and during tlie decade Iron, t88o to [890 five new 
States were admitted to the Union, among the number being 



466 



THE CITY OF WASHINGTON. 



North and South Dakota. Between the census of 1870 
and 1880 the growth in population in Dakota outstripped 
all her sister seekers for admission, the increase having 
been nearly tenfold, and in 1889 she could count nearly 
half a million. There was a feeling of unrest among the 
citizens and a clamoring for Statehood. Into this fight 
for admission into the Union of States Senator Hans- 
brough threw himself with a persistence and force of ar- 
gument that toppled the scales in favor of the suppliant, 
and on November 2, 1889, North and South Dakota were 
admitted and took their p'aces in the galaxy of stars that 
dot the blue of our flag. This earnest and successful fight 
of the comparatively new citizen was highly appreciated 
by the people of the new States, and to them he became 
very much endeared. The division of Dakota into two 
States made Mr. Hansbrough's geographical location in 
.North Dakota, and at the first Congressional convention 
ever held in the new State he was nominated for Congress. 
His election was assured from the start, and a counting 
of the votes showed his majority to be 14,071. 

Senator Hansbrough's popularity never waned, and he 
became a power in the State. At the session of the North 
Dakota legislature on January 23, 1 891, he was elected 
to the United States Senate, taking his seat in that body 
.March 4, 1891. He was re-elected in 1897, and the people 
of the State were so well satisfied with his previous course, 
and so confident were they of the future, that in January, 
1903, they returned him for the third time, where he will 
serve until March 3, 1909. Senator Hansbrough's com- 
mittee assignments are: Pub'ic Lands (chairman), Dis- 
trict of Columbia, Agriculture and Forestry, Finance, Li- 
brary, and Industrial Exposition (select). 

The Senator is popular with his colleagues, and is well 
and favorably known to the visitors to the Capitol. He is 
an active worker, performs well all the duties that devolve 
upon him. and is a valued help in conference work. As 
a speaker he is forceful, logical and convincing, and w. 
committee work painstaking and conscientious. As a mem- 
ber of the District of Columbia Committee he has done 
much toward the advancement of the best interests of 
Washington. Mis Washington home is at 2033 Florida 
avenue, where Mrs. I lansbrough. a lady of rare accom- 
plishments and high social qualities, maintains a charming 
home, the center of refinement and the scene of many de- 
lightful social functions. 

Hon. Francis Emroy Warren, 1 

father, Joseph S. Warren, was one 1 
scendants of the family of Warren, ea 
chusetts, and bis mother's family, the Abbotts, were among 
lhos< who came over from England earl) in the history 
of New England, lie received a common school and 
academic education, commencing to attend a country school 
at the age of three, and continuing until about the age of 
eight. From that time until lie was fourteen lus schooling 
was confined to a few weeks in the middle of each winter. 



venue, Wvom- 
o, ,S 44 . ' His 
immediate de- 
lers in Massa- 



His education, so far as schooling goes, was completed 
by a steady attendance at the Hinsdale Academy, between 
the ages of fourteen and seventeen. His boyhood days were 
spent almost entirely on a farm, and farm work, lumbering 
and logging, and caring for live stock occupied all time 
not spent at school until the age of seventeen. 

He enlisted at the age of seventeen as a private in 
Company C, Forty-ninth Massachusetts Volunteer Infantry. 
The regiment was assigned to the Nineteenth Army Corps, 
taking part in campaigns in Louisiana, and participating 
in the siege of Port Hudson, and engagements at Plains' 
Store, Donaldsonville, etc. At the siege of Port Hudson, 
on May 27, 1863, the regiment furnished volunteers to 
perform the dangerous undertaking of preceding the main 
body of an attacking party with fascines to fill the ditch 
of the earthworks before Port Hudson so that the artillerv 




might cross in case of success of this sally. All of the 
officers of tlie "forlorn hope" were killed, and about 
three fourths of the men were killed or wounded. Warren, 
then a corporal, who was one of the volunteers, was knocked 
down, the fascine which he carried, being struck by a can- 
non shot, and be la) unconscious on the battlefield for 
several boms, lie was given the Congressional medal of 
honor for participation in this engagement. He was mus- 
tered out of service at Pittsfield, Mass. At the close of 
the war be was made manager of a large farming- and 
thoroughbred stock raisin- establishment at Hinsdale, Mass 
achusetts, where he remained until early in 1868, when, 
with what capital be bail accumulated — a few hundred 
dollars — be went West and was engaged as foreman of 
workmen building the Chicago. Rock Island and Pacific 
Railroad, west of Des Moines. Iowa. In liuie. [868, In 



THE CITY OF WASHINGTON. 



467 



went to Cheyenne, Wyoming and took charge of a furni- 
ture and house furnishing goods establishment, later be- 
coming a partner in the concern and finally becoming sole 
owner. The business is now conducted by the F. E. War- 
ren Mercantile Company, with F. E. Warren as president. 
He engaged in the live stock business in 1873, and con- 
tinued in it, raising horses, cattle and sheep. At the present 
time he is president of the Warren Live Stock Company, 
which is engaged extensively in sheep raising, wool grow- 
ing and ranching. He has been interested in the lighting 
business in the city of Cheyenne for over twenty years, 
and is president, at the present time, of the Cheyenne Light, 
Fuel and Power Company. 

He has been active in political matters since 1873, 
when he was president of the Senate of the Wyoming 
Legislature. He was again a member of the Wyoming 
Senate in 1884. He was twice a member of the city council 
and once mayor of Cheyenne. He served three terms — 
six years — as treasurer of Wyoming ; was appointed Gov- 
ernor of Wyoming by President Arthur in 1885, and re- 
moved by President Cleveland in 1886; was again ap- 
pointed Governor of Wyoming by President Harrison in 
1889, and served until the Territory was admitted as a 
State, when he was elected first Governor of the State. 
He was a member of the Wyoming delegation to the Na- 
tional Republican Convention at Chicago in 1888; chair- 
man of the Wyoming delegation to the National Republican 
Convention at Philadelphia in 1900, and was chairman of 
the Republican Territorial Central Committee of Wyoming, 
and chairman of the State Central Committee of Wyoming 
in 1896. He was elected to the United States Senate 
November 18, 1890. He served until the expiration of 
his term, March 3, 1893; was re-elected January 23, 1893, 
and again re-elected in 1901, for a term of six years. He 
was married in 1871 to Miss Helen M. Smith, of Middle- 
field, Massachusetts. Mrs. Warren died in March, 1902. 
His children are Helen Frances and Fred Emroy ; the 
former a student at Wellesley College, the latter a student 
at Harvard University. 

Hon. Francis G. Newlands was born in Natchez, 
Mississippi. He was educated at Yale College, trained in 
the law at the Columbian Law School, in Washington, D. C, 
and at the age of twenty-three began the practice of law 
in San Francisco. During his residence in California he 
attained eminence in his profession and became one of the 
leading practitioners in the State. He took some part in 
politics, serving as a member of the State Central Committee 
in the Garfield-Hancock campaign, and was at one time 
a prominent candidate for the United States Senate from 
California. 

About fifteen years ago the Sharon estate, of which 
he was the trustee, became involved in the meshes of a 
conspiracy, the purpose of which was to secure one-haH ol 
the property through a false claim of wifehood. This case 
was placed in Mr. Newlands' hands by Mr. Sharon. On 



his deathbed Mr. Sharon charged Mr. Newlands with the 
duty of fighting the case to the end. The conspiracy was 
so widespread, involving the employment on contingent fees 
of many lawyers who were active in politics and who were 
endeavoring to shape the State judiciary with a vie 
decision of the case in favor of the claimant, that Mr. New- 
lands determined to leave California, become a citizen of 
another State and bring an action in the Federal courts 
to crush the conspiracy. This was the reason for his mov- 
ing to Nevada, where the Sharon estate had large mining, 
milling and agricultural interests. He conducted the litiga- 
tion to a successful issue and won the case. Shortly after 
his arrival in Nevada Mr. Newlands became prominently 
identified with the irrigation movement. He urged State 
action in this important matter, and at his own expense 
inaugurated a system of surveys in the Carson, Truckee, 




HON FRANCIS G. 



Humboldt and Walke 
all engineering probl 
estimate of benefits, 
money in this work. 



rs, which were intended to cover 

ost 1 if storage, high-line canal, 

He expended a large sum of 

incorporated the results of his 



investigations in a monograph entitled "An Address to 
the People of Nevada," in which he presented the agri- 
cultural possibilities of Nevada's four principal rivers. The 
monograph was accompanied by elaborate maps, plans and 
estimates. Mr. Newlands in this monograph insisted that 
a mere mining development was a one-sided development, 
and that the harmonious growth of the commonwealth ab- 
solutely required the development of agriculture and all 
the varied industries of the State. The panic of [893, with 
the following peri. ..I of prostration, prevented the can 
,,ut of his plans in regard to Stale action. In 1892. foi 
years after coming to the Slate. Mr. Newlands was elected 
t Congress and was re-elected in l8 9 4. '*"•• ' S " S ; "" 1 



468 



THE CITY OF WASHINGTON. 



1900. Before becoming a member of Congress he was 
prominently identified with the agitation of the silver ques- 
tion, being the vice-chairman of the National Silver Com- 
mittee, and he was most active in the agitation which led 
to the passage of the Sherman act. During the first four 
years of his Congressional career he confined himself 
largely to the silver and other financial questions, all the 
time, however, pressing upon the attention of Congress, 
whenever the opportunity offered, the importance of na- 
tional irrigation. During this time he acted as chairman 
of the national convention of the Silver party at St. Louis, 
and at that convention he made a memorable speech which 
was afterwards incorporated in William J. Bryan's great 
history of the campaign of 1896. 

Mr. Newlands served as a member of the Committee 
on Banking and Currency and Foreign Affairs in the House, 
and was finally promoted to the leading committee — the 
Ways and Means. While serving on the Committee on 
Hanking and Currency he was most active in the discussion 
of financial questions. As a member of the Committee on 
Foreign Affairs he introduced resolutions for the annexa- 
tion of Hawaii, and they were finally passed. Of late years 
also he has served on the Committee on Irrigation. Prior 
to Mr. Roosevelt's accession to the Presidency Mr. New- 
lands introduced in the House the bill which is generally 
known throughout the country as the Newlands Irrigation 
bill. This bill, with some amendments, received the en- 
dorsement of the Committee on Public Lands of the Senate 
and the House Committee on Public Lands and Irrigation. 
The principles of this bill were favored by the Department 
of the Interior and the Geological Survey, and became the 
basis of Congressional action. It finally passed both houses 
of Congress, most of the leaders of the Republican party 
being opposed to it, the vote in its favor coming from Demo- 
crats and Western Republicans. This bid is regarded as 
one of the most important measures relating to the domestic 
development of the country that has passed during the last 
half-century. Under its operation, within thirty wars, at 
least $150,000,000 will be expended by the national Gov- 
ernment in the development of a storage system and irriga- 
tion in the arid regions. The bill carefully guards against 
land monopoly, and is intended to preserve the public do- 
main for the homes of actual settlers in small holdings. 
Owing to the comprehensive work under Mi'. Newlands' 
direction prior to his entering Congress work which was 
taken up and continued by the United States Geological 
Survey- - the work of investigation is farther advanced in 
Nevada than in any other State of the Union. The di 
rector of the Geological Survej ha- gone over these works 
which were inaugurated bj Mr. Newlands, and has actually 
accepted them as the basis of the work of irrigation which 
has been commenced in the State under the national irriga- 
tion ael. 

Mr. Newlands was elected to the Senate, h) an over- 

■.■, in ii- majot it ) 1 if the legislature 1 if die Stat< . b 1 sue 
ceed lion. John I'. Jones, and look his seat on March 4, 
1903. Mis term of service will expire March ,}. 1909. 



Hon. Thomas Kearns. — A forcible example of the 
triumph of pure grit is the life of Hon. Thomas Kearns, 
United States Senator from Utah. Born amid surroundings 
that bespoke not affluence and with a future that gave no 
promise of this world's goods to a degree that made the 
future bright, he has nevertheless conquered all that seemed 
to oppose, and to-day stands forth as the exponent of the 
self-made man, the author of a place that commands ad- 
miration and the winner of a fortune that may well excite 
envy. Thomas Kearns has never looked back after putting 
his hand to a task, and has never halted until the goal for 
which he aimed has been gained. ( )f sturdy stock, be was 
born near Woodstock, < >ntario, on April 11, 1S62, the son of 
Thomas and Margaret ( Mailer ) Kearns. He attended the 
public schools of his neighborhood until ten years of age, 
when he moved with his parents to Holt county. Nebraska. 




HON. THOMAS KEARNS 



nit the natural 
was not prom 



Mere the outlook lor young Kearns — to 
bent of the rising statesman and financier - 
ising. Until the age of fourteen he worked on his father's 
farm, when he commenced the business of freighting, ami 
lor several years carried the goods of the miners from the 
end of the railroad in Nebraska to the mining and cattle 
camps in the P.lack Mills. This, though apparently work cut 
out for the seasoned frontiersman, was performed by this 
pluck} youth with an earnestness and promptitude that 
indicated the character of the coming man. Upon attaining 
his majority Mr. Kearns moved to Utah, settling first in 
Salt Lake Cit\ and afterwards at Park City. At the latter 
place he was employed as a miner in the 1 Intario mine, 
and later became one of the owners of the Mayflower and 
Silver King mines. 

With a residence at Park City began hhe public and 
political career of Mr. Kearns. Me was made a member 
of the city council of I 'ark City in 1895, and was elected 



THE CITY OF WASHINGTON. 



469 



to the constitutional convention of the State of Utah in the 
same year. In 1896 he was sent as a delegate to the Re- 
public National Convention at St. Louis and was one of 
the silver Republicans who withdrew from that body be- 
cause of their differences with the financial plank in the 
Republican platform. In 1900 he again represented his 
State, this time at the National Convention at Philadelphia, 
when the late President McKinley received his second nom- 
ination. As a fitting culmination of the triumphs of this 
man, whose western push turns aside all obstacles, and 
who permits nothing to stay the car of progress, he was 
elected by the legislature to the United States Senate from 
the State of Utah, succeeding the Hon. Frank J. Cannon, 
whose term of service expired March 4, 1899. The Demo- 
cratic legislature of Utah failed to make a selection of 
Senator at their session in 1899, and thus the term of Mr. 
Kearns expires on March 3, 1905. The eminent standing at- 
tained by him in this august body is attested by his important 
committee assignments, as follows : Forest Reservation and 
the Protection of Game, Indian Depredations, Irrigation and 
Reclamation of Arid Lands, Mines and Mining, Pacific 
Islands and Porto Rico, and National Banks (select), of 
which he is chairman. Throughout his political life Mr. 
Kearns has been modest and unassuming — never self- 
seeking and the honors of office have been thrust upon 

him by a constituency that recognized and rewarded worth. 
He is extremely and deservedly popular with the people of 
Utah, whose interests are his interests, and his work in the 
Senate and on his various committees marks him as a useful 
and pains-taking Senator. 

Senator Kearns is largely interested in mining, bank- 
ing, real estate and railroads, and is one of the progressive 
men who are making of the West a center of wealth and 
commerce. Amid the bustle and responsibilities of a very 
busy life Senator Kearns devotes much time and aid to 
charity and other worthy causes. Among his noble chari- 
ties was his liberal contributions to St. Mary's Cathedral 
at Salt Lake City, and Mrs. Kearns built the St. Ann's 
Orphanage of that city. Senator Kearns is a member of the 
Elks, and is popular throughout Elkdom. On September 
15, 1900, he married Jennie J., daughter of Patrick and 
Sarah J. Judge, of Park City, Utah- Of this union there 
are three' children — Edmund J., Thomas F., and Helen 
M. Kearns. 

Hon. Henry C. Payne.— When one pauses to re- 
flect upon the vast system governing the transmission of 
the voluminous mail that is daily handled in the United 
States the thought naturally reverts to the head of this, 
the most important branch of the National Government. 
It can be but interesting to learn something of the person- 
ality and the qualification of our Postmaster-General that 
fit him for the post upon which so much devolves. No 
member of President Roosevelt's cabinet stands closer to 
the Chief Executive than does the Postmaster-General, 
Henry C. Payne, who is a keen possessor of a skilled knowl- 
edge of sagacious politics, and whose advice is always 
based on the soundest principles. 



A retrospect of the life of General Payne can but ex- 
emplify the old adage, " Where there's a will there's a way." 
The son of Orrin P. and Elizabeth (Ames) Payne, he was 
born at Ashfield, Massachusetts, on November 23, 1S43. 
Graduating from Shelburne Falls Academy in 1859, he 
removed, four years later, to Milwaukee and secured a 
position as cashier in a dry goods store, where he remained 
until 1867, when he married Miss Lydia W. Van Dyke. 
Becoming actively and prominently identified with the Re- 
publican party of his home city by adoption, he has served 
consecutively since 1872 as the secretary and chairman 
of the Young Men's Republican Club ; secretary and chair- 
man of the Republican State Central Committee, retiring 
from the latter post in 1892. He has been a member of 
the National Republican Committee since 1880, of which he 
now is the vice-chairman, and a delegate to the National 




HON. HENRY C PAYNE 

Republican Conventions of 1888 and 1892. General Payne's 
first technical knowledge of postal affairs may in truth be 
said to have begun when as an office boy be did chores 
in the humble little post office at Shelburne Falls. Miss. 
Broadened by bis contact witb affairs of both the business 
and political life at the thriving Winconsin city, be was 
ably fitted for the appointment of postmaster of Milwaukee, 
which was conferred on him in 1870. and which he held 
until 1886. He has ever been identified witb Milwaukee's 
best enterprises, and since [886 has been president of the 
Wisconsin Telephone Compaii) ; president of the Milwaukee 
Electric Railway and Light Compam since [889; president 
of the American Street Railwaj Association in t& 
was in 18.13 | also appointed receiver of the Northern 
Pacific Railroad. Mr. Payne is not onl) an able politician. 
In the responsible position of Postmaster-General be also 
brings a wide range of commercial knowli 



47Q 



THE CITY OF WASHINGTON. 



the greatest business establishment in the world — the pos- 
tal system of the United States. In the ponderous granite 
home of the Federal Post Office in Washington he has 
direct supervision over 1,000 minor officials and clerks. 
More than 100,000 postmasters and over a million employes 
work out the details under his orders. Personally the 
Postmaster-General is a man of genial disposition and easy 
to approach. He is a man capable of grasping big problems 
in a broad way and possesses ample business capacity to 
handle them in a practical manner. 

Hon. William Eaton Chandler, president of the Span- 
ish Treaty Claims Commission, was born in Concord, New 
Hampshire, December 28, 1835. He studied law in Con- 
cord, and was graduated from the Harvard Law School 
in 1855. For several years after his admission to the bar 
in 1856 he practiced in Concord, and in 1859 was appointed 
reporter of the New Hampshire Supreme Court, and pub- 
lished five volumes of reports. From the time of his com- 
ing of age Mr. Chandler was actively connected with the 
Republican party, serving first as secretary, and afterward 
as chairman of the State committee. In 1862 he was elected 
to the New Hampshire House of Representatives, of which 
he was speaker for two successive terms in 1863-4. In 
November, 1SO4, he was employed by the Navy Depart- 
ment as special counsel to prosecute the Philadelphia Navy 
Yard frauds, and on March 9, 1865, was appointed first 
solicitor and judge advocate-general of that department. 
( In June 17, 1805, he became First Assistant Secretary of 
the Treasury. ( )n November 30, 1867, he resigned this 
place and resinned law practice. During the next thirteen 
years, although occupying no official position except that 
of member of the constitutional convention of New Hamp- 
shire in 1870, In- continued to take an active part in politics. 
Mr was a delegate from his State to the Republican na- 
tional convention in 18(18, and was secretary of the national 
committee from that time until [876. In that year he ad- 
vocated tlie claims of the Hayes electors in Florida before 
the canvassing board of the State, and later was one of 
the counsel to prepare the case submitted by the Repub- 
lican side to the electoral commission. Air. Chandler after- 
ward became an especiall) outspoken opponent of the South- 
ern policy of the I laves administration. In 1800 he was 
a delegate to the Republican national convention, and served 
as a member of the committee on credentials, in which place 
he was active in securing the report in favor of District 
representation, which was adopted by the convention. Dur- 
ing the subsequent campaign he was a member of the na- 

for United States solicitor-general, bul the Senate refused 
to confirm him, the vote being nearly upon part) lines. In 
thai \ear he was again a member of the New Hampshire 
legislature. I »n April 7. [882, he was appointed Secretary 
of the Navy. Vmong the important measures carried out 
li\ him were the simplification and reduction of the un- 
wieldy navy yard establishment; the limitation of the num- 
ber of annual appointments to the actual wants of the naval 



service ; the discontinuance of the extravagant policy of 
repairing worthless vessels ; and the beginning of a modern 
navy in the construction of four cruisers — the Chicago, 
Boston, Atlanta and Dolphin — one of which did good 
service at the famous battle of Manila. The organization 
and successful voyage of the Greeley arctic relief expedi- 
tion in 1884 were largely due to his personal efforts. 

Mr. Chandler went out of the cabinet at the close of 
the Arthur administration, in 1885, and resumed the prac- 
tice of the law in Washington, but continued to spend much 
of his time in New Hampshire, where he took his usually 
active part in politics. On June 14, 1887, he was elected 
to the United States Senate to fill the unexpired term of 
the Hon. Austin F. Pike, which ended March 3, 1889. He 
was re-elected on June 18, 1889, and again on January if). 
1895, his service as a United States Senator expiring on 




HON WILLIAM EATON CHANDLER 

March 3, 1901. During his senatorial career he was chair- 
man of the Committees on Immigration, the Census, and 
Privileges and Elections, and an active member of the Com- 
mittees on Naval Affairs, Interstate Commerce and Post 
Offices and lost Roads. lie was the dominant Spirit in 
the framing of the immigration laws which have been in 
force for the past twelve years, and largely through his 
efforts the control of immigration matters at New York and 
other ports was transferred from the various State bureaus 
1- thai of the United States, lie also look an active in- 
terest in all legislation pertaining to the navy, and devoted 
much lime to postal matters, especiall) to the development 
of free rural deliver) and the pneumatic tube service. In 
general legislation he took a conspicuous pail, and was one 
of the mosl forcible and interesting debaters in the Senate 
during In- service there. Immediatel) after the close of 
hi- senatorial term, on March 9, 1901, Mr. (.'handler was 



THE CITY OF WASHINGTON. 



471 



nominated as president of the Spanish Treaty Claims Com- 
mission, and he was confirmed by the Senate the same day. 
This position he still holds, and with his fellow-commis- 
sioners is drawing to a conclusion the adjudication of claims 
amounting to $60,000,000. 

Mr. Chandler has always been interested in the devel- 
opment of the city of Washington, and has aided its pro- 
gress in many ways, He was one of the original pro- 
moters of the Washington Market Company, which cor- 
poration built and still owns and manages the famous Center 
Market, on Pennsylvania avenue, in many respects the finest 
establishment of its kind in the United States. Since the 
formation of the company Mr. Chandler has been one of 
its largest owners, and a member of its board of directors. 
In 1871 he acquired the property at 1421 I street, northwest, 
which he remodeled, and which has since been his Wash- 
ington home. He spends his summers at Waterloo, New 
Hampshire, where his farm of several hundred acres, pic- 
turesquely located on the Mink Hills, and in the beautiful 
valley at their base, gives him ample opportunity for out- 
door exercise and renewing his energies with life-giving 
ozone. 

Hon. Charles Newell Fowler was born on his father's 
farm at Lena, Illinois, November 2, 1852. There he lived 
the life and did the work of the typical American country- 
boy, learning persistent endeavor from the patient soil, and 
gradual development from the germinant spring and fecund 
summer. By the work of his own hands he was enabled 
to prepare himself for college at Beloit, Wisconsin. In 
1872, he entered Yale University, graduating with the 
class of 1876, the class of which President Hadley, his 
life-long friend, was valedictorian. He pulled a lusty oar 
in the famous 'Varsity crew of which " Bob " Cook was 
captain. After graduation Mr. Fowler taught school and 
studied law, graduating at the Chicago Law School, the 
second in his class. Thence he went to Beloit, Kansas, 
where he practiced his profession for five years with marked 
success. From the law, he naturally passed into important 
business enterprises; for in the wonderful commercial ac- 
tivity of the early eighties there was a demand for a sturdy, 
honest manhood, capable of indefatigable toil, undismayed 
by defeat, not inflated by victory, which he, in physical, 
mental and moral qualities fulfilled. He came east, settling 
in Union county, New Jersey, first in Cranford, and then 
in Elizabeth, his present home. 

The succeeding years were years of extraordinary in- 
dustry—industry, ever a friend and never a taskmaster. 
As at college, Mr. Fowler worked, but he did not stifle his 
nature by working; and when, at the age of forty, he 
felt that he had achieved such a competency as would 
enable him to carry out the ideals of his boyhood, ever 
fostered amidst the tumult of strenuous life, his nature, 
broadened by his associations with men, and kept free 
from moth and rust through humane interests, responded 
buoyantly to the call. 



From his college days, Mr. Fowler had been a close 
student of economics, a careful, thorough' investigator of 
the laws of finance. He recognized the evil tendencies of 
the day, the ready appeal of fallacies for inflation, for free 
silver, for any kind of cheap money so long as it was 
plentiful. His prescience perceived, before the crisis came, 
the duty of the Republican party to preserve the honor of 
the country even as it had saved its life. In the most 
engrossing period of business cares, he found time for 
political thought, for political work and advice. For many 
years he was chairman of the Republican city committee 
of Elizabeth ; in 1894 he was elected Representative in 
Congress from the Eighth Congressional District of New 
Jersey within which that city is situated, a district hitherto 
conceded generally to be Democratic. In the Fifty-fourth 
Congress Mr. Fowler received a recognition from Speaker 
Reed rarely accorded to a new member. He was assigned 
to the Banking and Currency Committee, whose membership 
at that time of stress and panic was a matter of national 
concern. The average Congressman, then was ignorant 
of finance. He realized that something was wrong with the 
fiscal condition of the country. Just what remedy should be 
applied it was difficult for him to tell. Mr. Fowler at once 
attracted general attention to himself by a speech in favor 
of the gold standard — a courageous position then to as- 
sume and maintain, as there were only two other Repub- 
licans in the House who likewise boldly declared themselves. 
In the following year Mr. Fowler introduced a general 
financial and currency bill, in which he sought to attain 
the following objects: The establishment of the gold stand- 
ard, the retirement of the demand obligations of the Go^ 
eminent, the funding of the debt into two per cent, gold 
bonds, a system of credit currency and branch banks. 

While nothing can be slower than financial and cur- 
rency reform from its very nature, this bill, the pioneer oi 
its kind, has already produced two concrete results. The 
gold standard has been established by statute, imperfect 
though the act of 1900 be, and the debt has been funded 
into two per cent, gold coin bonds, Mr. Fowler's plan being 
followed in precise terms in the act. Furthermore, it is 
conceded that true currency reform must progress step by 
step along the lines laid down by Mr. Fowler seven years 
ago and at that time scoffed at as impracticable. 

Mr. Fowler in his advocacy of these principles oi 
finance has spared no expense. He believes that a high 
educational demand has been made upon him by reason of 
his identification in the public mind with financial and cur- 
rency reform, and most generously does be respond 
is an unusual thin- for a Congressman to spend bis own 
money rather than the people's in advocating and explaining 
the legislation in which be is interested. Without counting 
the very wide distribution which Mr. Fowler gave his 
speech of March. 1897 (a speech by the way which 1 
served as a treatise and thesaurus on finance ever since. 
though now supplemented by the broader SO 
research of the speech of June, IO02), he at his own ex- 



472 



THE CITY OF WASHINGTON. 



pense in 1902 distributed over one million copies of his 
report on the " Fowler " bill, besides circulating- almost as 
widely his great speech of June, 1902. in support of that 
measure. Tt is a conservative estimate to say that simply 
and as a matter of course he has thus far expended over 
$20,000 in his effort to enlighten the public mind on the 
subject of finance. 

Mr. Fowler did yeoman's work in the I 'residential 
campaigns of 1896 and [900 for McKinley and sound 
money. In 1896 he opened the campaigns in Wisconsin 
and Indiana; in 1900 he opened the campaign in Maine. 
In both years his voice was effectively heard, as that of 
one well fitted to speak with authority; and the influence 
of his eloquence and arguments had much to do with the 
results. He is recognized as an almost ideal campaign 
orator ; because he is simple, sincere, having the courage of 




kRLES NEWELL FOWLER 



ich he speaks. ( lutside of the political an 
•r has been in great demand as an apo 
ial reform, lie was one of the leaders al 
monetary convention in 1897; he debai 
ik currency against lial paper money will 



..11 the subjects 



Wi 


rner 


of 1 


)hio al 


Fx 


iosi1 


..n i 


1 [898 


\s 


..rial 


ion ; 


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Mr 


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ler has 


foi 


rth, 


Fift) 


-fifth, 


eig 


uh ( 


ongi 


esses. 


the 


Ban 


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111.I Cn 


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aker 


llel 


derson 



he addressed the American Bankers' 
( Irleans in [902. 

been successively elected to the Fift) 
Fifty sixth, Fifty-seventh and Fifty 
All this while he lias been assigned to 
renc) I 1 >mrmttee. In I lecembei . 1901, 

in name, as he long had been in fact, 

titherto il had been impossible to 



mi 



obtain the concurrence of any three members of the com- 
mittee to any particular measure of general currency re- 
form, but after months of hard, unremitting labor, calling 
alike for statesmanlike tact and the knowledge of an expert, 
Mr. Fowler in April, 1902. by the unanimous direction of 
the Republican members of the committee, drafted and 
reported the general financial bill, widely known as the 
" Fowler " bill. This bill, so comprehensive in its scope, 
was mainly educational in design. It furnished a plan 
of currency reform toward which the country might grad- 
ually progress. From a mass of chaotic and contradictory 
theories, it brought forth an orderly, logical plan. It 
focused public attention on what was meant by financial and 
currency reform. As such a compendium of the best finan- 
cial thought and purpose, this measure attracted far more 
notice and comment than any other prominent bill intro- 
duced that session. The press of the country considered 
it gravely and at large; and its verdict was written in the 
leading editorials of all the great newspapers, with a half- 
dozen exceptions, praising its principle, scope and method, 
and calling upon Congress to step by step ratify and adopt 
its plan. 

In the second session of the Fifty-seventh Congress 
Mr. Fowler, on his own suggestion and again by the unani- 
mous direction of the Republican members of the Banking 
and Currency Committee, in accordance with this plan of 
successive legislation, drafted and reported that portion 
of the original Fowler bill, which responded the trios! read 
ily to the exigency of public needs. The new Fowler bill, 
authorizing the issue of 2$ per cent, of credit currency. 
is now before the House for consideration. Should il he- 
come a law, it is believed that it will avert that danger of 
currency famine and financial panic which bounteous har- 
vests bring each fall under our ill-considered system. What- 
ever its fate, however, Mr. fowler will continue his propa- 

cussion of the people he finds his reward, even as in them 
he reads the infallible signs of ultimate success. But Mr. 
Fowler is no specialist. Thousands of his constituents who 
have called upon him to perform the multitudinous minor 
duties which make the Congressional life such a bus) one 
can attesl to his faithful and assiduous care for their inter- 
ests, lie has been unusually successful in obtaining govern 
mental benefits For his district ; as. Eor instance, the appropri- 
ation of $135,000 for a new public building at Elizabeth, and 
the appropriation of $696,0 10 Eor the deepening of tin greal 
waterway of the Kill von Kull. Ever} public question, too, 
is a question of though) and investigation for him. As mem- 
ber of the Committee on Foreign Affairs in the Fift) sixth 
Congress he devoted deep stud) to our international rela- 
tions and the improvement of our consular service. His 
bill for the establishment of a tariff commission antedated 
the recommendations of President Roosevelt on this subject. 
Mr. Fowler is a practical idealist; one who knows and 
loves his fellow man. He is devoted to the cause of educa- 
tion, and is continually helping poor young men to secure 



THE CITY OF WASHINGTON. 



473 



the benefits of a collegiate course. As president of the Pin- 
ery School at Elizabeth, he has infused new life and use- 
fulness into an institution honored in name and age. but 
which had fallen into decay. He purposes to give to his 
home city a free public library, the site for which he has 
already purchased, which will cost $150,000. He is con- 
sistently, not carelessly, charitable : studying conditions and 
environments, and striving to do some lasting good. His 
home is a center from which radiate kind thoughts and 
generous deeds. This home is charmingly presided over 
bv Mrs. Fowler, who is conspicuous in both Elizabeth and 
Washington as a leader in social, literary and religious 
circles, and who shares her husband's altruistic interests. 
She was Miss Hilda S. Heg. whose father. Col. H. C. 
Heg, was killed at Chickamauga. They were married at 
Beloit, Wisconsin, in 1879. Their only child is Charles N. 
Fowler, Jr. 




GEORGE FRAf 



Hon. George Franklin Huff was born at Norris- 
town, Pennsylvania, on July 16, 1842. His education was 
received at the public schools of Middletown and Altoona. 
Taking an interest in mechanics, he entered the car shops 
of the Pennsylvania Railroad Company at the latter place, 
where he learned a trade. At an early age, however, he 
abandoned his trade and went in the banking house oft 
William Lloyd & Company. This marked the beginning 
of his rise in the business and financial world, and was the 
precursor of the lofty position he has attained in banking 
and commercialism. ' In 1867 Mr. Huff moved to West- 
moreland county to engage in the banking business, and 
was successful from the start. Here he entered politics, 
and at once became a prominent figure and a valued ad- 
viser in the councils of his party. In 1S80 he was a member 
of the National Republican Convention, and one of the 



" 306 " led by the late Roscoe Conkling in the memorable 
effort to nominate General U. S. Grant for a third term 
for the Presidency. Fie was elected to the Pennsylvania 
State Senate in 1884, and for four years represented the 
Thirty-ninth Senatorial district in that body. Mr. Huff 
was ever popular with his constituents, and had many ad- 
mirers and supporters in the opposite party. By a hand- 
some majority he was elected to the Fifty-second Congress 
from the Twenty-first district, then composed of the coun- 
ties of Westmoreland, Indiana, Armstrong and Jefferson, 
and was elected Congressman-at-large from Pennsylvania 
to the Fifty-fourth Congress. In 1902 he was elected to 
the Fifty-eighth Congress from the Twenty-second dis- 
trict, receiving 18,827 votes to 13.014 for Charles M. 
Heinman, Democrat, and 778 for James S. Woodbtirn, Pro- 
hibitionist. Mr. Huff is an earnest worker, in Congress, 
and his services are valuable and influence far reaching. 
He is popular with his colleagues, and has made many 
friends in the capital city. 

Mr. Huff is president of the Keystone Coal and Coke 
Company, one of the largest producers of gas and ste^m 
coal in the United States, to the affairs of which company 
he devotes much time and attention. He is largely inter- 
ested in many other business industries in various parts 
of Pennsylvania, together with the banking business in 
Greensburg, in which he has been constantly engaged since 
youth. He is president of the Westmoreland Hospital As- 
sociation of Pennsylvania, and a member of the board of 
directors of the American Security and Trust Company 
of Washington, D. C. 

Mr. Huff was married in 1871. to Henrietta, daughter 
of the late Judge Jeremiah M. Burrell, of Pennsylvania, 
afterwards United States district judge and chief justice 
of Kansas by appointment of President Franklin Pierce. 
Mr. Huff's residence is at Greensburg, Pennsylvania. 

Hon. Oliver Hazard Perry Belmont.-Among the 
names which have been identified in this country with con- 
spicuous leadership in many directions of human activity 
there is none so well known as that of Belmont. For many- 
years it has stood for great wealth, well secured and well 
used; for eminent service to the State and nation in political 
affairs: for social prominence well deserved and gracefully 
maintained, and for an important part in those manly sports 
which arc more and more becoming a feature ot American 
life The Belmont family, thus distinguished for its wealth, 
influence and social leadership, was founded in (his country 
by August Belmont, a native of Alzey, in the Rhenish Pala- 
tinate He came hither at the age of twenty one as the 
New York agent of the Rothschilds, whom he baa already 
represented in Naples, lie soon founded a great banking 
house of his own, which became famous as that ot August 
Belmont & Co. He also became an American citizen 
political life as a Democrat, did good service as charge 
d'affaires and minister resident at The Hague a 
special thanks of the Government at Washington, and tor 
twelve years was chairman of the National Democratic 



474 



THE CITY OF WASHINGTON. 



Committee. He had also a distinguished career in club life 
and on the turf. He married Miss Caroline Slidell Perry, 
daughter of Commodore Matthew Calbraith Perry, who 
" opened " Japan to the world, and niece of Oliver Hazard 
Perry, the hero of the battle of Lake Erie, whose message, 
" We have met the enemy, and they are ours ! " has become 
historic. The third of the four sons of Mr. and Mrs. Bel- 
mont received the name of his famous granduncle. 

Oliver Hazard Perry Belmont was born in New York- 
city on November 12, 1858. He early manifested many of 
the traits which have made his ancestors on both sides note- 
worthy. From the Belmonts he inherited determination, ag- 
gressiveness, a sense of justice and chivalry, and the faculty 
of using wealth and social leadership. From the Perrys he 
got his love of adventure and his fondness for the sea. The 
last trait led to his being sent to the United States Naval 




HON. OLIVER HAZARD PERRY BELMONT 

Academy at Annapolis to complete his education. Following 
lus graduation there he served for some time, on active sea 
duty, .1,1 the Kearsarge, the Trenton, and other vessels. 
Both in (he service and after he had left it he traveled 
widely, and in almost all parts of the world, and on his 
travels he collected man) objects of interest and beauty, with 
which on his return lie adorned his mansion at Newport. 
M "' latter, known as Ejelcourt, has long been famed as one 
of the finest residences in the 1 United 

Mr. Belmonl has Ion- been a prominent figure in the 
besl clubs and societ) at Newport and in New York, in 
which latter cit) lie has a beautiful home. lie has paid 
much attention to driving, and has one of the linesi stables 

■' I !S in this country, lie has naturall) retained a keen 

I his Family, and has made 
cm-ring anniversary of tin battle ol Lake Erie a gala da) 
.at Newport. In polities Mr. Belmont is a Democrat, lie 



was for some years disinclined to serve as more than a 
private citizen, and held no public office, save that of park- 
commissioner at Newport. In the hotly contested national 
campaign of 1900 his unwillingness to assume public office 
was overcome, and he was nominated and elected a Repre- 
sentative from the Thirteenth Congressional District of New 
York. His influence in the councils of his partv have long 
been commanding. In 189S-99 he rose to the foremost rank 
of the national leadership as the advocate of harmony in 
the party which had been rent and distracted, and as' the 
exponent of the principles of tariff revision, income tax. in- 
heritance tax, public ownership of public works, direct legis- 
lation, anti-imperialism, and others which he deemed & of 
greatest importance to the country, and best calculated to 
restore the Democratic party to power. He made speeches 
on these matters in many States of the Union, and estab- 
lished an illustrated weekly newspaper, the Verdict, for the 
promotion of his political creed. At the outbreak of the 
war with Spain Mr. Belmont offered to build and equip for 
the Government within ninety days a dynamite torpedo gun- 
boat. The President in personal interview seemed inclined 
to accept the offer, but in the end it was declined. Mr. 
Belmont was married January 11, 1896. Mrs. Belmont was 
formerly Miss Alva Smith, daughter of Murray Forbes 
Smith, of Alabama. She is of Kentucky ancestry, being 
a granddaughter of Governor Desha, who was one of the 
foremost men in the Blue-Grass State in the days of Henry 
Clay. Mr. and Mrs. Belmont are of the most hospitable 
disposition, and make their homes in New York and at New- 
port centers of the most brilliant and cultivated social life. 
Hon. Jacob Ruppert, Jr.— At the age of thirty-five 
serving a third term in the Congress of the United States 
is a position and an eminence seldom attained. This is 
to-day the proud station occupied by tlu I; .\ R up . 

pert. Representative in Congress from the Sixteenth Dis- 
trict of New York. A writer some time ago applied the 
following sentiment as the truth in the career of Mr. Rup- 
pert: "It is the genius of our institutions that young 
men. born with noble impulses and honorable ambitions, 
as the) press energetically on toward the goal of their 
hopes and desires, find the way opening before them clearer 
and higher. The first hill only needs bravery and toil 
in the surmounting — ever after, the race is limited only 
by endurance." 

Jacob Ruppert, born in the city of \\ u York, on 
August 5, [867, the son of Jacob and Anna Gillig Ruppert, 
was educated at Columbia Grammar School. He exhibit 
superior mental power, well fitting him for a profession 
land in the pursuit of which he was offered every induce- 
ment b) iiis father), but cast aside all allurements of such 
a life to familiarize himself with the business his energetic 
father had in earl) life worked so hard 10 build up. and 

passing the entrance examinations of the School 
Mines, young Jacob undertook to fill the humblest position 
in his father's brewery. The heir of us owners, lie v 
10 work as hard a- an) workman, starting his apprentice- 



THE CITY OF WASHINGTON. 



475 



ship as a " keg-washer." The succeeding six or seven 
years saw him advance through every department in the 
extensive establishment. Finally, about 1890, his father 
made him general superintendent of the business, advanc- 
ing him by degrees, until, some seven years ago, he was 
placed in the responsible position he holds to-day. To all 
intents and purposes he is the active head of the great 
Ruppert Brewing Company. Except during his engage- 
ment at Washington, daily, from eight o'clock a. m. until 
one, and from half-past four p. m. to half-past six, Mr. 
Ruppert is a man of business, pure and simple. He is 
at his desk as early as are any of his clerks, and long 
before the first of the numerous visitors arrives is planning 
the campaign of the day with his private secretary. Hav- 
ing mastered all the mysteries and intricacies of the busi- 
ness he is familiar with every detail, and beside the claims 




HON. JACOB RUPPERT, JR. 

and responsibilities of his occupation all his other pursuits 
fade into comparative insignificance. Up to ten or twelve 
years ago, his life was all up-hill work— a life of early 
to bed and early to rise. It is only since 1889 that he 
commenced to come forward in political and social life 
as a figure of prominence. But while his time was thus 
occupied in mastering his business, he had yet leisure 
hours, and those hours were devoted to the improvement 
of his mind. Manuals of parliamentary practice, debates 
in Congress, political, statistical and historical works were 
not only read but studied. Thus young Ruppert stored 
his mind with valuable material, while day by day he made 
his mental acquirements the more valuable by a constantly 
augmenting practical experience with the world. 

Mr. Ruppert took a great fancy to the military side 
of life. For three years he served as a private in the 



Seventh Regiment, X. Y. S. X. G. In 1889 he was invited 
by Governor David B. Hill to take a position on his staff 
with the rank of colonel. When Roswell P. Flower became 
Governor, Mr. Ruppert was advanced to senior aide, and 
in that capacity participated in the celebration of the Co- 
lumbian year, delivering the address for the State of Xew 
York in acceptance of the Columbia monument. He also 
took active official part in the first inauguration of Presi- 
dent Cleveland. This military service paved the way for 
his wide acquaintance among public men, and his gradual 
evolution into an important figure in many fields. 

In the year 1898 Colonel Ruppert was induced to enter 
the political field, in which, however, he was no novice, 
having for some years taken an active interest in local 
politics on the Democratic side. The Democrats of the 
Sixteenth Congressional District of New York unanimously 
tendered him the nomination for Representative in Con- 
gress, and notwithstanding the District in which he ran 
is usually one of the closest, politically, in the metropolis, 
Colonel Ruppert was triumphantly elected ; in 1900 he 
again received the nomination and was elected, and in 
1902 was still the choice of his constituents, and was re- 
turned for a third time, receiving 15,657 votes out of a 
total of 27,058 cast. 

In Congress Colonel Ruppert occupies a position of 
great personal influence, and is highly respected by all 
his fellow-Representatives. His shrewdness and plain 
common sense are his leading characteristics, and they 
serve him well in the accomplishment of his purposes in 
the halls of Congress. He is a valuable member of the 
Committee on Militia, as well as of the Committee on 
Immigration and Naturalization, and his time is also very 
frequently demanded on conference committees. 

Colonel Ruppert is a member of the Manhattan, the 
Xew York Athletic, the Democratic, the Suburban, the 
Military, the Jockey, the Catholic, the Ariou, the Lieder- 
kranz, the Larchmont Yacht, the Atlantic Yacht, the Lotus, 
the Automobile and the Xew York Yacht Clubs. 
Ruppert is unmarried. 

Hon. William Connell.— A man who is able to carve 
a place and .fortune from the unpromising rock of hard 
work, amid environments that offer no encouragement and 
little substantial assistance, deserves the homage of the 
people and a prominent niche in history. A man who 
wins education, fame and fortune purely by the application 
of his own will and endeavor is a noticeable exce] 
the general rule; and when that man loses sight of th 
fact that he has attained this proud eminence and remem- 
bers only to help those who have lost in the fight that he 
has won. he becomes a hero. This is the application that 
can be fittingly made to the Hon. William Connell. 

William Connell was born al * ape Breton, N'ova Sco- 
tia, on September 10. 1827. his parents being of ! 
Irish descent. Not being rich in this world's 5 
educational advantages of young Connell were ' 
audit can he said that his education was ei 



47 



76 



THE CITY OF WASHINGTON. 



When lie was but a boy his parents moved to what is 
now Hazelton, Luzerne county, Pennsylvania, and such 
assistance being needed he commenced work in the mines 
as a driver boy at seventy-five cents a day. His earnest 
application and faithfulness won promotion, and in 1856, 
having shown the ability to rise in life, he was placed 
in charge of the mines of the Susquehanna and Wyoming 
Valley Railroad and Coal Company, with offices at Scran- 
ton. Here came the opportunity for the young man of 
pluck and energy, and he was not slow to embrace it. In 
1870 the charter of the company by which he was em- 
ployed lapsed, and with his savings he purchased the same 
and organized the firm of William Conne'.l & Co. Thus 
began a career that has been almost phenomenal, and by 
close application to the details of business and a studied 
interest in his employes, William Connell has developed 
into one of the largest individual coal operators in the 
Wyoming region. 

In addition to his coal interests Mr. Connell is actively 
identified with the management of most of Scranton's busi- 
ness industries and commercial enterprises. He was al- 
ways a Republican in politics. The voters of the Eleventh 
Congressional District recognized in Mr. Connell just the 
man they wanted to represent them in Congress, and he was 
induced to accept the nomination on the Republican ticket. 
He received the flattering endorsement of three elections ■ — 
to the Fifty-fifth, Fifty-sixth and Fifty-seventh Congresses 
— by handsome majorities, and at the Capitol represented 
the people in a manner that drew from them warm ex- 
pressions of commendation and praise. He was a delegate 
to the Republican national convention in 1896, and is now 
a member of the Pennsylvania Republican Committee. 

Mr. Council is one of the largest property owners in 
Scranton, and the city's improvement and development is 



largely due to his active interest in its welfare. His new 
office building is the finest structure in Scranton and is 
the pride of the city. He is president of the Third Na- 
tional Bank ; is a member of the Methodist Episcopal 




HON. WILLIAM CONNELL 

Church ; has been prominent in religious and charitable 
work (always unostentatious), and his name is held in 
veneration by man)- who have been the recipients of his 
generous benefactions. Scranton has just reason to be 
proud of her citizen, the Hon. William Connell. 




'THE ASTORIA. 



ILVIE BLISS 



\ 



INDEX 



A FACE 

Abner-Drury, The, Brewing Company 286 

Abner, Edward F 286-287 

Academy of the Holy Gross 1 53- 1 54 

Academy of Visitation 152-153 

Acheson, Mortimer H 285 

Acker, Walter H 213 

Addison, Arthur D 225 

Alvord, Elijah S 285 

Alvey, Hon. Richard H 354 

American Security and Trust Company, The 186, 187, 188 

Arderson, Hon. Thomas H 357-358 

Andrews, R. P 272 

Andrews, R. P., Company 271-272 

Arlington Hotel. The 292-293 

Arms, John Taylor 202 

Ashford, Snowden 75 

B 

Babson. Hon. John W 440 

Baker, Daniel W 365 

Barber, Amzi L„ A. M„ LL. B '..413-414 

Bard. Hon. Thomas R 463-464 

Barnard, Hon. Job , 359 

Bass, George A 323 

Baumgarten, Herman 278-279 

Baum. William H 263-264 

Beach, Hon. Morgan H 361 

Bell. Charles J 188 

Belmont, Hon. Oliver H. P .- 473.474 

Biddle, Colonel John 71 

Bingham. Hon. Edward F . . \. . . 355-356 

Birney, Hon. Arthur A : '.\. .365-366 

Bliss. Alonzo .. 289-290 

Blount, Henry F ' 188-189 

Blundon, Francis A 321 

Bone, Scott C 342 

Boynton, General Henry Van Ness 138 

Bradford, Ben B ■ 226-227 

Bradford, Ernest Wilder 398-399 

Brice. Albert T 166-167 

Bride, Cotter T 450 

Britton, Alexander 364-365 

Britton. Alexander T 364 

Browne, Aldis B : 367 

Brown, Neill S 272 

Burdette, Walter W 1 74-1 75 

Butler. Hon. Marion 367-368 

C 

Calvary Baptist Church 130 

Cammack, John 436 

Capital Traction Company, The 242, 243, 244 

Carmody, Francis S 326 

Carmody, John Doyle 449 

Campbell, Hon. Frank L 368-369 

Carry, Albert 443 

Carter, William G 282-283 

Caru. i, Eugene 160 

Carve-, Frank N 319-320 

Catholic University, The 1 44. 1 45. 1 46, 1 47. 1 48 

Caverly, Robert B 327 



Center Market, The 290.291.292 

Central National Bank. The .170-171 

Chambers, David A 

Chandler, Hon. William E .470-471 

Chapin, Arthur A 



Chapin and Sacks 279-280 

Chesapeake and Ohio Railway 239-240 

Chesapeake and Potomac Telephone Company 250-251 

Church, Charles B 425 

Church and Stephenson 3Q5 

Church, William A. H ' V. 305-306 

Citizens National Bank. The ] 79. j 8 n 

Clabaugh, Hon. Harry M 35? 

Clark, Appleton P., jr 306-307 

Clark and Davenport go I 

Clark, Edwin S 261 

Clark, Hon. William A 456-457 

Cohen, Myer 2 24 

Cole, Hon. Charles C 369-370 

Columbia Title Insurance Company 206 

Columbia University for the Deaf and Dumb. The 154-155 

Columbian University 141, 142, 143 

Conaty, Rt. Rev. Thomas J.. D. D 149 

Connell, Hon. William 475-476 

Cooper. George S 307 

Cornwell. G. G., and Son 259-260 

Cornwell, G. G 260 

Cornwell. S. G 260 

Coughlin. Michael A 265 

Cowsill. Arthur 3 ] 8 

Cox, Hon. Walter S 363 

Cox, Hon. William Van Zandt 173-174 

Cranford, Henry L , .... 551 

Cranford. H. Percy '. 532 

Cranford. Joseph H 551-352 

Cranford Paving Company. The 330 

Crane, Augustus, jr 1 98 

Crane, Parris and Company 1 98 

Custis, George W. N.. A. M.. M. D 445-446 

Custis. J. B. Gregg. M. D 446 

D 

Darneille. Hopewell H 75 

Davidge, Charles H 186 

Davidge. Walter D 362 

Davidson and Davidson 215-216 

Davidson. H. Bradley 215 

Davidson. John C - 216 

Davis, Lewis Johnson 1 

Deahl, Charles J 273 

Deeble. W. Riley 225-226 

DeKnight. Clarence W 570 

Denison. William O 233 

Dennis. William Henry 372 

Dent, Louis Addison , 76. 77 

Depew. Hon. Chauncey M 457.458.459 

Devine. John T 298 

Dinwiddie, James H 

Donaldson. Dr. Robert B 

Donaldson. Robert Golden 572 



f 



INDEX. 



Donohue, John F 226 

Donohue. John F., and Son 226 

Dougias, Charles A • 371 

Dove, The J. Maury, Company 262, 263. 264. 265 

Dove. J. Maury 263 

lliam H 264 

Drury. Peter A 286-28? 

Dudley. Hon. William W 373 

Duiany, H. Rozier 227 

Dunlop. George T 244 . 245. 246 

Duvall. Hon. Andrew B 374 

E 

•Echols. John Warnock 

Edmcnston. Samuel H 

Edson, John Joy 192-193 

Elkins, Hon. Stap.'ien B 459. 460, 46 1 

Emig. C'ayton E 375-376 

Equitable Co-operative Building Association. The 195-196 

. ar 342 



Fcirfax. Charles W 

Fardon. Dr. Abram P 

Farmers and Mechanics' National Bank of Georgetown, D.C.. The 

usoi Hon Thomas B ' 

Charles M 411- 

F'.sher. Samuel Tucker 

!:-es E 

Flather. William J ! 

Fleming. Colonel Robert I 219.220,221. 

Foster. Percy S 

Fowler. Hon Charles N 471.472, 

I isurance Company of Washington. D. C. 202. 203. 

Fraser. Daniel 

I Henry D 431- 

oorge A.. Company 

Fuller, H ' 352,353, 

Fultr.n. Oreed M . 

G 



Ganno". ■ 

(rent of Visitation of the Blessed Virgin Ma i . 

etown University 

Gibsoi Brothers 2 

Gibson. Geoi 't . 

Gibson. William 

MfredS I 

Glover. Charles Carrol! .162.163.164. 

Goenner, Albert 

..I Company 



Gould. Hon. Ashley M . .. \359- 

Graham. Andn. 276- 



Green. Bernard I 

Groene. Rev. Sa 



H 

Hon. Alexande. B . . . 
I .. ! II 1 

Hon. Henry C 

1 1 
Hazen. Dr. Hem H ... 

I 



Henning, Gijr.;e C ..178- 

Henry, John William 

Hensey. Alexander T 

Hensey. Thomas G 

Heurich. Christian 441- 

Hibbs. Wi'iiam B 

Hill, William A 

Hill. William Corcoran 

416- 

Hine, Hoi. L. G ' T . 77, 378. 

Holbrook. The'jdore L 322- 

Hood. James F 189- 

Hough. George C 

Hubban 

Hubbard. Jerome 

I n. George F 

Hume. Frank .257- 

Hutchins. Stilson 

Hyde. Thomas. . . . . 

Hydraulic-Press Brick Company. The 

J 

Jacobsen, Charles 

Johnson, Elbridge Smith 1 79- 

Johnson Brothers 

Johnson. V. Baldwin 

Johnson. Lewis, and Company . . . 

Johnson. William G 

Johnston, James Marion ... 1 65- 

Jones. Thomas R 

Jorss. Amandus F 

K 

Kearns. Hon. Thomas 468- 

T. ieton 

Kimmel. William A 

Kingsman. Dr. Richard 1 39- 

Knight Brothers . . . . . . 

Knight,, Hervey S 396- 

Ocl ius 

Knox Express Company. The George W 

Knox, George W .... 

Knox, G. V 

Knox. X 

Knox, W. S 

L 

Lambert. Tallmadge A 

Lambert. Wiiton J 

Langle^y. Charles A 

Larcombe. John Southey ... 222- 

Larner. John B .381- 

Larner. Noble D 

Leckie. A. £. L .382- 

Leighton. Benjamin F. . 

Leiter. Levi Z 

Lincoln National Bank . 

Linn, M . 

Lipscomb V. P.. .\ ......... ... 

Littlefk-i 
Lothrop. A. M . 



M 






Allen. 



Macfarla id 

LllenW... 

Marsh ar 

illiam J — 
James L. . 

I li 

McCammon. H> - . 3f 5- 

...2)9 









381 
223 
409 

• 

176 
284 
319 
284 
257 

69 
231 
398 

306 
S 1 6 
430 
584 
260 

285 



INDEX. 






3 McGregor, John 310-311 

' McKee. Hon. Thomas H 428 

McKenzie, Alexander 73-74 

McKinley. Dr. John W 158-159 

McKnew. William H 439 

McMillan, Hon. James 453.454,455 

Mearns, William A 198 

Merchants' Transfer and Storage Company 194-195 

J Merritt, Hon. John A 78 

, ; Middaugh and Shannon 232 

Middaugh. Ray E 232 

Mills, General Anson 425-426 

Miller, Captain Frederick A 429 

' Moore and Hill 227 

Moore, David 228 

Morris, Hon. Martin F 354 

Morrison Paper Company. The E 273-274 

Moses, William E 384 

Murphy, Hon. Dominic 1 444 

N 

National Bank of Washington, The 168-169 

National Correspondence Institute 157-1 58 

National Metropolitan Bank, The 167-168 

National Printers' Supply Company 279 

National Safe Deposit, Savings and Trust Company ... 180. 181, 182 

National Theater, The 298. 299, 300, 30 1 

National University Law School 159-160 

Needham, Charles W„ LL. D 143-144 

Nevitt. Dr. James Ramsay 75 

Newlands, Hon. Francis G 465 

Nolan. John H 315 

( Nolan. James, and Sons 328 

Nolan, James 329 

Nolan. John J 329 

Nolan, Walter D 329 

Norment, Clarence F 171-172 

Norris. James Lawson 391, 392, 393 

Noyes, Crosby S 342-343 

I Nye, Francis 74 

I ° 

1 Ogilvie, Lord 444-445 

P 

Parker, E. Southard 167-168 

Parker, Hon. Myron Melvin 210, 21 1, 212 

Parris, Albion K 199 

Parsons, James L 311-312 

' Patterson, Charles G 443 

Payne, Hon. Henry C 469-470 

! Pennsylvania Railroad 238-239 

1 Peter, Arthur '-. 385 

I Peter. Walter G 306 

Phillips, Duncan C ''. 427-428 

, Piatt, Hon. Thomas C 462-463 

Portner, Robert 435 

Potomac Insurance Co. of the District of Columbia, The 200. 201. 202 

( Prescott, Samuel J 313 

Pritchard, Hon. Jeter C 360 

Prosise, John L 273 

Purity Ice Company 285 

R 

Radcliffe, Rev. Wallace 131 

Raleigh, The 294-295 

Randle, Arthur E 234-235 

Rapley, W. H 301 

^apley, William W 301 

^eyburn. Dr. Robert 437 

Rheem, Clarence B 230 

Richardson, Dr. A. B 438 

Richardson, Joseph 309 



Riggs Fire Insurance Company c 

Riggs, George W 

Riggs, The 

Riggs National Bank 

Robeson, William H 

Roessle, Theophilus E 2 03 

Ross, Hon. John W 

Ruppert, Hon. Jacob, jr 

Russell. Percy H 

Rutherford, Col. Robert Gedney 218 



Sacks. George P 

Sanders and Stayman 270- 

Saunders, Lorin M 1 84, 1 85 

Saunders, William H ' 

Schneider, Charles 

Second National Bank ] -[1- 

Shannon, William E . .- 

Shedd, S. S.. and Brother, Company 

Shedd, S. S ' 

Shelley. William C i '.'.'. 

Shoemaker, Louis Peirce . 

Shoreham Hotel. The 

Siggers. Edward Gregory . . .399- 

Smith, The B. F„ Fireproof Construction Company 

Smith, Bartholomew F 324- 

Smith, Freeborn G 267. 268. 269. 

Smith, Freeborn G, jr 

Smith, Francis H 

Smith, Thomas W 303- 

Smith, W. Hamilton 

Soule, John Hartley 233- 

Southern Printers' Supply Company 277- 

Southern Railway Company, The 

Spear. Hon, Ellis ' 193- 

Speir, William E 309- 

Stafford, Rev. D. J.. D. D 

Staples, Col. O. G 295- 

Stephenson, Thomas P 

Stier, Frederick A 

Stone and Fairfax 

Stone. Charles P 

Sturtevant and Greeley 

Sturtevant, Charles Lyon 393- 

Summers, John K 

Swartzell, George W. F 

Swope, John A 

T 

Taggart. Hugh T 

Teller, Hon. Henry M 

Thomas, Captain Ammi A 

Thurston. Hon. John M 387- 

Traders' National Bank 

Trinity College 149- 

Truesdell, Hon. George 

Tyler, Captain Richard Wolsey 217- 

Tyler and Rutherford 216,217.218. 

V 

Vale, Josiah M 

Van Devanter, Hon. Willis 

Van Wickle, W. P 269- 



W 

Waggaman 

Walker, John T 

Walker, Richard A 

Walker, Samuel H 

Warner. Brainard H 

Warner. B. H.. Company 229, 250 

Warren, Hon. Francis E 



205 
162 
296 
162 
386 
294 
72 
474 
236 
■219 

280 

-271 
186 
207 
282 

-173 
232 
326 
327 
386 
223 
297 
400 
r 24 
325 
11 j 
262 
212 
304 
264 
2 -'4 
278 
242 
194 
510 
128 

3 OS 

::: 
222 
222 

5 23 
594 
237 

230 

12? 

588 
464 

2 86 
588 
178 

12 
224 

212 
2 1 9 

222 
389 

220 

215 
520 

176 

2 1 4 

22 1 

46e 



; , Th .... 

1 iompany . 251- 



Washingian Loan and Trust Company, The 1 90, 191, 

r .57.338.339.340.341. 

ii I 

■ings Bank. The 

Washi gton > nee Company 

i 

West Brothers Brick Company ... 





406- 







450- 

540- 



C 



322 






-252 


. 




325 


. . 




192 





409 


342 


Williamson. Landon Cabell 




339 


;se B 


- 


247 


Wilson, Jesse Henry 




-184 


Wilson. Nathaniel 




205 






235 


. 


. 


322 


Wolf. Adolph G 




322 


imo ......... 




70 


. 




-407 


Charles E 




397 


Woodard. Henry F 




-398 


Woodbury. Levi 




398 


Woods. Elliott 




451 


Woodward and L.othrop 




54! 


Woodward. Samuel W 




342 


Woodward. Thomas 


. 


■ 


Woodward, Dr. William C 





ILLUSTRATIONS. 



'i 

ndrew Ellicott ... 



out 1 35C 



Tne Capitol, 1905 

50 



Map 

appeared 1807-1811 

Views of Washington 14.15. 

F 

tl and Navy Building 

Build . the General Lan 

1 lepartinent Building 

partment and Patent Office Building 



U. S. Senate Chamber 

Printing Building .... 

ilding ... 

Buildii 

Marine I .... 

iter, where Lin- 
District Buildi 
u 

I 

■ 

. Ofl 

■ i 



17, 19 
21 
24 
25 
27 
50 
51 
32 

35 
39 



fcD-2 0.3 



101 

102 
105 



Sibley Hospital 

Sisters of the Poo. 

i rnon 

. Washington 

lome of Lee 

Tomb of the Unknown Dead at Arlington 
Louise Home . . 

Columbia Hospital 

Garfi ild H u 

St. Patrick's Chui 

. 
Lutheran Chute ■ 
Franklin ... 
Eastern HI 
Western High School. . 

. 
h 
. 

Columbia i 

Columbian los] ... 

la i . 

McMahon Hall. ....... 

Trinity College. . 

Georgetov 

Georgetov 

\ 
Academy of the Holy Cn 

I 
Gunstoi 

Lincoln N 

■ 



INDEX. 

ILLUSTRATIONS- Continued. 



Equitable Co-operative Building Association Building 

Franklin (Fire) Insurance Company Building 

Riggs Fire Insurance Company Building 

Columbia Title Insurance Company Building ! 

Atlantic Building 

Glover Building 

Union Building 

Davidson Building 

Pennsylvania Railroad Depot 

Map showing location of new Union Station 

Southern Railway Offices 

Capital Traction Company's Offices 

Washington Railway and Electric Company's Offices and Depot 
Washington Railway and Electric Company's Power House. . . 

Washington Gas Light Company's Offices . 

Woodward and Lothrop's Store 

G. G. Cornwell and Sons' Store 

Clark and Davenport's Store 

J. Maury Dove Company's Offices 

F. G. Smith Piano Company's Store 

Sanders and Stayman's Store 

E. Morrison Paper Company's Store 



Samuel D. Gross 

Albert Pike 

Greenough's Statue of Washington 

Hahneman Monument ? 

Benjamin Franklin 54 

Lincoln 

Garfield 

Thomas , 

McPherson 

Dupont 60 



196 


E. Morrison Paper Company's 
Bliss Building 






203 






204 


The Driscoll 






206 


Center Market Building 






210 


Arlington Hotel 






210 


Raleigh Hotel 






211 








216 


Shoreham Hotel 






238 


Providence Hospital 






23R 








241 


St. Catherine's Home 






243 


U. S. Supreme Court Chambe 






247 






248 








252 








256 








259 








261 








26? 


St. Joseph's Male Orphan Asy 
Home of the Young Men's Ch 






?RR 






270 






273 Views of the Library of Congress 42. 100. 103. 1 20. 1 2 1. 1 23 

5 AND MONUMENTS. 


36 








44 








53 








54 
















57 








58 








59 


Chief Justice Marshall 




351 



PRIVATE RESIDENCES. 



Barber, Amzi L 414 

Blount, Henry F. (The Oaks) 189 

Blundon. Francis A 321 

Clark, Hon. William A 457 

Colton, Mrs. Ellen M 344 

Denison, William O : 233 

Depew. Hon. Chauncey M 459 

Draper. General William F 348 

Dunlop, George T 245.246 

Elkins. Hon. Stephen B 461 

Ffoulke. Charles M 411,412 

Fleming, Col. Robert I 220 

Fry. Dr. Henry D 432 

Gillett. Alfred S 4 1 8, 4 1 9. 420 

Glover. Charles C 164,165 

Graham, Andrew B 277 

Henderson, Hon. John B 415 



Heurich, Christian. 
Hillyer. Curtis J ... 

Hine, L. G 

Hume, Frank 



442 

417 

378 

258 

Larcombe, John S 222 

Legare, Hugh S 433 

Leiter Levi Z 405 

McMillan. Hon. James 454 

Miller. Captain Frank A 429 

Mills. General Anson +25 

Perkins. H. C 332 

Phillips, Duncan C 427 

Saunders, Lorin M '85 

Townsend. Mrs. Richard Scott 302 

, Warder. Mrs. Benjamin 345 

Westinghouse. George * c7 

Wilkins. Beriah 340 









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